Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2016; 4(1): 35-38

ISSN 2320-3862
JMPS 2016; 4(1): 35-38
© 2016 JMPS Phytochemical screening of Solanum nigrum L,
Received: 12-11-2015
Accepted: 15-12-2015
S. myriacanthus Dunal, Solanum melongena and
Md. Ashrafudoulla
Averrhoa bilimbi in Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy,
Manarat International
University, Mirpur-1, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Sm Faysal Bellah, Feroz Alam, Sayed Sakib Faisal,
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. Md. Abdullah Hil Kafi, Farhan Fuad
Sm Faysal Bellah
Department of Pharmacy, Abstract
Manarat International The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical screening on leaf extract of Solanum
University, Mirpur-1, nigrum L, S. myriacanthus Dunal, Solanum melongena and Averrhoa bilimbi which were from 3 districts
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. in Bangladesh. Three districts were selected such as Khulna, Jessore and Satkhira. The phytochemical
constituents like tannins, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoides and saponins of these species in dry and shady
Feroz Alam areas were investigated qualitatively. The results reveal that the proteins and alkaloids are more abundant
Department of Pharmacy, on Solanum melongena and Solanum nigrum L respectively of shady areas. Tannins and Alkaloids are
Manarat International also abundant on S. myriacanthus Dunal of dry areas. Other phytochemical constituents such as saponins,
University, Mirpur-1, flavonoides are more or less presence in these species of the study areas with proteins, alkaloids and
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. tannins.
Sayed Sakib Faisal
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Solanum nigrum L, S. myriacanthus Dunal, Solanum melongena and
Department of Pharmacy,
Manarat International
Averrhoa bilimbi.
University, Mirpur-1,
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. 1. Introduction
Plants are playing an important role in the drug sections. Homeopathy, Ayurveda and in
Md. Abdullah Hil Kafi traditional medicine since time immemorial. Now- a-days plants are playing a significant role
Department of Pharmacy,
Manarat International
in modern medicine study. These plants are used in various researches and have very low side
University, Mirpur-1, effects than the synthetic drugs. Now-a-days traditional folk medicines which are obtained
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. from natural sources are used by 85% population in developing country [1]. In Bangladesh,
about 80% populations are living in rural areas near to the natural resources, [2].
Farhan Fuad Medicinal plants contain various complex chemical substances of different composition [3].
Department of Pharmacy,
Medicinal plants provide the raw materials which are helpful for internal pharmaceuticals [4].
Manarat International
University, Mirpur-1, During this time the phytochemicals research is very helpful to find out new anti-infective
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. agents from higher plants considering physiological action [5].
We should know about the chemical constituent of plant because knowledge about these may
help us to discover the actual valuable remedies [6]. Photochemical and polyphenols (phenolic
acid, Hydrolysable tannins and Flavonoids) show antioxidant properties, anti-carcinogenic and
anti-mutagenic effects [7]. The bioactive chemical constituents into plants like alkaloids, tannin,
flavonoids, phenolic composition etc. are responsible for physiological and biochemical
actions in the human body [8, 9]. Natural products from plants are also show antitumor and
antioxidant activity [10]. Plant constituents have ecological and physiological role [11].
Solanum nigrum L is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the family Solanaceae.
Usually black nightshades are considered for this. These plants are usually 10 to 15 cm long,
with a semi-climbing, green, smooth stem. The opposite leaves are uniformly oval in shape
and are slightly cogged. It is widely found in the river bund, wet woods, waste land, quagmire,
old field, ditches road side and in wet cultivated land.
Solanum myriacanthus is an annual herbaceous plant which is belongs to the family Solanacea.
It is also known as Solanum khasianum. These herbaceous is also familiar as Kotahi bengena
Correspondence in Assamese. From top to bottom these herbs are 1-2 cm tall. A lot of hairy pilose are attached
Md. Ashrafudoulla in stem. Leaves are simple 18 to 22 cm long, prickly on both surfaces, flowers are white in
Department of Pharmacy, color and ripe berry globes are yellow in color. It is widely found in the river bund, road sides
Manarat International
University, Mirpur-1,
and waste plus. It can be cultivated in tea fields and it slightly found from other cultivated
Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. fields.

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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
 

Solanum melongena plays an important role in the treatment of Test for saponins
typical human diseases from the ancient period of time. We take approximate 0.5 ml filtered and added 5ml distilled
Solanum melongena (Eggplant) which is commonly known as water. It shown frothing persistence that indicated presence of
melongene. In Southeast Asia, South Africa and South Asia, it saponins.
is called brinjal [12-15]. This plant is also called eggplant
because the fruits of the plant are looked like small white eggs Test for tannins
(Eu-Sol: Eggplant history). American, Australian English and In 10ml distilled water we took 200mg plant material and then
sometimes Canadian English it is known as "eggplant" or in filtered. Then 2 ml of filtered taken and added 2 ml Fecl3
British English and Canadian English as "aubergine" cause it Blue. Black precipitate indicated the presence of Tannins and
bears a same name fruit which has a long history of using as a Phenols.
vegetable through cooking [16].
Averrhoa bilimbi is a long-lived tree which is belongs to the Test for flavonoids
family Oxalidaceae. Locally it is known as bilomba. Trees are In 10 ml ethanol we took 200 mg plant material and then
usually 5-10 m tall, with a short trunk soon distributing into a filtered. Then 2 ml of filtered taken and added concentrated
number of upright sections. Leaves are 30-60 cm long, with HCL and magnesium ribbon. Pink Tomato, Red color
12-36 sub-opposite leaflets. The leaves are 1.2-1.25 cm wide, indicated the presence of flavonoids Glycoside.
upper side is medium-green and under side is pale in color.
The ellipsoid fruits are bright-green or yellowish-green when Test of protein
unripe and when it ripe, it becomes ivory or nearly white in 4-5 ml of plant extract were taken and added few drops of
color. The skin surface of fruit is very thin, glossy and soft, Melons reagent and mixing properly and heat. We found
Jelly like and juicy and extremely acid [17]. It is widely found in which precipitate was formed and the precipitate turn’s brick
Indonesia, Malaysia, as exotic in Brazil, Argentina, Australia, red after boiling.
Colombia, Cuba, India, Jamaica, slightly cultivated in
Myanmar, Philippine, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Venezuela and US 3. Results
[17]
. By analytical study different phytochemical constituents
analysed from Solanum melongena, Averrhoa bilimbi,
2. Materials and Methods Solanum nigrum L and S. myriacanthus Dunal are shown in
Plant collection and identification table 1 2,3 and 4.
We collected Solanum nigrum L, S. myriacanthus Dunal, Table1 showed that Tannins were abundant on leaf extract of
Solanum melongena and Averrhoa bilimbi from different Solanum melongena in the shady area of Jessore district where
location of Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore districts. These protein was also abundant in shady area and moderately
samples were free from disease and were collected from dry presence in dry area of 3 districts. Alkaloid, Flavonoids and
and shady areas. This plant materials were identified as per Saponin were moderately presence in shady area with present
method [18] and herbarium deposited in department of in dry area of 3 districts.
pharmacy, Manarat International University, Dhaka-1216,
Bangladesh. Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical Screening of Solanum melongena
Khulna Jessore Satkhira
Preparation of plant material Name of the
Dry Shady Dry Shady Dry Shady
The leaves were washed randomly 5-6 times with fresh water Phytochemicals
area area area area area area
in running temperature. Leaf material was the air dried under Tannins + ++ + +++ + ++
sunlight shade. After shade drying the plant material was Protein ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++
grinded in the mixture. After this preparation we collected the Alkaloid + ++ + ++ + ++
powder and kept in small plastic bags with proper labeling. Flavonoids + ++ + ++ + ++
Saponin + ++ + ++ + ++
Extraction of plant material Note book: +++ = abundant, ++= moderately presence, + = present
Preparation of aqueous extracts
We weighed 5gm of sample using an electronic balance and In table 2, the result revealed that tannins and protein were
5gm of plant material were crushed in 25ml of sterile water. moderately presence in dry area with present of tannins in
Then we heat the sample at 50-60 0C and it was filtered by shady area where protein was abundant in shady area of
Whitman filter paper no.1. Then centrifuged was done for 15 Khulna and Jessore without Satkhira. Alkaloid, Flavonoids
minutes at 2500rpm. Filtrate was collected in sterile bottles. and Saponin were moderately presence in shady area with
Then it collected at 5 0c in refrigeration until use [19]. present in dry area of 3 districts.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis Table 2: Qualitative phytochemical Screening of Averrhoa bilimbi

Sample was carried out according to the methods [20]. We Khulna Jessore Satkhira
found alkaloid, saponin, tannins flavonoides and protein by Name of the
Dry Shady Dry Shady Dry Shady
Phytochemicals
phytochemicals analysis of the crude powder of the Solanum area area area area area area
nigrum L, S. myriacanthus Dunal, Solanum melongena and Tannins ++ + ++ + ++ +
Averrhoa bilimbi [21] that are given below. Protein ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++
Alkaloid + ++ + ++ + ++
Test for alkaloids Flavonoids + ++ + ++ + ++
In 10ml methanol we took 200mg of plant material and then Saponin + ++ + ++ + ++
filtered. Then 2ml of filtrate were taken and added 1% HCL Note book: +++ = abundant, ++= moderately presence, + = present
with steam 1ml filtrate and 6 drops Dragendroffs reagent.
Orange precipitates indicated the presence of alkaloids. In this study table 3 had represented that tannins and protein
were present in dry area with moderately presence of Protein
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
 

in shady area of 3 districts where Tannins were abundant on are also helpful for healing of wounds and in flamed mucous
leaf extract of Solanum nigrum L in the shady area of Khulna membrane [29]. Flavonoids are important to prevent oxidant
and Jessore districts and moderately presence in Satkhira. cell damage having anticancer activity due to water soluble
Flavonoids and Saponin were moderately presence in shady antioxidant and free radical scavengers [30, 11]. Flavonoids have
area with present in dry area of 3 districts. But alkaloid was anti-inflammatory activity [11]. So, these plants are used for the
abundant in shady area with present in dry area of 3 districts. treatment of wounds, burn and ulcers. So, these plants have
many medicinal properties [31, 32].
Table 3: Qualitative phytochemical Screening of Solanum nigrum L
Khulna Jessore Satkhira 5. Conclusion
Name of the In this study it is revealed that the leaves of Solanum nigrum
Dry Shady Dry Shady Dry Shady
Phytochemicals L, S. myriacanthus Dunal, Solanum melongena and Averrhoa
area area area area area area
Tannins + +++ + +++ + ++ bilimbi are important natural source for useful drugs. Because
Protein + ++ + ++ + ++ these plants contain phytochemicals. In the treatment of many
Alkaloid ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ disease these plant can be utilized and used in the
Flavonoids + ++ + ++ + ++ pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. By performing more
Saponin + ++ + ++ + ++ studies on the crude extract of these plants proper drug
Note book: +++ = abundant, ++= moderately presence, + = present development is possible.

By qualitative analysis in table 4, tannins were abundant on Competing interests

leaf extract of Solanum myriacanthus Dunal in dry area of 3 The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
districts with present of shady area of Khulna and Jessore and
moderately presence in Satkhira. Protein and Flavonoids were Authors’ contributions
moderately presence in dry area and present in shady area of 3 MA and FF carried out the plants from different places of
districts. Alkaloid was abundant in dry area and moderately Khulna, Jessore and Satkhira. MA, SFB and SSF also carried
presence in shady area of 3 districts. Saponin was abundant in out conception and design of the study. MA, MAHK and FA
dry area of Jessore with moderately presence of Khulna and wrote the manuscript. MA, SSF, SFB and FA revised the
Satkhira but Saponin was also present in shady area of Khulna manuscript. All authors read and approved the final
and Satkhira with moderately presence of Jessore. manuscript. Whereas MA = Md. Ashrafudoulla, SFB =
Sm Faysal Bellah, FA = Feroz Alam, SSF = Sayed Sakib
Table 4: Qualitative phytochemical Screening of Solanum
myriacanthus Dunal Faisal, MAHK = Md. Abdullah Hil Kafi and FF = Farhan
Fuad.
Khulna Jessore Satkhira
Name of the
Dry Shady Dry Shady Dry Shady 6. Reference
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