Philippine Normal University-Mindanao: The National Center For Teacher Education

COACHES‟ PERCEPTIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF FACILITIES… 1
PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

The National Center for Teacher Education
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
Sports are timeless activities, which human beings have enjoyed since the ancient
times, as exemplified by the Greek Olympic Games. Ethnographic and archaeological
evidence such as cave paintings and the accounts of early European explorers indicate
that sporting activities may well go back to the very beginning of humankind (Mackenzie
B 2004). Sports activities are being handed down generation to generation, and from time
to time, timely facilities and equipment plays a vital role.
Facilities and equipment occupy such available place in all the ramifications of
sports administration (Awosika, 1996). The availability and functionality of adequate
equipment and facilities play a major role in sports development. It would not be
important to achieve satisfactory results from athletes, whose training facilities are
inadequate or substandard which in actual fact will not compliment the work of the
coach. (Aluko, 1999)
Sports facilities and equipment are "laboratories" for Physical Education (P.E)
where games are performed or played and consequently facilities and equipment are
important for achievement of goals of Physical Education and sports. (Rintaugu &
Nteere, 2011)

Sport facilities connote permanent structures built for the sporting activities such
as Athletic tack, stadia, soccer pitches, basketball court, lawn tennis court, squash court,
gymnasium, among others (Ogundairo, 2010). Sport equipment on the other hand refers
to those disposable items used in sports such as horizontal bars, weight lifting materials,
basketball post, among others (Ogundairo, 2010).
Access to quality facilities and equipment is important if we are to ensure that
athletes‟ have the opportunity to participate in the local and national sports setting. It is
important that we recognize the valuable role of facilities and equipment to increase the
level of performance of athletes in sports meets.
CHED Budget Division chief Violeta Galo said that “Through sports, you learn
discipline, values and lessons on how to react to the environment, also the concept of
„sound mind, sound body,” But the Physical Facilities and School‟s Engineering Division
(PFSED) noted that sports facilities in public schools are “not that good” and a school
only spends for the maintenance of such facilities if there is anything left for the funds
allocated for Maintenance Operation and Other Expenses. As stated by Hernandez “This
can be a wake-up call for the government since we produce champions. The government
should allocate a budget that would focus on the improvement of sports facilities among
schools,”
In a report of Bombo Radyo Butuan, the 21st Caraga Regional Athletic Meet,
held at Butuan City from February 24-28 of this year, was dominated by the host of

Caraga Regional Athletic Meet. Butuan became the over-all champion of the said meet
accumulating, 114 gold‟s, 78 silver and 67 bronzes. Followed by Surigao del Sur, Agusan
del Norte, Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur, Tandag City, Bislig City, Cabadbaran City,
Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Island accumulating only 14 gold‟s, 5
silvers and 25 bronzes.
The Division of Agusan del Sur, as mentioned above ranked 6th place in the 21st
Caraga Regional Athletic Meet. It is then the purpose of this study to establish and gather
information on the availability and functionality of facilities and equipment in secondary
school by getting the coaches perception from chosen school in the Division of Agusan
del Sur with different sports event that had been in Caraga Regional Athletic Meet.
1.2 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Winning is considered to be the ultimate goal. In sports, it is winning a game, a
medal, a trophy or a championship. However, real success is a lot more than just winning
the glittery and glory of the occasion. Success is peace of mind, which is a direct result of
self-satisfaction in knowing you did your best to become the best, that you are capable of
becoming, (Wooden, J 2009).
Sport facilities and equipment are all classes of physical education apparatus.
Physical education apparatus can then be defined as implements required to enhance the
performance of the users (Ogundairo, 2010).


Anejo and Okwori (2004) state that, the existence of sports facilities is of vital
performance in the conduct of physical education, intramural sports and other sport
programs determine to a considerable extent type of sports program that can be offered.
In a relative view Ekanem (1995) observed that standard facilities are essential
pre-requisites to good and impressive performances in sports at all levels of participation.
He further says different types of activities require different facilities. Consequently
therefore any limitation of these facilities creates difficulties in presenting the desired
variety of sports activities.
According to Talabi (1998), the attainment of a world class status in sports is a
reflection of the presence of top standard equipment and facilities. He added that most
developing countries and Nigeria in particular, wish to arrive at the level of the developed
countries sports-wise overnight, but that while developed countries are putting so much
into building excellent facilities and providing standard equipment as well as creating
conducive environments for their athletes, developing countries seem to lag behind in the
provision of the necessary amenities. He further stressed that one area of very poor start
is in the provision of standard facilities/equipment while the few provided are obsolete,
not functional or substandard.
Ogbemudia (2001) emphasized that if Nigeria must attain the desired standards in
performance and attain top ratings in the Olympic Games, then the planning and
management of sports facilities and equipment must not only be broad based but also be

backed-up with adequate provision and maintenance of the available facilities and
equipment.
The flows of this study are shown in the diagrammatic representation. Please refer
to figure 1 for the paradigm of the study
Figure 1.1 Research Paradigms


1.3 Statement of the Problem
This study attempts to know the coaches‟ perception on the effects of facilities
and equipment to the Athletes‟ performance in sports at Division of Agusan del Sur.
Specifically, this study will seek answers to the following specific problems:
1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of:
1.1 Name;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Sex
1.4 School; and
1.5 Sports event?
2. What are the coaches‟ perception on the effects of facilities and equipment in the
athlete‟s performance of Agusan del Sur Division. This is according to:
2.1 Availability of Sports facilities and equipment; and
2.2 Functionality of Sports facilities and equipment?
3. What possible recommendations can be laid down from this study to improve the
performance of athletes‟ in the Division of Agusan del Sur.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the Division of Agusan
del Sur considering that sports facilities and equipment plays a vital role in the
performance of athletes‟.

Teacher/Coach. This research results can be used as reference to the
teacher/coach to recognize the importance of being fully-equipped with the sports
facilities and equipment of the athletes which will boost their performance and develop
their ability in certain sports. This will be used as a guide for them to assess the
weaknesses of the athletes due to lack of facilities and equipment given.
Athletes. The results of this research will make the athletes be aware of the
required facilities and equipment which were not provided by the schools, institutions
and organizations during their trainings.
Division Personnel. The results of the research will be used to make the division
office to be aware on the importance of the facilities and equipment to the performance of
the athletes and can respond to the problem if ever there are lack of facilities and
equipment to their locality.
School. The results of the research can be used as reference of the school on how
their athletes perform with being fully-equipped of facilities and equipment. This will be
their reference as how the Agusan del Sur perform on the past competition with the given
facilities and equipment.
Researcher. This research can develop the writer‟s knowledge about the effects
of availability of facilities and equipment needed by the athletes to perform best during
their competitions. The results can be used for the further researchers which focus on
developing the training facilities and equipment in their localities


1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study that the researcher will be conducting will focused on the perception of
Caraga Regional Athletic Meet Junior High School‟s coaches on the effect of facilities
and equipment, to the performance of Athletes‟ in Agusan del Sur division. This study is
concerned on the status of the facilities and equipment in sports, according to its
availability and functionality in the following schools; Agusan del Sur National High
School, Trento National High School, Loreto National High School, Veruela National
High School, Talacogon National High School, Prosperidad National High School and
Sibagat National High School of Home Industries Technical-Vocational School.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Athletes. Athletes are the ones who participate in sports, especially in competitive
events.
Availability. In this study, availability is the state of being available of sports
facilities and equipment.
Equipment. In this study, these are tools or apparatuses that you need, to
participate in a sport event.
Facilities. In this study, facilities refer to a training area provided for a particular
purpose in which a sporting competition or event is held.


Functionality. In this study, functionality is the usefulness of equipment related
to sports facility to work, operate and serves its activity, purpose or task, suitability and
usability in a certain event.
Sports. This is an activity involving physical exertion and skill for exercise and
pleasure, usually in a special area and according to fix rules.
Sports Event. In this study, sports event refers to specific sport a coach/athlete
engage with during the Caraga Regional Athletic Meet competition.


CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Literature
It is generally accepted that participation in sport provides an extensive range of
beneﬁts to individuals and the collective community. Internationally, government
agencies are quick to point out that participating in sport and recreation contributes to:
community health and wellbeing; conﬁdence-building and empowerment; social
integration and cohesion; national and cultural identity; and a reduction in crime and
vandalism (Long & Sanderson, 2001; Sport and Recreation Victoria, 2008; Canada,
2005; Sport England, 2002; Vic Health, 2008).
Theodore Roosevelt, one of the former presidents of the United States of
America, capture the statement: The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the
arena; whose face is marred by dust, sweat and blood, who strives valiantly; who errs and
comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasm, the great devotions and
spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high
achievement; and at the worst, if he fails at least fails while daring greatly, (Pagliuca,
S.G. 2009). This statement depicts true sportsmanship or else true and real life
experiences. The patience, perseverance, passion, positive attitude and daring dreams that

are ingredients for success in life generally applies in sports in particular too and remain
invaluable in facing the challenges to come in the future.
Gbinijie (2001) noted that there is the Leviathan dearth of sporting infrastructure
and equipment in Nigeria and further emphasized that most Local Government Areas
have no playgrounds or fields, not to talk of a stadium. He then wondered about the
possibility of developing sports at the grassroots level in the absence of swimming pools,
hockey fields, basketball courts, soccer pitches and cricket pitches if talents are expected
to be groomed at the grassroots level.
Both conventional wisdom and casual empiricism suggest that new sports
facilities boost attendance at sporting events. Part of this increased attendance is
attributed to the desire by both fans and nonfans to see and experience the new stadium.
Economists, when analyzing the economic impact of professional sports teams and
facilities on local economies, typically assume that these effects are concentrated in the
years immediately following the opening. Indeed, some evidence of a relatively large
novelty effect on attendance exists. Quirk and Fort (1997) report an average increase in
attendance of about 62% during the first five years baseball team plays in a new stadium.
2.2 Research Literature
Sports fields and facilities have a special and privileged importance in the sports
environment. This is due to the fact that sports facilities establish the place for carrying
out sports activities. Parallel to the rapid development of sports in the world, it has

become necessary to make structural and functional changes in relevant facilities in time,
depending on the variety of types of sports, and the differences in their places and styles
of application. As a natural outcome of this process, today, a vast variety of sports
facilities in terms of their types and sizes are in the process of being built (Donald I.
Empson, 1987).
A sports facility is defined as a structure, field and areas which can accommodate
specific work outs, training as well as national and international competitions of various
sports activities and branches; and which can meet the athletes' and viewers' needs before
and during sports activities (tribune, rest rooms, showers, dressing rooms, etc.) (Nacar,
E., 2011).
It has been consistently found that the quality of service provided by many public
leisure sports facilities still fail to meet citizens‟ needs (Kang, Kim, & Lee, 2002; Lee &
Shin, 2004). Some studies reported that many public sports facilities operated by
national or local government are mismanaged due to the lack of specialized user-centered
operations management (Kim, 2003; Lee, 2000). The purpose of this study was to find
the impact of the service quality of public sports facilities on citizens‟ satisfaction, image,
and word-of-mouth intention.
Research on the service provision of public sports facilities (Song, Hur,& Ahn,
1998; Gronroos, 1978), the relationship between the service quality of public sports
facilities and customer satisfaction (Kim, 2003; Jang & Bae, 2003), and the management

plan according to the type of resident satisfaction (Kim & Yun, 2004) was conducted.
These studies suggested the service quality of public sports facilities as a series of
tangible as well as intangible service activities, which are provided by facility employees
to customers, and emphasized the importance of satisfaction of customers, the citizens in
this case, using the service quality of public sports facilities.
Bogar (2012) studied the trends in the construction and design of recreational
sports facilities in the colleges in the U.S. He observed that many new and renovated
facilities have integrated important campus functions such as academics, health, wellness,
and sport. These recreational sports facilities also contain unique features such as
climbing walls, rooftop playing fields, food service, counseling centers, convenience
stores, and campus police stations.
Robert (2012) carried out a research on the impact of Campus Recreational Sports
Facilities and Programs on Recruitment and Retention among African American
Students. The study aimed to assess the impact of campus recreational sports facilities
and programs on student‟s retention among male and female African American students.
It was determined that 60% and 68% of the men students reported that the availability of
recreational sports was important/very important in deciding to attend the college.
Barghchi (2010) conducted a research study on sports facilities construction in
Malaysia. They observed that sports and sports facilities development have improved
rapidly over the past years in Malaysia but feel that such improvement is inadequate

compared to the overall development of sports at international level. Their study used the
expert opinions of town planners, as key players in decision making in the Malaysian
context. The findings from the research revealed that although, in Ninth Malaysia Plan
(2006-2010) emphasis is placed on creating a sports culture among Malaysian, sports
facilities have not gained new role as the global trends, yet. The researchers feel that
there is still a need for a new perspective and a new approach to improve the existing
sports facilities and for future development.
There are several studies which support this research. In his study of 1998, Sunay
(1998) has mentioned the insufficiency of sports facilities in Turkey, and the need to
review the policies with respect to such facilities (Timur, U.P., 2011). Moreover, when
sports facilities are taken into account on a provincial basis, Timur et al., (2011) have
found that the sports fields and sports facilities in central Cankiri province were
insufficient (Islertas, N., 2006). Another study carried out by Islertas (2006), concluded
that the sports facilities in the province of Kayseri were insufficient (Yetim, A.A., O.
Senel, 2001). According to the study of Eyyup et. at., 2013, 91,3% of the participants
have expressed that the competence of sports facilities was important for the quality of
training, and 82,7% have expressed that it was necessary to carry out the applied courses
in fully equipped facilities, fit for their purpose. It was seen that most of the time, almost
100% of academic personnel answered positively to questions which concerned the
quality of training. This shows that the answers given by the participants to the survey
show how important sports education and facilities are, for education in general.

In his study of 1998, Sunay (1998) has mentioned the insufficiency of sports
facilities in Turkey, and the need to review the policies with respect to such facilities
(Timur, U.P., 2011). Moreover, when sports facilities are taken into account on a
provincial basis, Timur et al., (2011) have found that the sports fields and sports facilities
in central Cankiri province were insufficient (Islertas, N., 2006). Another study carried
out by Islertas (2006), concluded that the sports facilities in the province of Kayseri were
insufficient (Yetim, A.A., O. Senel, 2001).
Based on the results of the study (Yaliz, D 2006), Analysis for Sports Facilities in
Sports High School in terms of Quality and Quantity (2013), the existing sports facilities
of the high schools which worked to provide sports training despite their lack of facilities
and personnel as determined in the study, was insufficient in terms of their quality and
quantities, and it was concluded that the lack of sports facilities decreased the quality of
training. They might propose the idea that “sports high schools should not be opened
before their infrastructures in terms of sports facilities, tools, equipment and personnel
are completed.”

CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURESs
This chapter presents the methodology of the research design used, the setting of
the study, and the respondents of the study, the data gathering instruments, the data
gathering procedures, and the statistical treatment using quantitative treatment.
3.1 Research Design
The researchers will use the descriptive survey research to gather information
from coaches‟ perception on the effects of facilities and equipment in the performance of
the athletes in Agusan del Sur.
3.2 Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study will be the different coaches in Agusan del Sur.
Specifically, Caraga Regional Athletic Meet coaches from San Francisco, Trento,
Veruela, Loreto, Prosperidad, Talacogon and Sibagat. In getting the respondents the
researchers use the Stratified Sampling Method.


3.3 Setting of the Study
The study will be conducted in the Agusan del Sur, specifically, in San Francisco,
Trento, Veruela, Loreto, Prosperidad, Talacogon and Sibagat. The red spot in the map is
where the schools are located.
Figure 3.1 Map of the Agusan del Sur
3.4 Research Instrument
The data gathering instrument that will be used in this study is a questionnaire.
The questionnaire will identify the perception of the coaches about the effects of the
facilities and equipment in the performance of the athletes.


The questionnaire will be divided into two parts.
Part 1 will be about the profile of the respondents in terms of name, age, sex and
what kind of the sports he handles. The age and sex is optional.
Part 2 will be about to the coaches‟ perception on the effects of the facilities and
equipment according to its availability and functionality in the performance of the
athletes. The problem is rated in the scale of 1-5. More discussion of the rated scale will
be on the Data Analysis of this chapter.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will administer the research instruments after asking permission
from the respondents themselves. The retrieval of the research instruments will be a week
after its distributions.
In gathering the data of the study, the following phases will be taken:
Phase 1. Writing Letter of Permit to the Approval of the Respondents
The researchers will ask permission and approval to the coaches, who are the
respondents, if they are willing to take part in the study.


Phase 2. Distribution of the Research Instruments
The researchers will give the respondents the questionnaire of which they are
going to answer in a 1-5 Likert scale based on the availability and functionality of the
facilities and equipment they have in their schools.
Phase 3. Retrieval of the Instruments
After a given week, the questionnaires will now be collected by the researchers
for the assurance of the high percentage of retrieval and for the analysis of data.
3.6 Data Analysis
This research is a quantitative-qualitative design. The respondents will be
answering the 1-5 likert scale and will then be answer a question. In presenting,
interpreting, and analyzing the data gathered by the researchers, the statistical tool and
technique will be used. Statistical tables will be properly arranged and labeled to present
the gathered data clearly and be concretely utilized.
The researchers computed the respected weighted mean based on the data
gathered using the 5-point scale. 1 – STRONGLY DISAGREE, this pertains to the
respondents having a strong hold to what he/she believe is true about the statement; 2 –
DISAGREE, if the respondent upholds different opinion in the given statement; 3 –


NEUTRAL, which would determine if the respondent is doubtful or not definite whether
to agree or disagree about the statement; 4 –AGREE, this refers to the respondent
agreeing to a certain thing about the statement; and 5 – STRONGLY AGREE, when the
respondents are in total agreement with the statement.
The frequency count will be used to find out the number of responses to each item
in the questionnaire and the weighted mean will be computed for each component. In
describing the numerical results, the following scales will be used. See the table 3.2 in the
next page.

Table 3.1
Numerical and Descriptive Ranges for Coaches’ Perception on the Effects of the
Facilities and Equipment in Terms of the Availability and Functionality
Numerical Value Interpretation
Weighted Mean
0.01 – 1.00 Strongly Disagree
1.01 – 2.00 Disagree
2.01 – 3.00 Neutral
3.01 – 4.00 Agree
4.01 – 5.00 Strongly Disagree
The table above shows the exact equivalent interpretation based on the range of
numerical value of availability and functionality of the facilities and equipment. The
corresponding implication of the interpretation was discussed on the previous page.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aluko, (1999). Coaching profession as a correlate of sports development in Nigeria.
Unpublished Master Thesis. Development of Human Kinetics and Health
Education, University of Ibadan.
Anejo, E. E, and Okwori, A. (2004). Sports Facilities and Equipment in School
Sports: A Task for Physical Education and Sport Administrators, Benue State
University Journal of Educational Foundation (1) 47-54. Athletes. In National
Institute for Sports Seminar on Managing Olympic Success.
Awosika, Y. (1996). Status facilities and equipment in producing successful Olympic
Donald.I.Emson., (1987). Sports Activities & Facilities. Ankara.
Ekanem, M. U. (1995). Towards Improving Nigerians Performance in International
Sport Competition, Journal of the National Institute for Sports. 1 (1) p.30.
Ekpe (2011). Problems of sports development in Nigeria. (Report of the National
Committee on problems of sports development in Nigeria vol3pp582-602).
Gbinijie, B. (2001). Problems of Sports Development in Nigeria (Report of the
Committee on Problems of Sports Development in Nigeria3)
Gronroos, (1978), “A Service-Oriented Approach to Marketing of Service”.
European Journal of Marketing, Vol.12


Islertas, N., (2006), Post Graduate thesis, Nigde University, Institute of social
sciences, Nigde.
Jang, Kyung-ho & Bae, Hyang – Nam (2003). A study on the service quality of
sports for-all centers and consumer satisfaction. Journal of the Korean Society
of Sport and Leisure Studies, 19 (1), 539-550)
Kang, Ho-Jeong, Kim, Kyung-Sik & Lee, Jun- Yeop (2002). The relationship
between the service quality of the taeneung International Skating Rink and
customer Satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of KAHPERD, 41 (3), 237-246
Kim,Jae- Huyn (2003). The relationship between administrative service quality,
customer satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of the KOREAN Society of Sport
and Leisure Studies, 19 (1), 275-284.
Kin, Hak-Sin & Yun, Tae- Hoon (2004). The management plan according to the type
of resident‟s satisfaction with public Sports facilities. Journal of the Korean
Society of Sport and Leisure Studies, 21 (1). 303-312.
Lee Seung- Cheol & Shin, Chung-Sik 92004). Effect of the service quality of public
sports facilities on service loyalty. Journal of KAHPERD, 43 (1), 425-433
Lee, Jeong-Hak (2000). The plan to activate the locality through sports marketing,
report of the 2000 in-service training of sports administrative public officials,
145-156.

Mackenzie, B. (2004). History of Sports and Games,
Retrieved from: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/history
Nacar E. (2011). Doctoral Dissertation, Firat University, Institute of Health Sciences,
Elazig, Turkey
Ogbemudia, S.O. (2001). Problems of Sports Development in Nigeria (Report of
National Committee on Problem of Sports Development in Nigeria 3) pp 474
- 498.
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Physical Education and Sports Teaching Program, Institute of Educational
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COACHES‟ PERCEPTIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF FACILITIES… 1

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

times, as exemplified by the Greek Olympic Games. Ethnographic and archaeological

to time, timely facilities and equipment plays a vital role.

sports administration (Awosika, 1996). The availability and functionality of adequate

coach. (Aluko, 1999)

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

basketball post, among others (Ogundairo, 2010).

Access to quality facilities and equipment is important if we are to ensure that

level of performance of athletes in sports meets.

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

silvers and 25 bronzes.

information on the availability and functionality of facilities and equipment in secondary

1.2 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Winning is considered to be the ultimate goal. In sports, it is winning a game, a

becoming, (Wooden, J 2009).

performance of the users (Ogundairo, 2010).

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

pre-requisites to good and impressive performances in sports at all levels of participation.

He further says different types of activities require different facilities. Consequently

variety of sports activities.

According to Talabi (1998), the attainment of a world class status in sports is a

not functional or substandard.

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

to figure 1 for the paradigm of the study

Figure 1.1 Research Paradigms

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

1.3 Statement of the Problem

1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of:

1.4 School; and

1.5 Sports event?

athlete‟s performance of Agusan del Sur Division. This is according to:

2.1 Availability of Sports facilities and equipment; and

2.2 Functionality of Sports facilities and equipment?

performance of athletes‟ in the Division of Agusan del Sur.

1.4 Significance of the Study

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

Teacher/Coach. This research results can be used as reference to the

teacher/coach to recognize the importance of being fully-equipped with the sports

weaknesses of the athletes due to lack of facilities and equipment given.

and organizations during their trainings.

equipment to their locality.

facilities and equipment.

developing the training facilities and equipment in their localities

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Sibagat National High School of Home Industries Technical-Vocational School.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Availability. In this study, availability is the state of being available of sports

facilities and equipment.

participate in a sport event.

purpose in which a sporting competition or event is held.

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY- MINDANAO

Functionality. In this study, functionality is the usefulness of equipment related

usability in a certain event.

pleasure, usually in a special area and according to fix rules.

engage with during the Caraga Regional Athletic Meet competition.