STUDIES RELATED TO TOURISM

Demographic Profile of Local and International Tourists According to HSDV

Studies

According to the Household Survey on Domestic Visitors (HSDV), people from the

Philippines with the range of fifteen years old (15) and above are the ones who have

travelled around the country. As for the sex ratio of the travellers, women have a higher

number compared to men having a ratio of ninety-three to one-hundred (93:100). Upon

checking, it can be seen that half of the travellers actually go out for vacation. Others

actually travel to visit their friends and family, and some go to religion or pilgrimage trips.

Half of these travellers actually stayed at the home of friends or family and the rest stayed

in resorts or hotels for their trips.

Looking at the expenses of the Filipinos for their trips, fifty-five percent are actually

used for shopping while the next forty-two percent are used on food and beverage. The

remaining are used for local transport. For the domestic travellers, three (3) of ten (10)

people stayed overnight in the places they visited. For a two (2) – three (3) night stay,

about forty percent (40%) of all travellers stay during that time frame. For people who go

to the NCR region, three (3) out of four (4) domestic travellers stay for a day in the places

they visit. NCR was the most visited place among domestic travellers and the other places

that were visited are the provinces of Negros Occidental, Pangasinan, Cavite, Quezon,

Bohol, Cebu, Camarines Sur, Laguna, and Leyte. On the other hand, for households in

select NCR cities, the most visited places were the provinces of Laguna, Cavite, Rizal,

Bulacan, Batangas, Benguet, Zambales, Pangasinan, and Quezon.

 Regarding the long weekend holiday, during Christmas is where people often

travel which has a total of forty-nine percent (49%). During All Saints’ Day and Holy Week,

people also travel however the number of people who actually travel are lower compared

to Christmas with a forty point seven percent (40.7%) for All Saints’ Day and twenty-seven

point six percent (27.6%) for Holy Week.

For people who travel internationally, about two hundred and forty five thousand

(245,000) Filipinos of fifteen years of age and older travelled. About nineteen percent

(19%) of the people who travel international came from the select NCR cities. The age

group of people who travel internationally was forty five (45) and one in five (1/5) of them

belonged in both the thirty-five (35) to forty-four (44) and fifty-five (55) to sixty-four (64).

As for the countries that were chosen by our domestic travellers, China along with Hong

Kong got the highest visit with an estimated share of twenty-eight point one percent

(28.1%). Malaysia goes next with ten point seven percent (10.7%), Japan has a

percentage of nine point seven (9.7%), and Singapore which has eight point three percent

(8.3%) of shares.

For the cost of the domestic travellers, those who travel within the country has an

average cost of four-hundred and seventy six pesos (476 Php) for land transportation and

an average of five thousand one hundred and seventy nine pesos (5,179 Php) on air

transportation. For people who go to another country for vacation, the average cost for

the trip is fifty thousand and eight hundred pesos (50,800 Php) including the stay for the

trip.
The Influence of Social Media in Air Travel Decision Making Process of the Youth

The study determined the influence of Social Media in Air travel through the youth

in Metro Manila (King, Nabong, Palma, & Pedro, 2017) considering that there is a rapid

pace in the field of technology, the researchers recommend an up-to-date social

networking sites as it will build more opportunities for travellers to make their transactions

faster and more reliable.

They also recommend a verified travel blogs and/or pages that will share enough

information about their destination. Overall, the researchers recommend to establishment

related to this should be engaged in social media as it could help them communicate their

products and services to a wider scope of consumer.

The Utilization of Travel Information through Electronic Word-of-Mouth

Communication of Tourist Visiting Intramuros

The study determined how tourists utilize travel information through E-WOM

Communication in visiting intramuros. (Alejo, Bernardino, De Leon, Ibaldez, Lachica &

Mendiola, 2017) The study made use of a questionnaire and interview guide as

instruments of the study. The questionnaire used scaling questions and the personal

profile of the respondents was used to collect data. Quantitative analysis in terms of

descriptive method was used. The study used One Way Analysis of Variance and was

conducted to 385 tourists inside the top tourist spots of Intramuros.

 The researchers have concluded that Millennials are the ones who use social

media and/or e-WOM the most. The researchers also have recommended to the

Intramuros to improve their online marketing strategies on their official website and

Facebook page in promoting the walled city.

Motivational Impacts of Advertising on Online Booking for Airline Tickets

The study determined the underlying effect of an advertisement to the consumers’

online booking tendency for airline tickets. (De Guzman, Gomez, Mas & Ramos, 2017)

The study made use descriptive-correlational research design. The research was

conducted at the City of Manila where 96 airline ticket consumer online respondents, aged

between 21 and 35 participated. The data gathering procedure was started after the

instrument was first reviewed and validated by the experts. There were 4 problems in this

study which answers were obtained.

The findings in this study revealed that young adults whom mostly were females

belonging to the middle income earners dominate the tourist population in Manila. Airline

advertisements seen online have the ability to generate impact to the booking preference

for airline tickets of tourists. The findings also show that there is a significant relationship

between the frequency of seeing airline advertisements and the online booking

perspective of tourists.

A Framework for Guiding Travellers and Promoting of Different Tourist

Destinations in the Philippines using Mobile Platform

 In the current generation, people are more into traveling more than ever. They like

to record their experiences in places they had been to; share their experiences through

telling their tales. Today, mobile devices are mostly their means of recording (storing)

those experiences. Mobile applications can be used such as; photo/video albums, note

takers, and a social media application of their preference. The objective of the study is to

develop a mobile app that will guide travellers and will promote the different tourist

destinations in the Philippines. PhilTrip will be a mobile application that is specifically for

those who are eager, passionate, and enthusiastic about traveling in the Philippines. The

proposed mobile application will enable the travellers (users) to share their travel

experiences all the while promoting the destinations and the Philippines itself.

Field trip ni Juan: An Augmented Reality Mobile Application for the Tourist Spots

in the Philippines for Travel Hub PH

This paper promotes the use of Augmented Reality (AR) for travel agencies,

specifically for Travel Hub PH. The main feature of this application is the Regions module,

where the user can see 3D models of several tourist destinations per Philippine region -

with text-to-speech facts pertaining to the tourist spots - and what each region is best

known for. The paper will focus on the acceptability of the proposed system for Travel

Hub PH.

E-Lakat: A Global Positioning System-Enabled Tourism Application

Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, 10, 2019

Objective: This study aimed to develop a mobile travel application specifically for the

province of Eastern Samar, Philippines. This app will enable tourists to locate different

tourist attractions in the province through their mobile phone.

Methods: Rapid Application Development (RAD) model was used to develop the mobile

application. In order to evaluate the application, International Business Machine (IBM)

Software Usability Satisfaction Tool was adopted.

Adoption of Mobile Applications for Identifying Tourism Destinations by

Travellers: An Integrative Approach

The study provided an assessment of both how consumers adopt mobile tourism

apps and how consumers use those apps to orient customer intentions to visit tourism

destinations (Kuo, Huang, Nguyen, 2018). The technology acceptance model (TAM) is

used to explore customer intentions to adopt tourism apps. A survey of 630 tourism

respondents found that the e-servicescape environment and e-word-of-mouth

communication play major roles in determining intentions to adopt tourism apps and to

visit tourism destinations. The study examined how consumers adopt mobile tourism apps

and use tourism apps to orient customer intentions to visit tourism destinations. It also

uses key factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitudes

towards using apps to clarify the extent to which the user is affected by apps. The study

found that there are many factors that determine the impact of mobile users on tourism—

factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, e-servicescape

environment, and eWOM communication. Consumers accept mobile apps because they
are more likely to accept apps if they are perceived as useful and easy to use. In this

study, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a positive effect on attitudes

towards using tourism apps. It reaffirmed the positive relationship and impact between

perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The study also evaluated the

relationship between eWOM communication and the e-servicescape environment in their

tourism products (such as apps) or tourism services, affecting attitudes towards using

tourism apps. These are the two main factors that directly affect consumer attitudes

towards using tourism apps, with the peculiarity that mobile apps were made for

smartphones. In addition to the necessary factors such as perceived usefulness and

perceived ease of use, external factors – such as eWOM communication and the e-

servicescape environment – also create attitudes that affect the use of apps for travel

purposes. This is one of the factors that greatly affect the attitudes of consumers. The

study also demonstrated the impact of eWOM communication on tourism apps is strongly

affected by attitudes towards using mobile tourism apps. Factors such as experience in

the use of mobile apps, working in combination with elements of eWOM communication,

are an issue that app providers and marketers should pay attention to in order to better

understand the customer. In this study, however, the effect of the e-servicescape

environment for tourism apps on the attitudes towards using tourism apps was not

significant even at a low level of impact. Previous studies have shown that this is also an

important factor in influencing attitudes towards using tourism products (such as apps) or

tourism services (Hanafizadeh, Behboudi, Koshksaray, & Tabar, 2014). The main thing

that can be concluded is that consumers still tend to choose mobile apps, even if those

the e-servicescape environments of those apps are unattractive. The research has
discovered how eWOM communication, the e-servicescape environment affect attitude

while using tourism apps, intention to adopt and intention to visit tourism destination in

the relationship with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Theoretically, this

study attempted an empirical explanation of intent to visit destinations with a TAM model

using moderating factors such as not only perceived usefulness itself, but also perceived

usefulness in the relationship with eWOM communication, the e-servicescape

environment, and attitudes towards using tourism apps. Most significantly, the initial

assumptions of this study support the important factors (eWOM communication, the e-

servicescape environment) affecting attitudes towards using tourism apps. Huang et al.

(2017) argue that the use of information technology makes the experience of travelers

better. Factors like eWOM communication and e-servicescape are two important factors

that are thought to have a great impact on customer behavior. This study considers the

two factors in providing mobile apps in the field of tourism for clients. The research

evaluated the impact of two factors – perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness –

with regards to attitudes towards apps in the field of tourism. The impact of these factors

on travelers intending to visit destinations is very important. Research indicates that

perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a positive effect on behavioral

patterns through the use of tourist apps. Besides, the researchers also evaluated two

factors – eWOM communication and the e-servicescape environment for tourism apps –

that have a positive impact on intentions to visit tourism destinations. This research had

shown that travellers are easily affected by mobile apps with eWOM communication

elements and travelers highly rate apps which include such elements. Therefore, eWOM

communication and the e-servicescape environment are two important factors that affect
the attitudes and intentions to visit tourist destinations. These two factors have been

clearly examined by TAM and are completely consistent with the original research model.

Practically, the study points out that eWOM communication and e-servicescape

environmental factors are very important in influencing customer attitudes. Therefore, app

providers need to have new effective marketing strategies such as controlling customer

psychology or increasing positive feedback from users of the apps. Moreover, the

customers will be influenced by factors such as eWOM communication, the e-

servicescape environment, the perceived ease of use, and the perceived usefulness of

mobile apps. Therefore, app providers need to understand the positive and negative

effects of these factors in order to build and create the right apps. For these travel

company, in building systems for customers, travel agencies should be aware that the

customers may see the active app, the two factors of perceived ease of use and perceived

usefulness both directly and indirectly affect the attitudes of app users. Moreover, some

implications provide application designers with basic ideas for more effective applications

designing in the future. The contribution of this study shows that an application needs to

be built with an online feedback mechanism as strong support for more effective updates.

Therefore, besides the implication of word-of-mouth, an application should display

information attractively, and also display comparing information to help mobile users to

make a decision easily.

Understanding Travellers' Preferences for Different Types of Trip Destination

Based on Mobile Internet Usage Data

New mobility data sources like mobile phone traces have been shown to reveal

individuals’ movements in space and time. However, socioeconomic attributes of

travellers are missing in those data. Consequently, it is not possible to partition the

population and have an in-depth understanding of the socio-demographic factors

influencing travel behaviour. Aiming at filling this gap, the researchers used mobile

internet usage behaviour, including one’s preferred type of website and application (app)

visited through mobile internet as well as the level of usage frequency, as a distinguishing

element between different population segments. The study compared the travel

behaviour of each segment in terms of the preference for types of trip destinations. The

point of interest (POI) data are used to cluster grid cells of a city according to the main

function of a grid cell, serving as a reference to determine the type of trip destination. The

method is tested for the city of Shanghai, China, by using a special mobile phone dataset

that includes not only the spatial temporal traces but also the mobile internet usage

behaviour of the same users. The researchers identified statistically significant

relationships between a traveller’s favourite category of mobile internet content and more

frequent types of trip destinations that he/she visits. For example, compared to others,

people whose favourite type of app/website is in the “tourism” category significantly

preferred to visit touristy areas. Moreover, users with different levels of internet usage

intensity show different preferences for types of destinations as well. The study found that

people who used mobile internet more intensively were more likely to visit more

commercial areas, and people who used it less preferred to have activities in

predominantly residential areas.

Smart Mobile Tourism Applications Quality Classification and Customer

Satisfaction Improvement by KANO Model and AHP

Choedon, Tenzin (2016) Retrieved from Smart Mobile Tourism Application's Quality

Classification and Customer Satisfaction Improvement by KANO Model and AHP.pdf

This study focuses on improving customer satisfaction in tourism via mobile

application by classifying customer requirements. It reveals that the tourism industry and

mobile app developers should always put first improvement of service requirements in

one dimension such as geolocated map service, multilingual option and the compatibility

with other operating system. Next thing to focus is the improvement of service

requirements in attraction namely, mobile ticketing, loyalty cards, coupons and voucher,

augmented reality, recommendations for personal routes, service available off-line,

friendly and efficient interface, travelogue, free download, and geo-located audio

assistance. Finally, the service requirements in indifferent category such as mobile

payment, geolocation social sharing, multimedia information, integration with trip advisor,

and virtual postcards social sharing. Since these factors have the very low importance

rate, the developers should focus on these three factors except the trip advisor and virtual

postcard sharing service because these are the least favoured by the customers.

A Privacy-by-Design Contextual Suggestion System for Tourism

Smart phones and gadgets are often used for our daily lives. A recommender

system for tourism recommends the people on which point of interest (POI) to visit while

staying in a certain area. Such suggestions are created based on inputs, and a simple

approach would be to survey users about his or her preferences. They may also be

requested to include information, like user needs, interests and dislikes, enter those into
some system and then have the system get these preferences with POIs that have

similarities.

With the system grasped, the user would have an easier time to locate some of

the places that is included with their preferences. The system helps the users choose

their destination with ease. In simple terms, the system which was recommended is

actually user friendly for it to create a database in which will sort out the users preferences.

How good is this destination website: A user-centered evaluation of provincial

tourism websites

Charles Ruel Novabos, Aura Matias, Miguela Mena

Procedia Manufacturing 3, 3478-3485, 2015

This study aims to propose a comprehensive and reliable instrument to measure

the perceived quality of destination websites. The tool evaluates destination websites

according to four quality factors integrated from existing tools: information completeness,

credibility, usability, and persuasiveness. Filipino domestic tourists were asked to use the

tool to evaluate four provincial tourism websites in the Philippines. Measurements were

taken for every factor. An initial reliability analysis was done to remove questionnaire

items that weaken the Cronbach's alpha of the instrument. Then, principal component

analysis was used on the remaining items to check the unidimensionality of the tool. This

analysis reduced the original four factors into three, namely influence, completeness, and

usability. Credibility and persuasiveness merged into a single factor, called influence,

while completeness and usability were confirmed to be standalone factors. Scores for
every factor as well as an aggregate score of all three factors, called the User-Perceived

Quality (UPQ) score, were computed. The scores were used to draw comparisons

between the websites used in the study. Design and managerial implications are also

discussed. A final reliability analysis showed that the proposed tool gave higher

measurement reliability (measured by Cronbach's alpha) than other existing tools. Hence,

the tool developed, called the User-Perceived Quality Scale, is put forward as a potential

standard framework for evaluating destination websites.

Social and Semantic Contexts in Tourist Mobile Applications

Pitassi, Emanuela., (2015, March)

The ongoing growth of the World Wide Web (WWW) along the increase possibility

of access information through the variety of devices in mobility has changed the way

users acquire, create, and personalize information, pushing innovative strategies for

annotating and organizing it. The main contribution of this study consists of a model of a

conceptual framework that explores both social and semantic contextual dimensions,

focusing on the domain of tourism and cultural heritage. The objective of this study is to

evaluate the overall consumer satisfaction and the perceived quality in use of two

concrete studies. First, the researchers concentrated their attention on contextual

information and navigation, and on authoring tool; Second, They provided a semantic

mapping of tags of the system folksonomy, contrasted and compared to the experts’

classification that makes a bridge between the social and semantic knowledge according

to its constantly mutual growth. The user evaluation analyses results are promising,

reporting a high level of agreement on the perceived quality in use of both applications
and of the specific analyzed features, demonstrating that a social-semantic contextual

model improves the general users’ satisfaction.

References

Meldrick P Abella, Lander M Pecdasen, Gideon Gerald R Fajardo, Layka G Pascual,

Marilou N Jamis (2017). Board me app: A mobile application for finding boarding houses

in university belt

Charles Ruel Novabos, Aura Matias, Miguela Mena. (2015). How good is this destination

website: A user-centered evaluation of provincial tourism websites

Varricchio, T., Kosciulek, A. & Stickles, N. (2019, April 19) Millennials are willing to spend

$5000 or more on vacation, making them the age group that spends the most on travel

— but Gen Z isn't far behind. Retrieved from

Three in Five Pinoys 15 Years Old and Over Travelled in the Country in 2016 (2017, July

4) Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/tags/local-travel-and-tourism

https://psa.gov.ph/content/three-five-pinoys-15-years-old-and-over-travelled-country-

2016

Andy A Lapada (2019). E-lakat: A Global Positioning System-enabled Tourism

Application

Michaela A Acaya, Johnwel Pius G Amador, Eldrich S Elinon, Rhiza Mharie A Recaido,

Jayson Raymund D Bermudez, Ryan Richard H Guadanaa, Annaliza C Bangit, Eliseo Q

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Tourist Spots in the Philippines for Travel Hub PH.

Emeliza R Yabut, Charles Michael C Te, Ermarie Nicole L Faeldonea, Cyril M Lepiten,

Jan Patrick A Villadores, Marilou N Jamis, Rosauro E Manuel (2017). A framework for

guiding travelers and promoting of different tourist destinations in the Philippines using

mobile platform.

King, M. T., Nabong, J. J., Palma, E. L., & Pedro, H. P. (2017). The Influence of Social Media in

Air Travel Decision Making Process of the Youth.

San Pedro, E. T., Santos, J. F., Superable, D. A., & Trinidad, J. O. (2017). The Influence of

Travel Blogs on Travel Planning.

Alejo, E. C., Bernardino, A. P., De Leon, C. S., Ibaldez, , A. D., Lachica , K. A., & Mendiola, A.

(2017). The Utilization of Travel Information Through Electronic Word-of-Mouth

Communication of Tourists Visiting Intramuros.

De Guzman, J.-e. A., Gomez, K., Mas, K. M., & Ramos, C. B. (2017). Motivational Impacts of

Advertising on Online Shopping for Airline Tickets.

Kuo, T.-S., Huang, K.-C., & Nguyen, P. (2018). Adoption of Mobile Applications for

Identifying Tourism Destinations by Travellers.

Wang, Y., Correia, G., Arem, B., & Timmermans, H. (2018). Understanding Travellers’

Preferences for Different Types of Trip Destination Based on Mobile Internet Usage Data
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System

for Tourism

Choedon, T., (2016) Smart Mobile Tourism Application's Quality Classification and

Customer Satisfaction Improvement by KANO Model and AHP

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Applications

ARTICLES RELATED TO THE TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines' Tourism Record

According to Inquirer, our country has broken the record for tourism last year 2018.

Looking at the article, it can be seen that the Philippines is actually famous for the beach

spots and resorts. As per the total tourists who visited our country, a total of seven million

and a hundred thousand (7.1M) which is nearly eight percent (8%) higher compared to

the previous year. Also, as per the article, it also states that the majority of our tourists

here in the Philippines are South Koreans. Chinese tourists on the other hand, took about

thirty percent (30%) or one million and three hundred thousand (1.3M) of the total count

for the tourists which is relatively close to South Korean tourists which has the total count

of one million and six hundred thousand (1.6M). Based on the Department of Tourism’s

(DoT) statistics, during 2017, the country had a total of 6,620,908 tourists and for last

year, the total number is 7,127,168 tourists.

 Despite the closing of Boracay due to its renovation for almost half a year, the

growth still took place for the number of tourists going to our country. Boracay is

considered to be the best beach destination within the country. Fortunately, during the

closure of the best beach resort, other spots like Palawan and Siargao became a massive

hit for our tourists here in the Philippines. For this year, as per the articles in Rappler, east

asian countries are dominating the newly renovated Boracay. According to the statistics

from January to March 2019, the top two (2) tourists are still from Korea and China.

Tourism Recovery Scorecard (Tours) - Benchmarking and Monitoring Progress on

Disaster Recovery in Tourism Destinations

Bijan Khazai, Farnaz Mahdavian, Stephen Platt

International journal of disaster risk reduction 27, 75-84, 2018

After a disaster, tourism declines and tourist stakeholders suffer because tourists

cancel their reservations and choose to go elsewhere. A key part of managing recovery

of tourism destinations is restoring the destination image and reputation which can be

affected by negative or inaccurate media coverage. This paper reports the results of

surveys with tourism sector stakeholders aimed at measuring recovery in three tourism

destinations affected by two back-to-back disasters: the Bohol earthquake and tropical

cyclone Haiyan in 2013 in the Philippines. The authors developed a methodological

framework for the Tourism Recovery Scorecard (TOURS), which can be used as a crisis

communication tool for benchmarking and monitoring progress on post disaster recovery

of a tourism destination. Three main dimensions of safety, physical recovery and business
recovery are considered in the Scorecard, each containing key factors that are important

to tourists and meaningful to tourism operators.

Guest Editors' Note: Being Smart Beyond Tourism

Bing Pan, Junyi Li, Liping Cai, Lingyun Zhang

Journal of China Tourism Research 12 (1), 1-4, 2016

The idea of smart tourism was initially inspired by the aggressive integration of

information technology (IT) into the marketplace of tourism on the part of the destinations

and their supply chain, as well as on the part of the tourists as consumers at various

contact points with the products. As such, it is tempting to consider smart tourism as a

new specialty or form of tourism. Manifested in the academic community, any inquiries

into it would be incremental to the knowledge of tourism. From a historical perspective,

the concept of smart tourism is closely tied to the concept of a Smart City, as first

proposed by IBM (Dirks, Keeling, & Dencik, 2009). Since then, numerous research

articles have been published on this topic—a search on Google Scholar on April 20, 2016

generated 668 results. However, the studies have an apparent regional focus: almost all

the studies have appeared either in Asia and the Pacific or Europe; almost none from a

North America context. A first-order search via the web and databases into “smart tourism”

and “智慧旅游”(in Chinese) revealed its possible origins. The English words “smart

tourism” were possibly coined by UNWTO Secretary General Taleb Rifai in an interview

with the media in Berlin on March 11, 2010 (PNA, 2010). In China, the first mention of this

term appeared in a local newspaper Zhenjiang Daily on March 12, 2010 (Zhen Jiang Ri
Bao, 2010). However, the keywords “Smart Scenic Area” appeared a little earlier, in 2009

(Zhang & Deng, 2010). Since then, Asian and European countries have been providing

tremendous governmental and institutional support for the initiative (Gretzel, Sigala,

Xiang, & Koo, 2015). The China National Tourism Administration announced 2014 as the

“Smart Tourism Year”, and 18 cities were picked as testing destinations.

However, smart tourism’s regional focus is not free from questions: is this tourism

initiative or framework more in alignment with the management style and culture in the

Asia Pacific and European regions? Is it merely a government slogan for promoting the

integration of IT and tourism? After all, IT infrastructure serves both local residents and

tourists. While, in places beyond the metropolis, the need for information might be more

extensive and unique for tourists than for locals, in large cities, however, aren’t all urban

dwellers somehow “tourists” outside their usual place of residence? It is not easy nor

necessary to separate the IT infrastructure serving visitors from that serving local

residents.

Exploring the Implications of Virtual Reality Technology in Tourism Marketing: An

Intergrated Research Framework

Yu Chih Huang, Kenneth Frank Backman, Sheila J Backman, Lan Lan Chang

International Journal of Tourism Research 18 (2), 116-128, 2016

The proliferation of the Internet and other technological innovations has

transformed the structure of the tourism industry as well as affected how tourism

destinations are perceived and consumed. The 3D virtual world provides opportunities for
destination marketing organizations to communicate with targeted markets by offering a

rich environment for potential visitors to explore tourism destinations. However, as of yet,

there is little understanding about how to effectively market tourism destinations to virtual

world participants who are technology users as well as potential consumers. The purpose

of the present study is to develop a research framework that integrates the technology

acceptance model (TAM) and self‐determination theory to understand how tourists use a

3D virtual world. Primary data were obtained for this study through self‐administered Web

questionnaires. The data were conducted in a laboratory setting with 186 participants.

This study contributes to the empirical TAM literature by applying the model to a 3D virtual

tourism site. Additionally, this study provides a research framework to capture the

entertainment nature of a 3D virtual world by extending the TAM to incorporate

psychological elements of self‐determination theory to understand consumer experience.

From the perspective of tourism professionals, this study contributes to an understanding

of how best to construct informative and interactive tourist destinations in 3D virtual worlds

to attract potential online and real‐world tourists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons,

Ltd.

Online Travel Agencies seen as Future of Philippine Tourism

INQUIRER.net BrandRoom (2017, October 18) Retrieved from

https://technology.inquirer.net/68136/online-travel-agencies-seen-future-philippine-

tourism

As the demand for travel increases in the Philippines, online travel agencies are

fast becoming the go-to booking platform for many tourists. They are very easy-to-use
and offer competitive pricing for budget travelers. With their mobile apps, tourists now can

book a flight or a hotel anytime and anywhere.

Philippine tourism is looking up as the volume of local and foreign travelers grows

year over year. According to the Department of Tourism (DoT), 532,757 foreigners

flocked to the country in May of 2017 alone. Meanwhile, the Philippine Statistics Authority

(PSA) reported that three in five Filipinos aged 15 or older have traveled domestically in

2016. Both figures are significant improvements over recent years. The May 2017 foreign

visitor count is up 19.6% over May of 2016. The PSA domestic travel data, on the other

hand, is a 20% increase over 2012’s figures.

Given the current pace of internet and credit card penetration growth in Southeast

Asia including the Philippines, OTAs are expected to only keep on getting more popular.

In a 2016 research released by Google and Temasek, “the SEA internet economy is

expected to grow to $200+ billion by 2025.” Online travel including hotels and flights will

account for 15% of its growth. Several factors have been identified as the main reasons

why people prefer using OTAs over direct booking channels and traditional travel

agencies these are convenience, more choices, best prices, minimal risks, diverse

payment options, and better customer service.

E-Tourism Adoption of the Agencies in Cebu City, Philippines

Vicente S Maravilla Jr, Cecil S Gantalao

Journal of Economics and Business 2 (3), 2019

 Information Communication Technology (ICT) plays an active role in the tourism

industry. The application and integration of ICT are essential for the success of a tourism

enterprise. ICT assists the individual in an enterprise to access information on the World

Wide Web in a single click which changes the traditional brick and mortar travel agency

operations. Even with the emergence of Technology 50 years ago, Small Medium

Enterprises are reluctant to operate and adopt Technology Applications for Technological

and Non-Technological Reasons. The study used an adapted research instrument from

Davis (1989) and Turban et al.(2008). Principal respondents are the accredited travel

agencies in Cebu City as of 2017. Using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) of Davis

(1989), respondents perceived that ICT is useful regarding accomplishing the task quickly,

increase productivity and effectiveness and it is easy to use regarding operating and

interacting ICT. Respondents would probably use the technology in the workplace for

sales and marketing and to recommend the technology to others for Business Operations.

However, there is no significant relationship on the ease of use (PEOU) and usefulness

to the in the Intention to use. This means that the respondents may or may not adopt ICT

because of Non Technological and Technological Reasons.

The Impact of the Internet in Travel and Tourism: A Research 2001-2010

Jean-Pierre Tang-Taye, Michel Boyer, 82-113 (2014, January 23) Retrieved from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10548408.2014.861724

The Internet has had a major impact on tourism both for providers and consumers.

This article classifies and analyzes the wealth of research published in major tourism

journals over the past 10 years to identify major areas of focus and gaps in the research
landscape related to the Internet in tourism. Research articles have substantially

increased in number over the past 5 years of the 10-year period under analysis. The

research can be categorized into seven areas with information search, website analysis,

and Internet marketing being the three most common research topics. Although Internet-

related issues in tourism are commonly researched, the article calls for more case study

research to be conducted that takes an e-business and organizational perspective so that

other organizations can learn from the mistakes made and also from best practice.

Online Travel Agency Price Presentation: Examining the Influence of Price

Dispersion on Traveller’s Hotel Preference

Jungkeun Kim, Drew Franklin, Megan Phillips, Euejung Hwang,(2019, June 28) Retrieved

from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0047287519857159

It investigates the impact of different level of prices on travellers’ hotel choice

specifically within an OTA or Online Travel Agency. They examined the effect of wide vs.

narrow price dispersion on hotel preference. The study result shows that travelers prefer

a hotel option featuring wide price dominance dispersion. Additionally, both the presence

of an external regular price and the level of uncertainty associated with the hotel

destination act as moderating influences. This work represents an emerging direction in

the online price dispersion literature, namely, exploring the consequences of price

dispersion on consumer choice, Online Travel Agency can develop more effective pricing

strategies in partnership with their hotel room suppliers.

Improving tourism experience in open data environment with mobile augmented

reality: needs and challenges

AJ Ocampo, T Palaoag

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 482 (1), 012005, 2019

Tourism industry plays a significant role in the economic growth of every country.

It is one of the fastest growing sectors that provides continuous growth and deepening

diversification that leads to socio-economic progress. This study gives an overview of the

needs and challenges of incorporating Mobile Augmented Reality in an open data

environment to improve tourism experience. The use of open data in tourism and mobile

augmented reality was presented to have an overview of its impact on tourism. Mobile

Augmented Reality applications are one of the best suitable applications to boost tourism

activities. However, there are still existing needs and challenges that need to be

addressed, these are a. technical requirement of the application, b. acceptability of users

to utilize MAR, c. availability of data specifically on the tourism site.

Preface to journal of travel & tourism marketing special issue: future of tourism

marketing

Creating a market or advertising for the tourism and hospitality industry has

developed due to the evolution of the digital marketing. Digital marketing includes virtual

reality, smartphones, and artificial intelligence. With the innovation of the technology, this

will develop the tourism industry. Basically, the article tells us about how digital marketing
would help increase the industry's share for the sector. Not just within a certain country

but all over the world.

The reason that the evolution of technology helps us nurture the industry, is

because that tourism establishments may use these tools to attract potential visitors. With

that said conducting the positive and negative effects of modern technology is a must.

For the use of advertising, they may use drones to create a more awe-inspiring view of

their destinations.

Do tourists’ personality traits moderate the relationship between social media

content sharing and destination involvement?

Dedeoglu, Bekir Bora, Okumus, Fevzi, Yi, Xialo, & Jin, Wenmin. (2019) Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1604294

This study investigates how the importance attached to consumer-generated

content on social media affects the destination involvement. This study also examines the

moderating role of personality traits between social media content and destination

involvement. Data was collected from 586 respondents. Study results suggest that the

importance attached to participants sharing and the importance attached to non-

participant sharing affect destination involvement in positive and significant way. In

addition, the impact of the importance attached to participants sharing on involvement is

more determinant for individuals where agreeableness, extraversion, openness, and

conscientiousness traits are high.

From Travel Agents to OTAs: How the Evolution of Consumer Booking Behavior

has Affected Revenue Management

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg & Delaware North Companies Buffalo, USA.,

( 2016, July) Volume 15, Pages 276-282. retrieved from

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/rpm.2016.16

Travel booking behavior has changed substantially over the past two decades. The

traditional approach of utilizing travel agents and booking ahead has evolved into a fast-

paced, last-minute booking environment. This evolution has had substantial effects on

revenue management (RM) in the areas of forecasting, pricing and online travel agency

inventory allocations. These changes have made understanding the consumer booking

process a necessary requirement for success. This article reviews the relevant literature

on this historical shift and the effects it has had on RM.

Impact of the Mobile apps on Travel and Tourism Industry

Impact of the Mobile apps on Travel and Tourism Industry (2017). Retrieved from

https://evincedev.com/blog/impact-of-the-mobile-apps-on-travel-and-tourism-industry/

According to an article from Evincedev, before, travellers were more accustomed to the

use of the guide books and checking magazines or periodicals for planning their

upcoming tour. Travellers, as well as the common man, depend highly on the booking

agents for purchasing their rail or flight ticket. They used to visit the reservation stores for

booking their hotel room just by seeing the catalog. But as the technology improved there

is a vast change in the mind-set of the travellers. These new travel and tourism apps

developed the Mobile App Development Company by not only boosted its usage; it also
has changed the tourism industry. You can carry all the information right from “go” by

using your smartphone. On the other hand, you are provided with the 360-degree view of

the rooms and idea about the amenities provided in them. There is no added charge for

paying the agents and most importantly, you are never misguided or forced to book any

particular hotel. You can choose to book the hotel of your choice by reading the reviews

and watching the ratings. Previous customers give feedback about the room, and you can

use that for your convenience. You are offered with the combo offers while booking the

hotels and tickets, and sometimes you are also provided with some rebate as you join

any particular app by doing registration. More than 150 million travellers now use the

smartphone, and it is for this reason, they can now use the travel and tourism app

developed by Android App development Company with just a single click. The payment

system is also very secure while using this app. You can pay using the wallet, or you may

use to pay using the credit/debit cards. Internet banking facility is also available through

a secured payment gateway that monitors the transaction. Most interesting features of

these apps are, they not only just satisfy the travellers, but they strike a good bonding

with the merchants also. Proprietors of the hotel as do not need to wait in a long queue

to get a customer. According to the article, more than 85% of the population uses the

travel and tourism app when they are relaxing at any time of the day, 30% of the user

uses the app to find the best deal related to the combo offers like flight and hotel booking,

etc., 15% of the user uses the app to plan an upcoming trip, travel & Tourism app ranks

7th in the category of the most downloaded apps, 15% users download the app just before

going for a vacation, Companies now Hire Android App Developer to design their travel

and tourism app. Also, 49.1% people use map to locate tourist spots/recreation zone,
62.1% people search nearby restaurants, 48.1% people use GPS navigation, and 46%

people use the app for hotel booking, 33.3% people joins offers and other types of offers,

23.9% people set reminder for boarding notification, 8.1% people purchase tickets from

the app, 12.6% people search for public transport, 36.1% people search for shopping,

11.2% people look for hotel, 55.8% people use the app for weather updates.

Sources:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=20&q=philippine+tourism+and+mobile+app&hl

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Philippines breaks tourism record in 2018 (2019, January 24) Retrieved from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1077216/philippines-breaks-tourism-record-in-2018
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asians-dominate-boracay-foreign-visitors-january-march-2019

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tourism

Jean-Pierre Tang-Taye, Michel Boyer, 82-113 (2014, January 23) The Impact of the

Internet in Travel and Tourism: A Research 2001-2010. Retrieved from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10548408.2014.861724

Kim, J., Franklin, D., Phillips, M., & Hwang, E. (2019, June 28) Online Travel Agency

Price Presentation: Examining the Influence of Price Dispersion on Travelers’ Hotel

Preference. Retrieved from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0047287519857159

Rocamora, J. (2019, September 7) Travel, Tourism is PH Largest Sector in 2018: Report.

Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1079861

Seongseop (Sam) Kim & Dan Wang (2019) Preface to journal of travel & tourism

marketing special issue on future of tourism marketing, Journal of Travel & Tourism

Marketing

Cohen, S., Preyag, G., & Moital, M. (2014) Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts,

influences and opportunities

Dedeoglu, B., Okumus, F., Yi, X., & Jin, W. (2019) Do tourists’ personality traits

moderate the relationship between social media content sharing and destination

involvement?. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1604294