Tourism

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19th Century English tourists in the Roman Campagna, painting by Carl Spitzweg.
"Tourist" redirects here. For other uses, see Tourist (disambiguation).

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism
Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual
environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the place visited."[1]

Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there were over 922 million
international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism
receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real
terms of 1.8%.[2]

As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown
beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2%
during the boreal summer months.[3]

This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of
the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million
international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.[4]

Tourism is vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and
Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the
Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the
opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service
industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality
services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such
as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.
Contents
[hide]

 1 Definition
 2 World tourism statistics and rankings
o 2.1 Most visited countries by international tourist arrivals
o 2.2 International tourism receipts
o 2.3 International tourism expenditures
o 2.4 Most visited cities
 3 History
o 3.1 Leisure travel
o 3.2 Winter tourism
o 3.3 Mass tourism
o 3.4 Adjectival tourism
 4 Recent developments
o 4.1 Sustainable tourism
o 4.2 Ecotourism
o 4.3 Pro-poor tourism
o 4.4 Recession tourism
o 4.5 Medical tourism
o 4.6 Educational tourism
o 4.7 Creative tourism
o 4.8 Dark tourism
o 4.9 Doom tourism
 5 Growth
o 5.1 Sports travel
o 5.2 Latest trends
 6 Human right
 7 See also
 8 References
 9 Further reading
 10 External links

[edit] Definition
Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin,
'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point
or axis'. This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism is
defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality', while the suffix, –ist denotes 'one
that performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes –ism and –ist are combined,
they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a
starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour
represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the
original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist."[5]

In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena
and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."[6][7] In 1976, the Tourism
Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people
to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during
the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."[8] In 1981, the International
Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities
selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.[9]

In 1994, the United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics:[10]

 Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this
country.
 Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
 Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

[edit] World tourism statistics and rankings

[edit] Most visited countries by international tourist arrivals

Main article: World Tourism rankings

In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as
compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a
worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6%
decline.[4]

The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited from
2006 to 2009 by the number of international travellers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered
the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico,[3] and in 2008, surpassed Germany.[11] In
2008, the U.S. displaced Spain from the second place. Most of the top visited countries continue
to be on the European continent, followed by a growing number of Asian countries.

In 2009, Malaysia made it into the top 10 most visited countries' list. Malaysia secured the ninth
position, just below Turkey and Germany. In 2008, Malaysia was in 11th position. Both Turkey
and Germany climbed one rank in arrivals, occupying seventh and eighth positions respectively,
while France continued to lead the ranks in terms of tourist arrivals.[12]
 International International International International
UNWTO
Rank tourist tourist tourist tourist
Country Regional
arrivals arrivals arrivals arrivals
Market
(2009)[13] (2008)[12] (2007)[12] (2006)[12]

1  France Europe 74.2 million 79.2 million 80.9 million 77.9 million

 United North
2 54.9 million 57.9 million 56.0 million 51.0 million
States America

3  Spain Europe 52.2 million 57.2 million 58.7 million 58.0 million

4  China Asia 50.9 million 53.0 million 54.7 million 49.9 million

5  Italy Europe 43.2 million 42.7 million 43.7 million 41.1 million

 United
6 Europe 28.0 million 30.1 million 30.9 million 30.7 million
Kingdom

7  Turkey Europe 25.5 million 25.0 million 22.2 million 18.9 million

8  Germany Europe 24.2 million 24.9 million 24.4 million 23.6 million

9  Malaysia Asia 23.6 million 22.1 million 21.0 million 17.5 million

Latin
10  Mexico 21.5 million 22.6 million 21.4 million 21.4 million
America

[edit] International tourism receipts

International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (€642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an
increase in real terms of 1.8% from 2007.[2] When the export value of international passenger
transport receipts is accounted for, total receipts in 2008 reached a record of US$1.1 trillion, or
over US$3 billion a day.[2]
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners
for the year 2009. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United
States continues to be the top earner.

International International International International

UNWTO
Rank Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism
Country Regional
Receipts Receipts Receipts Receipts
Market [13] [12] [12]
(2009) (2008) (2007) (2006)[12]

 United North
1 $93.9 billion $110.0 billion $97.1 billion $85.8 billion
States America

2  Spain Europe $53.2 billion $61.6 billion $57.6 billion $51.1 billion

3  France Europe $49.4 billion $55.6 billion $54.3 billion $46.3 billion

4  Italy Europe $40.2 billion $45.7 billion $42.7 billion $38.1 billion

5  China Asia $39.7 billion $40.8 billion $37.2 billion $33.9 billion

6  Germany Europe $34.7 billion $40.0 billion $36.0 billion $32.8 billion

 United
7 Europe $30.0 billion $36.0 billion $38.6 billion $34.6 billion
Kingdom

8  Australia Oceania $25.6 billion $24.8 billion $22.3 billion $17.8 billion

9  Turkey Europe $21.3 billion $22.0 billion $18.5 billion $16.9 billion

10  Austria Europe $19.4 billion $21.6 billion $18.9 billion $16.6 billion

[edit] International tourism expenditures

The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders
on international tourism for the year 2009. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue
as the top spenders.[12]
 International International International International
UNWTO
Rank Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism
Country Regional
Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures
Market
(2009)[13] (2008)[12] (2007)[12] (2006)[12]

1  Germany Europe $81.2 billion $91.0 billion $83.1 billion $73.9 billion

 United North
2 $73.2 billion $79.7 billion $76.4 billion $72.1 billion
States America

 United
3 Europe $50.3 billion $68.5 billion $71.4 billion $63.1 billion
Kingdom

4  China Asia $43.7 billion $36.2 billion $29.8 billion $24.3 billion

5  France Europe $38.5 billion $41.4 billion $36.7 billion $31.2 billion

6  Italy Europe $27.9 billion $30.8 billion $27.3 billion $23.1 billion

7  Japan Asia $25.1 billion $27.9 billion $26.5 billion $26.9 billion

North
8  Canada $24.2 billion $27.2 billion $24.7 billion $20.6 billion
America

9  Russia Europe $20.8 billion $23.8 billion $21.2 billion $18.1 billion

10  Netherlands Europe $20.7 billion $21.7 billion $19.1 billion $17.0 billion

[edit] Most visited cities

Top 10 most visited cities by estimated number of international visitors by selected year

City Country International Year/Notes

visitors
 (millions)

2009 (Excluding extra-muros

Paris  France 14.8
visitors)[14]

London  United Kingdom 14.1 2009[15]

Singapore  Singapore 9.7 2009[16]

Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 9.11 2009[17]

Hong Kong  China 8.95 2009[18]

New York
 United States 8.7 2009[19]
City

Bangkok  Thailand 8.45 2009[20]

Istanbul  Turkey 7.51 2009[21]

 United Arab
Dubai 6.81 2009[22]
Emirates

Shanghai  China 6.29 2009[23]

[edit] History
See also: Grand Tour

Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works
of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at
the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich.
The word tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by 1840.[24] In 1936, the League of Nations
defined foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its
successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of
six months.[5]
[edit] Leisure travel

Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first
European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.[citation needed]
Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the
factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first
official travel company to be formed in 1758.[25]

The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of
the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the
seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in
continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the
Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic – reflecting the dominance of English customers.

Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places of
such nature often visited are: Bali in Indonesia, Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Malaysia,
Mexico the various Polynesian tropical islands, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, and Florida,
Hawaii and Puerto Rico in the United States.

[edit] Winter tourism

See also: List of ski areas and resorts and Winter sport

Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. Andorra, Austria,
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Sweden,
Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland), Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea,
Chile, Argentina, Kenya and Tanzania.

[edit] Mass tourism

High rise hotels such as these in Benidorm, Spain were built across Southern Europe in the
1960s and 1970s to accommodate mass tourism from Northern Europe.

Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the
transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that
greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New
Jersey and Long Island, New York.

In Continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularised by the people of Brussels;
Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and
Heiligendamm, founded in 1793, as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea.

[edit] Adjectival tourism

For a more comprehensive list, see List of adjectival tourisms

Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have
emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use
by the tourism industry and academics.[citation needed] Others are emerging concepts that may or may
not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:

 Agritourism  Medical tourism

 Culinary tourism  Nautical tourism
 Cultural tourism  Pop-culture tourism
 Ecotourism  Poverty tourism
 Extreme tourism  Religious tourism
 Geotourism  Space tourism
 Heritage tourism  War tourism
 LGBT tourism  Wildlife tourism

[edit] Recent developments

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe,
where international travel for short breaks is common.[citation needed] Tourists have high levels of
disposable income, considerable leisure time, are well educated, and have sophisticated tastes.
[citation needed]
There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a
fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions,
quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.

Tourists enjoying cocktails during a beach vacation in the Bahamas

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost
airlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. WHO
estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.[26] There have also been changes in
lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet
sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an
inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats
to tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004,
a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian
Ocean, including the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This,
together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to
the area.

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a
similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and
tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations
visited by tourists.

[edit] Sustainable tourism

"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that
economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,
essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism
Organization)

Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987)[27]

[edit] Ecotourism

Main article: Ecotourism

Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and
usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the
traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and
political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for
human rights.

[edit] Pro-poor tourism

The pro poor tourism has to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving
increasing attention by those involved in development and the issue has been addressed either
through small scale projects in local communities and by Ministries of Tourism attempting to
attract huge numbers of tourists. Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that
neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far
less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor
include mountain climbing in Tanzania or cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.[28]

[edit] Recession tourism

Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis.
Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-
cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession
tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low
costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their
money travels further.

[edit] Medical tourism

Main article: Medical tourism

When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure,
particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory
regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage
of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".

[edit] Educational tourism

Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of
knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.
[citation needed]
In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting
another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study
Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such
as in the International Practicum Training Program.

[edit] Creative tourism

Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism
itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of
aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences.
More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg
Richards,[29] who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS),
have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts
tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related
to the active participation of travellers in the culture of the host community, through interactive
workshops and informal learning experiences.[29]

Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations
such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as
an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural
features of a place.[citation needed]

More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on
active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several
countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the
Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.
[edit] Dark tourism

One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)[30][31] as
"dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes
of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a
small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education,
macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval
fairs.[32]

[edit] Doom tourism

Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism" this emerging trend involves
traveling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount
Kilamanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef ) before it is
too late. Identified by travel trade magazine TravelAge West editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in
2007 and later explored in The New York Times, this type of tourism is believed to be on the
rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a
number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as
global warming, over population or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these
threatened locations increases an individual’s carbon footprint and only hastens problems
threatened locations are already facing.

Growth

The Tall Ships' Races 2007 in Szczecin, Poland

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue
growing at the average annual rate of 4 %.[33] With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products
have become one of the most traded items on the internet.[citation needed] Tourism products and
services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels,
airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both
on-line and traditional shops.

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the
degree to which countries play in the global context.[34] Not only as a result of the important
economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of
confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their
local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of
the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared
with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies
such as a space elevator make space travel cheap.[citation needed]

Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-
powered airplanes or large dirigibles.[citation needed] Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected
to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger
cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.[citation needed]

[edit] Sports travel

Since the late 1970s packaged sports travel has become increasingly popular. Events such as
rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have enabled
specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that
include flights, hotels and excursions.

[edit] Latest trends

As a result of the late-2000s recession, international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown

beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months
of 2008. The Asian and Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal
summer months, while the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping
a 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the Middle East continued its rapid growth
during the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007.[35] This
slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a
negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September.
The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.[35] As the
global economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of
the global financial crisis, growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further for the
remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 as
recession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to be
the most affected by the economic crisis.[35] This negative trend intensified as international tourist
arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some
regions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.[2]

Human right
On the 15th of April 2010 a headline in the British newspaper, The Sunday Times, proclaimed
that European Commissioner Antonio Tajani had unveiled a plan declaring tourism a human
right. According to the article itself: Tajani's view is that pensioners, youths and those too poor
to afford it should have their travel subsidised by the taxpayer. Tajani's program will be piloted
until 2013 and then put into full operation. In introducing his plan, Tajani stated, "Travelling for
tourism today is a right. The way we spend our holidays is a formidable indicator of our quality
of life." His spokesman added, "Why should someone from the Mediterranean not be able to
travel to Edinburgh in summer for a breath of cool, fresh air; why should someone from
Edinburgh not be able to travel to Greece in winter?"[36] The characterization of Tajani's position
as advocating an expansion of human rights was repeated by other media such as the
conservative Canadian newspaper National Post[37] and Wikipedia. According to Euractive it
proved impossible for the commissioner's office to correct the misleading impression created by
the Sunday Times headline in the Wikipedia articles on tourism and Antonio Tajani as the
Sunday Times is a "reliable published source" while the actual text of the Commissioner's speech
is only a "primary source".[38]

EurActiv, an independent media portal, criticized the article by The Sunday Times as an example
of misleading information about the EU which appears in the British press and then picked up by
other Anglo-Saxon media and blogs, and Wikipedia. EurActiv notes that "the article on The
Sunday Times never quotes the Commissioner as having made such a statement. Nevertheless, it
pursues the argument under the headline "Brussels decrees holidays as a human right,"
underlining the alleged "hundreds of millions of pounds" that pursuing the idea would cost
taxpayers." EurActiv criticized Wikipedia on the grounds that it proved impossible for
Commissioner Tajani's team to correct the wrong information in the encyclopedia, and echoed
European Commission spokesperson Pia Ahrenkilde Hansen's statement that "ethics in digital
communications is definitely a subject which deserves to be addressed."[38]

[edit] See also

Geography portal

 Historical archive on tourism

 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
 World-Point Academy of Tourism
 World Tourism rankings
 World Travel Monitor

[edit] References
1. ^ "UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics" (PDF).
World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 14.
 http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf.
Retrieved 2009-03-26.
2. ^ a b c d "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009". UNWTO World Tourism
Barometer (World Tourism Organization) 7 (2). June 2009.
http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_2_en_excerpt.pdf.
Retrieved 3 August 2009.
3. ^ a b UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2008. 6. World Tourism Organization.
June 2008.
http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf.
Retrieved 2008-08-01.