Subject: EDUC 213 (ICT)

Topic: ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

Reporter: GALELIE C. DACARA, MAED-FILIPINO
Professor: EDWIN NATE

ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

I. Introduction
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and
other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such
as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as
the Open Handset Alliance, with the main contributor and commercial marketer
being Google.[10]
Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in
2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The current
stable version is Android 10, released on September 3, 2019. The core Android source code
is known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is primarily licensed under
the Apache License. This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other
electronics, such as game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and others, each with a specialized
user interface. Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear
OS for wearable, both developed by Google.
II. History

Andy Rubin
- Founder of Android Inc. together with Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White in Palo
Alto, California in October 2003
July 2005
- Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees, including
Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was
known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided
few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the
team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel.
Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of
providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had "lined up a series of hardware
components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to
various degrees of cooperation".
November 5, 2007,
- the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google,
device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such
as Sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas
Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first truly open and
comprehensive platform for mobile devices". Within a year, the
Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
- faced two other open source competitors, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo
Foundation, the latter also developing a Linux-based mobile operating system like
Google.
September 2007,
- InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed
several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.
2010
- Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with
different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android
versions. The series was described as having "played a pivotal role in Android's history
by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board", and
became known for its "bloat-free" software with "timely ... updates".
May 2013,
- At its developer conference, Google announced a special version of the Samsung
Galaxy S4, where, instead of using Samsung's own Android customization, the phone
ran "stock Android" and was promised to receive new system updates fast. The

Android Operating System

 device would become the start of the Google Play edition program, and was followed
by other devices, including the HTC One Google Play edition, and Moto G Google
Play edition.
2015,
- Ars Technica wrote that "Earlier this week, the last of the Google Play edition Android
phones in Google's online storefront were listed as "no longer available for sale" and
that "Now they're all gone, and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up".
2012 Press Conference

- Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra announcing Google's Nexus 7 tablet
June 2014
- Google announced Android One, a set of "hardware reference models" that would
"allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs", designed
for consumers in developing countries.
September
- Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India.
June 2015
- Recode reported that the project was "a disappointment", citing "reluctant consumers
and manufacturing partners" and "misfires from the search company that has never
quite cracked hardware".
August 2015
- Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced with Africa announced as the next location
for the program a week later
October 2016
- Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones marketed as being the first
phones made by Google, and exclusively featured certain software features, such as
the Google Assistant, before wider rollout.
October 2017
- The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series, with a new generation of Pixel phones
launched
May 2019
- the operating system became entangled in the trade war between China and the
United States involving Huawei which like many other tech firms have become
dependent on access to the Android platform.
Summer of 2019
- Huawei announced it would create an alternative operating system to Android known
as Harmony OS, and have filed for intellectual property rights across major global
markets. Huawei does not currently have any plans to replace Android in the near
future, as Harmony OS is designed for internet of things devices, rather than for
smartphones.
August 22, 2019
- it was announced that Android "Q" would officially be branded as Android 10, ending
the historic practice of naming major versions after desserts. Google stated that these
names were not "inclusive" to international users (due either to the aforementioned
foods not being internationally known, or being difficult to pronounce in some
languages). On the same day, Android Police reported that Google had commissioned
a statue of a giant number "10" to be installed in the lobby of the developers' new
office. Android 10 is scheduled to be released on September 3, 2019 to Google
Pixel phones first.
III. Features
A. Interface
 Android's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching,
and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard
 Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information "hub"
on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. Android
homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the
Android Operating System
 associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as
a weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
homescreen.
 Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and
its connectivity. This status bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen
where apps display important information or updates.
 An All Apps screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an
app from the list onto the home screen. A Recents screen lets users switch between
recently used apps.[83]
B. Android Software Application
 Linux Kernel
 Libraries
 Android run time
 Core libraries
 Dalvik virtual machine
 Application layer
 Application framework

C. Memory management
Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to
manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum. When an application is not
in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather
than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Android manages the
applications stored in memory automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin
invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes, starting with those that have been
inactive for the longest amount of time. Lifehacker reported in 2011 that third-party task
killer applications were doing more harm than good.
D. Others
1) Storage:
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

2) Connectivity:
Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM EDGE, IDEN,
CDMA, EVDO, UMTS, Bluetooth, WI-Fi, LTE, NFC and WI MAX.
International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 2(5), ISSN
2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com

3) Messaging:
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including
threaded text messaging and Android Cloud to Device Messaging
(C2DM) and now enhanced version of C2DM, Android Google Cloud
Messaging (GCM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.

4) Multiple language support:

Android supports multiple languages.

Android Operating System

 5) Web browser:
The web browser available in Android is based on the open- source Web Kit
layout The browser scores 100/100 on the Acid3 test on Android 4

6) Java support
While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual
Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are
compiled into Dalvikexecutables and run on
Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized
for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can
be provided via third party applications.

7) Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel
level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch- screen technology at
the time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the
Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.

8) Bluetooth
Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP),
voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick
(HID) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through
manufacturer customizations and third-party applications.

9) Tethering
Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as wireless/wired
Wi-Fi hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was supported by third- party applications or
manufacturer customizations.

10) Screen capture

Android supports capturing a screenshot by pressing the power and volume-
down buttons at the same time. Prior to Android 4.0, the only methods of capturing
a screenshot were through manufacturer and third-party customizations or
otherwise by using a PC connection (DDMS developer's tool). These alternative
methods are still available with the latest Android.

11) Video calling

Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a
customized version ofthe operating system that supports it, either via the UMTS
network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is
available in Android 2.3.4 (Gingerbread) and later. GingerbreadMallows Nexus Sto
place Internet calls with a SIP account. This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to
other SIP accounts and even phone numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in
Android 2.3, including front camera support. Users with the Google+ Android app
can video chat with other Google+ users through Hangouts.

Hardware
The main hardware platform for Android is ARM (the ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures),
with x86 and x86-64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android.
 Cellular networking: GSM, EDGE, 3G
 Lan : Bluetooth and WIFI
 Graphics Hardware Acceleration
 Camera, GPS and Compass
 Touch screen and accelerometer for motion sensing
Cellular networking : GSM, EDGE, 3G LAN : Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi Graphics Hardware
Acceleration Camera, GPS and Compass Touch screen and accelerometer for motion sensing

Development
Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released,
at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project (AOSP),an open
source initiative led by Google.

A. Update Schedule
Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a yearly basis.The

Android Operating System

 updates can be installed on devices over-the-air. The latest major release is Android 10.
B. Linux Kernel

C. Libraries
 C/C++ libraries
 Interface through Java
 Surface manager – Handling UI Windows
 2D and 3D graphics
 Media codes, SQLite, Browser engine

D. Android Runtime
 Dalvik VM
 Dex files
 Compact and efficient than class files
 Limited memory and battery power
 Core Libraries
 Java 5 Std edition
 Collections, I/O etc.
 Providing most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java
language.
Application Framework

Android Operating System

 Versions of Android

Android Operating System

 Why Android is better than Iphone OS?

Technique for saving data

 SQLite Databases: relational database library for storing and managing complex data
 Files: you can create, write and read file from the local storage or external media (SD
Cards)
Application Life Cycle

Android Operating System

  Each application runs in its own process.
 Each activity of an app is run in the apps process
 Processes are started and stopped as needed to run an apps components.
 Processes may be killed to reclaim nedeed resources.
 Killed apps may be restored to their last state when requested by the user

Market Sales
 Andriod market is the online software store developed by Google for Andriod devices
 Users to browse and download apps published by third party developer
 As of october 2011 there were more than 4,00,000 apps available for Android
 As of dec 2013 there were more than 8,00,000 apps available for Android
 Android has several famous apps like voice action, sky map,place directory,GPS,etc..,

What makes an android special?
 Open source – Free development platform
 Built in components can be improved
 Built in services like GPS,SQL Database, browser and maps
 Management of process life cycle
 High quality graphics and sound Portability across current and future hardware
 Component-based architecture and reusable, replaceable modules
 Multi-layer isolation of programs

Where is Android going?

 The Android OS may accelerate the diffusion of smart phones by providing a free OS.
 Access to the Android software development kit (SDK) suggests that the number of
applications will continue to as well as professional developers provide new offerings.
 Transforming them from consumers of existing applications to creators of apps
designed to meet their needs.
 Android, by increasing the user base, might hasten the integration of mobile
technology.
 Android is the Biggest selling OS in the World on Mobile Computing.
LIMITATIONS
 Android operating system uses more amount of battery as compared to normal java and
symbian mobile phones.
 It has been seen that it has security related issues.
 As we call Android is world of applications we continuously need to connected with the
internet which is not possible for all the users.

Android VS Windows Phone

ANDROID WINDOWS PHONE
Company/ Developer Google Microsoft
Programmed in Java, C, C++ C, C++
OS Family Unix-like Windows
Initial release September 23, 2008 October 21, 2010
Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, x86, I.MX X86
License Apache License 2.0 Commercial propriety
Linux kernel patches under software
GNU GPL v2
Default user interface Graphichal (Multi-touch) Graphical (Metro UI)
Working state Current Current
Source model Open source software Closed-source
Updates Updates are provided by Updates are only done by
different parties in the Microsoft
consurtium
Applications Application are created by an Appilcations are created by tie
open community of up companies and microsof
developers
Touch style Capacitive technology Capacitive technology
Number of applications Over 700, 000 Limited number of applictions
Language support Multiple language support Multiple language support

-End-

Android Operating System