ADVANCE

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BUILDING 2016-2021
CONSTRUCTION
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BY: SHUBHI
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LIST OF CONTENTS: PAGE NO.
1. Lighting systems 4.- 5
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ambient lighting
1.3 Accent lighting
1.4 Task lighting
1.5 Informational lighting
2. Fire fighting systems 6-8
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fire extinguishers
2.3 Sprinkler systems
2.4 Dry riser and wet riser
3. Fire detection systems 9 – 10
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conventional fire alarm systems
3.3 Addressable fire alarm systems
4. Security systems 11 - 13
4.1 Burglar alarm
4.2 Cctv
4.3 Video door intercom
4.4 Sensor systems
5. Hvac systems 14 - 15
5.1 All-air system
5.2 Air- water system
5.3 All –water system
6. Mechanized systems 16 - 21
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General considerations
6.3 Equipments on lease
6.4 Need for mechanization
6.5 Construction equipments
7. Intelligent buildings 22 - 23
7.1 Introduction
7.2 IBMS
7.3 Working of IBMS
7.4 IOT
7.5 Working of IOT
8. Case study- Leadenhall London (individual) 24 - 28
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Access control system
8.3 Vehicular access & parking
8.4 Smart HVAC systems
8.5 Light fixtures in building
8.6 Façade system
8.7 Fire and smoke systems
9. Case study – The Edge (group ) 29 - 31
9.1 Introducion
9.2 New way of working
9.3 Smart lighting
9.4 Car & bike parking
9.5 Robocop & vacuum
9.6 conclusion

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 LIGHTING SYSTEMS

1.1 Introduction:
Architectural lighting design focuses on three fundamental aspects of the illumination of building or spaces.
• The first is aesthetic appeal of a building.
• Secondly the function of light.
• Third is the energy efficiency issue to ensure that light is not wasted by over illumination, either by
illuminating vacant spaces or by providing more light than needed for the aesthetics or task.
1.2 Ambient lighting
This type of lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as general lighting. It makes up the
"base" amount of light in a room. It is the foundation that designers, engineers, and contractors use to start
looking at the best way to light a space. Ambient light can come from recessed downlights mounted in the ceiling,
ceiling lights mounted to the surface of the ceiling, or table and floor lamps.

Figure a. Bedroom lighting Figure b. Drawing room

1.3 Accent lighting

This type of light focuses on a particular area or object.It is often used to highlight art or other artifacts. Common
types of accent lights include wall recessed lights, torch, lamps, or track lighting. The brighter light from the
accent lamp creates visual interest to a room. Accent lights may also be used to shine light on a stairway, or as in
movie theaters, light a walkway.

Figure c focus on a picture Figure d. Highlighting an object

1.4 Task lighting

Task lighting provides increased light for specific tasks in a room that may already have some ambient light.
Task lighting is especially useful for seeing small objects or objects of low contrast. For example, a person who is
sewing would need extra light to easily see fine details. Task lighting can also provide increased light for tasks
that require accuracy. Task lighting is also useful for workspaces, such as a workbench or woodshop in the
garage, or a space used for arts and crafts. Good task lighting should provide about 50 to 100 foot candles to the
work space. Must be well distributed over the work area and avoid glare. Adjustability is also very important you
should be able to direct the light where you need it

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 Figure e Figure f. task lighting on study table

1.5 Informational lighting

Or the guidance lighting is the light in your doorbell, closet, night lights as well as path lighting and motion
lights, are all good examples of informational lighting. It can be beautiful as well as functional and can create
dramatic statements.

Figure g Figure h

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 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
2.1 Introduction
A system of equipment used to prevent, extinguish, localize, or block fires in enclosed spaces. Automatic fir
fighting systems are installed in buildings and rooms where the fire hazard is comparatively high. A distinctio
n is made between systems that are actuated automatically and operate according to a predetermined program
and those that are actuated by an operator; the former are called automatic fire protection systems the
latter fire protection units. An automatic fire-
fighting system includes a sensor capable of detecting combustion, alarm signaling devices, fire-
extinguishing equipment, starting and stopping devices, and feeders for the fire-
extinguishing substance; in some cases, it includes control equipment for the production process being protect
ed. Atomizers, foam generators, and pipe nozzles form and direct the stream of the fire-
extinguishing substance, which may be a liquid, foam, powder, or gas. Fire-
extinguishing substances are fed into the system from a centralized supply, such as a water supply, or from sel
f-contained or combined feeders.

2.2 Fire extinguishers

 WATER EXTINGUISHERS - Water extinguishers are best to deal with ‘class A’ fire risks and are suitable
for fighting fires involving organic materials such as paper, fabrics, wood, coal, etc. Electrical equipment shall
be avoided while using these. Hence, these extinguishers are not suitable for fires involving electrical
equipment, kitchen fires and flammable gas and liquids. These are located by the exits on a floor where a class
A risk has been identified.
Working: The water has a cooling effect on the fuel, causing it to burn much more slowly until the flames are
eventually extinguished.
 FOAM EXTINGUISHERS – These are mostly used for class B fires, but also work on Class A fires as they
are water-based and prevent re-ignition. In addition to organic materials, they can also be used for flammable
liquids like petrol. They are not suitable for kitchen fires, fires involving electrical equipment and flammable
metals. These are located by the exits on a floor where a Class A or Class B fire risk has been identified.
Working: Foam extinguishers have a cooling effect on the fuel. On burning liquids, the foaming agent creates
a barrier between the flame and the fuel, extinguishing the fire.
 DRY POWER EXTINGUISHERS - They tackle class A, B and C fires, but are not recommended for use in
enclosed spaces. This is because the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to
clean up after. They can also be used on some electrical fires. Specialist dry powder extinguishers are used for
flammable metals. They are not suitable for fires involving electrical equipment up to 1000v can be dealt with.
They must be placed near the source of fire risk.
Working: Dry powder extinguishers smother fires by forming a barrier between the fuel and the source of
oxygen.

Figure i. types of extinguishers

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2.3 Sprinkler systems
 Control Mode Sprinklers – These types of sprinklers serve as the standard sprinkler design. They work by
lowering the core temperature of a fire to a level the fire cannot sustain its own heat, by dumping water
directly on the fire as soon as it breaks out. They also soak up any adjacent material that is flammable which
stops the spread of fire.

 Fast Response Sprinklers – They respond to fire much quicker than any other design. They are at times used
for light hazard sections.

 Decorator Sprinklers – They are also called concealed sprinklers and are designed to blend with the ceiling.
The head is usually recessed and there is a cap over it which is coloured to match the theme colors. The cap is
held in place with glue which dissolves and comes off in case of a fire. These kinds of sprinklers preferable at
homes.

 Wet Pipe or Dry Pipe Sprinklers – All sprinklers are divided in these two categories. With wet pipe sprinklers
the water is always running in the pipes, and hence, they are found in homes that are constantly heated. Dry
pipe sprinklers are filled with compressed air and connected to the water source with a valve. In case of a fire,
the valve is tripped and water fills the pipes. It is common in building not regularly heated since it prevents the
pipes from bursting and also freezing of the water.

 Low Pressure Sprinklers – These are suitable for tall buildings because the upper floors may have little water
pressure. They are cost-effective in such scenarios since they are able to reduce the pipe size and the need for
a pump.

 Suppression Sprinklers – This type of sprinkler is designed to offer fire protection in buildings containing
flammable materials. They work by flooding the core of the fire directly instead of pre-wetting the area which
lowers the temperatures quickly.

 Water Mist Sprinklers – This type of sprinkler reduces both the oxygen and heat of fire. It releases high
pressure mist instead of water and the mist is converted to steam when it comes in contact with the fire’s heat.
While converting to steam the water droplets deny the fire oxygen to fan it further. The mist is also a powerful
cooling agent that takes away the radiant heat of the fire preventing further spread.

Figure j.Control mode sprinkler Figure k. quick response sprinkler Figure l. Decorator sprinkler

Figure m. low pressure sprinkler Figure n. suppression sprinkler Figure o. water mist sprinkler

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2.4 Wet riser& Dry riser
Wet risers are a set of values and pipework which are kept permanently charged with water. These are
generally found in buildings over 60 m of height. These systems carry water to the sprinkler heads in case of a
fire. Sprinkler systems are the most reliable and simple as the only operating components being the automatic
sprinklers and the automatic alarm check valve. An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping. All of the piping is filled with water. Until sufficient heat is applied, causing one or more
sprinklers to fuse, the automatic sprinklers prevent the water from being discharged.
Dry riser is a set of values and pipework which enables the fire service to pump water onto the upper floors
of the building in the case of fire. These are generally installed in buildings having elevation over 18
metres.Dry risers consist of just 3 components - external inlets, pipework and outlet points. The external inlets
need to be easily accessible by the fire service in an emergency. The dry riser systems pipes are filled with
compressed air which is released in an emergency to let water flow through the pipes. The outlet points are
positioned on the upper storeys allowing firefighters easy access to water in the event of a fire.

Requirement of dry riser installation :

 For residential building height more than 45m but less than 60m, or with basement or commercial building
 Ø100mm dry riser main pipe is for building height from 10m to 45m
 Ø150mm dry riser main pipe is for building height from 45m to 60m
 2- way breeching inlet for Ø100mm rising main
 4- way breeching inlet for Ø 150mm rising main

Figure p. Dry riser system

Figure q. Wet riser system

Figure q. Wet riser system

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 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS

3.1 Introduction
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their development when time will still be
available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in protecting the
safety of emergency response personnel. Property loss can be reduced and downtime for the operation
minimized through early detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. Most alarm
systems provide information to emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding the process of fire
control. To be useful, detectors must be coupled with alarms. Alarm systems provide notice to at least the building
occupants and usually transmit a signal to a staffed monitoring station either on or off site. In some cases, alarms
may go directly to the fire department, although in most locations this is no longer the typical approach.

3.2 Conventional fire alarm system

A conventional fire alarm system is an early warning system that alerts the occupants of the facility in case of
fire. It provides for continuous surveillance of the area. It is designed for small facilities because when it
detects a fire, it may inform about the zone/ area of the fire but not the exact location of the fire. In this
system, a number of call points and detectors are wired to the Fire Alarm Control Panel in Zones. A Zone is a
circuit and typically one would wire a circuit per floor or fire compartment
COMPONENTS:
 Fire alarm control panel – the system hub monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays
information.
 Primary power supply – primary power for a fire alarm system is usually supplied in the form of 124V or
240V AC from the power company.
 Secondary (backup) power supply – They consist of lead-acid batteries used to power the system in case the
primary power source fails.
 Initiating devices – these are activation stations, and can be manual (pull stations) or automatic (smoke
detectors).
 Notification appliances – It includes flashing lights, horns, speakers, etc. that inform people of the danger in
their building.
 Building safety interfaces – these include exit lighting, ventilation systems, etc. that make it easier for people
to get out of the building on occurrence of fire.
INITIATING DEVICES:
 Manual initiating devices – These include break glass station, buttons, pull stations, etc., and should be
located near the exits of the building. They should be easily accessible.
 Automatic initiating devices – These include heat detectors, smoke detectors, flame detectors, water flow
detectors, etc., which sense changes in the environment and react automatically in the event of an emergency.
New innovations in automatic initiating devices use cameras and computer algorithms to analyse visible
effects of fire and movement in ways that other detection devices can’t.

Figure r. Conventional fire alarm system

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3.3 Addressable fire alarm system
Addressable firm alarm systems are conventional systems in which each device has an address or location,
enabling the exact detector that was triggered to be quickly identified. This system is made up of a series of
fire detectors and devices that are connected back to a central control panel. This makes addressable alarm
systems ideal for large buildings.
Advantages of addressable fire alarm system:
 Determine the exact location of a fire.
 Specific actions can be programmed by the user.
 Reduced likelihood and better handling of false alarms.
 More reliability, less likely to lose connection.
 Lower overall cost of wiring.
 Ability to monitor integrity of the system, with detector health checks.

Common addressable input devices include

Smoke detectors –
• Photoelectric
• Ionic
• Heat
• Flame
• Laser
• Beam
• Duct Figure s. smoke detector Figure t. ionic smoke detector
Monitor modules –
• Sprinkler water flow
• Pressure switches
• Tamper switches
• Conventional control panels
Output devices –
• Solenoid release
• Notification module
Relay modules –
• Unlocks doors
• Turning on/off fans
• Activating fire alarm panels
• Recalling elevators
• Closing dampers Figure u. Addressable fire alarm system

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 SECURITY SYSTEMS

4.1 Introduction
The most basic definition of any security system is found in its name. It is literally a means or method by
which something is secured through a system of interworking components and devices. In this instance, we’re
talking about home security systems, which are networks of integrated electronic devices working together
with a central control panel to protect against burglars and other potential home intruders. Home security
systems work on the simple concept of securing entry points into a home with sensors that communicate with
a control panel or command center installed in a convenient location somewhere in the home. When the
security system is armed at the control panel, these sensors communicate with it by reporting that the point of
entry is secure. Should a monitored door or window suddenly be opened, the security circuit is broken and the
control panel interprets this as a breach of a secured zone. A high-decibel alarm is sounded and in most
instances the alarm monitoring company is automatically notified.

4.2 Burglar alarm system

A burglar alarm is a home security system which detects intrusion. The
alarm rings when an intruder enters the premises of the house. This
technology instantly establishes the presence of an intruder and hence assists
in catching him/her red handed. Some alarm systems serve a single purpose
of burglary protection. On the other hand, combination systems may also
provide fire protection or may have cameras enclosed in it. Also, there are
alarms which use high-end technology and instantly send messages to the
owner’s mobile phone. Figure v.Wireless burglar alarm
system

4.3 CCTV/ Video surveillance

CCTV, also known as video surveillance, involves the use of video
cameras to record video of the area to be secured. They help in
identifying persons who enter the premises of your home forcefully or
without permission and hence enhance home security. The recorded video
is either stored in a computer or made available live on the owner’s
mobile phone. Multiple CCTV systems are employed simultaneously at
different locations to ensure complete (360 degrees) surveillance of the
area. However you should install these systems in such a careful manner
that it does not cause interference to neighbors. Wide varieties of CCTV
Figure w. CCTV camera
systems are available, ranging from ones specialized to provide improved
night clarity to combination systems with smoke detectors and security
flashlights.
Types of cctv:
Internal and External Dome Camera:
The dome camera is one most commonly used for indoor and outdoor security
and surveillance. The shape of the camera makes it difficult for onlookers to
tell which way the camera is facing, which is a strong piece of design,
deterring criminals by creating an air of uncertainty.

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 Bullet Camera
Bullet cameras are long and cylindrical in shape and are ideal for outdoor use. Their
strengths lie specifically in applications which require long distance viewing.

C-mount Camera
Coming with detachable lenses, C-mount cameras allow for simple lens changes to
fit different applications.

 Can support changes in technology

 Effective for indoor use
 Bulky size makes them noticeable

Day/Night Camera
Capable of operating in both normal and poorly lit environments, these cameras
benefit from not requiring inbuilt infrared illuminators as they can capture clear
video images in the dark thanks to their extra sensitive imaging chips.

 Record in both colour and black & white.

 Wide variety of sizes available
 Infrared capability

PTZ Pan Tilt & Zoom Camera

PTZ – Pan/tilt/zoom – cameras allow the camera to be moved left or right
(panning), up and down (tilting) and even allow the lens to be zoomed closer
or farther. These cameras are used in situations where a live guard or
surveillance specialist is there operating the security systems.
Network Cameras
These cameras share the images across the internet, so CCTV footage can be
easily accessed. Network cameras are ideal for both domestic and
commercial purposes because you can see what’s going on whilst away from
the property.

Thermal Image Cameras/Infrared Cameras

One of the best 24 hour surveillance cameras around providing

airports, seaports, boards and many other critical infrastructures with
quality images, no matter what time of day it is. Infrared cameras
have small LEDs surrounding the lens to help pick up moving figures
in pitch black. Thermal image cameras can see over long distances,
up to 300 metres away!
 Detect intruders up 250-300 metres away
 Good in low-light
 Thermal radiation passes through visual barriers

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4.4 Video door intercom
Video Door Intercom serves as a secure modern-day replacement of the calling bell.
This technology provides live video of the person outside the door. It also allows the
owner to converse with the person via a microphone before letting him/her in. This
helps a great deal in avoiding and sending off strangers without actually opening the
door while the residents remain safe from any possible threats. A modified ve rsion
of this home security system also sends the recorded images/video to the owner’s
Figure x. Video door intercom
phone.

4.5 Sensor systems

A combination of various sensor systems provides excellent home security. Sensor-based home security
systems involve the concept of placing sensors at required security points. These sensors communicate with a
control panel installed in a convenient location at home. Some sensor systems employed are as follows:
 Door Sensors: It is placed outside or at the door. It senses the presence of an intruder who tries to unlock the
door. It provides a required signal to alert the owner about the same.
 Ceiling Motion Sensors: It works throughout 24 hours and senses the presence/absence of people in the room.
Depending on this data, it automatically switches the electrical equipment on or off. It also assists in
establishing the presence of an intruder at night or in the absence of residents.
 Vibration Sensors: It senses earthquakes or any other vibrations in the building which causes harm to the
residents and provides an alert signal.
 Gas Break Sensors: When the air conditioner or cooler does not work in a required manner, there is a
possibility of an associated gas leak which can put the residents in danger. The gas break sensor rings an
alarm in such a situation and alerts the residents. The sensor system is set to automatically operate required
devices like fire extinguishers and smoke controllers in such a situation. LPG Gas Sensors work in the same
manner as gas break sensors and detects LPG gas leak in the kitchen.

Figure . door sensor Figure . Ceiling motion sensor

Figure. Vibration sensor Figure. Glass break sensor

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 HVAC SYSTEMS

5.1 Introduction
HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, and HVAC systems are, effectively,
everything from your air conditioner at home to the
large systems used in industrial complexes and
apartment blocks. A good HVAC system aims to
provide thermal control and indoor comfort, and one
that is designed using the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
The big air conditioner boxes that you might see on
top of apartment blocks or offices are examples of (the
visible part of) HVAC systems. They’re typically
deployed in large industrial buildings, skyscrapers, apartment blocks, and large interior environments. They’re
also an essential component of environments where there are health regulations requiring that temperature and
humidity be kept at certain levels, using air taken from outside.

5.2 All air systems

The thermal energy transfer medium through the building delivery systems
is air. All-air systems can be sub-classified based on the zone as single
zone and multizone, airflow rate for each zone as constant air volume and
variable air volume, terminal reheat, and dual duct .

5.3 Air water systems

Air-water systems are introduced as a hybrid system to combine both
advantages of all-air and all-water systems . The volume of the
combined is reduced, and the outdoor ventilation is produced to properly
condition the desired zone. The water medium is responsible for carrying
the thermal load in a building by 80–90% through heating and cooling
water, while air medium conditions the remainder. There are two main
types: fan-coil units and induction units.

5.4 All water systems

In an all-water system, heated and cooled water is distributed from a

central system to conditioned spaces . This type of system is
relatively small compared to other types because the use of pipes as
distribution containers and the water has higher heat capacity and
density than air, which requires the lower volume to transfer heat.
All-water heating-only systems include several delivery devices such
as floor radiators, baseboard radiators, unit heaters, and convectors.
However, all-water cooling-only systems are unusual such as valance
units mounted in the ceiling. The primary type that is used in
buildings to condition the entire space is a fan-coil unit.

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5.5 Air handling unit
Air handling units (AHU) are the lungs of any HVAC system. An air handling unit is a device used to regulate
and circulate air as part of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. The AHU takes in outside air,
reconditions (filtered and either heated or cooled) it and supplies it as fresh air to the air conditioned room. Air
handling units, which usually have the acronym of A.H.U are found in medium to large commercial and
industrial buildings.
They are usually located in the basement, on the roof or on the floors of a building. AHU’s will serve a
specified area or zone within a building such as the east side, or floors 1 – 10 or perhaps a single purpose such
as just the buildings toilets. Therefore, it’s very common to find multiple AHU’s around a building.
Air handling units’ condition and distribute air within a building. They take fresh ambient air from outside,
clean it, heat it or cool it, maybe humidify it and then force it through some ductwork around to the designed
areas within a building. Most units will have an additional duct run to then pull the used dirty air out of the
rooms, back to the AHU, where a fan will discharge it back to atmosphere. Some of this return air might be
recirculated back into the fresh air supply to save energy, we’ll have a look at that later in the article.
Otherwise, where that isn’t possible, thermal energy can extracted and fed into the fresh air intake.

location of AHU units

AHU Filters AHU Dampers

5.6 Fan coil unit

As its name implies, a fan coil unit consists of a heat exchanger in which water is circulated and a fan
assembly, incorporating a filter and simple controls, designed for wall perimeter units or ceiling units mounted
within ceiling voids. Ceiling units can be configured as a cassette, drawing air into the centre and discharging
at the periphery. Heating elements, electric, hot water or steam can be included.

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 MECHANIZED SYSTEMS

6.1 Introduction
Mechanization or mechanisation is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or
with animals to doing that work with machinery.
 A project comprises various activities of diverse nature. Execution of each activity should be planned
meticulously to ensure sequential execution in time.
 There is no alternative to adopting mechanized construction methods to achieve more in less time.
 Once the decision of deployment of construction equipment is taken, required construction equipment need to
be identified. Example: earthmoving construction equipment, handling and lifting equipment's, aggregate and
concrete production equipment.

6.2 General considerations

A construction project may be of two types:
 Linear project (involving concept, design, procurement, and construction)- traditional approach
 Fast-tracked project- design and build
 On a fast tracked job, design and construction being almost simultaneously. Construction work is started even
when the design engineers are working on the foundations of the structures.
 This happens when the completion time is considered as sacrosanct and competitive bidding is not essential
 Design and construction work are set on parallel tracks.

Disadvantage of fast-tracked project are:

a) Input for designing may not be available in time as a result of which reconstruction may be necessary to
comply with the input when received, and
b) Less control over costs In both cases, intent of planning and implementation should be:
 Construction of cost should not exceed the budget
 Quality of executed work has to conform to the specifications, drawings, codes, etc.
 Time of execution has to remain within the agreed construction time schedule.

Deployment of construction equipments:

The cost of construction is a major factor in all projects, therefore there many factors influencing the
construction cost such as labour, material, construction equipment, profit etc. costs of construction equipment
ranges from 25% to 40% of total project cost. Deployment of construction equipment is done for the reasons
as mentioned below:
 Larger output
 Cost-effective implementation
 For execution of work that is not feasible by manual efforts or when deployment of construction equipment
may help in doing the work more cost efficiently.
 To reduce the amount of heavy manual work which would cause fatigue, thereby allowing manual efforts to
be more productive.
 Large output can be maintained even if there is a shortage of skilled and semiskilled manpower (as operators
of construction equipment are of different category)
 Precision in implementation is required by sophisticated design engineering- such precision can be maintained
by using modern construction equipment equipped with software controls.

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6.3 Equipments on lease
Mechanization is based on rented construction equipment is cost effective. construction equipment when
rented can be exactly to match the requirement.
 For rented equipment, time to make the equipment ready for operation is important for example: truck
mounted telescopic jib crane, truck mounted strut- boom crane, tower crane
 Truck mounted strut boom crane needs time for assembling jib for heavy duty work
 Telescopic jib cranes are better in this respect as very short period of time is required to prepare for the
deployment on arrival at the construction site.
 The main advantage of a tower crane is that its jib is supported at the top of a tall tower, which may be set at a
sufficient height to clear all possible obstruction. truck mounted telescopic jib crane

Equipment selection
Selecting the appropriate equipment for the job ideally forms part of the construction planning process and
should be chosen for performing any particular task only after analysis of many interrelated factors. The
important points for consideration are:
1.Function to be performed
2.Capacity of the equipment
3. Method of operation
4.Limitations of the method
5.Costs of the method
6. Cost comparison with other methods
7.Possible modification

Rent or purchase
 Once the strategy of implementation is finalized and construction equipment , machineries are selected. Every
executing agency has the clear option of purchasing or renting or a combination of partly purchasing and
partly renting the selected construction equipment and machineries.
 For an executing agency, purchasing of construction equipment and machineries would be advantageous for
the reasons as fallows:
 Construction equipment and machineries would be available at all times for deployment • These resources
could be used in other projects are required according to the conceived programme.
 Cost of such resources could be apportioned among different contracts.
Renting construction equipment and machineries would be advantageous in some other way for the reasons as
mentioned below:
 Construction equipment and machineries could be rented as and when required for a calculating period of
time
 Hiring agencies are responsible for repair, replacement, and even operation depending on the contractual
period
 On completion of the hiring period, the executing agency would be liability free of the rented items.

6.4 Need for mechanization in construction industry

 The work can be done speedily.
 The work can be done in time.
 Large quantity of materials can be handled , so the size of the project can be increased
 The complex projects involving high grade material.
 High quality standards can be maintained.
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  Time schedule can be kept.
 Optimum use of material ,man power and finance.
 Due to shortage of skilled and efficient man power.

6.5 Commonly used construction equipments

are:
Group A : Earthmoving equipments

Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction

industry to : shift large amounts of earth, dig
foundations and landscape areas.
Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic
excavators, bulldozers, compressors and loaders.

EXCAVATORS
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick,
bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house").
Excavators are used in many ways:
 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations,
 Material handling, Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments, Forestry work,
Demolition, General grading/landscaping
 Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
 Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining, River dredging, Driving
piles, in conjunction with a pile driver.

LOADERS
 A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used
to load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs,
raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another
type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

SKID STEER LOADERS

 A skid loader or skid-steer loader is a small rigid frame, engine-powered
machine with lift arms used to attach a wide variety of labor- saving tools or
attachments.

GRADERS

 A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a

maintainer, or a motor grader, is a construction machine with a long
blade used to create a flat surface. Graders are commonly used in the
construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. The crawler
loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a
wheel loader.

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 BACKHOE

 A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating

equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two- part
articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front
loader.

BULLDOZERS

 A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a

substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of
soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or
conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like
device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

TRENCHERS

 Trenchers, or ditchers as they are sometimes called, are similar to excavators in the
sense that they penetrate the earth, breaking soil and rock, and remove it from the
ground. They differ from excavators in that the soil is removed in one
continuous movement.

SCRAPERS

 In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy

equipment used for earthmoving.

WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS

 A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric

mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically
powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and
for mineral extraction.

Group B : Construction vehicles

Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction
(Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

DUMPERS

 A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building

sites.

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 TIPPERS

 A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised at the front end to
enable the load to be discharged by gravity also called tip truck.

TRAILERS

 Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of
goods and materials.

Group C : Material handling equipments

CRANES

 A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally.

CONVEYORS

 A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves

materials from one location to another.

FORKLIFTS

 A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-motor) is
a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.

HOISTS

 A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which rope or chain wraps.

Group D : Construction equipments

TUNNELING EQUIPMENTS

 A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used to

excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock
strata.

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 CONCRETE MIXERS

 A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that

homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water
to form concrete.

COMPACTORS

 A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste

material or soil through compaction.

PAVERS

 A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is an engineering

vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways.

SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES

 Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than
using a hand float to apply it.

ROAD ROLLER

 A road roller (sometimes called a roller- compactor, or just roller) is a compactor

type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in
agriculture.

STONE CRUSHERS

 A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or
rock dust.

SLURRY & HEAVY DUTY PUMPS

 A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.

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 INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

7.1 Introduction
An Intelligent Building is a building in which the use of
technology and process create a safer and more productive
environment for its occupants and more operationally efficient
for its owners. An intelligent building is “one which provides a
productive and cost-effective environment through optimization
of four basic elements: structure, systems, services and
management, and the interrelationship between them.”
According to this initial definition, an intelligent building is one
that optimally matches its four elements to the users’ needs with
an emphasis on the technology that makes the interrelationship
between the elements possible.

7.2 IBMS
An integrated building management system (BMS) is a master control system that networks all of the
mechanical, electrical, IT, and security systems of a facility, unifying them into a single system so they can
share information and work together seamlessly. Integrating all of the components into a single cohesive unit
allows the various systems to share information so they can work more effectively. The end result of this
interoperability is greater efficiency, lowered operating costs, and a more secure and responsive building
environment

7.3 Working of IBMS systems :

Once the BMS software integrates all the building operation systems, it leverages the information from the
various components to make sure all the systems function at peak efficiency. For example, occupancy sensors
register when people leave one sector of your facility
All of the systems can be controlled through a single interface that can be accessed onsite through a
touchscreen workstation or remotely over the Internet using a laptop, smartphone, tablet, or other mobile
device. Web-based building management solutions utilize a graphical interface that provides real-time
information and allows users to instantly adjust any system in the building as needed.

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 All of the essential building operations systems and functions in your building can be controlled by building
automation system software. The software can control and manage all of the following building control
systems:
 Lighting control
 Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
 Air quality control
 Energy management
 Access control/security systems
 Elevators and escalators
 Critical environments
 Fire and life safety systems/smoke evacuation
 Building condition monitoring
 Power monitoring

7.4 IOT
The IoT is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data.
IoT in buildings
The IoT is now starting to have a transformative effect on smart building automation and control. By
disrupting long established business models and offering significant new opportunities to improve the
efficiency of buildings, the IoT can raise employee productivity as well as stimulating the development of
innovative services.

7.5 Working of IOT

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environment . IOT devices
share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related
devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.
Why IoT is important
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter as well as gain complete control over their lives. In
addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides businesses
with a real-time look into how their companies’ systems really work, delivering insights into everything from
the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and improves
service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods as well as offering transparency
into customer transactions.

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 CASE STUDY-LEADENHALL BUILDING LONDON

8.1 Context of Leadenhall building

 The Leadnhall building is located in London . It has a
temperate oceanic climate, with warm summers and
cool winters. The city annually has modest
precipitation, long periods of overcast sky and light
mist precipitation, which may account for cites rainy
image.
 Coldest temperature recorded: -16degree Celsius
 Hottest temperature recorded: 38.1 degree Celsius
London averages about 1600 hours of sunshine
annually.
 ALTITUDE:11M ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
 COORDINATES OF THE BUILDING
LONGITUDE:51.5139 DEGREE NORTH
LATITUDE :0.0823 DEGREE WEST

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8.2 Access control systems in Leandenhall building
The purpose of access control is to grant entrance to a building or office only to those who are authorized to
be there.
Basic components of the access control system in the building include:
USER FACING INTERFACE: Access points, biometrics, cards, barcode, keypad, etc.
ADMIN FACING INTERFACE: Access management dashboard, integrations, etc.
INFRASTRUCTURE: Electric door lock hardware, Access control plans and access control servers.
The accreditation systems used for validity of authorisation include:
Staff Monitoring (Security personnel) Key, Key cards or fobs

Access badges or tokens Passwords, codes or pins

Fingerprints Video Verification

Iris Recognition Tickets

Public entry and exist via escalators

Bollards (vertical posts) used to avoid car ramming

and direct users towards the entry point of the
building.

Two primary access points:

 Access via escalator

 Access via lift (handicapped entry)

These access points merge at the reception.

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8.3 Vehicular access & Parking system
 The vehicular access inside the building for visitors is restricted as any non- registered visitor will be unable
to park inside unless he gives the details of the name and company of person visiting.
 The ramp to the basement has a traffic light system activated by staff access pass. The east fire lift provides a
quick link between basement level and lobby.

Access is from Undershaft

on the west side. Follow the
ramp down on the B1 to
reach designated cycle and
bike parking area.

Ramp to B1

B1- 400 bicycle parking

spaces.

129- Motorbikes spaces.

B2 -consists car parking

spaces (25-30)
Bicycle parking at B1

Site plan

A vehicular lift is also

present on the back side of
the building.

Security personnel +
Automated door

Valet at Undershaft road

for guests .

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8.4 Smart HVAC system in Leadenhall building
The main plant is situated within the basement and attic
levels(above offices level 46 to 50), which includes
 central chilled water plant
 Fully packaged cooling towers
 HV standby generation consisting of four sets situated at level
47 and 48 with boilers c/w gas booster.
 Complete mechanical and elctrical fittings by ruddy fit-out.ners
 Three ststokvis 1.5MW boilers fitted with riello modulating
burners have have been supplied to the leadnhall building to
provide space heating.
 Closed cell structure and high water vapor resistance factor of
armaflex serves to prevent moisture ingress , whilst the low
thermal conductivity value stops heat losses to fulfill both hot
and cold air HVAC system requirement .

8.4.1 Smart hvac systems used

 Thermal sensors: Strategically-placed thermal sensors can
detect the differences in conditions in each zone of your space.
For example, a crowded conference room can get warm in a
hurry, while an open office area with high ceilings can get
chilly (since warm air rises and people are closer to the floor).
A smart HVAC system uses that data to adjust to changing
conditions throughout the day or week.
 Occupancy sensors: Occupancy sensors are useful for office
environments (like most) that don’t have uniform usage all the
time. Increasingly mobile workers are leaving desks and
conference rooms empty as much as 50 to 60 percent of the
time. Meanwhile, you’re heating and cooling space for people
who are not there
Occupancy sensors detect the presence of people (typically by
detecting motion) currently using individual spaces within an
office. That data can be used to adjust temperatures based on
real-time utilization, saving you money on energy consumption
 Demand controlled ventilation: This smart HVAC technology
that lets you fine tune building conditions based on input from
Section depicting placement of hvac system

occupancy sensors. When utilization levels drop below design-

based occupancy rates, this specialized ventilation equipment
reduces your outdoor air intake which decreases energy usage.
 Variable speed fans: Traditional HVAC fan motors run at only
a single speed: full blast. Variable speed motors can adjust fan
speeds to appropriate levels based on occupancy levels or current
conditions. Variable frequency drive kits can also be installed to
retrofit existing single speed fans.

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8.5 Light fixtures in building
 Radial micro prism used in place of traditional louvre.
 Exceptionally low power consumption- each fitting is only 25 watts
 Shallow 750mm diameter aluminium dish reflects indirect light.
 Track mounted using data bus track for power and control.
 Track adapter connectivity made for significantly reduced installation
 Time.

8.6 Façade system

 Facades to the office areas require the highest comfort criteria in relation
to heat loss, daylight, glare control and solar gain.
 Here, the facade is supplemented with an internal layer of double-
glazing, forming a cavity which incorporates the structural frame.
 The external glazing incorporates vents at node levels to allow outside air
to enter and discharge from the cavity.
 The building is designed to express all the constituent elements behind a
single glazed
envelope.
 Controlled blinds in the cavity automatically adjust to limit unwanted
solar gain and glare.
 The tilt in the blinds further maximized daylight entering while
minimizing glare.

8.7 Fire and smoke systems in Leadenhall , London

 Protected by a network of 18 MxPro 5 eight-loop panels in a system incorporating a number of the company’s
AdSpecials custom built panels and interfaces.
 These include sprinkler and wet riser status panels, a smoke control panel and a microphone enclosure.
 The installation also includes five LifeLine panels for engineer and DDA paging.
 MxPro is the unbeatable multiprotocol fire system. Offering real choice and
flexibility, it includes two panels ranges, the EN54-2&4 approved MxPro 4
and EN54-2,4&13 approved MxPro 5.
 It offers four protocols, Apollo, Argus, Hochiki and Nittan and a
completely open installer network that benefits from free training and
technical support.
 MxPro 5 panels can be used in single loop, single panel format or easily
configured into high speed, 200 panel networks covering huge areas.
 Apart from the fire and smoke detectors, the whole structure was sprayed
prior to the assembly using FIRETEX C69 blast primer which provides 90
mins of fire protection to the
building.

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 CASE STUDY- THE EDGE

9.1 Context of The Edge

Location : The Zuidas, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Climate : Oceanic Climate
Typology : Office Building
Architect : PLP Architects
Construction : OVG Real Estate
Area : 40,000 sq.m.
1. The Atrium
2. Flexible Workspaces
3. Activity based Working
4. Orientation
5. Facades
6. Solar Panel Roof
7. Rainwater Reuse
8. Thermal Energy Storage
9. Ecological Corridor
Aim was to create a building that is both green and
intelligent that stimulates conversation between employees
and encourages collaboration at natural meeting points.
Building uses a central approach that is fully user
oriented, which is based on the Single User Interface.
This interface makes it possible to regulate the lighting,
room bookings and AV components. Every employee is
connected to the building via an app on their
smartphones. The app combines multiple functions and is
the interface for their interaction with the building: they
can find parking spaces, free desks or another colleague,
report issues to the facilities team, or even navigate
within the building.

9.2 Building skin

 The Edge is wired with a vast network of two different
kinds of tubes: one that holds data (ethernet cables) and
another that holds water. Behind each ceiling tile is a
massive coil of thin blue piping that
delivers water to and from the
building’s subterranean water storage
for radiant heating and cooling During summer months, the building pumps warm water
more than 400 feet deep in the aquifer beneath the building, where it sits, insulated, until
winter, when it's sucked back out for heating. The system developed for the Edge is the
most efficient aquifer thermal energy storage in the world, according to Robert van Alphen,
OVG's project manager for the Edge.

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9.3 A new way of working
 About 2,500 Deloitte workers share 1,000 desks. The concept is called hot desking, and it’s supposed to
encourage new relationships, chance interactions, and, just as important, efficient use of space. Desks are
only used when they're needed. Some tiny rooms at the Edge contain just a lounge chair and a lamp (no desk)
—perfect for a phone call. There are also game rooms and coffee
bars with espresso machines that remember how you like your
coffee. Massive flatscreens around every corner can be synced
wirelessly with any phone or laptop.
 An evolving app: The smartphone is your passport to the Edge. Use
it to find your colleagues, adjust the heating, or manage your gym
routine. You can even order up a dinner recipe, and a bag of fresh
ingredients will await you when the workday is over. All desks are
equipped with built-in wireless chargers so your phone can keep
itself charged.

9.4 Smart lighting system

 The Lighting system is powered by ETHERNET (PoE) and which is co-developed by PHILIPS.
 The system uses nearly 6,500 connected luminaires to create a digital lighting infrastructure throughout the
building’s 15 stories.
 Every luminaire is integrated in the IT network of the building and every second luminaire is connected to a
multi-sensor that measures the movement, temperature, light , infrared and works accordingly.
 The system uses 750 power-over-ethernet (PoE) switches to connect lighting fixtures to the building’s IT
network. With PoE, ethernet cables send both power and data to the luminaires, eliminating the need for
separate power cabling
 Employees can personalize the lighting of their workspace through a smart phone app
 Automatic switching off , when someone enters the lighting system gives 300 LUX illumination and when
there is no need of illumination the lights get automatically switched off.
 The facility managers use the Interact Office software to visualize and analyze the data, track energy
consumption and streamline maintenance operations

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9.5 Electric car and bike parking
 When you arrive at the Edge, garage entry is
automated. A camera snaps a photo of your license
plate, matches it with your employment record, and
raises the gate. Even the garage uses sensor-
equipped LED lights, which brighten as you
approach and dim as you leave. It’s the Netherlands,
so a separate garage for bicycles and free chargers
for electric vehicles aren’t surprising.

9.6 Robocop and the Vacuum

 This little robot comes out at night to patrol the

grounds. If an alarm goes off, the camera-equipped
automaton can identify the culprit or let security
know it was a false alarm. It cruises around
automatically or can be commandeered by remote
control. For smarter cleaning, activity is tracked by
sensors built into light panels, so at the end of the
day, the people and robots responsible for cleaning
can focus on the areas that have been used most
heavily that day.

9.7 Conclusion

 The Edge is not just a pretty face – a modern facade: it is designed to be as energy neutral and self-sustaining
as possible.
 Its Atrium is 15 floors high, making not only the work environment open and thus more inspiring, but also
serving as a part of the ventilation system, ensuring that the used air from the offices gets sucked off at the
top.
 The form and orientation of the building brings natural daylight to most of its workspaces. At the same time,
the shade will fall on the sunny parts of the structure for natural cooling.
 As for electricity, the whole southern gable is equipped with solar panels. Additionally another 4000+ square
meters of panels have been placed on the roofs of neighbouring buildings of the University of Amsterdam and
the Hogeschool of Amsterdam.
 But this is not all: an aquifer thermal energy storage, located about 130 meters underground, generates all
energy required for heating and cooling of the building. Rainwater is also collected and reused.
 You could nearly think of The Edge as its own planet. If electricity fails across Amsterdam, people working
in The Edge can continue working in their own little haven

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