Chapter 1

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.1: INTRODUCTION:-
Globalization has brought in border less economy into formation mainly
due to liberal economic policies and opening up of domestic economies to
foreign inflow of capital both in equity and direct investment form. This has
had an impact on the growth and structure of domestic industrial structure
especially in developing economies like India. Such an impact is felt more in
the pharmaceutical sector in India, which needs study and analysis. Such
studies involve two aspects:
1. Study of changing Industrial Structure
2. Analysis of Foreign Investment in the Indian domestic
pharmaceutical industry
Over the past decade there have been a number of changes in the policy
frame work developed since the late 1990s. Beside import liberalization
removal of restrictions on foreign firms, Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) has
been diluted as a part of economic reforms. The Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) framework has undergone important changes as per India’s obligation
under Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
Agreement of World Trade Organization (WTO) covering adoption of product
patents by 2005. All these trends of past decade viz. liberalization of trade,
investment and price regulation, and emerging changes in the intellectual
property rights are likely to have implications for the availability and price of
pharmaceutical products in India.
The industrial, trade and technology policy framework evolved over the
1950-1990 has considerably changed in the 1990s as a part of economic
reforms undertaken by the government and World Trade Organization
agreements. The important changes have been brought about in the industrial

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policy and foreign direct investment policy, trade policy, patent protection and
price controls.
The New Industrial Policy (NIP) was announced on 24th July 1991 the
main aim of the new industrial policy was;
1. To unshackle the Indian industrial economy from the cobwebs of
unnecessary bureaucratic control.
2. To introduce liberalization with a view to integrate the Indian
economy with the world economy.
3. To remove restriction on foreign direct investment as also to free
the domestic entrepreneur from the restriction of MRTP Act, and
4. The policy aimed to shed the load of the public enterprises which
have shown a very low rate of return or were incurring losses
over the years. 1
All these reforms of industrial policy led the government to take a series
of initiatives in respect of policies in following areas:
1. Industrial Licensing,
2. Foreign Investment
3. Foreign Technology Policy,
4. Public Sector Policy, and
5. MRTP Act. (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act)
Under the New Industrial Policy (NIP) announced by the Government of
India in July 1991, under this policy licensing was abolished for all industries
except 18 industries which included coal, petroleum, sugar, metro cars,
cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, pharmaceuticals and some luxury goods. The
industrial policy was welcome because it took the bold decision to end the
licence permit raj. This step enabled Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice
companies to established new undertaking and effects plans of expansion,
mergers, amalgamations and takeovers without government approval.
Under new industrial policy it has been decided to provide approval for
direct foreign investment up to 51 percent foreign equity in high priority
industries. The government has further clarified that it permits 100 percent

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foreign equity in the case the entire output was exported 2. Before 1990, India’s
foreign direct investment was less compared to other developing countries.
Foreign capital is permitted free entry, the distinction between high priority
industries to low priority industries would gradually disappear over time and all
lines of production will be opened to facilitate foreign investment. The new
industrial policy was able to attract foreign investment and give a boost of
domestic investment. The regulatory provision in the Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practice Act were removed through the 1991 amendments
with the view to giving effect to the new industrial policy of liberalization and
deregulation aimed to achieve economies of scales for ensuring higher
productivity and competitiveness.
The new industrial policy dismantled the industrial licensing system
by abolishing the requirements of obtaining an industrial license from the
government drugs and pharmaceutical. New industrial policy accorded a much
more liberal attitude to foreign direct investment than ever in the post
independent India. Another aspect of reforms has been substantial dilution of
price controls. A new Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) was notified in 1995
bringing down of number of drugs under the price controls to 74 from 166
under the 1987 order. These 74 drugs covered under Drug Price Control Order
1995 account for only about 40 percent of the total market thus setting the bulk
of the pharmaceutical market out of price controls. The government has
followed exclusion cum inclusion criteria, excluding drugs where there is
sufficient market competition and including those where there is a monopoly
situation. Secondly there is a single list of drugs under the price control with a
Maximum Allowable Post Manufacturing Expense (MAPE) of 100 percent.
Thirdly all formulations under Drug Price Control Order drugs sold whether
under branded or generics cannot price fixation. Lastly, exemption period for
new drug produced by indigenous research and develoment expenditure has
been increased from five years to ten years.
In the patent regime under the Act of 1970, India did not provide
product patent protection in pharmaceutical but did recognize process patents.

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Indian Patent Act of 1970, which excluded product patent coverage for
pharmaceutical products completely and limited process patents to a period of
seven years. With respect to process patents there are provision which
substantially limit the scope of protection.
1. First after three years from the date of sealing a pharmaceutical
process patent the License of Rights clause applies. Under this
clause the patent owner is obliged to license the patented process
to any interested party with a maximum royalty of 4 percent
payable by the licensee.
2. Second after three years from the date of sealing a
pharmaceutical patent the government can grant a compulsory
license if the patented drugs not available at reasonable price. The
terms of a compulsory license are set by the government unless
the patent owner and licensee find agreement between
themselves.
3. Third a patented pharmaceutical process must be worked in India
three years from the date of sealing the patent. Importation of a
drug produced with the patented process is not considered as
working the patent.
4. Fourth the burden of proof in case of patent infringement rests
with patent owner.3
Under the 1970 Act, drugs could be patented only for a new methods or
process of manufactures not for the product. It is important fact that before the
introduction Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) India did not
provide product patent protection in pharmaceutical. Despite that the
pharmaceutical industry remained under developed in India because of lack of
the entrepreneurial spirit and technological skills to take advantages of the
absence of product patent protection. Indian generic companies had to develop
their own process patent. Another thing many of multinational companies
patented drugs will come off patent by 2012-2014: this again can be seen as an
opportunity to Indian pharmaceutical firms to enter the global market in a

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significant way due to their cost efficiency and competitive edge more is so in
the generic drug sector. Generic drugs means which patented drugs going to off
patent that time every body use formula of patented drugs and reformulate
them for sales. Product patent was introduced in pharmaceutical industry in
India from 1st January 2005. A product patent is granted for 20 years.
Diversification is a method of investment into new markets. It is a
process by which modern Corporations extend their activities beyond the
current product range and markets in which they operate. Diversification can be
achieved through internal expansion by investing into a new line of business
activity or by external expansion through mergers. It can be classified as
horizontal, vertical and conglomerate depending upon the industries in which
firm is operating and the industries which want to diversify. A firm would be
said to diversify horizontally if its new operations are in an industry of close
substitutes. In vertical diversification, the new industry has forward or
backward linkages with the firm present operations. In conglomerate
diversification the new industry does not operations of the firm through
diversification as shown in figure. A conglomerate merger involves a
predominant element of diversification of activities. This may consist of a
company deriving most of the revenue from a particular industry acquiring
companies or entities operating in other industries for one or more following
reasons;
• Obtain greater stability of earning through diversification,
• Obtain benefit of economies of scales,
Globalization has also given opportunity for Indian pharmaceutical industry to
go for merger and acquisitions abroad. With the liberalization of Indian
economy in 1991 restriction of merger and acquisitions have been lowered. As
a result the government has introduced various measures to facilitate speedy
clearance of merger and acquisitions deals. The Competition Bill cleared by the
cabinet on June 01 is one such action for the centre. The Bill has exempted all
companies from informing the government about any merger and acquisitions

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deal. It would now be optional for companies to prenotify merger and

acquisitions deals to the statutory body, the Competition Commission of India.

GROWTH OF THE FIRM

Growth

Expansion of the existing Start of new line

line of business of business

Internal External External Internal

Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion
(Increasing (Merger) (Merger) (Starting a
Capacity) new line
business)

Conglome
Vertical rate
Vertical

Conglomerate
Conglomerate

Vertical

Horizontal

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This body would review only those merger and acquisitions cases which result
in post merger turnover of over Rs 30 billion and an asset base of over Rs 10
billion.5 The relaxation of foreign direct investment policy is another step in the
right direction. Increasing foreign direct investment limit in pharmaceuticals
has attracted foreign investment into the country. Out of the 73 acquisition
deals announced in August 01 over 50 percent of the acquirers were foreign
companies, constituting an estimated 60 percent of the total consideration of Rs
16 billion.3 Since 1991 Indian industries have been facing increasingly
domestic as well as international competition and competitiveness has become
an imperative for survival. Hence in recent times companies have started their
operations around their core business activities through merger and
acquisitions.
In India prior to 1991 most firms especially those belonging to large
business groups undertook extensive diversification programme. The
government policies dictated the timing, the size and the location of the new
entrants and expansion of existing capacity. This was done to prevent
dominance through the preeminent of capacity. The economy wide targeted
capacity was thus split among several medium size units, which were not able
to exploit scale economies. As a result, most of an Indian firm remained
unfocussed due to distribution of operation.
With the New Industrial Policy of 1991, there were many changes in the
regulations governing firm expansion. There was simplification in the
procedural rules and regulations, industrial licensing was abolished except for a
short list of related to security and strategic concerns. The pre entry scrutiny of
the investment decision under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice
Act 1969 was abolished. No prior approval of the central government was
required for expansion establishment of new undertaking merger and takeovers.
The opening up of the consequent increase in competition meant that a business
group had to reassess to portfolio activities. In their public statement, the
companies1 claimed they would concentrate on a core business reflecting a
strong specialization. However, as will be seen later, the trend was towards

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increased diversification in an economic environment of less government

control.
Post 1991 era has witnessed the above policy changes in the Indian
economy, more so the industrial sector. These policy changes are tuned to the
needs of globalization, free trade and more suitable domestic policies to attract
foreign capital inflows. Emphasis is also given to boost exports. These macro-
economic policy changes have changed the structure of Indian Industries and
such structural and policy changes need study and critical review. It is against
this background that the present study is undertaken.

1. 2: PERIOD OF STUDY:-
The present study attempts to review the growth and composition of
Indian pharmaceutical industry, during the period 1991 to 2006. The period of
study spans seventeen years because we have studied the progress and changes
after New Economic Policy was introduced in India since 1991.

1. 3: TITLE OF STUDY:-
The present thesis is entitled, “A STUDY OF THE CHANGING
PROFILE OF THE INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN POST
ECONOMIC REFORM PERIOD (1991 ONWARDS)”

1. 4: SCOPE OF THE STUDY:-

The period of study is from 1991 to 2006 for which comparable
data is available The New Economic Policy was introduced in India
from 1991 onwards and hence the period of study starts from 1991. The
study is limited to the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry only and where
ever necessary inter country comparison is attempted.

1. 5: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-

The following are the main objectives of the proposed study.

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1. Review the growth of the Pharmaceutical Industry in India since

1991 and highlight the emerging structural changes.
2. Highlight the nature of Acquisition and Mergers taking place in
the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.
3. Analyze the growth performance of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
and its likely consequences on the drug market and prices of
drugs in the domestic market.
4. Based on the above mentioned objectives, draw conclusions and make
suitable suggestions.

1.6: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-

The present study is essentially based on published secondary data
collected from official sources. Secondary data is analyzed with help of
appropriate statistical tools of analysis. Based on statistical tabulation
of the data interpretation is done in appropriate chapter scheme
followed by pooling suggestions based on conclusions of the study.
Secondary data is collected from the annual reports of major
Pharmaceutical companies as well as Government publications. The
secondary data is collected by visiting the following libraries:-
1. Late D.R. Gadgil Library, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics,
Pune.
2. Barr. B.R. Khardekar Library, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
3. Jaykar Library, University of Pune
4. Library of Maratha Chambers of Commerce of Agriculture and
Industry, Pune
5. National Chemical Laboratory, Pune.
6. Chh. Shahu Central Institute of Business Education and Research,
Kolhapur.
7. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
8. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai.
9. Jawaharlal Nehru Library. University of Mumbai

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10. Centre For Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt Ltd ( CMIE ),Mumbai
11. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI),
Mumbai
12. Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producer of India (OPPI), Mumbai
13. Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi.
Necessary secondary data is collected from following official sources.
1. Indian Economy Survey, published by Ministry of Finance,
Government of India.
2. Economic Intelligence Service, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Private Ltd, Report on Industry, Financial Aggregates and Ratio.
3. Economic Intelligence Service, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Private Ltd, Report on Monthly Review of the Indian Economy.
4. Economic Intelligence Service, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Private Ltd, Report on Foreign Trade, Trade and Balance of Payment.
5. Economic Intelligence Service, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Private Ltd, Report on Corporate Sector.
6. Economic Intelligence Service, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Private Ltd, Report on Industry, Market Size and Share.
7. Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producer of India.
8. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, PhRMA
Annual Membership Survey.
9. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce
and Industry, Government of India.
10. Indian Planning Experience – A Statistical Profile; Planning
Commission, Government of India, New Delhi
11. www.planningcommission.nic.in; for total public health expenditure,
ministries of health and family welfare.
12. Annual report of Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Department of
Chemicals and Petrochemicals, Government of India.
Data collected from the above sources is tabulated and interpreted with
the help of appropriate statistical tools. Compound growth rate, ratio analysis

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and percentage methods are used for data analysis. Graphical presentation of
data is made wherever necessary.

1.7: HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:-

The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has witnessed many structural
changes in post – economic reform period. The period of reform has
witnessed increased entry of Multinational Pharmaceutical Company into
the Indian market resulting in a number of Acquisition and Mergers
taking place. The marketing strategy hence needs analyses as it is
probable that by capturing a sizeable share in the market, a few large
pharmaceutical industrial firms many succeed to control supply of drug
in the market and it the process manipulate price when the Government
is also bringing in price decontrol policy. Such a situation also has large
social consequences.

1.8: LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:-

In the process of the data tabulation certain limitations were noted. Data
pertaining to total global sales and country wise, region wise, global sales of
global pharmaceutical industry was not available on the year to year basis.
Hence, data for specific years only is analyzed. The year wise figures of
production of pharmaceutical formulation for the years 2004-05 to 2006-07
was not available and hence not studied. Similarly, export of finished
formulation and bulk drugs and import of pharmaceutical finish formulation,
bulk drugs and intermediaries for the years1999-2000 to 2006-07 were not
available.

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1.9: CHAPTER SCHEME:-

The data tabulated form the above source is analyzed according to the
following chapter scheme.
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
CHAPTER – 2
EMERGING TRENDS IN GLOBAL AND INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY SINCE 1991
CHAPTER – 3
GROWTH AND CHANGING PROFILE OF THE INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY SINCE 1991
CHAPTER – 4
EMERGING STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN INDIAN
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
A) ENTRY OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
B) STUDY OF ACQUISITION AND MERGERS
C) COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SHARE OF MAJOR
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES IN PRODUCTION AND MARKET
SHARE STUDIES
D) EXPORT PROFILE
E) REVIEW OF MARKETING POLICY
CHAPTER – 5
REVIEW OF PRICING POLICY AND GOVERNMENT POLICY ON PRICE
CONTROL SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES STUDY.
CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY SUGGESTION

1. 9: REVIEW OF LITERATURE:-
6
1 – Pradeep Agrawal, and P. Saibaba, in their paper “TRIPS and India’s
Pharmaceuticals Industry”, Economic and Political Weekly, September 29,

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2001, undertake a broad review and present a brief analysis of how the Indian
Pharmaceuticals industry might have been affected new patent laws that came
into force from January 1, 2005 as a part of the Trade Related Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, negotiated under the World Trade
Organisation regime.
In this paper the authors have built up an important argument offered by
the supporters of Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
agreement regarding the world welfare in the medium to long run. It is that
increased patent protection for inventors is necessary in the increasingly
gobalised world economy where flow of products among countries may have
serious consequences for the overall profits of pharmaceutical firms. In the
long run the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement
may bring benefits for developing countries like India in the form of research
and development expenditure in inventing drugs for diseases that are specific to
developing regions.
The authors are of the opinion, that India is relatively better off than
many other developing countries because it has a reasonably well developed
pharmaceuticals sector. They argue that we must do our best to help make
Indian firms more capable of undertaking research and development and to be
more competitive in exports. This can be facilitated by providing generous tax
incentives for undertaking research and development and by allowing liberal
imports of raw materials with minimum import duties. Export procedures
should also be further simplified so that they do not become a hindrance to the
growth of export. We should also actively encourage technological
collaboration with foreign firms and the inflow of foreign direct investment, in
the pharmaceutical industry as ways to brings new technology, research and
managerial capabilities into this important sector of the economy.
2 – Nilesh Zacharias and Sandeep Farias,7 in their paper “Patent and the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry” argue that the process of liberalization initiated in
1991 has helped develop policies that are focused on attracting capital from
overseas and making India a global industrial base. The resultant inflows of

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foreign direct investment and technology transfers have created an environment

for dynamic growth and increased competitiveness of Indian industry.
They concluded that India is slowly moving into global markets and
competing with international quality standards and prices. Although research
and development is an important factor to ensure a competitive edge in the
international arena. The future of the pharmaceutical industry hinges on patent
protection.
3 – Kalpana Chaturvedi and Jonna Chatawy, 8 in their special paper “Strategic
integration of knowledge in Indian pharmaceutical firms: creating
competencies for innovation”, have given to much stress on the effects of
TRIPS on the research and innovation strategies of the Indian pharmaceutical
firms. The most common strategic concern that Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights has raised for Indian firms is them perceived need
for research and development and technological strength.
The present paper analyses the gradual reorientation of the Indian firms
towards innovation-based research and development. Focusing at the firm
level, the paper looks at research and innovation strategies that are being
devised by the top Indian firms to attain leadership in the domestic market and
carve a niche for them in the international market in the post-TRIPs regime.
They observed that Indian pharmaceutical firms are involving from
reverse engineering outfits catering to domestic market to technologically
advanced and sophisticated organizations capable of catering to diverse
markets.
4 - Gehl Sampath, Padmashree, 9 in their paper “Indian Pharma Within Global
Reach?” deal with The Indian pharmaceutical industry and its strengths have
been conceptualized broadly from two perspectives: one analyses the potential
of the sector to offer price-based competition to the global pharmaceutical
industry, by producing cost-effective generic versions of patented drugs. The
other seeks to explore how the Indian experience can be replicated in other
developing and least developed countries. These perspectives stress upon the

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strengths of the Indian pharmaceutical sector to compete globally and help

provide price competition in the generics sector to the multinational firms.
The analysis conducted in the paper has shown that firms in the Indian
pharmaceutical sector vary considerably in their innovative capabilities.
The author concludes that, consistent with what is know about sectoral
systems behavior everywhere, innovation processes of Indian firms are strongly
shaped by their specific knowledge base, qualifications and skills, required
organizations and institutions involved, as well as specific competitive
challenges from a globalizing economy.
5 – Larry Davidson and Gennadiy Greblov,10 in their article “ The
Pharmaceutical industry in the Global Economy”, summarizes the results of
our global pharmaceutical industry analysis and is intended to increase
awareness of the general public investors, policy makers, managers, employees
of the companies about its current developments. The paper has the following
major goals:
1) To analyze the current situation, major challenges and the prospects of
the pharmaceutical industry;
2) To identify major players of the global pharmaceutical industry and
make a comparative analysis of their business practices and financial
results;
3) To determine the relative position of the U.S. pharmaceutical companies
in the global pharmaceutical industry, as well as to reveal opportunities
for further strengthening of their positions.
The paper consists of three major parts. In the first part present an
overview of the pharmaceutical industry as a whole its major players, current
trends and challenges. The second part focuses on a more detailed analysis of
major pharmaceutical companies. These major companies are divided into two
major groups:
a) Companies with headquarters in the U.S.,

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b) Foreign pharmaceutical companies with headquarters outside of the U.S.

Pharmaceutical companies are compared with other companies in the same
group; and major trends within each group are analyzed.
6 - Richard M Scheffler and Vikram Pathania, 11 the study of Richard M. and
Vikram Pathania “Medicines and vaccines for the world's poorest: Is there any
prospect for public-private cooperation?” review the current status of the global
pharmaceutical industry and its research and development focus in the context
of the health care needs of the developing world. The study considers the
attempts to improve access to critical drugs and vaccines, and increase the
research effort directed at key public health priorities in the developing world.
In particular, it will consider prospects for public-private collaboration.
The opines study that there are huge potential benefits if even a fraction
of the industry's vast resources laboratories, scientists, and databases can be
harnessed to look for solutions to developing country health needs. As the
partnerships strive to make the drug companies allies in the war on disease in
developing countries, coordination across multiple partners will be a key
challenge.
12
7 – Suma Athreye and Dinar Kale, in their study “Experimenting with
strategy in the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector”, highlight the role of new
economic opportunities in inducing experimentation in strategy. This paper
describes and analyzes the variation in the strategy-mix of established Indian
pharmaceutical firms in response to the economic opportunities generated by
three big policy changes- two of these involved changes in national regulation
but perhaps the most important change was the change in US regulations
governing the production of generics. It explored the different strategies
adopted by the four firms to target the generics market and the subsequent
attempts to transition to a drug discovery company.
They find the only significant capability that the four firms have
developed thus far is the capacity to integrate technologies acquired from
diverse technological sources and operate on reasonably large scales. Later

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firms have found less costly modes of technology acquisition than the earlier
entrants in the market for firm acquisitions.
Thus, the paper highlights the role of new economic opportunities in
inducing experimentation in strategy and in inducing strategic change. While
managerial vision appears to direct strategy when there is uncertainty about
which strategy best targets the economic opportunity, imitation is rapid when
uncertainties disappear. The paper shows that incumbent firms drew upon
firms’ own strengths, vision and managed risk in different ways. They also
showed considerable entrepreneurial behavior in pursuing new opportunities.
13
8 - Keshab Das, in his paper “The Domestic Politics of TRIPs:
Pharmaceutical Interests, Public Health, and NGO Influence in India, examine
some of the political implications of the coming into force, in 2004 of
provisions of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. These are serious implications for
India’s pharmaceutical industry, as well as for the political environment within
which pro-poor policy change can be effected. The historical backdrop to this
change is an important contextual feature: operating within India’s homegrown
patent system which covers not the product itself, but only the process by
which it was made India’s pharmaceutical industry managed, over the course
of several decades, to make the country self-sufficient in the production of a
considerable range of drugs and (crucially for the poor) to make them widely
available at affordable prices.
The World Trade Organisation provisions now coming into force are
likely to have different impacts on different groups associated with the
pharmaceutical sector. Some of this stems from the nature of the provisions
themselves, but an important part of the story concerns attempts by state elites
to co-opt external stakeholders. This latter development is itself an important
change in the nature of trade policy formulation in India.
The author observes that as part of a global campaign to loosen the
strictures of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Agreement, in the interest of making medicine more widely available to the

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poor, India’s more activist-oriented non Governmental organization (NGOs)

have increased their influence over this aspect of trade policy. One outcome
has been to make India's trade policymaking process more democratic and
participative, though the outcomes for the poor remain, for the moment,
unclear.
14
9 – Product Patent: in this special article “Implication of Pharmaceutical
Industry and Consumers”, stress on the impact of product patent regime on the
Indian pharmaceutical sector. This paper attempts to examine the potential
price hikes in certain drug segment using the econometric approach. The paper
also examines some of the flexibilities provided in the new Indian patent Act,
2005.
The present study attempts to analyse the possible effects of the
imposition of the product patent on the pharmaceutical sector in India. The
author has observed, the impact of such impositions, a comprehensive
examinations of the market structure of the pharmaceuticals, market
accessibility and price of the drugs as well the preparedness of the country to
face such product patent regime has been focused upon. Thus, econometric
analysis shows that the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
regime affects the Indian consumers to an extent, since there appears to be
certain welfare loss for them. This welfare loss is not only in terms of higher of
lower drug prices, but also in terms of less product variety in near future.
15
10 – D.P.Dubey, in the article “Globalisation and its Impact on the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry”, this to show how the workers of the drug industry
and the people of our country are affected by the impact of globalisation.
Considering the wide gap of industrial and technological development between
developed and developing countries monopoly rights through the patent system
should not be allowed to the rich nations. Today 85 percent of the patents are
being controlled by the Transnational Companies of the rich nations.
Globalization is hurting poor people not just the poor countries. In this process
poor countries and poor people will become increasingly marginalized, says the
1997 world development report of United Nation Development Programme.

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The author concludes that the main aim is to impose the conditional ties
of World Trade Organization and to change the Indian Patent Act as
Multinational Companies need more markets and are eyeing Asia which is the
largest continent of the world where 60 percent of the world population lives
but contributes only 20 percent of the world pharmaceuticals business. With a
high rate of population growth it is expected that the need of drugs will
tremendously increase in the third world countries including India in the next
millennium. India contributes 16.1 percent of the world population, but it
produces only 1.2 percent of world drug production. Hence the Multinational
Companies are trying to have more control over the pharmaceutical markets of
the developing nations. Developed countries are backing their own big
companies to capture markets in other countries even at the cost of the interest
of the people there. The United States has successfully battled for the inclusion
of strict intellectual property rules in international trade agreements such as
NAFTA and GATT. Often the U.S. position has literally been drafted by
PhRMA. These trade agreements disregard public health considerations and
have forced dramatic changes in the intellectual property rules the world over.
Still PhRMA is not satisfied. And when PhRMA is not happy the office of U.S.
Trade Representative (USTR) is not happy, says the editorial comment of
multinational monitor.
16
11 - Aradhna Aggarwal, in the study entitled "Strategic Approach to
Strengthening the International Competitiveness in Knowledge Based
Industries: The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry;” identifies the factors that
determine the export competitiveness of firms in the Indian pharmaceutical
industry. Her findings suggest that the competitiveness of firms depends not
only on firm specific advantages but also on government fiscal incentives.
Among the firm specific factors own research and development efforts
emerged as one of the prime factors influencing export competitiveness.
Technology imports on the other hand did not play a significant export-
enhancing role. Brand promotion and lower costs were other important
determinants of the export competitiveness. The study also finds that the

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determinants of export competitiveness differ across firms of different size and

ownership. High transaction and production costs are found to be major
constraints faced by Indian exporters. Based on the quantitative and qualitative
analysis, the study draws useful policy implications to strengthen the export
competitiveness of the industry.
17
12 –Mary Cain and Susannah Kirsch, in their article “The Future of
Pharmaceuticals” put forth broad themes that emerge in the pharmaceutical
marketplace of the future: an increase in the segmentation of products and
markets, and the importance of relationships. They are view that of the new
that drugs to people have to based on their preferences and will have to give
tailor specific treatment regimens supporting their lifestyles and behaviors.
Consumers will receive highly targeted and specific marketing messages based
on their use of technology, health status, ethnic and racial background, gender,
age, and interests and activities.
As a result of this segmentation, the relationships maintained by players
up and down the supply and demand chains among pharmaceutical companies
and their suppliers, their customers (both patients and providers), and public
regulatory agencies, as well as between patients and their providers and health
plans, to name just a few of the permutations will become more important to
the success of all parties, both individually and collectively. Partnering with
consumers and providers will allow the industry to advance to its next phase of
providing more targeted and appropriate health care by helping pharmaceutical
companies learn more about their customers.
The study concludes that segmentation and the importance of
relationships in business are not big news. Pharmaceutical companies,
scientists, and marketers have all been focusing on segmenting their research
and markets to better understand separate trends before integrating them into a
multidimensional context. Companies have always been concerned about the
business relationships they form with their suppliers and their consumers.
Technology is allowing customization and targeted research on a broad scale.
Industry is integrating increasingly specific information about consumers to

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narrowcast messages and information, whereas in the past they were

constrained to broadcasting techniques. Science and industry are developing a
portfolio of highly targeted drugs that better suit the needs of a diverse patient
population.
13 - Dr Alka Chadha18 in her study “Destination India for the Pharmaceutical
Industry, undertakes a broad overview of the patent law, TRIPs regulations,
market structure, Foreign Direct Investment, exports, joint ventures and
alliances. The twin dose of economic liberalization and strong patent regime
has rejuvenated the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The export focus of Indian
firms, propelled by the recognition of process patents in different countries, has
made them penetrate a number of countries based on their low cost structure.
They are now concentrating not only on off-patent drugs but also on
undertaking contract research. The pharmaceutical industry is in the transition
phase ready to face new challenges that could bring major changes in its
business environment. For long-term solutions, the industry will have to build
up its research and development facilities as well as make sustained efforts to
attract foreign direct investment for technical collaborations. Moreover, it is
imperative that the deregulation and decontrol of the industry should proceed in
such a manner that prices of essential drugs remain affordable to consumers
since this industry has direct implications for healthcare and social welfare.
Her opinion is that the, with stronger patent laws, contract research, joint
ventures and clinical trials at a fraction of the cost in India, as compared to
developed countries, India is the right choice for pharmaceutical foreign direct
investment in the near future.
19
14 - Sean Eric Smith, in his study “Opening Up to the World:India’s
Pharmaceutical Companies Prepare for 2005”, highlights the following points;
1. First, around 80 percent of the Indian drug market consists of off-patent
drugs. These, and other drugs whose patents expire by 2005, will
continue to be available to Indian firms with no intellectual property
rights of their own. It is striking that over 95 of the top 100 drugs listed
by the World Health Organisation are off-patent.

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2. Second, the price-control regime means that Indian firms are highly
efficient manufacturers, as is shown by the 40 percent share of output
being exported.
3. Third, a few Indian firms have determinedly moved away from their
origins as reverse-engineers of patented medicines, and are now
investing a growing research and development budget in their new drug
discovery programs, aimed at building their own internationally
patented intellectual property rights. Two firms, Ranbaxy Laboratories
and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories (DRL), have already filed their first
molecules internationally, and in 1999, received the all-important Food
Drug Administration approval to conduct clinical trials upon them.
These companies have also indicated that they have discovery pipelines
that enable them each to file for one molecule per year.
4. Fourth, mergers and acquisitions have become increasingly common.
By matching companies with complementary strengths, the merger and
acquisitions process promises to better equip Indian companies to
compete with Multinational Companies in years ahead. To the extent
that merger and acquisitions activity has occurred between Indian and
multinational firms, the distinctions between the two groups are
increasingly blurred.
5. Fifth of the twelve firms in the sample for this paper were Multinational
Companies subsidiaries. Accordingly, the paper also offers insights into
these companies’ 2005 related strategies. Most Multinational
Companies that already have a presence in India are building up the
capacity to localize further their post 2005 Indian operations, pending
the specific nature of the new patent environment.
The study in the final analysis, feels that changes in the Indian
pharmaceutical sector will permanently alter its structure. Fears that
Multinational Companies will capitalize on increased patent protection and
wipe out local competition appear to be exaggerated, although consolidation is
inevitable with 16,000 companies, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is

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currently one of the most fragmented in the world. However, the industry is
certain to grow increasingly efficient and productive in the coming years. India
may become a center of global importance in pharmaceutical production and
research and thereby, enhance its position in the world economy.
20
15 – Sunil Mani, in the study of “The Sectoral System of Innovation of
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry”, undertakes a detailed mapping out of the
sectoral system of innovation of India's pharmaceutical industry. The industry
is one of the most innovative industries in the Indian manufacturing sector. The
innovation system of the industry has three strong pillars: very pro active
government policy regime especially with respect to intellectual property right,
strong government research institutes and private sector enterprises which have
invested in innovation. The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights compliance of the intellectual property right regime making it
mandatory for pharmaceutical products to be patented has not reduced the
innovation capability of the industry although it has not made them work on
research and development projects that may lead to the discovery of drugs for
neglected diseases of the developing world.
The study concludes that, India's innovation system is dominated by the
pharmaceutical industry. The industry has achieved self sufficiency in most
drugs, although a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients are still being
imported. It is very well understood that the old patents regime has enabled the
pharmaceutical industry to enhance its domestic technological capability. This
capability to reverse engineer known pharmaceutical products have given some
of the firms sufficient learning to engage in the development of new chemical
entitiy (NCEs) in a Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights compliant
product patent regime. However, none of the firms is doing research on the
neglected diseases. In sum, the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
compliant patent regime does not appear to have dampened the innovation
capability of the domestic pharmaceutical industry, and on the contrary, they
have both increased their research budgets and patenting.

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16 - Patricia M. Danzon, Andrew Epstein and Sean Nicholson, 21 in their study

“Mergers and Acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical and Biotech Industries”,
examine the determinants of merger and acquisitions activity in the
pharmaceutical-biotechnology industry and then study effects of mergers using
propensity scores to control for merger endogeneity. Among large firms, we
find that mergers are a response to excess capacity due to anticipated patent
expirations and gaps in a company’s product pipeline. For small firms, mergers
are primarily an exit strategy for firms in financial trouble, as indicated by low
Tobin’s q, few marketed products, and low cash-sales ratios.
The study further finds that it is important to control for a firm’s prior
propensity to merge. Firms with relatively high propensity scores experienced
slower growth of sales, employees and research and development regardless of
whether they actually merged, which is consistent with mergers being a
response to distress. Controlling for a firm’s merger propensity, large firms that
merged experienced similar changes in enterprise value, sales, employees, and
research and development relative to similar firms that did not merge. Merged
firms had slower growth in operating profit in the third year following a
merger. Thus, mergers may be a response to trouble, but they are not an
effective solution for large firms. Neither mergers nor propensity scores have
any effect on subsequent growth in enterprise value. This confirms that market
valuations on average yield unbiased predictions of the effects of mergers.
Small firms that merged experienced slower research and development growth
relative to similar firms that did not merge.
22
17-P.G.K.Panikar, in the study of “Multinational Enterprise in
Pharmaceutical Industry and Less Developed Countries”, in this paper main
focuses on the multinational enterprise in pharmaceutical industry, because;
1 – Pharmaceutical industry is perhaps the most multinational of all
manufacturing industries,
2 – The product of this industry has certain distinct characteristics,
which differentiate it from others.

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The multinational drug firm shares the generic characteristics of

Multinational Companies size of investment, scale of turnover, structure and
organization, method of control and operations, etc. But then the
pharmaceutical industry is the most multinational of all manufacturing
industries; it is the most profitable of all.
The researcher concludes that, the less developed countries cannot
afford the luxury of allowing multinational enterprise to thrive in this business
of disease and death, whatever be the avowed advantages.
23
18 – H.A.C.Prasad, in his study “The New Patent Regime: Implication for
India’s Pharmaceutical Sector” examines the implication of new patent system
as stated in the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
agreement on Indian pharmaceutical sector. It also examines certain provisions,
which have not been included in the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights agreement but have an important bearing on India’s
pharmaceutical sector. While emphasizing that the new patent system under
World Trade Organisation is not really for India, the author underlines the need
to take some immediate steps to reap the benefits of a strengthened patent
regime, in the sphere of foreign investment and technology transfer.
The study concludes that, the new patent system under World Trade
Organisation is not really has no adverse impact on India’s pharmaceutical
sector, though it may not also be very rosy in terms of foreign investment and
technology transfer, unless India makes some intelligent moves. There are also
many clauses within and outside the Intellectual Property Rights agreement
which can be used to India’s advantages. Finally India should also invest in
which is at an abysmally low level, to get more foreign patents for Indian
products.
24
19 – J.P.Pradhan, in the study “Strengthening IPR Rights Globally: Impact
on India’s Pharma Exports”, focuses on Intellectual Property Rights impact on
Indian pharmaceutical exports. In the post trip period Multinational Companies
in developed nations make a demand that across countries patented protection
regimes need to be harmonized so that trade distortions and barriers to trade are

25
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reduced. Strong patent regimes are always helpful to exports of developed

nations as long as patent cover is in force. The movement patents time span
gets over then strong patent policies also give scope for exports of developing
nations to increase their presence in developed nations market.
Against the above background the present paper makes an attempt to
study the possible impact of a stronger Patent regime on a country like India
whose better technology gives scope for India to expand and diversity its
pharmaceutical exports. The against that Indian pharmaceutical producer stand
to benefit from the stronger patent regime. This is so because the generic drug
market offers a lot of scope for that Indian pharmaceutical. Producers where
research and development efforts are better in this market segment. The paper
also sounds a condition that the potential benefits from a strong patent regime
is for pharmaceutical industry only and the same comment be said other sectors
of the industry for other sectors of the industry for which further studies need to
be conducted.
20 – S.S.Pattnagak and S.M.Thangarelm, 25 in their study “Linkages, Spillovers
and Foreign Ownership: Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical firms” are of
the opinion that post globalization policy changes have seen a increase in the
flow of foreign direct investment into developing countries. Other forms of
foreign capital inflows also have come across borders. Domestic policy
changes trade, industrial as well as capital market and financial reform have
made entry of Multinational Companies into countries that India, China, SE
Asia easier. This has had and impacts domestic industrial structures of
developing countries where in domestic firms have for gent linkages with
foreign firms. Such linkages both forward and backward result in spillovers,
which benefit domestic firms.
The present study makes a critical examination of such spillover effects
of the entry of Multinational Companies on domestic Indian Pharmaceutical
industry. The study make data analysis of the study reveals that there is a
positive impact as far as horizontal spillovers are concerned. Negative

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spillovers of backward linkages with foreign firms care noticed. The reason for
this is the large technological gaps between domestic firms are foreign firms.
The paper emphasis that if firm in all countries has to gain from a
globally competitive scenario then it is very necessary to reduce the technology
collaboration across nations from technological efficient firms to less efficient
firms. However, this the paper feels will not happen, if the patent regime is
strong.

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References:
1 – Ruddar Datt and K.P.M. Sundharam (2006), Indian Economy, S.Chand and
Company Ltd, Fifty Second revised edition, pn.176 to 187.
2 - Ibid
3 – Carsten Fink (2006), How Stronger Patent Protection in India Might Affect
the Behaviour or Transnational Pharmaceutical Industries, policy research
working paper 2352, Development Research Group the World Bank, pn. 4.
4 – Mergers: The Only Survival Route, Sectoral Report 12th October 2001,
www.equitymaster.com/Details.asp?story=4&date=10/12/2001
5 - Ibid
6 – Pradeep Agrawal, and P. Saibaba (2001), TRIPS and India’s
Pharmaceuticals Industry, Economic and Political Weekly, September 29,
2001. Vol XXXVI, No- 39.pn 3787 to 3790.
7 - Nilesh Zacharias and Sandeep Farias, (2002) Patent and the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry, Business Briefing: Pharmaceutical 2002, pn; 42 to 47
http://www.nishithdesai.com/Research-Papers/Patents-and-the-Indian-
Pharmaceutical-Industry-NZ&SF.pdf
8 - Kalpana Chaturvedi and Jonna Chatawy, (2006) , Strategic integration of
knowledge in Indian pharmaceutical firms: creating competencies for
innovation, International Journal Business and Research, Vol. 1, Nos.1/2, pp -
27 to 50.
9 - Gehl Sampath, Padmashree, (2006), Indian Pharma Within Global Reach?,
Published in Jo Chataway, Dinar Kale and David Wield (editors), The Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry before and after TRIPS, Special Issue of the Journal of
Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, September 2007, pp: 1 to 42.
10 – Larry Davidson and Gennadiy Greblov, (2005), The Pharmaceutical
industry in the Global Economy, Information Services via the World Trade
Atlas, U.S. State Export Edition, pp: 1 – 34
www.bus.indiana.edu/davidso/lifesciences/lsresearchpapers/pharmaceutical%
20industryaug12.doc

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11 - Richard M Scheffler and Vikram Pathania (2005) Medicines and vaccines

for the world's poorest: Is there any prospect for public-private cooperation?,
Journal of Globalization and Health, Volume – 1, 21st July 2005.
12 – Suma Athreye and Dinar Kale, (November, 2006), “Experimenting with
strategy in the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector”, Open University research centre
on Innovation, Knowledge and Development, pp. 1-43.
13 - Keshab Das (July 2003), The Domestic Politics of TRIPs: Pharmaceutical
Interests, Public Health, and NGO Influence in India, Gujarat Institute of
Development Research,Ahmedabad, Paper Prepared for the Research Project
on’ Linking the WTO to the Poverty-Reduction Agenda’ (Part of the DFID-
funded Globalisation and Poverty Research Programme),pp – 1-45.
14 – Product Patent: Implication of Pharmaceutical Industry and Consumers,
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OF TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT,
(UNEDITED DRAFT / ADVANCED), pp- 1-67.
15 – D.P.Dubey, (1999) Globalisation and its Impact on the Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry, Revolutionary Democracy, Vol. V, No. 1, April
1999,http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv5n1/pharmacy.htm,
16 - Aradhna Aggarwal, (2004), Strategic Approach to Strengthening the
International Competitiveness in Knowledge Based Industries: The Indian
Pharmaceutical Industry, Research and Information System for the Non-
Aligned and Other Developing Countries, Discussion Paper.
17 - Mary Cain and Susannah Kirsch, (2001), The Future of Pharmaceuticals,
Health Care Horizons Institute for the Future. Pp – 1-103.
18 - Dr Alka Chadha, (2006) Destination India for the Pharmaceutical Industry,
this paper was published in Delhi Business Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January –
June 2006), pp 1-8.
19 - Sean Eric Smith,(May 2000) “Opening Up to the World: India’s
Pharmaceutical Companies Prepare for 2005”, Asia/Pacific Research Center
Institute for International Studies, Stanford University,pp- 1-48,
http://APARC.stanford.edu.

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20 – Sunil Mani, (September 2006), The Sectoral System of Innovation of

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Center for Development Studies, working
paper, 382, Pp.1-59.
21 - Patricia M. Danzon, Andrew Epstein and Sean Nicholson, (June 2004)
Mergers and Acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical and Biotech industries,NBER
Working Paper Series(NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH),
Working Paper 10536, http://www.nber.org/papers/w10536.
22 - P.G.K.Panikar, (June 1979), Multinational Enterprise in Pharmaceutical
Industry and Less Developed Countries, Indian Economic Journal, Vol.26,
No.3.
23 – H.A.C.Prasad, (April-June 1997), The New Patent Regime: Implication
for India’s Pharmaceutical Sector, Journal of Productivity, Vol.38, No.1, pp.27-
31.
24 - J.P.Pradhan, “Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights Globally: Impact
on India’s Pharmaceutical Exports.
25 – S.S.Pattnagak and S.M.Thangarelm, “Linkages, Spillovers and Foreign
Ownership: Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical firms”

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31