1.

Socrates
➢ He was born in athens, died at age of 70 in 399 BC.
➢ One of the most interesting and disturbing personality in all greek history.
➢ True knowledge for socrates includes the application of knowledge through meaningful
experiences. It should not merely theoretical but should be applied into amore meaningful
experiences in our lives.
➢ For socrates, every man is composed of body and soul. All individuals have an imperfect
impermanent aspect the body, while maintaining that there is also a soul that is perfect and
permanent.
➢ His true mission is to know oneself.
➢ “Knowthyself” bringing inner self to light. A moral imperative whereby man may gain
posession of himself and be his own master through knowledge.
➢ The core of socrtaes ethics is the concept of virtue. It is the deepest and most basic propensity
of man for which hhe has actually born.
➢ Virtue and knowledge it can be taught.
➢ Man must know the rules of rightouness and standard of morality and he should live with them.
➢ “The unexamined life is not worth living”
➢ The more you know about about yourself, the more effectively you can gauge your personality
and enhance your integrity.

2. David Hume
➢ A Scottish Philospher (1711-1776)
➢ died at the age of 65
➢ study law at university of edinburg.
➢ Attended service i church of scotland.
➢ Famous works of David Hume Includes;
1. Treatise on Human Nature.
2. An inquiry on Human Understanding.
3. An inquiry on Principles of Morals.
➢ He was productive in field of historiography.
➢ He was done of the most radical British Empricist.
➢ EMPIRICISM- a view that tru knowlegde is derived primarily from sense of experience.
➢ A school of thought that spouse the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it sensed and
experienced.
➢ As an empirist, he believes that one can now only what comes from the senses and experience.
➢ For Hume, men can only attain knowledge by experiencing.
➢ He argues that the self is nothing like what other predecessors thougnt of it.
➢ Self is nothing else but a bundle of impression and ideas.
➢ Impressions are the basic object of our experience and sensation. It is the core of our thoughts.
➢ Ideas are the copies of the impressions, but not as lively as impressions.

Therefore, self for Hume is simply a “bundle of collectiob of different perceptions”.

3. Immanuel Kant
➢ german philosopher
➢ born in konisbergn in 1724 and died 1804.
at the age of 80 years old.
➢ Famous for his work in theory of knowledge and metaphysics.
➢ He believed the existance of god and the so-called “pure reason” is invalid.
➢ He recognizes the veracity in hume’s account that everything start with perception and
sensation of impressions.
➢ Kant thinks that what one man percieved around them are not just randomly infused into the
human relationship of all thes impressions.
➢ For him there is necessarily a mind that organizes the inmpressions that men get from external
world.
➢ Along with apparatus of the mind goes to self.
➢ Without the self one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relation to his
own experience.
➢ The self is an actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and
experience.
➢ Thus, the self is not just what gives one his personality, but it is also the seat of knowledge
acquisition for all human beings.

4. Aurellius Augustine
➢ A christian philosopher
➢ Born at Tagaste in Africa in 354 AD
➢ He became the bishop of hippo
➢ He was not baptized a catholic until he was in his early thirties.
➢ His work as catholic (confessions and city of god)
➢ His view of human person reflects the entire spirit of medieval world when it comes to man.
➢ He agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature there is an aspect of man, which dwells in the
world that is imperfect and continously years to be with devine while the other is capable of
reaching morality.
➢ The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally into the realm of
spiritual bliss in commnion with God.
➢ The goal of every human person to attain this communion of bliss with the divine by living his
life on earth in virtue.
➢ Happiness is one of the finest virtues that can be found in God.
➢ He against hedonism, the doctrine thet pleasure ofr happiness is the highest good.
➢ The city of God was concerned with belief, obidience and with love of God.
➢ The earthly city was a mere manifestation of pride, greed sin and lust and self-love to the point
of contempt in God.
 5. Thomas Aquinas
➢ An Italian scholartic philosopher.
➢ Born in 1225 at Roccasecca, Italy.
➢ He was known as the greatest theologian of the Roman Catholic
Church
➢ He declared sa Saint by Pope John XXII in 1323.
➢ He was pronounced “The Angelic Doctor” by Pope Plus V in
1567.
➢ He was named patron of Catholic Schools by Pope Leo XIII in
1879.
➢ His two monomental works: The Summa Theological and Summa
Contra Gentiles.
➢ He followed basically the teaching of Aristole.
➢ Aquinas said that the man is composed of two parts: Matter and
Form,
➢ Matter- hyle greek, refers to the common stuff that makes up
everything in universe man’s body is part of the matter.
➢ Form- or morphe in greek, refers to the essence of substance or
thing. It is what it is.
➢ What makes a human person is his soul, his essence.
➢ To Aquinas, the soul is what animates the body. It is what makes
us Humans.
➢ On his philosophy of happiness. Aquinas saw the highest
protection and happiness posibleto man beyond his temporal life, because of the immortality of the
human soul. This percieved hapiness which all men seek can be found ultimately in God.

6. Rene Descartes
➢ French Philosopher and Mathematician.
➢ Born on March 31, 1596 in La Haye, France.
➢ Father of Modern Philosophy, concieved that the Human person as moving body and a mind.
➢ His famous treatise, The meditations of 1st philosophy.
➢ He thought that only thing that are cannot doubt is the existence of the self.
➢ For even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks
and therefore that cannot be doubted.
➢ Descartes is a combiantion of two distinct entitles:
➢ The Cogito or the thing that thinks, which is the mind and the Extenza on extension of the
mind which is the body.
➢ In his view, the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind.
➢ Descartes says “What then am I ?”. A thinking thing. What is a thinking thing? It is a thing that
doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, that imagines also and percieves”

7. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
➢ A french Phenomenological Philosopher.
➢ Born on March 14, 1908
➢ Died on May 3 1961
➢ He published two major theoreticak texts during his life tim:
➢ The Structure of Behavior and The Phenomenology of Perception.
➢ Best known for his orginal and influential work on embodiment, pereption and ontology.
➢ He also mode contributions to the philosophy of art, language, history, nature and politics.
➢ He focused on the problems of perception and embodiment as a starting point for clarifying the
realtion between the mind and the body, the object world and the experinced world.
➢ He articulated the phenomelogist position in a simple declaration: “I live in may body”. By the
“lived body” he means an entity that can never be objectified or known ina completely
objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as object”.
➢ Our “living body” is a natural synthesis of nund and biology, and any attempts to divided them
into separate entiteties are artifacial and sensical.
➢ He assets that the mind body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a turtile end
endcavour and an invalid problem.
➢ He said that the mind and body are so interwined that they cannot be separated from one
another.
➢ One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied exprience.
➢ One’s body his opening towards his existence to the world.
➢ The living body, his thougths, emotions, and experiences are all one.