Curso de Motores Sistema de Combustible - CAT
Curso de Motores Sistema de Combustible - CAT
Curso de Motores Sistema de Combustible - CAT
2019/04/01
3253, 3258} (SEBF8048)
Articulated Truck
All
Backhoe Loader
All
Compact Wheel Loader
All
Integrated Toolcarrier
All
Landfill Compactor
816K (S/N: LT61-UP; SLL1-UP)
826K (S/N: 2L31-UP; 2T61-UP)
Motor Grader
All
Off-Highway Truck/Tractor
69D (S/N: 9SS1-UP; 9XS1-UP)
Pipelayer
All
Quarry Truck
771C (S/N: 3BJ1-UP)
771D (S/N: BCA1-UP; 6JR1-UP; 6YS1-UP)
Track-Type Tractor
All
Underground Articulated Truck
All
Wheel Dozer
All
Wheel Loader
All
Wheel Skidder
All
Wheel Tractor-Scraper
All
Introduction
Revision Summary of Changes in SEBF8048
Added new serial number prefixes for New Product Introduction (NPI).
Tables arranged in alpha numeric sequence.
Table 6 divided in to 8 tables. Each table is now with the corresponding
illustration.
21 Added Illustration 34 to the "Metal Spray Method to Repair Seal Surfaces"
section.
Added 8 part numbers.
The 110-2141 Yoke dimension "B" has been updated with the correct
dimension.
Added new serial number prefixes for New Product Introduction (NPI).
Added 4 part numbers.
20
Added content from SEBF2152, "Thermal Spray Procedures for
Transmission and Torque Converter Yokes".
Added new serial number prefixes for New Product Introduction (NPI).
19
Updated copyright date to 2018.
18 Added 4 part numbers.
17 Added 16 part numbers.
Table 1
© 2019 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved. This guideline is for the use of Cat dealers only.
Unauthorized use of this document or the proprietary processes therein without
permission may be violation of intellectual property law.
This Reuse and Salvage Guideline contains the necessary information to allow a dealer
to establish a parts reusability program. Reuse and salvage information enables
Caterpillar dealers and customers to benefit from cost reductions. Every effort has been
made to provide the most current information that is known to Caterpillar. Continuing
improvement and advancement of product design might have caused changes to your
product which are not included in this publication. This Reuse and Salvage Guideline
must be used with the latest technical information that is available from Caterpillar.
For technical questions when using this document, work with your Dealer Technical
Communicator (TC).
Illustration 1 g02139237
Work safely. Most accidents that involve product operation, maintenance, and repair are
caused by failure to observe basic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be
avoided by recognizing potentially hazardous situations before an accident occurs. A
person must be alert to potential hazards. This person should also have the necessary
training, skills, and tools to perform these functions properly. Safety precautions and
warnings are provided in this instruction and on the product. If these hazard warnings are
not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons. Caterpillar
cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard.
Therefore, the warnings in this publication and the warnings that are on the product are
not all inclusive. If a tool, a procedure, a work method, or operating technique that is not
recommended by Caterpillar is used, ensure that it is safe for you and for other people to
use. Ensure that the product will not be damaged or the product will not be made unsafe
by the operation, lubrication, maintenance, or the repair procedures that are used.
Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these
hazard warnings are not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other
persons.
The hazards are identified by the “Safety Alert Symbol” which is followed by a “Signal
Word” such as “DANGER”, “WARNING” or “CAUTION”. Refer to Illustration 2 for an
example of a “WARNING” Safety Alert Symbol.
Illustration 2 g00008666
Pay Attention!
Become Alert!
Your safety is Involved.
The message that appears under the safety alert symbol explains the hazard.
Operations that may cause product damage are identified by "NOTICE" labels on the
product and in this publication.
The information, the specifications, and the illustrations that exist in this guideline are
based on information which was available at the time of publication. The specifications,
torques, pressures, measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can
change at any time. These changes can affect the service that is given to the product.
Obtain the complete, most current information before you start any job. Caterpillar
dealers can supply the most current information.
Summary
This guideline provides the procedures necessary to determine the reusability of the
(insert component name). Life will vary depending on application, load, lubrication, and
environment.
This guideline contains the latest standards of engineering, which will help minimize
owning and operating costs. A part is expected to reach the next Planned Component
Rebuild (PCR) if the part meets the specifications within this guideline and the part is
intended for a similar application. Use this guideline to determine whether a part should
be reused. Do not install a part that is not reusable. During reconditioning, correct any
condition that might have caused the original failure.
The dimensions and tolerances provided are to return a part / component to specification.
The dimensional information alone is not solely used to condemn a part from reuse.
Follow visual inspections and the "Crack Detection Methods" section for further guidance.
Note: Illustrations in this guideline may appear different from some of the
components. While the illustrations are typical, the dimensions are actual. All the
dimensions that are listed are dimensions for manufacturing and assembling a
new machine.
References
References
Media
Publication Type & Title
Number
"Why Reuse and Salvage Parts"
Channel1
https://channel1.mediaspace.kaltura.com/media/Why+Reuse+and+Salvage+Parts/0_ae9rhu2z
PERJ1017 Special Publication"Dealer Service Tools Catalog"
SEBF8187 Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, "Standardized Parts Marking Procedures"
Reuse and Salvage Guidelines
SEBF9236 "Fundamentals of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) Spray for reconditioning Components"
(1)
Table 2
(1)
Only Cat dealers may utilize applications for Thermal Spray. The processes must be carried out within the
facilities of the dealership. The dealership must maintain a clean environment and always use the correct
equipment for all processes in each Thermal Spray Application.
Service Advisories, Service Letters, and
Technical Service Bulletins
NOTICE
The most recent Service Advisories, Service Letters, and
Technical Service Bulletins that are related to this component
should be reviewed before beginning work. Often Service
Advisories, Service Letters, and Technical Service Bulletins
contain upgrades in repair procedures, parts, and safety
information which pertain to the components being repaired.
NOTICE
Failure to follow the recommended procedure or the specified
tooling that is required for the procedure could result in damage
to components.
Note: The Tooling and Equipment in Table 3 is not an all inclusive list of Tooling required
to perform every task within this document. Tooling needs may vary for the scope of work
to be performed for each specific rebuild.
Part
Description Designation
Number
Personal Protective Equipment
— (1) Personal Protection
(PPE)
1S-0258 Plastic Hammer Assembly General Tooling
1U-7262 Telescoping Magnet General Tooling
Automatic Tape Measure (1-inch X
Measurement
1U-9367 26- ft)
Checks
25.4- mm x 8- m
Caliper Profile
4S-9405
304.8 mm (12.00 inch) Measurement
Tool
Measurement
5P-3920 Rule
Checks
304.8 mm (12.00 inch)
Feeler Gauge Thickness
8H-8581 0.038 - 0.635 mm Measurement
(0.0015 - 0.0250 inch) Checks
Tools (Micrometer) Internal
385-9422 Internal Measurement
(2 - 24 inch) Checks
Tool (Ruler) Measurement
386-3364
1,000.0 mm (39.37 inch) Checks
Micrometers External
431-4150 External Measurement
0 - 25 mm (0 - 1 inch) Checks
Instrument Group
Micrometer, Inside
473-8688 2.00 - 12.00 inch Internal
or Measurement
473-8689 Instrument Group Checks
Micrometer, Inside
50 - 300 mm
Instrument Group External
473-8690 Micrometer, Outside Measurement
0.00 - 4.00 inch Checks
Instrument Group External
473-8691 Micrometer, Outside Measurement
2.00 - 6.00 inch Checks
Instrument Group
External
Micrometer, Outside - Digital
473-8692 Measurement
152.4 - 304.8 mm
Checks
(6.00 - 12.00 inch)
Instrument Group
Micrometer, Inside
474-3709 (8.00 - 32.00 inch) Internal
or Measurement
474-3710 Instrument Group Checks
Micrometer, Inside
200 - 800 mm
Table 3
(1)
Refer to PERJ1017Special Publication, "Dealer Service Tools Catalog" for Personal Protective Equipment
(2) (PPE) part numbers suitable by geographic location and local safety standards.
Available in the United States only.
Maximum air pressure at the nozzle must be less than 205 kPa
(30 psi) for cleaning purposes.
Illustration 3 g03794147
Typical burr removal Tooling.
(A) Die Grinder, Right Angle
(B) Wheel Grinder, Group
(C) Conditioning Discs, Disc pad Holder, and Threaded Shaft
(D) Flapper Wheel
Clean all surfaces for inspection before you inspect the part. Make sure that you
remove all debris, paint, and oil.
When you move parts that require cleaning, always use a proper lifting device. This
device must protect the part from damage. For the safety of the operator, all lifting
devices must be inspected before use.
If component cannot be inspected immediately after cleaning, put hydraulic oil on all
machined surfaces to prevent rust or corrosion. Carefully store the parts in a clean
container.
The code is a Cat standard and is used to record the history of a component. The code
will identify the number of rebuilds and hours at the time of each rebuild. This information
is important and should be considered for any decision to reuse a component.
NOTICE
Do not use numbering stamp punches to mark internal
components. The impact from striking the stamp will cause an
abnormal stress riser. The added stress riser may cause
premature part failure.
Illustration 4 g06124077
DO NOT use numbering stamp punches to mark internal components.
The procedure for marking components is a Cat standard. This code is helpful when the
machine is sold into a different territory after the first rebuild. During an overhaul, the
previous code of a part should never be removed.
Example 1
Illustration 5 g03856853
Typical Example
Illustration 5 shows code (1-15). The first number (1) indicates that the gear had been
rebuilt once. The second number (15) indicates that there were 15,000 hours on the gear
at the time of rebuild.
Example 2
Illustration 6 g03856857
Typical Example
Illustration 6 shows code (1-12) and code (2-10). Code (2-10) represents the information
from the second rebuild. The first number (2) indicates that the gear had been rebuilt
twice. The second number (10) indicates that 10,000 hours accumulated on the gear
between the first and second rebuild.
Note: Add the first and second rebuild hours to obtain the total number of hours for the
gear in Illustration 6. In this example, the gear has a total of 22,000 hours.
Example 3
Illustration 7 g03519882
Typical Example
(A) Mark the planet pin on either end.
Parts Reusability
Illustration 8 g02319654
Yoke face
(1) Fretting
(2) Slot
Illustration 9 g02319655
Yoke face (close view)
(1) Fretting
Transmission and differential yokes can be damaged by the fretting of the yoke face
during normal operation. Illustration 8 and Illustration 9 show typical examples of fretting.
After machining the face of the yoke flat, OK TO USE THIS PART AGAIN.
If there is heavy fretting in the slot area, DO NOT USE THIS PART AGAIN.
Illustration 10 g02319695
The darker line of wear around the center of the shaft is caused by the lip-type seal.
(3) Wear groove
Transmission and differential yokes can also be damaged by wear of the yoke shaft. The
lip-type seals cause wear on the seal contact area of the shaft. “Wear” is defined as
being able to feel a step in the seal contact area, as shown in Illustration 10.
If shaft damage is found, Caterpillar recommends machining the yoke face first, if
necessary. Then repair the shaft damage.
Procedure to Machine Yoke Faces
1. Clean and inspect the yoke thoroughly. If there is any wear of the yoke shaft, refer
to the "Repairing Shaft Seal Wear" section.
Illustration 11 g02319697
(A) Diameter
2. Carefully install the yoke in a lathe to prevent damage to the seal surface. Use
diameter (A) as the surface for the chuck jaws.
Illustration 12 g02319733
Yoke installed in a lathe chuck
3. Use a dial indicator equipped with a 7H-1940 Universal Attachment (90°) to check
the Total Indicator Reading (TIR) of an area of the yoke face that is not worn. Refer
to Illustration 12. The maximum TIR for the yoke face is 0.13 mm (0.005 inch).
Illustration 13 g02319914
Cutting tools and holder necessary to machine yoke faces.
4. Use a triangular type carbide/ceramic cutting tool to machine the yoke face, as
shown in Illustration 13. Turn large pieces approximately 50 rpm and smaller pieces
between 150 and 180 rpm. Use a feed-rate of between
0.13 mm/rev and 0.36 mm/rev (0.005 inches/rev and 0.014 inches/rev) for both
sizes.
5. As the yoke face is machined, make sure that all nicks, pits, and debris are
removed.
If more than 0.51 mm (0.020 inch) of material is removed, then DO NOT USE THIS
PART AGAIN.
Illustration 14 g02319915
Machined yoke face.
6. Feel the surface texture with your finger. If the machining grooves cannot be felt,
the surface texture is acceptable. If the machining grooves can be felt, use a
surface texture analyzer to determine if the surface texture is acceptable. The
maximum allowable surface texture is 6.35 µm (250 µinch) or smoother. Refer to
Illustration 14.
NOTICE
To reduce fretting in the future, be sure to remove any paint on
the contact surfaces of both the yoke and any part fastened to
the yoke before installing the yoke on the transmission or
differential. Also, tighten all bolts to the correct torque.
7. To prevent corrosion, put a thin layer of rust inhibitor or oil on the yoke.
Note: Ensure that the oil or rust inhibitor is removed prior to installation.
Illustration 15 g02319987
(4) Rolled surface
(5) Driver
(6) Driver
(7) Driver
Driver (6) has rolled surface (4).
There is a specific driver to use for installation of each wear sleeve. The drivers are all
either a type (5), (6), or (7) as shown in Illustration 15. The type (5) and type (7) drivers
have a closed end (shown) and an open end (not shown). These two drivers can be used
in only one way to install a wear sleeve. To use type (6) drivers (open on both ends),
always put the end that has the rolled (round) part (4), next to the sleeve.
Illustration 16 g02321214
Illustration 16 shows a typical wear sleeve. The wear sleeve is made in one piece and
has a wear surface (9) for the seal, and a flange (8). In most applications of the wear
sleeve, the flange will be removed.
Table 4
(1)
Two wear sleeves available: Width of 5P-6167 Wear Sleeve is 15.88 mm (0.625 inch) and 5P-6168 Wear
(2) Sleeve is 11.13 mm (0.438 inch).
Two wear sleeves available: Width of 5P-6148 Wear Sleeve is 11.13 mm (0.438 inch) and 5P-6171 Wear
Sleeve is 17.48 mm (0.688 inch).
Note: If a wear sleeve is not available, refer to the "Metal Spray Method to Repair Seal
Surfaces" section.
Table 5
(1)
Refer to Table 4 for the corresponding sleeve driver.
1. Carefully inspect the shaft surface for seal wear. Wear groove (3) shows typical
wear caused by a lip-type seal.
Illustration 18 g02323313
Cleaning method that can be used on yokes, shafts, and flanges.
2. Clean the wear surface thoroughly with a 180 grit or finer emery cloth. Use a file to
remove any nicks or burrs (deep grooves or notches).
Illustration 19 g02323314
Wear sleeve installation
(3) Wear groove
(8) Flange
(9) Wear surface
(10) Wear sleeve
(11) Mark
3. Hold wear sleeve (10) in the position shown in Illustration 19, so that the center of
new wear surface (9) is over wear groove (3). Then, make a mark (11) that is even
with the back of flange (8) on wear sleeve (10). If the flange (8) will be against a
shoulder after the sleeve is installed, mark (11) is not needed. Refer to Step 8.
Note: If there is more than one wear groove, make sure that all wear grooves will
be covered an even amount.
Illustration 20 g02323335
Shaft with wear groove
(3) Wear groove
4. If groove (3) is a deep groove, fill with a powdered metal epoxy and install the wear
sleeve before the epoxy becomes hard. If the powdered metal is not needed, put
Paint Primer on the area around groove (3). Put a small amount of 9S-3265
Compound on the area around groove (3) and inside of the new wear sleeve.
Illustration 21 g02323356
Install wear sleeve
(8) Flange
(10) Wear sleeve
(11) Mark
5. Put wear sleeve (10) in position so flange (8) goes on first, as shown in Illustration
21. Be sure that the wear sleeve is kept straight as during installation. Use the
correct sleeve driver and a press to install the wear sleeve in the correct position.
Illustration 22 g02323535
Drive wear sleeve onto shaft with a press or a soft hammer.
6. If a press is not available, use a soft hammer with the sleeve driver to install the
wear sleeve, as shown in Illustration 22.
Illustration 23 g02323553
Sleeve driver (6) with roller part (4)
7. If a type (6) sleeve driver is used (refer to "Wear Sleeves and Wear Sleeve
Drivers"), be sure to put the rolled (round) part (4) next to the sleeve.
Illustration 24 g02323555
Shaft with chamfer
(8) Flange
(12) Chamfer
8. If there is a chamfer (12) on the original wear surface for the seal, install the wear
sleeve far enough so that the end of the wear sleeve is beyond the chamfer, as
shown in Illustration 24. If flange (8) of the wear sleeve is against a shoulder, do not
remove. If flange (8) is not against a shoulder, it must be removed. Refer to Step 9.
Illustration 25 g02324933
Remove flange
(8) Flange
(13) Diagonal pliers
(14) Pre-cut line
9. If flange (8) of the wear sleeve is not against a shoulder, and must be removed, use
diagonal pliers (13) to cut flange (8) up to pre-cut line (14).
Illustration 26 g02324934
Flange removal
(8) Flange
(15) Pliers
10. Use straight pliers (15) to bend and remove flange (8).
Note: Sometimes, a yoke with seal lip damage can be reused without any salvage
operations by installing the seal at a different position.
Acceptable surface texture on the shaft seal area must be within 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm
(0.010 inch and 0.020 inch).
Plunge grinding is the grinding technique that should be used on the shaft sealing
surface. This eliminates the possibility of a leak path that can be created if the traverse
grinding method is used.
Illustration 27 g03591670
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 6
Illustration 28 g03591684
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 7
Illustration 29 g03591695
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 8
Illustration 30 g03591703
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 9
Illustration 31 g03591712
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 10
Illustration 32 g03591856
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 11
Illustration 33 g03591862
Typical example of a Yoke.
Table 12
Illustration 34 g06407539
Typical example of a Yoke.
Dimension
Part Yoke
Dimension A Dimension B Dimension C D
Number Number
Radius
0.5 mm
39 ± 0.25 mm 85.72 ± 0.08 mm 3.0 ± 0.25 mm
308-6005 308-5851 (0.019 inch)
(1.535 ± 0.009 inch) (3.374 ± 0.003 inch) (0.118 ± 0.009 inch)
Max
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Check
Arc Spray Procedure
List
Clean Part Degrease in hot Aluminum safe cleaner
Undercut If desired
Chamfer 30°
Remove Oxide Use fiber flap brush or Clean/strip disc
Clean Spray Area Commercial degreaser
Mask for Grit Blaster Duct tape, metal shield, or rubber
Grit Blast Equipment Pressure type only
Grit Type and Size 20 mesh aluminum oxide
Blast Air Pressure 690 kPa (100.0 psi)
Blast Nozzle to Work
51 to 150 mm (2.0 to 6.0 inch)
Distance
Remove Blast Mask Make sure that surface is clean
Mask for Metal Spray Antibond or Blue Layout Dye
Metal Spray Equipment Smart Arc by
TAFA
Type Oerlikon Metco
Consumable
TAFA 75B TAFA 75B
(Bondcoat)
Clamp Pressure 275 kPa (40 psi)
Air Jets/Pressure 415 kPa (60 psi) 415 kPa (60 psi)
Arc Load Volts 30V 30V
Amps 125 Amps 150 Amps
Gun to Work Distance
128 mm (5.0 inch) 128 mm (5.0 inch)
(Standoff)
0.038 mm 0.038 mm
Spray Rate/Bond Pass
(0.0015 inch)/pass (0.0015 inch)/pass
Consumable (Topcoat) TAFA Alcro TAFA Alcro
Clamp Pressure 275 kPa (40 psi)
Air Jets/Pressure 415 kPa (60 psi) 415 kPa (60 psi)
Arc Load Volts 30V 29V
Amps 150 Amps 125 Amps
Gun to Work Distance
76.2 mm (3.00 inch) 76.2 mm (3.00 inch)
(Standoff)
0.038 mm 0.038 mm
Spray Rate/Build Up
(0.0015 inch)/pass (0.0015 inch)/pass
Rotation Speed of Part RPM varies depending on diameter (52 to 143
(RPM) RPM)
Rotation Speed of Part 92 SMPM (300 SFPM)
Traverse Rate of Gun 11 SMPM (40 SFPM)
Gun Fixturing Method Machine mount or hand held
Finishing Equipment Lathe
Part/Cutter Rotation
50 SMPM (150.00 SFPM)
Roughing
Part/Cutter Rotation
75 SMPM (250.00 SFPM)
Finishing
Coolant Oil base synthetic - 40:1 ratio
Traverse Speed 0.30 mm (0.012 inch)
Depth of Rough Cut 0.51 mm (0.020 inch)
Depth of Finish Cut 0.25 mm (0.010 inch)
Additional Finish Method Grind surface for no lead
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
NOTICE
Regardless of which crack detection method is used, it is
important that the instructions furnished with the detection
equipment are followed closely when checking any component.
Failure to do so may cause inaccurate results or may cause
injury to the operator and/or surroundings.
There are five major crack detection methods or Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) listed in
this section: Visual Surface Inspection (VT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), Dry / Wet
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT).
Crack detection methods or NDT is methods for testing components for cracks without
damaging the component. VT, PT, Dry/ Wet MPT, and UT are methods recommended.
There may be more than one acceptable crack detection method for the testing of a given
part, although PT is the most versatile. For example, the PT method can be used when
testing smooth machined components such as shafts, gear teeth, and splines, but using
the Wet MPT is more accurate. Refer to Table 19 for advantages and disadvantages and
Table 20 for standards and requirements for these NDT methods.
Table 19
Minimum
Detection Acceptance Required
Standard
Method Criteria Personnel
Qualifications
EN-ISO 9712
Visual Surface EN-ISO 5817 EN-ISO 5817 - Level B
ANSI-ASNT
Inspection (VT) AWS D1.1 AWS D1.1 - Table 6.1
SNT-TC-1A
EN-ISO 9712
Liquid Penetrant EN-ISO 3452 EN-ISO 23277
ANSI-ASNT
Testing (PT) ASTM E165 AWS - D1.1
SNT-TC-1A
EN-ISO 9712
Magnetic Particle EN-ISO 17638 EN-ISO 23278 - Level 1
ANSI-ASNT
Testing (MPT) ASTM E709 AWS D1.1 - Table 6.1
SNT-TC-1A
EN-ISO 11666 Technique
EN-ISO 17640 - EN-ISO 9712
Ultrasonic Testing 2 - Level 2
Level B ANSI-ASNT
(UT) AWS D1.1 - Class A -
AWS D1.1 SNT-TC-1A
Table 6.3
Table 20
Components and welds that are to be tested using PT, MPT, or UT shall first be subject to
a Visual Surface Inspection (VT). VT is often the most cost-effective inspection method
and requires little equipment as seen in Illustration 35. Personnel performing VT shall
either be trained to a company standard or have sufficient experience and knowledge
regarding the components being inspected. Personnel performing VT shall take routine
eye exams.
Make sure that you read and understand all directions and
hazards described on the labels and material safety data sheet
of any chemical that is used.
Cleaner: Removes dirt before dye application and dissolves the penetrant making
possible to wipe the surface clean.
Penetrating Oil: This solution is highly visible, and will seep into openings at the
surface of a part with capillary action.
Cloth or Wipes: Use with cleaner and for other miscellaneous uses.
Procedure
Illustration 36 g06103795
Typical example of pre-cleaning the testing area.
1. Preclean the area to be tested. Spray on cleaner/ remover to loosen any scale, dirt,
or any oil. Wipe the area to be tested with a solvent dampened cloth to remove
remaining dirt and allow the area to dry. Remove paint where there are visible
cracks using paint remover or a wire brush.
Illustration 37 g06103803
Typical example of applying penetrating oil to areas to be tested.
Illustration 38 g06103816
Typical example of removing penetrating oil with a cloth.
3. The last traces of penetrating oil should be removed with the cleaner solvent
dampened cloth or wipe. Allow the area to dry thoroughly.
Illustration 39 g06103820
Typical example of applying the developer.
4. Before using developer, ensure that the developer is mixed thoroughly by shaking
the container. Hold the container approximately 203 - 305 mm (8.0 - 12.0 inch)
away from the testing area. Apply an even, thin layer of developer over the testing
area. A few thin layers are a better application method than one thick layer.
Illustration 40 g06084042
Typical example of cracks found during Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT).
5. Allow the developer to dry completely for 10–15 minutes before inspecting for
cracks. Defects will show as red lines in white developer background, refer to
Illustration 40. Clean the area of application of the developer with solvent cleaner.
Illustration 41 g06085930
(A) Indications shown by Dry Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT).
(B) Electromagnetic Yoke
(C) Dry Powder Bulb
1. Dry magnetic powder shall be of high permeability and low retentively and of
suitable sizes and shapes to produce magnetic particle indications. The powder
shall be of a color that will provide adequate contrast with the background of the
surface being inspected.
3. Dry magnetic powder shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E709 Section 18
(Evaluation of System Performance/Sensitivity) when not performing.
4. Equipment should include a "U" shaped electromagnetic yoke made from highly
permeable magnetic material, which has a coil wound around the yoke. This coil
carries a magnetizing current to impose a localized longitudinal magnetic field into
the part. The magnetizing force of the yoke is related to the electromagnetic
strength and can be tested by determining the lifting power of a steel plate. The
yoke shall have a lifting force of at least 4.5 kg (10 lbs).
5. Check dry powder blower routinely to ensure that the spray is a light, uniform, dust-
like coating of the dry magnetic particles. Blower should also have sufficient force to
remove excess particles without disturbing those particles that are evidence of
indications.
Procedure
1. Ensure surface to be inspected is dry and free from oil, grease, sand, loose rust, mil
scale, paint, and other contaminants.
2. Apply the magnetic field using the yoke against the faces and inside diameter of
each bore.
3. Simultaneously apply the dry powder using the dry powder blower.
5. Continue around the entire circumference of each bore. Position the yoke twice in
each area at 1.57 rad (90°) to ensure that multiple directions of the magnetic field
are created.
Illustration 42 g06085937
(A) Indications shown by Wet Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT).
(B) Electromagnetic Yoke
(D) Ultraviolet Lamp
Illustration 43 g06003178
Pear Shaped Centrifuge Tube
1. Wet magnetic particles are fluorescent and are suspended in a vehicle in a given
concentration that will allow application to the test surface by spraying.
2. Concentration:
e. The conditioning agents used in the conditioned water shall have the following
characteristics:
3. Equipment should include a "U" shaped electromagnetic yoke made from highly
permeable magnetic material, which has a coil wound around the yoke. This coil
carries a magnetizing current to impose a localized longitudinal magnetic field into
the part. The magnetizing force of the yoke is related to the electromagnetic
strength and can be tested by determining the lifting power of a steel plate. The
yoke shall have a lifting force of at least 4.5 kg (10 lbs).
Procedure
1. Ensure surface to be inspected is dry and free from oil, grease, sand, loose rust, mil
scale, paint, and any other contaminants.
2. Apply the magnetic field using the yoke against the surface in the area to be
inspected.
Illustration 44 g03536210
Yoke applied the area to be inspected.
Due to the sensitivity required to locate the grinding cracks, inspection of case
hardened and ground surfaces require that the yoke is applied so that the
magnetic field is 1.57 rad (90°) to the expected direction of the indications.
Also, due to the increased sensitivity resulting when the yoke is energized, the
yoke is not moved until the evaluation is completed in the first direction. An
AC yoke shall be used. See Illustration 44 for an example of yoke placement.
2. There are two methods of receiving the ultrasound waveform from the transducer:
reflection and attenuation.
a. Reflection - Ultrasonic pulses exit the transducer and travel throughout the
thickness of the material. When the sound waves propagate into an object
being tested, the waves return to the transducer when a discontinuity is
discovered along the sonic path. These waves continue and reflect from the
back surface of the material to project the thickness of the material.