CONTENTS

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Objective
Introduction
Basic concepts
Materials and Equipment
Experimental Procedure
Observation
Conclusion
Result
Precautions
Bibliography
 Certificate
This is hereby to certify that the
original and genuine investigation
work has been carried out to
investigate about the subject
matter and the related data
collection and investigation has
been completed solely, sincerely
and satisfactorily by Siddharth Jain a
th
student of class 12 A of Central Academy
Sr.Sec.School , regarding his project
titled
“Fertilizers” .

EXAMINER SIGNATURE TEACHER SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express

my sincere thanks to my Chemistry teacher
Mrs.Shalini singhal mam as well as our
Principal Mr.Ashlesh Dashora in providing
a helping hand in this project. Her
valuable guidance, support and supervision all
through this project are responsible for attaining
its present form. I would also like to thank
my parents and friends as they encouraged me
to put forward my project.
 Objective:
The goal of this project is to measure the
solubilities of some common chemicals:

• Table salt (NaCl)

• Epsom salts (MgSO4)

• sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11).
 Introduction
A good part of the substances we deal with in
daily life, such as milk, gasoline, shampoo,
wood, steel and air are mixtures. When the
mixture is homogenous, that is to say, when its
components are intermingled evenly, it is called
a solution. There are various types of solutions,
and these can be categorized by state (gas,
liquid, or solid). The chart below gives some
examples of solutions in different states. Many
essential chemical reactions and natural
processes occur in liquid solutions, particularly
those containing water (aqueous solutions)
because so many things dissolve in water. In
fact, water is sometimes referred to as the
universal solvent. The electrical charges in
water molecules help dissolve different kinds of
substances. Solutions form when the force of
attraction between solute and solvent is greater
than the force of attraction between the particles
in the solute. Two examples of such important
processes are the uptake of nutrients by plants,
and the chemical weathering of minerals.
Chemical weathering begins to take place when
carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater.
A solution called carbonic acid is formed. The
process is then completed as the acidic water
seeps into rocks and dissolves underground
limestone deposits. Sometimes, the dissolving of
soluble minerals in rocks can even lead to the
formation of caves.
type of solution
If one takes a moment to consider aqueous
solutions, one quickly observes that they exhibit
many interesting properties. For example, the
tap water in your kitchen sink does not freeze at
exactly 0°C. This is because tap water is not
pure water; it contains dissolved solutes. Some
tap water, commonly known as hard water,
contains mineral solutes such as calcium
carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride,
and iron sulfate. Another interesting solution
property is exhibited with salt and ice. Another
example comes from the fact that salt is spread
on ice collected on roads in winters. When the
ice begins to melt, the salt dissolves in the water
and forms salt water. The reason is that with
the adition of salt the melting point of water
increases and as aresult the snow melts away
faster. Even some organisms have evolved to
survive freezing water temperatures with natural
"antifreeze." Certain arctic fish have blood
containing a high concentration of a specific
protein. This protein behaves like a solute in a
solution and lowers the freezing point of the
blood. Going to the other end of the spectrum,
one can also observe that the boiling point of a
solution is affected by the addition of a solute.
These two properties, namely freezing-point
depression and boiling-point elevation, are
called colligative properties (properties that
depend on the number of molecules, but not on
their chemical nature)
 Basic Concepts

A saturated solution is a mixture in which no

more solute can be practically dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature. It is said
practical because theoretically infinite amount of
solute can be added to a solvent, but after a
certain limit the earlier dissolved solute particles
start rearranging and come out at a constant
rate. Hence overall it appears that no solute is
dissolved after a given amount of solute is
dissolved. This is known as a saturated
solution.
In an unsaturated solution, if solute is
dissolved in a solvent the solute particles
dissociate and mix with the solvent without the
re-arrangement of earlier dissolved solute
particles.
Solubility depends on various factors like the
Ksp of the salt, bond strength between the
cation and anion, covalency of the bond, extent
of inter and intram lecular hydrogen bonding,
polarity, dipole moment etc. Out of these the
concepts of H-bonding, covalency, ionic bond
strength and polarity play a major role if water
is taken as a solvent.
Also physical conditions like temperature and
pressure also play very important roles as they
affect the kinetic energy of the molecules.
 Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment following materials and
equipment are required: •Distilled water
•Metric liquid measuring cup (or graduated
cylinder) •Three clean glass jars or beakers
•Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
•Epsom salts (MgSO4)
•Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
•Disposable plastic spoons
•Thermometer
•Three shallow plates or saucers
•Oven
•Electronic kitchen balance (accurate to 0.1 g)
 Experimental Procedure
Determining Solubility
1. Measure 100 mL of distilled water and
pour into a clean, empty beaker or jar.
2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the
suggested amount (see below) of the solute to be
tested.
a. 50 g Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
b. 50 g Epsom salts (MgSO4)
c. 250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
3. Add a small amount of the solute to the
water and stir with a clean disposable spoon
until dissolved.
 4. Repeat this process, always adding a small
amount until the solute will no longer dissolve.
5. Weigh the amount of solute remaining to
determine how much was added to the solution.
6. Try and add more solute at the same
temperature and observe changes if any.
7. Now heat the solutions and add more solute
to the solutions.
 Observations:
SALT Amount of salt Moles dissolved
dissolved in
100mL water to
make saturated
solution.
NaCl (Non- 36.8 gram 0.7
iodized 36.8
grams 0.7
common salt)
MgSO4 32.7 gram .255
C12H22O11 51.3 gram .15
(sucrose)
Adding more solute at the same temperature to
the saturated solutions yielded no significant
changes in NaCl and Epsom salt. Howerver at
all temperatures the saturation point of sucrose
could not be obtained exactly as due to the large
size of the molecule the solution became thick and
refraction was more prominent. Neglecting this
observation in the room for error, the experiments
agreed with the theory. Adding more solute to
heated solutions increased the solubility in all the
3 cases. The largest incrrease was shown by
NaCl, followed by Epsom salt and sucrose.
These facts too agreed with the theory as at high
temperatures the kinetic enery of molecules
increases and the collisions are more effective.
 CONCLUSION:

The solubility of NaCl is the highest as it an ionic

salt and easily dissociates in water. Also since the
size of both the cation and anion are small, the
collisions are more and hence probability of
dissociation is high. The solubility of MgSO4 is
also high as it is also an ionic salt, but due to a
larger anion, collisions are not very effective. The
solubility of C12H22O11 is the least as it a very
large molecule due to which hydrogen bonding with
the water molecules is not very effective. Also due
to the large number of carbon and oxygen atoms,
inter molecular H-bonding is more dominant than
intramolecular H-bonding.Solution of NaCl
 ACTUAL PHOTOS:
Solution of scucrose MgSO4
solution (unsaturated )
 Precautions:
While adding the solute to the solvent, the solution
should be stirred slowly so as to avoid the formation
of any globules. Stirring should not be vigorous as
the kinetic energy of the molecules might change due
to which solubility can increase. While stirring,
contact with the walls of the container should be
avoided as with every collision, an impulse is
generated which makes the dissolved solute particles
rearrange themselves. As a result solubility can
decrease. The temperature while conducting all the
three experiments should be approximately same. ^
5. Epsom salt should be first dried in order to
remove the water of crystallization
(MgSO4.7H2O).
 Result:
The saturated solutions of NaCl, MgSO4
and C12H22O11 were made and observed. The
observations agreed with the related theory
within the range of experimental error.
 Bibliography:
www.icbse.com