Physics Investigatory Project Name: Uttiya Sangiri Roll Number: Class: 12 (Science) Session: CBSE 2019-2020
Physics Investigatory Project Name: Uttiya Sangiri Roll Number: Class: 12 (Science) Session: CBSE 2019-2020
Physics Investigatory Project Name: Uttiya Sangiri Roll Number: Class: 12 (Science) Session: CBSE 2019-2020
Roll Number:
Class: 12 (Science)
Teacher’s signature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics teacher
Mr. Swarup Bhumia and my respected school principal Madam
Nandini Ghosh for their vital support, guidance and encourage-
ment, without which this project would not have come forth.
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Contents
1 Objective 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Apparatus 5
4 Theory 5
4.1 Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Causes of refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Laws of refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4 Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.5 Angle of prism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.6 Angle of deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.7 Angle of minimum deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.8 Critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.9 Refraction through prism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Procedure 10
6 Precautions 11
8 Result 12
9 Bibliography 13
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1 Objective
2 Introduction
3 Apparatus
• Drawing board
• Hollow glass prism
• Protractor
• Pins
• Sheet of paper
• Graph paper
• Drawing Pins
• Pencil
4 Theory
4.1 Refraction
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface
at the point of incidence lie on the same plane.
2. For any two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence to the angle of refraction is constant, where ’i’ is the
angle of incidence and ’r’ is the angle of refraction.
4.4 Medium
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where µ = Refractive index of medium.
vA = Velocity of light in air.
vM = Velocity of light in medium.
The angle through which the incident ray of the light is deviated
after refraction is called the angle of deviation. In fact it is the
angle between the emergent ray and the incident ray produced.
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• Material of prism (µ)
• Angle of incidence (i)
• Wavelength or color of light (λ)
When a ray of light passes from one medium into the other, it
either bends towards the normal or away from the normal in the
second medium, depending upon whether the second medium is
denser or rarer with respect to the first medium. This phenomenon
is known as the refraction of light.
sin(i)
µ=
sin(r)
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The refracted ray LM is incident on the face AC at the point M
where N2M O is the normal and 6 r2 is the angle of incidence.
Since the refraction now takes place from denser to rarer medium,
therefore, the emergent ray MN such that 6 i2 is the angle of emer-
gence.
In the absence of the prism, the incident ray KL would have pro-
ceeded straight, but due to refraction through the prism, it changes
its path along the direction PMN. Thus, 6 QP N gives the angle
of deviation ‘δ’, i.e., the angle through which the incident ray gets
deviated in passing through the prism.
Thus, δ = i1 − r1 + i2 − r2
⇒ δ = i1 + i2 − (r1 + r2)
In quadrilateral ALOM;
6 ALO + 6 AM O = 2rt6 s
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⇒ 6 LAM + 6 LOM = 2rt6 s
⇒ 6 r1 + 6 r2 + 6 LOM = 2rt6 s
⇒ 6 LAM = 6 r1 + 6 r2
⇒ A = 6 r1 + 6 r2
⇒ δ = i 1 + i2 − A
A + δ = i 1 + i2
On substituting this result in the Snell’s law, we get:
sin((A + δm)/2)
µ=
sin(A/2)
5 Procedure
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6 Precautions
Benzaldehyde
Sl.no Angle of prism Angle of incidence Angle of deviation
1 60◦ 30◦ 45◦
2 60◦ 35◦ 42◦
3 60◦ 37.5◦ 40◦
4 60◦ 39◦ 42◦
5 60◦ 40◦ 45◦
sin((60+40)/2)
µ= sin(30) = 1.532
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Water
Sl.no Angle of prism Angle of incidence Angle of deviation
1 60◦ 30◦ 25◦
2 60◦ 35◦ 22◦
3 60◦ 40◦ 20◦
4 60◦ 45◦ 22◦
5 60◦ 50◦ 25◦
sin((60+20)/2)
µ= sin(30) = 1.285
sin((60+25)/2)
µ= sin(30) = 1.351
8 Result
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9 Bibliography
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