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    Utkarsh Singh
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    1) Stokes' theorem extends Green's theorem to vector fields defined on surfaces in 3D space. It relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral over the boundary curve C of S. 2) For a vector field F, Stokes' theorem states that the surface integral of curl F over S equals the line integral of F around C, where C is oriented with respect to the outward normal of S. 3) The theorem allows problems involving surface integrals to be solved using line integrals, which are often easier to evaluate. It generalizes the fundamental theorem of calculus to vector calculus in three dimensions.

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    1) Stokes' theorem extends Green's theorem to vector fields defined on surfaces in 3D space. It relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral over the boundary curve C of S. 2) For a vector field F, Stokes' theorem states that the surface integral of curl F over S equals the line integral of F around C, where C is oriented with respect to the outward normal of S. 3) The theorem allows problems involving surface integrals to be solved using line integrals, which are often easier to evaluate. It generalizes the fundamental theorem of calculus to vector calculus in three dimensions.

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    18 views2 pages

    Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Utkarsh Singh
    1) Stokes' theorem extends Green's theorem to vector fields defined on surfaces in 3D space. It relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral over the boundary curve C of S. 2) For a vector field F, Stokes' theorem states that the surface integral of curl F over S equals the line integral of F around C, where C is oriented with respect to the outward normal of S. 3) The theorem allows problems involving surface integrals to be solved using line integrals, which are often easier to evaluate. It generalizes the fundamental theorem of calculus to vector calculus in three dimensions.

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    of 2

    1

    Lecture 38: Stokes’ Theorem


    As mentioned in the previous lecture Stokes’ theorem is an extension of Green’s theorem to surfaces.
    Green’s theorem which relates a double integral to a line integral states that
    RR ³ ∂N ∂M
    ´ H
    ∂x − ∂y dxdy = C M dx + N dy
    D
    where D is a plane region enclosed by a simple closed curve C. Stokes’ theorem relates a surface
    integral to a line integral. We first rewrite Green’s theorem in a different form as mentioned in the
    previous lecture. Consider 2 2
    ³ the vector
    ´ field F : R → R defined by F (x, y) = M (x, y)i + N (x, y)j.
    Then curlF = ∇ × F = ∂N ∂M
    ∂x − ∂y k. Therefore Green’s theorem is stated as follows:
    RR H
    D (curlF ) · k dxdy = C F · dR. (1)

    We will extend this form of Green’s theorem to a vector field F defined on a surface S having the
    boundary curve C. We need the following definitions.

    Smooth Surface: Let S = r(u, v) be a parametric surface defined on a parameter domain T . We


    say that S is smooth if ru and rv are continuous on T and ru × rv is never zero on T . A level
    surface S defined by f (x, y, z) = c is said to be smooth if ∇f is continuous and never zero on S

    We have already seen that the vectors ru × rv and ∇f are normals to the parametric surface
    and the level surface respectively.

    Orientable Surface: A smooth surface is said to be orientable if there exists a continuous unit
    normal vector function defined at each point of the surface.

    Basically a surface is oriented by orienting its normals in a continuous manner. In practice, we


    consider an orientable surface as a smooth surface with two sides. For example spheres, planes and
    paraboloids are orientable surfaces. The Möbious strip is not an orientable surface and is not one
    sided.

    We will be dealing with only orientable surfaces. Let S be an orientable surface with the
    boundary curve C (see Figure 1). Since S has two sides, consider a side of the surface, that is,
    consider a normal n to the surface S. With respect to this normal (that is corresponding to a side
    of the surface), we define an orientation on C. We need this orientation to evaluate the line integral
    involved in Stokes’ theorem.

    Orientation on the boundary w.r.to a normal: Orientation is formally defined as follows. Suppose,
    for example, S := r(u, v) is a parametric (orientable) surface defined by a one-one map r on the
    parameter domain T . Consider the unit normal n = krruu ×r
    ×rv
    vk
    of the surface S. Let Γ be the boundary
    of T and C = r(Γ) (see Figure 1). If we assume that Γ is oriented in the counterclockwise direction
    then we get an orientation for C inherited from Γ through the mapping r. This orientation for C
    2

    is considered to be the orientation w.r.to n.

    In practice, we get the orientation of the boundary curve (w.r.to a given n) using the right-hand
    rule: If we wrap around the surface with the right hand by pointing the thumb in the direction of
    the normal then roughly the fingers of the right hand are pointing towards the orientation of the
    curve. One can also use the following method. Consider a person walking on C by keeping his or
    her head towards the direction of the normal and the surface to the left. The orientation of the
    curve is the direction in which the person is walking on C (see Figure 1). For example, if S is a
    plane region and n = k then the orientation of C w.r.to n is the counterclockwise direction. Let us
    state Stokes’ theorem.

    Theorem: Let S be a (piecewise) smooth orientable surface and a piecewise simple closed curve
    C be its boundary. Let F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k be a vector field such that
    P, Q and R are continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives in an open set containing
    S. If n is a unit normal to S, then
    RR H
    S (curlF ) · n dσ = C F · dR (2)

    where the line integral is taken around C in the direction of the orientation of C w.r.to n.

    Remarks: 1. The value of the surface integral in (2) depends only on the boundary C. This
    means that the shape of the surface is irrelevant. So Stokes theorem is an analog of the 2nd FTC.

    2. If S is a plane region, then the identity given in (2) reduces to the identity given in (1). Therefore
    Stokes’ theorem is consider to be a direct extension of Green’s theorem.

    3.
    RR For a closed oriented surface such as sphere or donut, there is no boundary and in this case
    S (curlF ) · n dσ = 0. For example for a sphere, this can be seen by cutting the sphere into two
    hemispheres. If we apply Stokes’ theorem to each and add the resulted identities, the two boundary
    integrals cancel and we get what we claimed.

    4. Stokes’ theorem can also be extended to a smooth surface which has more than one simple closed
    curve forming the boundary of the surface.

    Problem: Let S be the part of the cylinder z = 1 − x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2. Let C be the


    boundary curve of the surface
    H S. Let F (x, y, z) = yi + yj + zk. Find the unit outer normal to
    S, curl F and evaluate C F · dR where C is oriented counterclockwise as viewed from above the
    surface.

    Solution: The surface is given by z = 1 − x2 (see Figure 2). This surface can be considered as
    a graph of the function f (x, y) = 1 − x2 or a parametric surface r(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y)). An unit
    r ×r −f −f +k
    normal is krxx ×ryy k = √ x 2y 2 = √2xi+k
    1+4x2
    . This has to be the outer normal, because if we calculate
    1+fx +fy
    at (0, 1), it coincides with the outer normal k. Simple calculation shows that curlF = −k. We will
    −1
    use Stokes’ theorem to solve this problem. Note that curlf · n = √1+4x 2
    . By Stokes’ theorem
    H RR RR q RR R1R2
    √ −1 √ −1 1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy = R −1dxdy = 0 −2 −1dydx. ¤
    C F · dR = S 1+4x2 dσ = R 1+4x2

    Remarks: 1. The above problem can be done directly by calculating the line integral. In that
    case we have to parametrize the boundary which consists of four smooth curves. One has to be
    careful with the direction in each piece. The calculation also becomes lengthy.

    2. We can also consider the surface given in the previous problem as a level surface defined by
    ∇f √2xi+k
    f (x, y, z) = z − 1 + x2 = 0. In this case an unit normal is n = k∇f k = 1+4x2 .

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