Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume 2014, Article ID 191360, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/191360

Research Article
Temperature Effect on Mechanical Properties and Damage
Identification of Concrete Structure

Yubo Jiao, Hanbing Liu, Xianqiang Wang, Yuwei Zhang, Guobao Luo, and Yafeng Gong
College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yafeng Gong; jlugyf@163.com

Received 16 July 2014; Accepted 13 November 2014; Published 25 November 2014

Academic Editor: Peter Majewski

Copyright © 2014 Yubo Jiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Static and dynamic mechanical properties of concrete are affected by temperature effect in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to
investigate the corresponding influence law and mechanism. This paper demonstrates the variation of mechanical properties of
concrete at temperatures from −20∘ C to 60∘ C. Temperature effects on cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, prism
compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and frequency are conducted and discussed. The results indicate that static mechanical
properties such as compressive strength (cube and prism), splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity have highly linear
negative correlation with temperature; this law is also applied to the first order frequency of concrete slab. The coupling effect of
temperature and damage on change rate of frequency reveals that temperature effect cannot be ignored in damage identification of
structure. Mechanism analysis shows that variation of elastic modulus of concrete caused by temperature is the primary reason for
the change of frequency.

1. Introduction started to decrease at 100∘ C for normal strength concrete

and high strength concrete performed better under different
As widely used construction material in civil engineering temperature cycles. Fares et al. [5] conducted an experi-
structures, the properties of concrete have direct relation- mental study on performance of self-consolidating concrete
ship with structural safety. Standard concrete specimens are under high temperature effect. Mechanical properties such
usually cured and tested under ideal conditions according to as compressive strength and flexural strength are tested at
specifications. However, concrete structures are exposed to
different temperatures (150, 300, 450, and 600∘ C). The per-
external environment in service; the mechanical (static and
formance of concrete under transient temperature conditions
dynamic) properties of concrete are complicated as they are
has been comprehensively investigated, particularly under
affected by environmental conditions such as temperature
actions such as high temperatures from fire. However, most
and moisture [1, 2].
Numerous researches have been conducted to investigate of concrete structures are exposed to external temperature
the relationships between concrete performances and envi- between −20∘ C and 60∘ C in practical situation; relative little
ronmental conditions. Peng et al. [3] present environmental literature is available for properties of concrete under this
investigations to obtain the relationship between explosive condition. Shoukry et al. [6] investigated static mechanical
spalling occurrence and residual mechanical properties of properties of concrete under temperature ranging from
high-performance concrete and high temperature ranging −20∘ C to 50∘ C and relative humidity between 40% and 60%.
from 200 to 800∘ C. Cülfik and Özturan [4] investigated the The results indicated that concrete strength in compression,
temperature effect on mechanical properties of both normal tension, and corresponding modulus of elasticity decreased
and high strength concrete. Residual compressive and split- with temperature increasing. However, the dynamic proper-
ting tensile strength, as well as the static modulus of elasticity ties of concrete structure are not investigated.
of specimens, were obtained under elevated temperatures (50, Dynamic-based methods have been widely applied for
100, 150, 200, and 250∘ C). The residual mechanical properties health monitoring and damage identification of structures
2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1: Mixture proportions.

Materials Nominal proportions

Cement (kg/m3 ) 336
Coarse aggregate (kg/m3 ) 1221
Fine aggregate (kg/m3 ) 658
Water (kg/m3 ) 185
Water/cement ratio 0.55

[7–9], because the dynamic properties (frequency, mode

shape, and damping) are closely related to structural param-
eters such as stiffness and mass [10–12]. At present, most
researches are focused on the effect of damage on dynamic
properties without considering temperature effect [13]. How- Figure 1: Compression testing machine 1 (2000 kN).
ever, if the effects are not rationally taken into account and
removed, the damage identification results cannot be reliable.
Farrar et al. [14] present the monitoring results of Alamosa
Canyon Bridge. They found that the first eigenfrequency of
the structure varies approximately 5% over a 24-hour time
period. Askegaard and Mossing [15] found that the variation
of frequency for a three-span footbridge was 10% over the
year. Wahab and de Roeck [16] observed a change of 4%∼
5% in natural frequencies of a prestressed concrete bridge in
spring and winter from dynamic test. Moser and Moaveni
[17] demonstrated that significant variability in natural fre-
quencies was identified from a continuous monitoring system
installed on Dowling Hall Footbridge, and these changes in
natural frequencies are strongly correlated with temperature.
Extensive research results reveal that temperature will lead to
frequencies changes of structure, but explicit investigation of
the effect of temperature is not obtained in experiments.
In this paper, static mechanical properties such as cube
compressive strength, split tensile strength, prism compres-
sive strength, and modulus of elasticity of concrete are Figure 2: Compression testing machine 2 (1000 kN).
conducted under different temperatures from −20∘ C to 60∘ C.
The relationships between properties and temperatures are
determined. Meanwhile, the temperature effect on first order modulus of elasticity) which are casted horizontally in steel
natural frequency of concrete slab is also observed and molds and compacted by vibrating machine. All specimens
corresponding influence mechanism is discussed. are removed from the molds 24 h after casting and cured in a
curing room (20 ± 3∘ C and 95% RH (relative humidity)) for
2. Experimental Details 28 days (GB/T 50082-2009) [21].
Slabs with length 60 cm, width 15 cm, and height 5 cm are
2.1. Materials and Mixtures. PO 42.5 type Portland cement also prefabricated, and they are also cured in a curing room
confirming the requirements of GB175-2007 [18] is used (20 ± 3∘ C and 95% RH (relative humidity)) for 28 days.
in this study. Crushed stone with diameters ranging from
5 mm to 20 mm and natural sand with fineness modulus of 2.3. Testing Machines. Two different compression testing
2.7 are adopted as coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. machines are used to obtain the static properties of concrete.
The mixture proportions of concrete are listed in Table 1. Both cube and prism compressive strength and modulus of
These ingredients are mixed for about 4 min. Slump results elasticity are tested through machine 1 (shown in Figure 1)
of concrete are tested with 38 mm, which indicate that with maximum load 2000 kN. Splitting tensile strength is
the mixture is with favorable cohesiveness and meets the measured by machine 2 (shown in Figure 2) with maximum
requirements of GB/T 50081-2002 [19] and GB 50164-2011 load 1000 kN, which can realize the dynamic monitoring of
[20]. force and output the force-displacement curves.
The temperatures are jointly controlled by refrigerator
2.2. Specimens. Concrete specimens are 150 mm cubes (pro- and oven. The former is used for −50∘ C–0∘ C, while the latter
duced for testing cube compressive strength and split- is for 20∘ C–300∘ C.
ting tensile strength) and 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm Piezoelectric acceleration sensor is applied for measuring
prisms (produced for testing prism compressive strength and acceleration response signals for slabs, and DH 5920 type
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Figure 3: Damage simulation of slab using cutting machine.

dynamic signal measurement system is used to obtain the invalid and another group of specimens should be
natural frequency from the measured signals. retested.
As for the damage of slab, it is achieved by cutting
machine (shown in Figure 3). 2.4.2. Splitting Tensile Strength. Another fifteen 150 mm ×
150 mm × 150 mm specimens are measured for calculating
2.4. Testing Procedures. The cube compressive strength, split- the splitting tensile strength (i.e., three specimens at each
ting tensile strength, prism compressive strength, modulus temperature). In the process of splitting tensile strength
of elasticity, and frequency of concrete structures are tested testing, machine 2 applied loads at the speed of 0.05–
under temperatures −20∘ C, 0∘ C, 20∘ C, 40∘ C, and 60∘ C. In 0.08 MPa/s [19] until the failure of specimens. The splitting
order to eliminate the influence of moisture, the concrete tensile strength of concrete can be obtained by
specimens are wrapped by preservative film to maintain
humidity stability. Each specimen is placed in temperature 2𝐹ts𝑖
control apparatus for 4 h to make the core temperature of 𝑓ts𝑖 = , (2)
(𝜋 × 𝐴𝑖ts )
concrete consistent with environmental temperature before
testing.
where 𝑓ts𝑖 is splitting tensile strength of the 𝑖th concrete speci-
men, 𝐹ts𝑖 is the corresponding failure load under splitting, and
2.4.1. Cube Compressive Strength. Totally fifteen 150 mm ×
150 mm × 150 mm specimens are tested for calculating the 𝐴𝑖ts is splitting area of specimens.
cube compressive strength (i.e., three specimens at each tem- Final splitting tensile strength 𝑓ts can be calculated
perature). In the process of cube compressive strength testing, according to the same rules of getting 𝑓cu .
machine 1 imposes loads at the speed of 0.5–0.8 MPa/s [19].
The loads are recorded until the failure of specimens. The 2.4.3. Prism Compressive Strength. Totally fifteen 150 mm ×
cube compressive strength of each specimen can be calculated 150 mm × 300 mm prisms are tested for measuring the prism
by compressive strength of concrete. In the process of prism
compressive strength testing, machine 1 imposes loads at the
𝑖
𝑖 𝐹cu speed of 0.5–0.8 MPa/s [19]. The loads are recorded until the
𝑓cu = , (1) failure of specimens. The prism compressive strength of each
𝐴𝑖cu
specimen can be calculated by
𝑖
where 𝑓cu is cube compressive strength of the 𝑖th concrete 𝑖
specimen, 𝐹cu 𝑖
is the corresponding failure load under com- 𝑖
𝐹cp
𝑓cp = , (3)
𝑖
pression, 𝐴 cu is bearing area of specimens, and 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3 in 𝐴𝑖cp
this paper.
𝑖
The final cube compressive strength 𝑓cu of concrete can where 𝑓cp is prism compressive strength of the 𝑖th concrete
be determined by the following regulations [19]. 𝑖
specimen, 𝐹cp is the corresponding failure load under com-
𝑖
(1) The average value of cube compressive strength pression, 𝐴 cp is bearing area of specimens, and 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3 in
for three specimens is treated as final compressive this paper.
strength. Final prism compressive strength 𝑓cp can be calculated
(2) If one of maximum and minimum value of cube com- according to the same rules of getting 𝑓cu .
pressive strength for three specimens exceeds the
medium one by 15%, the medium value of cube com- 2.4.4. Modulus of Elasticity. Totally fifteen 150 mm × 150 mm
pressive strength is used as final cube compressive × 300 mm prisms are tested for calculating the modulus of
strength. elasticity; it can be calculated by
(3) If all of maximum and minimum values of cube
𝐹𝑎𝑖 − 𝐹0𝑖 𝐿
compressive strength for three specimens exceed the 𝐸𝑐𝑖 = 𝑖
× , (4)
medium one by 15%, the results are considered to be 𝐴𝑒 Δ𝑑𝑖
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

where 𝐸𝑐𝑖 is modulus of elasticity of the 𝑖th concrete specimen;

𝐹𝑎𝑖 and 𝐹0𝑖 are loads corresponding to the stress of one-third
prism compressive strength and 0.5 MPa, respectively; 𝐿 is
gauge length of specimen, 𝐿 = 150 mm in this paper; Δ𝑑𝑖 is
average value of deformation for concrete from 𝐹𝑜 to 𝐹𝑎 , and
it can be obtained by

Δ𝑑𝑖 = 𝜀𝑎𝑖 − 𝜀0𝑖 , (5)

where 𝜀𝑎𝑖 is the average value of deformation for concrete

specimens under 𝐹𝑎𝑖 and 𝜀0𝑖 is the average value of deformation
for concrete specimens under 𝐹0𝑖 . 𝜀𝑎𝑖 and 𝜀0𝑖 are tested through
dial gauges.
Final modulus of elasticity 𝐸𝑐 can be calculated according
to GB/T 50081-2002 [19].

2.4.5. Frequency and Damage Identification. Three concrete

slabs are prefabricated and tested for frequency under tem-
peratures −20∘ C, 0∘ C, 20∘ C, 40∘ C, and 60∘ C. The concrete
slabs are also wrapped by preservative film to maintain Figure 4: Compression test.
humidity stability to eliminate the influence of moisture.
Firstly, the slabs are measured under intact condition and
temperature effect on frequency for undamaged slab is
discussed. Secondly, the midspan sections of slabs are cut
by special machine to simulate damage. Damage severity is
represented by cutting depth; it can be calculated by
𝑊𝑐
𝛿= × 100%, (6)
𝑊
where 𝛿 is damage severity and 𝑊𝑐 and 𝑊 are widths of
damaged and intact midspan sections, respectively.

3. Static Mechanical Properties

3.1. Cube Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strength. The test-
ing arrangements of cube compressive and splitting tensile
strength are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.
The testing results of concrete under different temper-
atures are listed in Table 2. The relationship between cube
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and temper-
atures is shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Linear formulas are applied to simulate the relationship
between cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, Figure 5: Splitting tensile test.
and temperature. They are listed in the following equations,
respectively:

𝑓cu = −0.348𝑇 + 45.89, 3.2. Prism Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity.
(7) Prism compressive strengths of specimens under tempera-
𝑅2 = 0.9541 (−20∘ C ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 60∘ C) , tures −20∘ C, 0∘ C, 20∘ C, 40∘ C, and 60∘ C are measured and
calculated. The results are listed in Table 3 and Figure 8.
𝑓ts = −0.041𝑇 + 4.750, The relationship between prism compressive strength and
(8) temperature is listed in
𝑅2 = 0.9545 (−20∘ C ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 60∘ C) .
𝑓cp = −0.209𝑇 + 34.90,
As can be seen from Figures 6 and 7 and Table 2, the (9)
cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength both 𝑅2 = 0.9593 (−20∘ C ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 60∘ C) .
decrease with the increasing of temperature. The cube com-
pressive strength improves by 100.3% from 60∘ C to −20∘ C, The relationship reveals that prism compressive strength
while it is 132.9% for splitting tensile strength. decreases with the increasing of temperature and presents
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

Table 2: Results of cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength for concrete under different temperatures.

Temperature (∘ C) 𝑖
𝐹cu (kN) 𝑖
𝑓cu (MPa) 𝐹ts𝑖 (kN) 𝑓ts𝑖 (MPa) 𝑓cu (MPa) 𝑓ts (MPa)
1264 56.18 238 6.738
−20 1244 55.29 208 5.889 53.75 5.889
1120 49.78 168 4.756
980 43.56 164 4.643
0 1020 45.33 156 4.417 44.33 4.454
992 44.09 152 4.303
940 41.78 140 3.964
20 910 40.44 134 3.794 41.18 3.888
930 41.33 138 3.907
660 29.33 98 2.774
40 648 28.80 96 2.718 28.56 2.812
620 27.56 104 2.944
624 27.73 80 2.265
60 600 26.67 100 2.831 26.84 2.529
588 26.13 88 2.491

60 Table 3: Results of prism compressive strength for concrete under

55
different temperatures.

50 Temperature (∘ C) 𝑖
𝐹cp (N) 𝑖
𝑓cp (MPa) 𝑓cp (MPa)
45 904 40.18
fcu (MPa)

40 −20 864 38.40 40.47

35 964 42.84
780 34.67
30
0 760 33.78 34.43
25
784 34.84
20 626 27.82
−20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (∘ C) 20 682 30.31 28.92
644 28.62
Figure 6: Temperature effect on cube compressive strength of 572 25.42
concrete.
40 585 26.00 26.00
598 26.58
498 22.13
7
60 522 23.20 23.70
6
580 25.78
5
fts (MPa)

4
3
The measurement results and temperature effects on
2
modulus of elasticity are listed in Table 4 and Figure 10.
1
Regression analysis is conducted through linear formula
0 to represent the relationship between modulus of elasticity
−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (∘ C)
and temperature; it is listed in

Figure 7: Temperature effect on splitting tensile strength of con-

crete. 𝐸𝑐 = −0.125𝑇 + 29.13,
(10)
𝑅2 = 0.9852 (−20∘ C ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 60∘ C) .

linear character. The prism strength decreases by 70.76% from From Table 4 and Figure 10, modulus of elasticity
−20∘ C to 60∘ C. increases with the decreasing of temperature, and a good
The testing arrangements of modulus of elasticity are linear relationship is presented. The modulus of elasticity
shown in Figure 9. improves by 48.3% from 60∘ C to −20∘ C.
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

45 Table 6: The first order natural frequencies under coupling effect of

temperature and damage (Hz).
40
Damage Temperature (∘ C)
severity (%) −20 0 20 40 60
fcp (MPa)

35
0 201.655 192.380 189.935 184.280 178.220
30 10 195.800 188.925 180.170 176.265 172.360
20 183.185 177.245 174.800 172.850 166.985
25
30 177.240 173.335 169.915 164.050 158.685
40 173.335 169.355 165.075 160.905 156.000
20
−20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (∘ C)

Figure 8: Temperature effect on prism compressive strength. of temperature on first order frequency is obvious. The
frequency decreases with the increasing of temperature, and
Table 4: Modulus of elasticity for concrete under different temper- it shows clear negative correlation.
atures.
4.2. Temperature Effect on Damage Identification. The results
Temperature 𝐹 (kN) 𝐹 (kN) Δ𝑑 (mm) 𝐸𝑖 (GPa) 𝐸 (GPa)
of slab 𝐴 are used as examples to investigate the variation
(∘ C) 0 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐
of frequency under the integrated effect of temperature and
11.52 245.01 0.050 31.132 damage. Five damage severities including 0% (undamaged),
−20 11.30 245.90 0.048 32.583 31.928 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% are simulated, and the measurement
11.70 247.40 0.049 32.067 results are listed in Table 6 and Figure 13.
12.24 249.35 0.045 35.127 As can be seen from Table 6 and Figure 13, the first order
0 11.50 245.80 0.061 25.607 28.397 natural frequency decreases with the increasing of damage
severity under the same temperature, while it decreases
11.70 246.50 0.064 24.458
with the increasing of temperature under the same damage
12.87 244.68 0.057 27.112 severity.
20 10.90 245.32 0.059 26.488 27.184 In damage identification of structures, change rate of
11.60 242.21 0.055 27.953 natural frequency is an effective damage indicator. According
11.40 245.50 0.065 24.010 to dynamic theory, damage of structure will lead to the reduc-
40 11.30 245.60 0.069 22.638 24.091 tion of frequencies. In order to illustrate the effect of temper-
ature in damage identification of concrete slab, the baseline
18.14 252.60 0.061 25.624
natural frequency of undamaged structure is assumed to
11.80 243.77 0.067 23.082 be measured under temperature 40∘ C, and the damaged
60 11.80 244.90 0.068 22.853 21.533 ones are tested under temperatures −20∘ C, 0∘ C, 20∘ C, 40∘ C,
16.21 262.60 0.088 18.666 and 60∘ C. The corresponding change rates of first order
frequency are calculated by (10), and the results are listed in
Table 7 and Figure 14. Consider
Table 5: First order natural frequency for intact concrete slab.

Temperature Slabs 𝑓𝛿𝑇 − 𝑓𝛿40

𝛼𝛿𝑇 = × 100%, (11)
(∘ C) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑓𝛿40
−20 201.66 201.66 196.77
192.38 196.77 193.85
where 𝑓 is the measured first order natural frequency, 𝛼 is
0
the change rate of frequency, 𝛿 is damage severity (𝛿 = 0%,
20 189.94 192.38 186.53
10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), and 𝑇 is testing temperature (𝑇 =
40 184.28 189.91 182.99 −20∘ C, 0∘ C, 20∘ C, 40∘ C, and 60∘ C).
60 178.22 187.01 173.83 In theory, damage of structure will lead to the reduction
of frequency. Therefore, the change rate of frequency is a
negative value. However, the change rates of frequency for
4. Frequency and Damage damage severity 10% at temperatures −20∘ C and 0∘ C are
Identification of Slab positive. Reasons for this phenomenon lie in the fact that fre-
quencies increase from temperature 40∘ C to −20∘ C and 0∘ C,
4.1. Temperature Effect on Frequency. The test process is and the recruitments due to temperatures are greater than the
illustrated in Figure 11. Testing results of first order natural decreasing value caused by damage. It reveals that frequency
frequency for three slabs (𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶) are listed in Table 5. changes caused by damage have been submerged by temper-
Temperature effect on frequency of slabs is also demon- ature effect, and damage identification results will be unre-
strated in Figure 12. It can be concluded that the influence liable in practice. The range analysis is also conducted and
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7

(a) Gauge length (b) Modulus of elasticity test

Figure 9: Testing arrangement of modulus of elasticity.

Table 7: Change rate of the first order natural frequency (%).

Temperature (∘ C)
Damage severity (%)
−20 0 20 40 60 Range caused by temperature
0 9.429 4.395 3.069 0.000 −3.288 12.717
10 6.251 2.521 −2.230 −4.349 −6.468 12.719
20 −0.594 −3.818 −5.144 −6.203 −9.385 8.791
30 −3.820 −5.939 −7.795 −10.978 −13.889 10.069
40 −5.939 −8.099 −10.422 −12.685 −15.346 9.407
Range caused by damage 15.368 12.494 13.491 12.685 12.058

35 Table 8: Theoretical and measured results of the first order fre-

quency for concrete slab.
30
Temperature 𝐸 (GPa) Theoretical Measured
(∘ C) results (Hz) results (Hz)
25
Ec (GPa)

−20 31.928 224.95 201.66

20 0 28.397 212.15 192.38
20 27.184 207.57 189.94
15 40 24.091 195.40 184.28
60 21.533 184.74 178.22
10
−20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (∘ C)
elasticity 𝐸, the undamped flexural vibration frequency of
Figure 10: Temperature effect on modulus of elasticity. order 𝑛 can be calculated by [22–24]

𝑛2 𝜋ℎ 𝐸
𝑓𝑛 = √ . (12)
listed in Table 7. As can be seen from this table, the maximum 2𝑙2 12𝜌
range caused by damage is 15.368%, while it is 12.720% for
temperature. The temperature effect is not negligible. Temperature effect on modulus of elasticity has been
tested and listed in Table 8. Theoretical calculation results of
4.3. Mechanism Analysis. For a simply supported uniform the first order frequency can be obtained based on (11); they
beam with length 𝑙, height ℎ, density 𝜌, and modulus of are shown in Table 8 and Figure 15.
8 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Supporting Supporting
condition condition

(a) Concrete slab (b) Frequency test

Figure 11: Testing arrangement of frequency.

205 15
200
10
195

Frequency change (%)

5
f (Hz)

190
185 0
180 0 10 20 30 40
−5
175
170 −10
−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (∘ C) −15

Slab A −20
Damage severity (%)
Slab B
Slab C −20∘ C 0∘ C
20∘ C 40∘ C
Figure 12: Temperature effect on first order natural frequency.
60∘ C

Figure 14: Integrated effect of temperature and damage on change

210 rate of natural frequency.
200
190
180 240
f (Hz)

220
170 200
180
160 160
140
f (Hz)

150
120
140 100
−20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80
60
Temperature (∘ C) 40
20
0% 10% 0
20% 30% −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
40% Temperature (∘ C)

Figure 13: Integrated effect of temperature and damage on the first Experimental result
order natural frequency. Theoretical result

Figure 15: Relationship between theoretical and measured fre-

quency of concrete slab.
As can be seen from Table 8 and Figure 15, the calculated
frequencies based on measured modulus of elasticity and
dynamic theory are consistent with the measured ones.
The results indicate that temperature effect on frequency is elasticity. It can provide reference for damage identification of
mainly caused by the influence of temperature on modulus of structures.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9

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and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and
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