Basic Concepts in Mathematics
Basic Concepts in Mathematics
Basic Concepts in Mathematics
3 Elementary Logic
3 Elementary Logic
Definitions:
• A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
• These objects in a set are called elements (or members).
Remarks:
• We denote sets with uppercase letters and elements with
lowercase letters.
• For a set A, we write a ∈ A to denote a is an element of A,
and a ∉ A if a is not an element of A.
• A set is completely determined by what its elements are—
not the order in which they might be listed or the fact
that some elements might be listed more than once.
Sets Relations and Functions Elementary Logic
4
Sets
Special Sets
Examples:
• {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• {5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1}
• {ENGL 11, FILI 11, MATH 10, THEO 11}
• {2, 4, 6, 8, …, 100}
• 1, 1 , 2, 4 , 3, 9 , …, 10, 100
• {{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}}
Examples:
• red, yellow, blue = x | x is a primary color
• a, b = x ∈ ℝ | a ≤ x < b = x | a ≤ x < b
• A = x ∈ ℝ | −2 < x2 < −1
• B = x ∈ ℤ+ | 3 2 + 4 2 = x2
Examples:
• ∅ = x ∈ ℝ | −2 < x2 < −1
• 5 = x ∈ ℤ+ | 3 2 + 4 2 = x2
• ∅ = x | x is a primary and a secondary color
• 1 = x > 0 | x2 = 1
Examples:
• ℤ ⊆ ℚ and ℤ ⊆ ℝ
• x ⊆ w, x, y, z but a ⊈ w, x, y, z
1 1 1
• , , ⊆ x|0≤x≤1
2 3 4
Sets Relations and Functions Elementary Logic
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Sets
Exercises
2. 2 ∈ 1, 2, 3
3. 2 ⊆ 1, 2, 3
4. 2 ⊆ 1, 2, 3
5. 2 ⊆ 1, 2
6. 2 ∈ 1, 2
7. 2 ∈ 1, 2, 1 , 2
Sets Relations and Functions Elementary Logic
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Sets
Exercises
2. x ∈ ℝ+ | −2 < x < 5
3. x ∈ ℤ | −2 < x < 5
4. x ∈ ℤ− | −2 < x < 5
5. x ∈ ℤ+ | −2 < x < 5
2. C ⊂ A
3. C ⊆ B
4. C ⊂ C
Definitions:
• The notation a, b denotes an ordered pair, where a is
the first element and b is the second element.
• Two ordered pairs a, b and c, d are equal if and only if
a = c and b = d.
• Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B,
denoted by A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs a, b ,
where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
Let A = 1, 2, 3 and B = u, v .
1. Find A × B.
2. Find B × A.
3. Find B × B.
5. Describe ℝ × ℝ.
3 Elementary Logic
Remark:
In a function, each element in the domain A corresponds to
one, and only one element of the co-domain B.
3 Elementary Logic
Examples:
• Mathematics makes the invisible visible.
• How are you doing?
• 2019 is divisible by 3.
• Pass your papers forward.
• x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = 125.
Examples:
• You will not buy milk tea nor eat samgyup this week.
• If it is raining hard, then classes will get suspended.
p ¬p
T F
F T
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Consider the propositions:
p: I will get an A in the MATH 10 long exam.
q: I will treat you in a buffet.
Then,
p → q: If I get an A in the MATH 10 long exam, then I will
treat you in a buffet.
Sets Relations and Functions Elementary Logic
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Elementary Logic
Conditional
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Consider the propositions:
p: I win in the elections.
q: I will help in the education sector.
Then,
p → q: If I win in the elections, then I will help in the
education sector.
Sets Relations and Functions Elementary Logic
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Elementary Logic
Exercise
Examples:
• p → q: If it is sunny, then I wear shades.
• p → q: I wear shades if it is sunny.
• p → q: It is sunny only if I wear shades.
Examples:
• q → p: If I wear shades, then it is sunny.
• q → p: It is sunny if I wear shades.
• q → p: I wear shades only if it is sunny.
• The converse of p → q is q → p.
• The inverse of p → q is ¬p → ¬q.
• The contrapositive of p → q is ¬q → ¬p.
Examples:
• p → q: If it is sunny, then I wear shades.
• q → p: If I wear shades, then it is sunny.
• ¬p → ¬q: If it is not sunny, then I do not wear shades.
• ¬q → ¬p: If I do not wear shades, then it is not sunny.
Example:
• All Avengers have superpowers.
• Every integer is a rational number.
Example:
• Some Avengers have flying superpowers.
• There exists an even number that is divisible by 4.
∀x P x
• True: P x is true for every x in the domain.
• False: There is an x for which P x is false.
∃x P x
• True: There is an x for which P x is true.
• False: P x is false for every x in the domain.
Statement Negation
All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y.
Some X are Y. No X are Y.
Some X are not Y. All X are Y.
Example: