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(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed

Research Journal, UGC-CARE Listed)
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e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com
website : www.sanskrit.nic.in
© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~
ISSN : 0975-1769
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SA«SK›TA-VIMARÃ…
(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed
Research Journal, UGC-CARE Listed)
New Series
Vol. 13-14 (July 2017 - June 2018) Year 2019
General Editor
Prof. P.N. Sastry
Vice-Chancellor
Editor
Dr. Madhukeshwar Bhat
Incharge (Research & Publication)
Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

(Deemed to be University)
Under Ministry of Human Resource Development
Govt. of India
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
New Delhi
Publisher :
Registrar
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan
Deemed University
56-57, Institutional Area,
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110056
e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com
website : www.sanskrit.nic.in
© Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan
ISSN : 0975-1769
Edition : 2019
Rs. 50.00
Printed :
D.V. Printer
97, UB, Jawahar Nager, Delhi-110007
Mob. 9818279798, 9990279798
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fr#ifr% & 517507 (vkU/zizns'k%)
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Advisory-Board
1. Prof. V. Kutumba Sastry,
36, Evergreen Appartment Plot-9
Sect. 7, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075
2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,

4-45, opp. Satyasai Mandir
Stayasai nagar, Satya Sainagar panchayat
Tirupati (A.P.) - 517503
3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey

38, Manas Nagar, Durgakund
Varanasi (U.P.)
4. Prof. Kishor Chandra Padhi

Puri (Odisha)
5. Prof. Azad Mishra

2/239, Viramkhand-2
Gomatinagar, Luknow-226010
6. Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurty

Rashtriya Snaskrit Vidyapeetha
Tirupati - 517507 (A.P.)
7. Prof. Shripada Bhat

Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha
Tirupati - 517507 (A.P.)
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Review Committee
1. Prof. Jaykant Singh Sharma
Professor, S.L.B.S.R.S.Vidyapeetham, New Delhi
2. Prof. Ramkumar Sharma
Professor, Jaipur Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jaipur
3. Prof. Vishnupad Mahapatra
Professor, S.L.B.S.R.S.Vidyapeetham, New Delhi
4. Prof. Sukantkumar Senapati
Director (I/c) Mukta Swadhyaya Peetham,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi
5. Dr. Mantha Sriniwasu
Project Officer, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan,
New Delhi
Editorial Board
1. Prof. A.P. Sacchidananda
Principal (I/c), Shri Rajeev Gandhi Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Sringeri
2. Prof. Arknath Chodhary
Principal (I/c), Jaipur Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jaipur
3. Dr. R.G. Murlikrishna
Deputy Director (I/c), (Administration),
4. Dr. Devanand Shukla
Deputy Director, (Academic),
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Advisory Board vi
leh{kk&lfefr%@lEiknd&e.Mye~ vii
Review Committee/Editorial Board viii
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izokgRo:is.k eq[;kFkZizfr;ksfxdrk;k vHkkoks¿LR;soA ;r% eq[;kFkZ% izfr;ksxh
;L;] ,oa Hkwrks¿Uo;% eRL;kUo;ks u rq ?kks"kkUo;%] ?kks"kkUo;Lrq rVizfr;ksfxd%A
eq[;kFkZrkoPNsnd:is.k izokgRosu izokgizfr;ksfxdrk eRL;kUo;s u rq rkRi;Zfo"k;hHkwrs
?kks"kkUo;s] r=k rkn`'kizfr;ksfxdrk;k vHkkokÂ y{k.kkuqiifÙk% ¶eq[;kFkkZUo;kuqi&
iÙksLrU=kRos rq ^dkosQH;ks nfèk j{;rk* feR;=k y{k.kksRFkkua u L;kfnR;I;kgq%
if.Mrjktk%A rL;k'k;ks ;n~ nfèkj{kk;ka dkdizfr;ksfxdkUo;L; dkdlEcUèkL;
ckèkkHkkokr~A rkRi;Zfo"k;kUo;s eq[;kFkZrkoPNsnd:is.k eq[;kFkZizfr;ksfxdrk;k
vHkkoL; rU=kRos rq dkdL; nfèkj{kk;ka dkdRosukUo;ks ukLR;firq nè;qi?kkrdRosu]
,o×p nfèkj{kklEcUèkL; izfr;ksfxrk dkosQ orZrs ija izfr;ksfxrkoPNsnda u
dkdRoefirq dkdfoMkykfnlkèkkj.ka nè;qi?kkrdRofefr nfèkj{kklEcUèkL;
izfr;ksfxdrkoPNsndrk eq[;kFkZrkoPNsnosQ dkdRos ukLrhfr u ^dkosQH;ks nfèk
j{;rkfeR;=k y{k.kkuqiifÙk%A ,o×p ,osQuSo dk;Zdkj.kHkkosukUo;kuqiifÙk&
rkRi;kZuiq iÙ;ks% ØksMhdj.kkÙkkRi;kZuiq ifÙkjUo;kuqiifÙkokZ y{k.kkchtfefr dygL;k&
olj ,o usfr if.MrjktL; O;k[;kudkS'kye~A
Hkorq uke ;|soa rnkµ
1- dk- iz- y- izdj.ke~

y{k.kk 5
dprL=kL;fr onua onukr~ oqQpe.Mya =klfrA
eè;kn~ foHksfr u;ua u;uknèkj% leqf}tfrAA1
bR;=k 'kD;rkoPNsnd:is.kSo y{;HkkufeR;kyÄïkfjdfl¼kUrkRdFka dpRosu
izrh;ekuy{;kr~ =kklksRifÙk%A dFk×p iwoksZDrdk;Zdkj.kHkkos y{k.kksRFkkufeR;=k
=kkls jkgqRofof'k"Vjkgqizfr;ksfxd ,okUo;Lr=k dpRoizfr;ksfxdRokHkko bfr
y{k.kksRFkkua fuckZèke~A dpRosu jkgqRofof'k"VL; cksèkkr~ =kklksiifÙkjfi fuckZèkk
bfr if.Mrizoj&Jh&osQnkjukFk&vks>k&egksn;su lE;x~ O;k[;kra jlpfUædk;ke~A
vr ,o ukxksftHkV~VSjfi ¶'kD;rkoPNsndkjksiks y{k.kk¸ bfr eU;ekuS&¶ozhZghu~
izk{s krh¸R;=k fuokZgizdkja izn'kZ;f‰%&¶v=k loZ=k rÙkn~/eZfof'k"Vs 'kD;rkoPNsnd&
èkekZjksi%A vr ,o dprL=kL;fr onufeR;knkS dpRokfnuk jkgqRofof'k"VL;
cksèkkÂ =kklk|Uo;kuqiifÙk%¸ bfr y?kqe×tw"kk;keqDre~A fl¼kUre×tw"kk;kefi ¶vijs
rq¸ bR;kfnuk ¶loZ=kSo y{k.kkKkuL; y{;rkoPNsnd'kD;rkoPNsndksHk;&
izdkjd'kkCnRoa dk;ZrkoPNsnde~A ,rsu dprL=kL;fr onufeR;knkS dpRokfnuk
cksèks =kkldjRokuqiifÙkfjfr ijkLrfeR;fi izfrikfnre~A
ls;a y{k.kk f}foèkk fu:<k] iz;kstuorh psfrA r=k iz;kstua fouk¿fi]
vukfniz;ksxijEijko'kkTtkrk] ;Fkk ^deZf.k oqQ'ky* bR;=k oqQ'kxzkfg:ieq[;kFkZL;
ckèkkf}ospdRokfnlEcUèksu oqQ'kyina fuiq.k:ieFk± cksèk;rhfr] oqQ'kyinL; fuiq.k¿FksZ
y{k.kkA lk ps;esdfoèkSoA (osQpu iquèkZeZL;k;euqowQy bR;=k owQykuqxr&
:i'kD;kFkZL; ckèkkr~] ^vuqoQw yina lkn`';k:ilEcUèksu fg vuqx.q k:ieFk± cksèk;rhfr]
xkS.kh fu:<k*) osQpu iquj=kkfi xkS.kh'kq¼kRosu }Sfoè;ekeuUrhR;U;nsrr~A
f}rh;k ;k iz;kstuorh lk f}foèkk&xkS.kh] 'kq¼k pA r=kk|k xkS.khlkjksik]
lkè;olkuk psfr f}foèkkA vUR;k 'kq¼k iqu'prqfoZèkk&miknkuy{k.kk] y{k.ky{k.kk]
lkjksik] lkè;olkuk psfrA ;FkksDra dkO; izdk'ksµ
¶Lofl¼;s ijk{ksi% ijkFk± LoleiZ.ke~A
miknkua y{k.ka psR;qDrk 'kq¼So lk f}èkk_2¸
mnkgj.k×p ôqqQUrk% izfo'kfUr* bR;qiknkuy{k.kk;k%] ^xÄõk;ka ?kks"k%*&bfr
y{k.ky{k.kk;k% Ks;e~A ,rnso Hksn};e~ vtgRLokFkkZ] tgRLokFkkZ3 insukfi 'kkL=ks
O;ofß;rsA
1- jlxÄõk/j&f}- vkuue~
3- U;k- fl- eq- 'k- izdj.ke~ (y{k.kkfu:i.ke~)
6 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fo"k;fo"kf;.kks% i`FkÄ~fufnZ"V;ksjHksn vkjksi%] rsu lfgrk lkjksik]
;FkksDra&¶lkjksik¿U;k rq ;=kksDrkS fo"k;h fo"k;LrFkk1¸ bfr dkO;izdk'ksA
vi`FkÄ~fufnZ"Vs fo"k;s fo"kÕ;Hksnks¿è;olkua] rsu lfgrk lkè;olkusfrA ;FkksDra&
¶fo"kÕ;Ur% Ñrs¿U;fLeu~ lk L;kr~ lkè;olkfudk¸&bfr dkO;izdk'ksA ls;a
lkjks i k] lkè;olkuk p ;fn lkn` ' ;kr~ lEcUèkkr~ Hkofr rnk xkS . kh]
lkn`';srjlEcUèkkPpsr~] 'kq¼sR;k'k;%A ;FkksDra r=kSo&
¶HksnkfoekS p lkn`';kr~ lEcUèkkUrjrLrFkkA
xkS.kkS 'kq¼kS p foKs;kS2¸ bfr dkO;izdk'ksA
mnkgj.k×p ^xkSckZghd* bfr xkS.;k%] lkjksik;k% xkSj;fefrA rL;k ,o
lkè;olkuk;k%] mHk;ksjfi lkn`';lEcUèkewydRokr~A ,rnso Hksn};a :idkfr&
'k;ksDR;yÄïkj;ksewZye~A ,o×p "kM~foèkk y{k.ksfr fu"d"kZ%A ;FkksDre~ ^y{k.kk rsu
"kM~fo/sfr dkO; izdk'ksA mnkgj.k×p êq[ka pUæ* bfr lkjksik;k% ¶iqjs¿fLeu~
lkSèkf'k[kjs pUæjkth fojktrs¸ bfr p lkè;olkuk;k%A
,o×p&êq[ka pUæ* bfr :idLFkys eq[;kFkZL; ckèkkr~] lkn`';k[;lEcUèksu
pUæinL; pUæln`'ks y{k.kk] pUæxrklkèkkj.kkÈkndRokfnèkekZ.kka eq[ks izrhfr:iiQya
iz;kstue~A r=k pUæinsu y{k.k;ksiLFkkfirL; pUæln`'kkFkZL; eq[kinksiLFkkfirsu
eq[kRofof'k"Veq[kkFksZu lgkHksnlEcUèksukUo;kr~] pUæln`'kkfHkÂa eq[kfefr cksèk%A
u p :idLFkys yk?kokPpUækfninkuka lkn`';:is èkeZ ,o y{k.ksfr okP;e~A
};ksukZekFkZ;ksjHksnkfrfjDrlEcUèksukUo;cksèkL;kO;qRiÂr;k rsu lg eq[kknhukeUo;&
L;Sok¿lEHkokr~A
uUosoa lfr lkjksiy{k.kkLFkys ln`'kèkfeZf.k y{k.kka LohÑR;] pUæln`'kkfHkÂa
eq[kfeR;so cksèk% LohfØ;rs rnk pUæln`'ka eq[kfeR;qiekrks cksèkkoSy{k.;kUeq[ka
pUæ bfr :idL; Hksn ,o dFka L;kr~\ u p pUæln`'ka eq[kfeR;qiek;kesd&
inkFks¿Z ijinkFkZL; lalxZ% lalxZe;kZn;k Hkklr bfr fu;ekPpUæinsu pUæinkFkksiZ fLFkrkS
ln`'kinsu ln`'kinkFkksZifLFkrkS lR;keqHk;ksjfi pUækFkZln`'kkFkZ;ksfHkZÂinksiLFkkI;Rosu
r;ksjHksnL; lalxZe;kZn;k HkkL;RokPpUækfHkÂa ;Rln`'ka rnfHkÂa eq[kfefr cksèk%A
êq[ka pUæ* bfr :iosQ rq pUæinL; rRln`'ks yk{kf.kdr;k pUæln`'kkFkZL;Sd&
inksiLFkkI;RosuSdinkFkZr;k r;ksjHksnL;kfi] y{;?kVdr;k u rL; lalxZe;kZn;k
Hkkufefr :idLFkys pUæln`'kkfHkÂa eq[kfefr cksèkoSy{k.;su :idksie;ksHksZn%
lqizfrik| ,osfr okP;e~A cksèkoSy{k.;ek=ks.k i`FkxyÄïkjrk;k% LohdrqZe'kD;Rokr~A
y{k.kk 7
vU;Fkk ^pUæ bo eq[ke~* pUæln`'ka eq[ke~ bR;qieky{;r;k loZlEer;ksjfi
LFky;ksjyÄïkjHksnL; Lohdj.kh;kiÙks%A fuikrkuka |ksrdrku;s fg pUæ bo eq[kfeR;=k
:idjhR;k pUæln`'kL; lEcUèkL; lalxZe;kZn;k HkkukHkkokr~ ^pUæln`'kkfHkÂa
eq[k* fefr :idLFkyh;cksèkln`'k ,o cksèk%A ^pUæln`'ka eq[k* feR;=k p iwoZ
iznf'kZr ,o cksèk bfr cksèkoSy{k.;L; lqLi"VRokr~A fuikrkuka okpdRos¿fi]
^bo* 'kCn% lkn`';okpd%] ln`'kokpdks osfr i{k};a lEHkofrA r=k lkn`';okposQ
pUæinkFkZL; fu:firRolEcUèksu bokFksZ lkn`';s rL; p Lo:ilEcUèksuksies;s
eq[ks pkUo;kPpUæfu:fira ;r~ lkn`';a rn~oUeq[kfefr cksèk%A ln`'kokposQ rq
pUæizfr;ksfxdlkn`';kJ;kfHkÂa eq[kfefr cksèk%A ija pUæln`'ka eq[kfeR;=k rq
iwoZonso cksèk bfr i{k};s¿fi cksèkoSy{k.;L; fl¼RoknyÄïkjHksnL; Lohdj.kh;k&
iÙksfjfr psnqP;rsµ
:idL;ksiekr% 'kkCncksèks lekus¿fi :idLFkys y{k.kkÄõhdkjkYy{k.kk;k'p
liz;kstuRokYy{k.kkiQyhHkwrL; rkæwI;L; fo"k;s eq[kknkS fo"kf;rkoPNsndpUæRokns%
izrhfreknk; Hksnks fuckZèk%A
v;ek'k;ks ;nqiek;ka fo"k;s eq[kknkS fo"kf;.k'pUækns% lkn`';ek=kL;
izrhfrHkZofrA :iosQ rq fo"kf;rkoPNsndpUæRoknsjihfr fo'ks"k%A u p y{k.kktU;knfi
:iosQ ln`'kcksèkkRdFka eq[ks pUæRokfnizrhfr#ik;kUrjL;kHkkokn~ HksnKkusu izfrcUèkkPpA
vU;FkksiekLFkys¿fi lk oqQrks u L;kfnfr okP;e~A ,dinksiknkuksRFkL; O;×tuL;ks&
ik;Rokr~A ckèkcqf¼izfrcè;rkoPNsndoqQ{kkS oS;×tfudcksèkkfrfjDrRofuos'ksu
rkn`'kizrhrsckZèkKkusukizfrcUèkkPpsR;sosQA
vU;s rq&:idLFkys pUækfninsH;ks y{k.k;k pUæln`'kRosuksifLFkrkukefi
eq[kknhuka pUæRosuSo :is.k eq[kkfninksiLFkkfirSeqZ[kkfnfHk% lgkHksnkUo;cksèk%A
rRin'kD;rkoPNsndizdkjdy{;kUo;cksèka izfr] rRiny{k.kkKkua dkj.kfefr dk;Z&
dkj.kHkkoL;kÄõhdkjkr~A u pSoa inkFkksZifLFkfr'kkCncksèk;ks% lekukdkjdRofefr
fu;efojksèk% L;kfnfr okP;e~A vuqHkolkf{kdoSy{k.;dyk{kf.kdcksèkkfrfjDrcksèk
,o rfÂ;eLohdkjkr~A
osQpu iquHksZnfof'k"Va lkn`';eqiekiz;kstde~A Hksnk¿fof'k"V×p :idL;sfr]
:idLFkys pUækfHkÂpUæln`'kfefr] miekLFkys rq pUæln`'kfeR;so cksèk%A bR;soa
jhR;k :idLFkys lkjksiy{k.kkÄõhdkjs¿I;qiekrks Hksnlkèkda O;k[;kuHksnus izdkj=k;e~A
uO;kLrq ckèkfu'p;L; izfrcè;rkoPNsnddksVkoukgk;ZRoL;so 'kCnkU;Ro&
L;kfi fuos';RokUeq[ka pUæ bR;kfn"kq y{k.kka fouSokHksnlalxsZ.kkUo;cksèk%A
¶vR;UrklR;fi áFksZ Kkua 'kCn% djksfr gh¸ fr fl¼kUr%A
8 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vU;Fkk izkphuS%µ jktukjk;.ka y{ehLRokekfyÄõfr fuHkZjfeR;=k ^jktukjk;.k*
fefr ins&mifefrlekl% deZèkkj;ks osfr pk'kÄ~D; ;fn pk=k jktk ukjk;.k
bosfr fox`á ¶mifera O;k?kzkfnfHk%¸ bfr lw=ks.k lekls] miekyÄïkj% LohfØ;sr]
rnk ukjk;.kln`'kks jktsfr cksèks lkèO;k je.;k ifrln`'kcqn~è;k¿U;L; iaql
vkfyÄõuklEHkokYy{ehdr`ZdkfyÄõuL;k¿uqiiÙ;k rnqiiÙk;s jktk pklkS ukjk;.k
bfr fox`á ¶e;wjO;aldkn;'p¸ bfr :idkyÄïkjlkèkdleklLohdkjs jktkfHkÂks
ukjk;.k bfr cksèks y{ehdr`Zdk¿fyÄõuL;ksiifÙkxZedRosu LohÑrk¿lÄõrk L;kr~A
,oeso p ¶iknkEcqta Hkorq es fot;k;¸ bR;kfni|s iwoZonk¿'kÄ~D;] ;fn pk=k
:idkyÄïkjlkèkddeZèkkj;lekl% LohfØ;sr] rnk iknkfHkÂeEcqtfefr cksèks
e×tqe×thjf'kf×treuksgjRoL;kEcqt¿s lEHkoknuqiiÙ;k rnqiiÙk;s îknks¿Ecqtfeos*&
R;qifefrlekl ,o LohÑr% :iosQ fg y{k.kkÄõhdkjs rwHk;=kkfi cksèkL; lkekU;kfnfr
:idLFkys okP;kFkZ;ksjos k¿gk;ZHksnkUo;cksèkljf.kjso T;k;lhA u pSoa leklLFkyh;&
:iosQ lR;I;kgk;kZ¿HksnkUo;cksèkkÄõhdkjs.k fuokZgs] O;klLFkys rq y{k.kkÄõhdkjs u
fdefi ckèkdfefr okP;e~A O;kls¿fi ¶Ñi;k lqèk;k fl×p gjs eka rkiewfPNZre~¸
bR;=k ln`'ky{k.kkÄõhdkjs lqèkkln`'k;k Ñi;sfr cksèks lspudj.krk;k vuqiiÙks%A
oLrqrLrq :idLFkys lkjksiy{k.kkÄõhdkj ,o 'kkL=klEer%A uuwDra ;æwiosQ
y{k.kÄõhdkjs jktukjk;.kfeR;=k iknkEcqtfeR;=k pksiek:id;ks% ckfèkdr;k :idksi&
e;ksfuZ.kkZ;dr;k p y{ehdr`d Z kfyÄõue×tqe×thjf'kf×trRo;ksjuqiifÙkfoZ#¼k L;kr~]
rÂ y{k.kkLFkys 'kD;rkoPNsnd:is.kSo y{;HkkuL; LohdkjkæwiosQ] miekurk&
oPNsnd:is.k rRln`'kizR;;L;ksiikfnrRosu jktukjk;.kfeR;knkS fo'ks"k.kleklk;
rL; :idL; Lohdkjs izèkkuhHkwrksÙkjinkFkZL; ukjk;.kln`'kL;kfi ukjk;.kRosuso
izrhrkS y{ehdr`d Z kfyÄõuL;kuqiiÙksjHkkokr~A meferleklkèkhuk;k miek;k% Lohdkjs
rq izèkkuhHkwriwoZinkFkZL; jkKks jktRosuso izrhrs rRdr`ZdkfyÄõuL;kuqiiÙks%A ,oeso
îknkEcqt* feR;=kkfi :idL; Lohdkjs izèkkuhHkwrksÙkjinkFkZL;kEcqtln`'kL;kEcq&
tRosuSo izrhrseZ×tqe×thjf'kf×treuksgjrk;k vuqiiÙks%A miferleklk;Ùkk;k&
eqiek;ka rq izèkkuL; iknL; iknRosuoS izrhrkS ukfLr rL;k (e×tqe×thjeuksgjrk;k%)
vuqiifÙkfjfr lo± le×tle~A rkæwI;izR;;ks fg y{k.kk;k% iQyfefr izkpka
fl¼kUrkr~A egkHkk";kfnxzUFkkukefLeÂsokuqoQw yRokPpsfr foLrjs.k izfrikfnra if.MrjktS%
jlxÄõkèkjsA uO;u;s rq rs"kkekoqQyhHkko% L;kfnfr foKSè;sZ;e~A
ggg
ikf.kuh;s deZl×Kkfoe'kZ%
&MkW- txnh'kHkV~V%
ifj;kstukèkh{kd%] JhosÄïVs'ojoSfnd&
fo'ofo|ky;%] fr#ifr%
¹'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ vuqlU/k=kk ikf.kuh;O;kdj.kkUrxZra dkjdizdj.kksDra

deZlUnHkZekfJR; fofo/ksnkgj.kiwoZoSQ% llw=kS% lIrfo/a deZ
izfrikfnre~A &laúº
ikf.kuh;O;kdj.ks izLrqrs"kq cgq"kq izdj.kss"kq vU;rea izdj.ka O;kdj.k'kkÏL;
ân;Hkwra pdkfLr dkjdizdj.ke~A r=k fda uke dkjdRoe~ bfr iz'us lfr
fØ;kUof;Roa dkjdRoe~ bfr nhf{krkuka ere~A ukxs'kL; ers rq fØ;ktudRoa
dkjdRoe~A rFkk pS=k% dk"BS% LFkkY;ka r.Mqya ipfr bR;kfnokD;s ,oSQdefi ina
fØ;kfUora fØ;k;k% tuda p HkofrA vr% ,rkfu lokZf.k dkjdkf.k HkofUrA
bna dkjda "kfM~oèke~A rFkk fg&
drkZ deZ p dj.ka lEiznkua rFkSo pA
viknku×pkfèkdj.kfeR;kgq% dkjdkf.k "kV~«1
,rs"kq dkjosQ"kq deZdkjdefèkÑR; Lrksdfeo fo"k;% miLFkkI;rsA
yksosQ deZ uke fØ;kA ;FkkµdeZ.;sokfèkdkjLrs ek iQys"kq dnkpu
2
bR;=k deZ'kCn% fØ;kij%A ,oa fda deZ djksf"k bR;qDrs dka fØ;ka djksf"k
bR;FkZ%A
dkjdizdj.ks rq deZ'kCnsu fØ;k:i% vFkZ% ukH;qixE;rsA fdUrq ,rPNkÏh;%
ikfjHkkf"kd% vFkZ% v=k LohfØ;rsA Hkxoku~ ikf.kfu% deZl×Kkfoèkk;dkfu n'k
lw=kkf.k mifnns'kA rkfu lw=kkf.kµ
1- i-y-e-dkjdfopkj%
2- Hk-xh-2-47
¹ 9 º
10 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
1- ozqQèkæqgks#il`"V;ks% deZ (1-4-38) vFkZ%µmilxZiwoZd;ks% ozqQèk&nqzg&
èkkRoks% ;ksxs ;a izfr dksiLrRdkjda deZl×Ka L;kr~ bfrA
2- fno% deZ p (1-4-43) vFkZ% fno~&èkkrks% lkèkdrea dkjda
deZlKa a L;kr~] dj.kl×Kefi L;kr~A lw=ks¿fLeu~ pdkj% deZdj.kl×K;ks% leqPp;kFkZ%A
vr% vusu lw=ks.k deZl×Kk dj.kl×Kk bfr l×Kk};eqP;rs bfr fo'ks"k%A
3- vfèk'khÄ~LFkklka deZ (1-4-046) vFkZ%µvfèkiwoZd'khÄ~kfn&
èkkRoFkZfØ;kJ;% ;% drkZ] rkn`'kdrqZ% ;% vkèkkj% Hkofr rL; vkèkkjL;
deZl×Kk Hkofr bfrA
4- vfHkfufo'k'p (1-4-047) vFkZ% vfHk&fu&bR;qilxZ};iwoZd&
fo'kèkkRoFkZ&fØ;kJ;% ;% drkZ] rkn`'kdrqZ% ;% vkèkkj% rL; vkèkkjL; deZl×Kk
Hkofr bfrA
5- mikUoè;kÄ~ol% (1-4-048) vFkZ%&mi&vuq&vfèk&vkÄ~&bR;srnU;re&
iwoZd&olèkkRoFkZfØ;kJ;% ;% drkZ] rkn`'kdrqZ% ;% vkèkkj% rL; vkèkkjL;
deZl×Kk Hkofr bfrA
6- drqZjhfIlrrea deZ (1-4-049) vFkZ%µdrqZ% fØ;;k vkIrqfe"Vrea
dkjda deZl×Ka L;kr~ &bfrA
7- rFkk;qDra pkuhfIlre~ (1-4-050) vFkZ%µ fØ;;k ;qDre~ bZfIlrreor~
vuhfIlrefi dkjda deZl×Ka L;kr~&bfrA
8- vdfFkra p (1-4-051) vFkZ%µviknkukfnfo'ks"kS% vfoof{kra dkjda
deZl×Ka L;kr~µbfrA
9- xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ'kCndekZdeZdk.kkef.k drkZ l .kkS
(1-4-052)
vFkZ%µxR;FkZdkuke~ (xeukFkZdkuke~)] cqnè~ ;FkZdkuke~ (voxeukFkZdkuke~)]
izR;olkukFkZdkuke~ (Hk{k.kkFkZdkuke~)] 'kCndeZdk.kke~ (;L; èkkRoFkZL;
x|i|eU=kkfn'kCn ,o deZ)] vdeZdk.kke~ (;L; èkkRoFkZL; deZ ,o u
Hkofr) p èkkrwuke~ v.;UrkoLFkk;ke~ ('kq¼èkkRoLFkk;ke~¾f.ktzfgrèkkRoLFkk;ke~)
;% drkZ Hkofr l% .;UrkoLFkk;ka deZl×K% HkofrµbfrA
10- âØksjU;rjL;ke~ (1-4-053) vFkZ%µâèkkrks% Ñèkkrks'p v.;UrkoLFkk;ka
;% drkZ l% .;UrkoLFkk;ka deZl×K% Hkofr bfrA
,oa izdkjs.k n'kfHk% lw=kS% deZl×Kk mDrkA ,oeso fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka n'k
ikf.kuh;s deZl×Kkfoe'kZ% 11
okfrZdkfu deZl×KklEc¼kfu pfpZrkfuA rs"kq pRokfj foèkk;dkfu] i×p fu"ksèkdkfu]
,da fuf"k¼L; fu"ksèkde~ vFkkZr~ lw=ks.kSo flè;frA rs"kq foèkk;dkfu okfrZdkfuµ
1- vdeZdèkkrqfHk;ksZxs ns'k% dkyks Hkkoks xUrO;ks¿èok p deZl×Kd
bfr okP;e~ (ok-la- 1103]11041) vFkZ%µvdeZdèkkrqfHk;ksZxs ns'kokpd%]
dkyokpd%] Hkkookpd% vèookpd'p 'kCn% deZl×Kd% HkofrA vdfFkra
p (1-4-051) bfr lw=ks.k vizkIrk;k% deZl×Kk;k% izkI;FkZfena opue~A
2- tYifrizHk`rhukeqilÄ~[;kue~ (ok-la- 11072) vFkZ%µtYifrizHk`fr&
èkkrwukefi v.kkS ;% drkZ l% .kkS deZ Hkofr bfr oDrO;e~µbfrA tYifrizHk`rhfuµ
tYifr] foyifr] vkHkk"krs] O;kgjfr] onfrµbR;kfnA xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ&
'kCndekZdeZdk.kkef.k drkZ l .kkS (1-4-052) bfr lw=ks.k vizkIrk deZl×Kk
vusu okD;su lEiw;Zr bR;FkZ%A
3- n`'ks'p (ok-la- 11083) vFkZ%µn`f'kj~&izs{k.ks èkkrks% vfi v.kkS ;%
drkZ l% .kkS deZ Hkofr bfr oDrO;e~µbfrA xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ&
'kCndekZdeZdk.kkef.k drkZ l .kkS (1-4-052) bfr lw=ks.k vizkIrk deZl×Kk
vusu okD;su lEiw;Zrs bR;FkZ%A
4- vfHkokfnn`'kksjkReusins osfr okP;e~ (ok-la- 11144) vFkZ%µgsrqefr
p (3-1-026) bfr lw=ks.k izkIrL; .;UrL; vfHkiwoZdonèkkrks% rFkk n`f'kizÑfr&
d.;UrL; p vkReusifnu% ;% v.kkS drkZ l% .kkS ok deZ Hkofr bfr
oDrO;e~µbfrA âØksjU;rjL;ke~ (1-4-053) bfr lw=ks.k vizkIrk deZl×Kk
vusu okD;su lEiw;Zrs bR;FkZ%A
,oa Øes.k n'kkuka lw=kk.kka rFkk prq.kk± okfrZdkuka p vFkZ% n`"V%A ,rS%
n'kfHk% lw=kS% prqfHkZ% okfrZoSQ'p deZl×Kk foèkh;rsA rr% deZf.k f}rh;k (2-
3-002) bfr lw=ks.k f}rh;k foHkfDr% flè;frA ,rs"kq n'klq lw=ks"kq drqZjhfIlrrea
deZ (1-4-49) bfr lw=ke~ vU;ree~A cgq"kq LFkys"kq vusu lw=ks.k deZl×Kk
Hkofr bfr gsrks%] izèkkuRokPp bna lw=ka fdf×pfno fopk;ZrsA
drqjZ hfIlrrea deZ (1-4-49) f=kinkReda lw=kfene~A v=k drq%Z ] bZfIlrree~]
deZ bfr infoHkkx%A dkjosQ (1-4-23) bfr lw=ke=kkfèkfØ;rsA v=k lw=ks izFkekFkZs
1- fl-dkS-lw-la 539
2- fl-dkS-lw-la 540
3- fl-dkS-lw-la 540
4- fl-dkS-lw-la 541
12 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lIrehfoHkfDr%A ,o×p dkjdfeR;FkZ%A bZfIlrre~ bR;=k O;kIR;FkZdkr~ vkIy`èkkrks%
èkkrks% deZ.k% lekudr`ZdkfnPNk;ka ok (3-1-7) bfr lw=ks.k lUizR;;%A rr%
vkIKI;`èkkehr~ (7-4-55) bfr lw=ks.k vkdkjL; LFkkus bZdkjkns'ks bZi~$lk bfr
fLFkrkS lU;Äks% (6-1-9) bfr lw=ks.k èkkrks% f}Ros v=k yksiksH;klL; (7-4-58)
bfr lw=ks.k vH;klL; yksis bZIl bfr tkrs rr% efrcqf¼iwtkFksZH;'p (3-2-
188) bfr lw=ks.k orZekus drZfj DrizR;;%A ddkjL;kuqcUèkyksis vkèkZèkkrqdL;s&
Ä~oykns% (7-2-35) bfr lw=ks.k bMkxes VdkjL;kuqcUèkyksis bZIl$br bfr
n'kk;ke~ vrks yksi% (6-4-48) bfr lw=ks.k vdkjyksis bZfIlr bfr tkrs rr%
vfr'kk;us refc"BukS (5-3-55) bfr lw=ks.k reIizR;;s idkjL;kuqcUèkyksis
bZfIlrre bfr tkrs lqizR;;s vekns'ks iwoZ:is p bZfIlrree~ bfr flè;frA v=k
bZfIlr'kCn% vfHkizsrij% uA fdUrq fØ;kokpd ,oA vfLeu~ lw=ks drqZ% bR;=k
DrL; p orZekus (2-3-64) bfr lw=ks.k "k"BhfoHkfDr%A
vkIy`èkkrq% O;kIR;FkZd%A izÑrs O;kfIr'p lEcUèk%A l p lEcUèk%
drìZ nkFkZfo'ks"k.khHkwrO;kikj}kjd%A ,o×p drkZ Lofu"BO;kikjiz;ksT;iQysu lEc¼qe~
b";ek.ka deZ bR;FkksZ yH;rsA mnkgj.ke~µpS=k% r.Mqya ipfrA v=k drkZ pS=k%A
rfÂ"Bks ;ks O;kikj%¾iwQRdkjkfn%A r=k rRiz;ksT;a ;RiQye~¾fofDyfÙk%A ;Fkk fofDyÙ;k
lEc¼qe~ b";ek.k% r.Mqy%A vr% r.MqyL; izÑrlw=ks.k deZl×Kk;ka deZf.k
f}rh;k (2-3-2) bfr lw=ks.k f}rh;k foHkfDr%A v=k lw=ks DrizR;;ksikÙkorZekuRoa
u foof{kre~A rsu dVa Ñroku~ bR;knkS Hkwrdkys] dVa dfj";fr bR;knkS
Hkfo";Rdkys p izÑrlw=ks.k deZl×Kk fln~è;R;soA
vfLeu~ lw=ks drqZ% bfr inkHkkos ek"ks"kq v'oa cèukfr bR;=k ek"kk.kka
deZl×KkizkfIr%A rFkk fgµlw=ks dr`xZ gz .kkHkkos dkjdkfèkdkjkr~ O;kikjiz;ksT;iQykJ;a
deZ bR;=k orZekuL;So vFkZL; ykHksu izÑrokD;s v'ofu"Bizl×tufØ;ktU;&
Hk{k.k:iiQykJ;Rosu ek"kk.kka deZl×Kk L;kr~A drqZ% bR;qDrs rq dr`Zfu"BO;kikj&
iz;ksT;cUèku:iiQykJ;RoL; ek"ks"oHkkokr~ deZl×Kk ok;ZrsA v=k ek"ks"o'oa
cèukfr bfr okD;s ek"kk.kka deZl×Kkokj.kk; lw=ksfLeu~ drqZ% bfr ineko';de~A
,oe~ bZfIlrree~ bfr 'kCnL;kHkkos drqZ#ís';a deZ bR;srkoUek=kksDrkS
i;lk vksnua HkqÄ~Drs bR;knkS i;l% deZl×KkifÙk%A ÑrHkkstuks¿fi i;ks yksHksu
vksnuHkkstus izorZr bR;FkZ%A v=k HkkstufØ;k;k% i;&mís';dRos deZRokifÙk%A
lw=ks bZfIlrre'kCniz;ksxs rq rL; fØ;k'kCnRosu i;l% rnk iQykJ;Rosu vfoo{k.kkr~
(laLdkjdRosu i;% dj.keso Hkofr) i;l% deZl×Kk u izorZrsA
v=k 'kÄïkµ
vfLeu~ lw=ks fØ;kokpdRocksèkukFkZe~ bZfIlr'kCnL; iz;ksx% vko';d%
bR;qDre~A rfgZ rkokuso 'kCn% vLrq reIizR;;L; r=k dk ok vko';drk\ bfrA
v=k lek/kue~
vfLeu~ lw=ks reIxzg.kkHkkos drqZjhfIlra deZ bR;so lw=ka L;kr~A rFkk p
okj.kkFkkZukehfIlr% (1-4-27) bfr lw=keL; lw=kL;kiokn% L;kr~A osQoya
okj.kkFkZdèkkrqukeso iz;ksxs rRlw=ka izorZrsA rnk vXusekZ.koda okj;fr bR;knkS
ek.kodL; deZl×Kk u flè;srA vfLeu~ lw=ks reIxzg.ks Ñrs rq bZfIlrs
viknkul×Kk] bZfIlrres deZl×Kk bfr O;oLFk;k ek.kodL; deZl×Kk flè;frA
deZ.k% foHkkx%µ
drqjZ hfIlrrea deZ (1-4-49) bfr lw=ks.k rFkk vU;S% lw=kS% ;r~ f}rh;kFkZHkwra
deZ mDra rr~ lIrfoèkfefr okD;inh;s oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjs1 p izfrikfnre~A
rnkfJR; v=k izHksnk% fopk;ZUrsA v=k okD;inh;L; 'yksdkSµ
fuoZR;± p fodk;± p izkI;a psfr f=kèkk ere~A
rPpsfIlrrea deZ prqèkkZU;Ùkq dfYire~«
vkSnklhU;su ;RizkI;a ;Pp drqZjuhfIlre~A
l×KkUrjSjuk[;kra ;|PpkI;U;iwoZde~«2 bfr
vkH;ka 'yksdkH;ka fuoZR;Ze~] fodk;Ze~] izkI;e~] vkSnklhU;su izkI;e~
(mnklhue~)] drqZjuhfIlre~] l×KkUrjS% vuk[;kre~] vU;iwoZde~ bfr deZ.k%
lIr izHksnk% izksDrk%A
bZfIlrrea deZ bR;L; bZfIlrrein?kfVrlw=kfofgra desZR;FkZ%A bZfIlrree~¾
drqZjhfIlrrea deZ (1-4-049) bfr izFkelw=kfofgra] rPpdeZ rq fuoZR;±
fodk;± izkI;fefr f=kèkk ere~A vU;r~ rq¾vU;r~ lw=kkUrjfofgra rq prqèkkZ
dfYire~A dFkfeR;r vkgµ;r~] vkSnklhU;su¾rkVLF;su izkI;e~] ;r~ p
drqZjuhfIlre~ ,rn~ };efi rFkk;qDra pkuhfIlre~ (1-4-50) bfr f}rh;lw=k&
fufnZ"Ve~~A ;r~] l×KkUrjS%¾viknkukfnl×KkUrjS%] vuk[;kre~¾vfoof{kre~A ,rn~
1- oS-Hkw-lk-lqcFkZfu.kZ;-s
2- ok-i-i-dk-lk-l-'yks-la- 45]46
14 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vdfFkra p (1-4-51) bfr r`rh;lw=kfufnZ"Ve~A ;r~ p vU;iwoZde~¾vU;r~
dkjda iwo± ;L; rr~¾;Fkk nsonÙkefHkozqQè;fr] nsonÙkkfnda ozqQèkæqg bR;kfniwoZlw=ks.k
lEiznkul×Kdefi ozqQèkæqgks#il`"V;ks% deZ (1-4-32) bR;usu deZl×Kdeso
HkofrA ,oa izFkelw=kfofgra deZ f=kfoèka] lw=kkUrjfofgra deZ prqfoZèkfeR;kgR;
deZ lIrfoèka HkofrA
'yksosQ bZfIlrrea deZ f=kèkk bR;qDrRokr~ osQpu vU;Ùkq bR;qDrs vuhfIlrrea
deZ rq prqfoZèkfefr O;kp[;q%A vuhfIlrdeZ.kka pkrqfoZè;k;ksxkr~ rn;qDre~A
?kVa djksrhR;k|L;ksnkgj.ke~A dk"Ba HkLe djksrhfr] lqo.k± oqQ.Mya djksrhfr
p f}rh;L;A ?kVa i';rhfr r`rh;L;A r`.ka Li`'krhfr prqFkZL;A fo"ka HkqÄ~Drs bfr
i×peL;A xksiky% xka nksfXèk i;% "k"BL;A ozwQjefHkozqQè;rhfr lIreL;A
lrh ok¿fo|ekuk ok izÑfr% ifj.kkfeuhA
;L; ukfJ;rs rL; fuoZR;ZRoa izp{krs« 3-7-47«
izÑrsLrq foo{kk;ka fodk;± oSQf'pnU;FkkA
fuoZR;± p fodk;± p deZ 'kkÏs iznf'kZre~« 3-7-48«
;nlTtk;rs l}k tUeuk ;Rizdk';rsA
rfÂoZR;± fodk;± p deZ }sèkk O;ofLFkre~« 3-7-49«
izÑR;qPNsnlEHkwra fdf×pRdk"BkfnHkLeor~A
fdf×pn~xq.kkUrjksRiÙ;k lqo.kkZfnfodkjor~« 3-7-50«
fØ;kÑrfo'ks"kk.kka flf¼;Z=k u xE;rsA
n'kZuknuqekuk}k rRizkI;fefr dF;rs« 3-7-51«
bfr1 r=kLFkS% ,o i×pfHk% 'yksoSQ% rs"kka y{k.kkfu p izksDrkfuA r=kµ
lrh ok¿fo|ekuk ok izÑfr% ifj.kkfeuhA
;L; ukfJ;rs rL; fuoZR;ZRoa izp{krs« 3-7-47«
izÑrsLrq foo{kk;ka fodk;±--- bfr Hkkxsu fuoZR;Zfodk;Z;ksyZ{k.keqDre~µ
v;eFkZ%µ;L; izÑR;ka fo|ekuk;ka lR;kefi ukJh;rs¾u foo{;rs] vU;Pp
;L; ok izÑfrjfo|ekuSo rRdeZ fuoZR;ZfeR;FkZ%A ;Fkk ?kVa djksfr] la;ksxa
djksfrA v=k% izÑfr% bR;qDrs miknkue~A miknku'kCn miknkudkj.kij%A tfudrqZ%
1- ok-i-i-dk-lk-l-'yks-la- 47&51
izÑfr% (1-4-30) bR;=k rFkk izÑfr'p izfrKkn`"VkUrkuqijksèkkr~1 bR;knkS rFkk
n'kZukr~A ;L; izÑfr% dk;kZHksnsu foo{;rs rn~ fodk;± deZA ;Fkkµe`na ?kVa
djksfrA lqo.k± oqQ.Mya djksrhfrA Hksnsu foo{kk;ka rq e`na ?kVa djksrhfr fuoZR;Zeso
deZA
v=k gsykjkth;s fuoZR;ZdeZ.k% e`nk ?kVa djksfr bfr mnkgj.ka nÙke~A
vEckd=khZ;s2 v;a Hkko%µ;nk fo|ekuk;k% vfo|ekuk;k% ok izÑrsfoZÑR;k lg
ê`na ?kVa djksfr* bR;kfn:ir;k vHksnfoo{kk] rnk u rfÂoZR;± deZ] izÑfr:is.k
iwoZfl¼Rokr~A ;nk rq Hksnfoo{kk r;ks%] ê`nk ?kVa djksfr* bfr rnk rfÂoZR;±
deZ] izÑrs% iwoZfl¼Ros¿fi rnkuha foÑrsfuZoZR;ekuRokfnfrµbfr O;k[;kre~A
,oa yksdizrhR;uqlkjs.k fuoZR;Zfodk;Z;ksyZ{k.kefHkèkk; 'kkÏÑUerkuqlkjs.k
fuoZR;Zfodk;Z;ksyZ{k.keU;Fkk Hkorhfr izn'kZ;frA fuoZR;± p fodk;± p deZ'kkÏs
oSQf'pn~ vU;Fkk iznf'kZre~ bfrA dFka funf'kZrfefr mDre~µ;n~ vlnso ln~
?kVkfnda tk;rs] rfÂoZR;± deZA vFkok lnso tUeuk ;Rizdk'krs bfrA lnso
dk;Zdkj.klkexz;~ k¿fHkO;T;rsA lnso lksE;snexz vklhr~3 bfr NkUnksX;JqR;qDrjhR;k
lRdk;Zokfnfl¼kUr%A
fodk;± deZ rq }sèkk O;ofLFkre~A }sèkk¾vkR;fUrd:ikUrjizkIR;k
fdf×pæwikUrjizkIR;k pA izFkeL; mnkgj.ke~µfdf×pRdk"BkfnHkLeor~A dk"Ba
HkLe djksrhR;=k dk"Ba fodk;± desZfr ;kor~A izdkjkUrja rqµxq.kkUrjksRiÙ;k¾
izÑr:ikifjR;kxsu xq.kkUrjL;¾vo;olfÂos'kknsèkZeLZ ; mRiÙ;kA mnkgj.ka lqo.kkZfn&
fodkjor~A lqo.k± oqQ.Mya djksfr bR;=k lqo.k± fodk;± deZA fodkj;qDra
lqo.kkZfn f}rh;a fodk;± desZR;FkZ%A v=k gfjxzUFks dk"Blqo.kZ;ksjso fodk;ZdeZRoa
Li"Ve~A dk"Ba HkLe djksrhR;knkS lrh ok¿fo|ekuk ok bfr izFkedYis
izÑrsjfoo{kk;ka dk"Bkfnda fuoZR;± deZ] rf}o{kk;ka rq fodk;± deZA ;nlTtk;rs
bfr f}rh;dYis rq izÑrsjfoo{kk;kefi dk"Bkfnda fodk;Zesosfr fo'ks"k%A Li"Va
psna gsykjkth;s4 rÙonf'kZU;k×p5A
izkI;a deZµ;=k¾deZf.k fØ;kÑrkuka fo'ks"kk.kka flf¼%] n'kZukr~¾izR;{kk&
1- cz-lw-1-4-23
2- ok-i-i-dk-lk-l-'yks-la- 47 O;k[;kus
3- Nk-m-6-2-1
4- ok-i-dk-lk-l-'yks-la- 47] 48 O;k[;kus
5- oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjs lqcFkZfu.kZL; O;k[;kus rÙonf'kZU;ke~
16 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
nuqekuk}k] u xE;rs] rRdeZ izkI;fefr dF;rsA ;Fkk vkfnR;a i';fr] xzkea
xPNfrA n`"Vs vn`"Vs vkfnR;s fØ;kÑrks fo'ks"k% izR;{ks.kkuqekusu ok¿oxUraq u
'kD;rs] xrkxrxzkes ok fØ;kÑrks fo'ks"k% izR;{ks.kkuqekusu ok¿oxUrqa u 'kD;rsA
,o×p n'kfHk% lw=kS% prqfHkZ% okfrZoSQ'p deZ.k% lIr izHksnk% lek;krk%A
rfnRFka izn'kZf;raq 'kD;rsA
1- fuoZR;± deZµpS=k% ?kVa djksfr bR;knkS ?kVkfn%A
2- fodk;± deZµdk"Ba HkLe djksfr lqo.k± oqQ.Mya djksfr bR;knkS
dk"BoqQ.Mykfn%A
3- izkI;a deZµpS=k% ?kVa i';fr bR;knkS ?kVkfn%A
,rs =k;% Hksnk% drqZjhfIlrrea deZ (1-4-049) bfr lw=ks.k flè;fUrA
4-vkSnklhU;su izkI;a deZ] mnklhua deZµxzkea xPNu~ r`.ka Li`'kfr
bR;knkS r`.kkfn%A
5- drqZjuhfIlra deZµnsonÙk% fo"ka HkqÄ~Drs bR;knkS fo"kkfn%A
,rkS }kS HksnkS rFkk;qDra pkuhfIlre~ (1-4-050) bfr lw=ks.k flè;r%A
6- l×KkUrjSjuk[;kra deZµpS=k% xka nksfXèk bR;knkS xokfn%A
v;a Hksn% vdfFkr×p (1-4-51) bfr lw=ks.k rFkk vdeZdèkkrqfHk;ksZxs
ns'k% dkyks Hkkoks xUrO;ks¿èok p deZl×Kd bfr okP;e~ (1103] 1104)
bfr ,osQu okfrZosQu p flè;frA oLrqr% èkzqoeik;s¿iknkue~ (1-4-24) bfr
lw=ks.k xks% viknkul×Kk izkIrkA fdUrq rnfoo{kk;ka deZl×Kk;ka f}rh;k foHkfDr%
flè;frA
7- vU;iwoZoaQ deZµowzQjefHkozqQè;fr bR;knkS ozwQjkfn%A
v;a Hksn% 1- ozqQèkæqgks#il`"V;ks% deZ (1-4-038) 2- fno% deZ p
(1-4-043) 3- vfèk'khÄ~LFkklka deZ (1-4-046) 4- vfHkfufo'k'p (1-4-
047) 5- mikUoè;kÄ~ol% (1-4-048) 6- xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ'kCn&
dekZdeZdk.kkef.k drkZ l .kkS (1-4-052) 7- âØksjU;rjL;ke~ (1-4-053)
bfr lIrfHk% lw=kS% rFkk 1- tYifrizHk`rhukeqilÄ~[;kue~ (1107) 2- n`'ks'p
(1108) 3- vfHkokfnn`'kksjkReusins osfr okP;e~ (1114) bfr f=kfHk%
okfrZoSQ'p flè;frA v=k ozwQjefHkozqQè;fr bfr mnkgj.ks ozqQèkæqgs";kZlw;kFkkZuka ;a
izfr dksi% (1-4-37) bfr lw=ks.k ozQw jL; lEiznkul×Kk;ka izkIrk;ka ozQq èkæqgks#il`"V;ks%
deZ (1-4-38) bfr lw=ks.k deZl×Kk foèkh;rsA
,oa jhR;k ikf.kuh;s deZl×Kk ;Fkkefr vH;o.;ZrA ;|=k nks"kk% lfUr
rs enh;k%A xq.kk% lfUr rs xq:.kke~« bfr 'ke~
«xq#nsokiZ.keLrq«
vkdjxzUFklwph
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3- 'kq-;-lafgrk 31@8
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5- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 6@34
7- JhlwDre~ 5
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9- lwjnkl inkoyh@ lwjlkjkoyh
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1- v{;qi- 11
2- ;ksxf'k[kksifu"kr~ 6@63
3- ;ksxf'k[kksifu"kr~ 6@62
4- f=kf'k[kczkã.kksifu"kr~ 2@29
5- xHkksiZ fu"kr~1
8- rstksfcUnwifu"kr~ 5@98
9- c`gnkj.;dksifu"kr~ 1@5@7
11- egksifu"kr~ 4@105
19- eS=kk;.;qifu"kr~ 6@30
20 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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xq.kifj.kkefo'ks"kkÂkukRoa ckáHksnk'p«7
1- rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kr~ 3@4
4- NkUnksX;ksifu"kr~ 7@3@1
5- Hkk"kkifjPNsn% defjdk- 85
6- rdZlÄ~xgz % euksæO;fu:i.kizdj.ke~
7- lka[;dkfjdk 26
v=ksnek'kÄ~D;rs ;npsrua eu% dFka ladYifodYikRedpsrudk;± drq±
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psruor~ izrh;rsA
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2- cz-lw-'kka-Hkk-2-4-17
22 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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2- Hkk"kkifjPNsn% 85
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1- okD;inh;a czãdk.Me~ dkfjdk 123A

¹ 25 º
26 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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3- okD;inh;a czãdk.Ma dkfjdk 82A
4- ikraty;ksxn'kZus 17A
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Loxs¿Z fi LoLodeZHkksxo'kkr~ LFkkua izkIuqofUr {kh.ks iq.;s eR;ZyksoQs fo'kfUrA
v=k thokReu% izfr{k.ka deZO;ko`rRokn~ èkekZèkeZ}kjk deZiQyHkksx% Øes.kSo
Hkofr] ,dfLeÂso le;s loZdeZ.kka izHkkofujksèk% u dnkfi lEHkofrA mDr×p&
¶vo';eso HkksDrO;a Ñra deZ 'kqHkk'kqHke~¸ ¶ukHkqDra {kh;rs deZ dYidksfV'krSjfi¸
bfrA eU;s¿ga ;n=k ;r~ fdefi uke:ikReda tx}Lrq n`';rs rRloZefi uke:ikReda
tx}Lrq&:iefuR;esoA ,rkork fdefLeu~ fouk'kksUeq[ks lalkjs\ vrks¿LekfHk%
loS%Z lEHkw; bZ";kZ&}s"k&?k`.kk&fuUnk&Lrqfr&NyNÁ&gkfu&ykHk&vlR;&dke&Øksèk&
yksHk&eksg&eRlj&oqQfVyrk&Lrs;&izi×pkn; bR;srs nks"kk% R;DrO;k%A ,o×p
fo"k;ksiHkksx'kDrkfu bfUæ;kf.k fujÄ~oqQ'kk'oor~ ifjHkzefUr] lkalkfjdinkFksZ"kq
fo"k;ksiHkksxs"kq p vkjefUrA rs"kkeqiHkksX;inkFkkZukekLoknueso ,rs"kka ijea y{;a]
ijUrq vusu fo"k;ksiHkksxsu bfUæ;k.kka dnkfi r`fIruZ HkofrA mDr×pksifu"kfn&
vkRekua jfFkua fof¼ 'kjhja jFkeso rqA
cqf¼a rq lkjfFka fof¼ eu% izxzgeso p«
bfUæ;kf.k g;kukgqfoZ"k;kaLrs"kq xkspjku~A
vkResfUæ;euks;qDra HkksDrsR;kgqeZuhf"k.k%«
;LRofoKkuokUHkoR;;qDrsu eulk lnkA
rL;sfUæ;k.;o';kfu nq"Vk'ok bo lkjFks%«2
ykSfdd% loksZ¿fi inkFkksZ¿fuR;% yksd'psfr ÑRok fofHkÂjlkLoknusukfi
jluk;k% r`fIruZ lEHkofr u ok fofHkÂ:in'kZusukfi p{kq"kks% r`fIrHkZofrA fda
'kCnsu d.kZL;] xUèksu ?kzk.kL; ok ;koTthoua r`fIr% lEHkofr\ u dnkfiA vr
,o ¶ukfXuLrÌ;fr dk"Bkuke~¸3 bfr okD;efi laxPNrsA fda cgquk\ losZ"kka
HkwryfLFkrkuka izkf.kuka thoue~ vkè;kfRedksÂfra fouk izk;% fujFkZda feF;kHkwreso
Hkofr ;rksfg&
vfo|k;keUrjs orZekuk% Lo;a èkhjk% if.Mra eU;ekuk%A
tÄ~?kU;ekuk% ifj;fUr ew<k vUèksuSo uh;ekuk ;FkkUèkk%«4
1- Le`fr%
2- dBksifu"kn~ vè;k;% 1 oYyh 3 'yksdla[;k 3µ4
3- HkfV~VdkO;e~
4- eq.Mdksifu"kn~ eq.Md 1 [k.M 2 'yksd 8
34 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
v=kkikrrks¿è;;u'khykuka osQoya deZf.k fujrkuka iq#"kk.kka fuUnk Ñrk
orZrsA vr% rL; fuxqZ.kfujkdkjL; lfPpnkuUnLo:iL; czã.k% vLekfHk%
mikluk drZO;sfrA ;;k thouL; lkFkZD;a HkforqegZfrA mDr×p&
vksfeR;sdk{kja czã O;kgjUekeuqLeju~A
;% iz;kfr R;tu~ nsga l ;kfr ijeka xfre~«1
vr% lR;efHkèkh;rs ¶lR;a ija èkhefg¸A izlÄõs¿fLeu~ HkxoRiknsu
JhePNÄïjkpk;sZ.kfi izksDre~µ
'yksdkèksZu izo{;kfe ;nqDra xzUFkdksfVfHk%A
czã lR;a txfUeF;k thoks czãSo ukij%2«
osnosnkUrxhrksifu"kfnR;kfn"kq xzUFks"kq loZjS fi egf"kZfHk% izfrikfnra ;TtxfUeF;k&
vfuR;inokP;ks¿;a lalkj%A osQoya czãSo lR;a ijUrq ew<fèk;% iq#"kk% u eU;Urs
rs foijhrkFkZeuqxÊ` fUr rs ew<fèk;% u tkufUr ;r~ fda drZO;a fdedrZO;feR;srfLeu~
fo"k;s fo}kUlks¿fi O;keksgÄõrk%A mDra fg Hkxork JhÑ".ksu&
fda deZ fdedesZfr do;ks¿I;=k eksfgrk%A
rÙks deZ izo{;kfe ;TKkRok eks{;ls¿'kqHkkr~3«
vrLrkonfLeu~ egkeksge;s dVkgs ijfo|k;k% mikluk drZO;k\ mr ok
vijfo|k;k%\ bR;srfLeu~ fo"k;s¿fi fnxHkze% ojhofrZ ij×p lalkjs¿fLeu~
lekxR; vo';eso fofpUruh;eLekfHk% fda drZO;fefrµ
dLRoa dks¿ga oqQr vk;kr% dk es tuuh dks es rkr%A
bfr ifjHkko; loZelkja fo'oa R;DRok LoIufopkje~4«
vr% ijeso y{;fuèkkZj.ka HkforqegZfr ;nk y{;fuèkkZj.ka l×tkra rnkµ
mfÙk"Br tkxzr izkI;ojkfÂcksèkrA
{kqjL; èkkjk fuf'krk nqjR;;k nqx± iFkLrRdo;ks onfUr«5
v=ksneoèks;a ;r~ ek;;ksifgrs lalkjs ek;;k o'khHkwrk% tuk% LoJs;Ldja
dY;k.kdj×p y{;a foLe`R; lkalkfjosQ O;ogkjs layXuk% HkofUr ,o×p rr~
1- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk vú 8 'yksd 13
2- JhePNÄïjkpk;Zfojfpra opufene~
3- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk vú 4 'yksd 16
4- JhePNÄïjkpk;Zfojfpra piZVi×tfjdkLrks=ka 'yksdla[;k 12
5- dBksifu"kn~ vè;k; 1 oYyh 3 'yksd la[;k 14
ijea èkke vlR;a txfnn×p lR;fefr LohÑR; iP;Urs ikideZfHk% ijUrq usna
tkufUr ;r~µ
vgU;gfu Hkwrkfu xPNfUr ;elkèkue~A
'ks"kk% vejfePNfUr fdek'p;Zer% ije~1«
èkekZuqxks xPNfr tho ,d% vkèkqfudHkkjrh;lekts ;ks Hkzeks O;kIrks orZrs
rL; fuokj.keo';eso drZO;a rFkk p uohupsru;k tkx`R;k p lgSo lektk;
uwruk fnd~ visf{krk orZrs ;Fkk p les¿fi psruksUeq[kk% tkx:dk% drZO;ikjk;.kk%
p Hkos;q% ,o×p Loijea y{;eifjR;T; lkalkfjda O;ogkja fufoZ?ua fu#á]
vUrs rr~ ijea lR;lk;qT;a izkIuq;q% bfr ¶;rks ok bekfu Hkwrkfu tk;Urs ;su
tkrkfu thofUr ;Riz;kfUr vfHk lafo'kfUr rn~ czã¸
;LekTtkra txRlo± ;fLeÂso izyh;rsA
;susna èkk;Zrs pSo rLeS KkukReus ue%2«
euq";thouesrr~ feF;koklukÄõHkwra] euq";thouL; pjea y{;a tuuej.k&
cUèkukUeqfDr% czãkReHkkokokfIr'pA ¶iqujfi tuua iqujfi ej.ka iqujfi tuuhtBjs
'k;ue~¸3 bfr eufl foHkkO; feF;kHkwrL; txr% oqjT; p lR;Lo:iije&
czãlk{kkRdkja ÑRok foeqfDr×p lEizkI; Lodh;a thouesrr~ lkFkZD;a /U;×psfr
eU;sefgA r|Fkk&¶reso fofnRokfre`R;qesfr ukU;% iUFkk fo|rs¿;uk;¸4A tUe&
tUekUrjlf×prikiiq.;izHkkodkj.ksuk/ksxfr% ln~xfr'okoyksD;rsA
rn~cq¼;LrnkRekuLrfÂ"BkLrRijk;.kk%A
xPNUR;iqujko`¯Ùk Kkufu/wZrdYe"kk%AA5
ekuo'kjhja ÑPNªrilkfrnqyHZ kr;k izkI;rs rr~ lEizkI;kfi ;fn HkfDrHkkoiwooZ Qa
Hkxo‰tua HkxoÂkeladhrZua 'kkL=kkuq'kklua ukpjse psr~ lEiw.k± thoua o`FkSo
;ki;se] ;rks¿fg&
dkSekj vkpjsRizkKks /ekZu~ HkkxorkfugA
nqyZHka ekuq"ka tUe rnI;/zqoeFkZne~AA6
1- egkHkkxre~
2- rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ f'k{kkoYyh izFke vuqokd 'yksd 1
3- JhePNÄïjkpk;Zfojfpra piZVi×tfjdkLrks=ke~
4- 'kqDy;tqosZnh;#æk"Vkè;k;h vè;k; 2 eU=k 18
5- Jhe‰xon~xhrk vú 5 'yksd 17
6- Jhe‰kxoregkiqjk.ke~ 7-6-1
36 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fo}kuihRFka nuqtk% oqQVqEca iq".kULoyksdk; u dYirs oSA
;% Loh;ikjD;fofHkÂ HkkoLre% izi|sr ;Fkk foew<%AA1
;nk eulk okpk deZ.kk vFk p loZrksHkkosusna lalkjelkjHkwra] ija
czãSoSoaQ ija lfnfr pkRefu fu'ph;rs fpÙko`Ùkhuka fujks/'p lEik|rs rnkuha
rR{k.keso thokReu% Lo:is¿oLFkkueFkkZr~ Lo:iflf¼HkZofrA mP;rs p&
;nk i×pkofr"BUrs Kkukfu eulk lgA
cqf¼'p u fops"Vfr rekgq% ijeka xfre~AA2
bUæ;kf.k ijk.;kgqfjfUæ;sH;% ija eu%A
eulLrq ijk cqf¼;ksZ cq¼s% ijrLrq l%AA3
bR;soa O;kdj.kU;k;iwoZehekalksÙkjehekalklka[;kfn'kkL=klEera fuR;k¿fuR;&
oLrqfoospua fofo/:is.kk=kksiLFkkfira ;FkkefrA
ggg
1- Jhe‰kxoregkiqjk.ke~ 7-6-16
2- dBksifu"kn~ vú 2 oYyh 3 'yksd 10
3- Jhe‰xon~xhrk vú 'yksd 2
'kkfUreU=k osQ fØ;kUo;u ls izÑfr esa lUrqyu

&MkW- jkuh nkèkhp
vuqnsf'kdk] jk-la-la-] ubZ fnYyh
¹'kDojhNUn%ifBrs ^|kS% 'kkfUr%* bR;kfneU=ks fufgra i;kZoj.klEcfUèk
rÙoa eq[;:is.kk=k fopkfjre~A &laúº
Hkkjrh; fpUruijEijk iw.kZr;k vikS#"ks; osnksa ij vkfJr jgh gSA
dkykUrj esa mls loZtulqyHk cukus dh n`f"V ls iqjk.k] mifu"kn~] Hkk";] Vhdk
vkfn osQ ekè;e ls ljyhÑr fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; fpUruèkkjk dk ;fn
lw{es{k.k fd;k tk, rks ge ;g tkusaxs fd ekuo&thou ek=k ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ
l`f"V izÑfr ls izknqHkwZr gS vkSj izÑfr ij gh vkfJr gSA HkkSfrd l`f"V osQ fy;s
ftu&ftu rÙoksa dh vis{kk gqbZ miknku osQ :i esa layXu os lkjs rÙo HkkSfrd
rÙo dgyk;sA ewyr% ;s rÙo i×pegkHkwr gSa & vkdk'k] ok;q] i`Foh] ty rFkk
vfXuA rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ dk dFku gS&rLek}k ,rLeknkReu vkdk'k% lEHkwr%A
vkdk'kk}k;q%A ok;ksjfXu%A vXusjki%A vn~H;% i`fFkohA i`fFkO;k vkS"kèk;%A
vkS"kèkhH;ks¿UUke~A vUuknszr%A jsrl% iq#"k%A l ok ,"k iq#"kks¿Uujle;%A1
ml vkRek ls vkdk'k laHkwr gqvk] vkdk'k ls ok;q] ok;q ls vfXu]
vfXu ls ty rFkk ty ls i`Foh mRiÂ gqbZA blh vkjksgh Øe ls jfpr l`f"V
dk foy; Bhd blosQ vojksgh Øe ls Øe'k% i`Foh dk ty esa] ty dk
vfXu esa] vfXu dk ok;q esa] ok;q dk vkdk'k esa rFkk vkdk'k dk vkRek esa
y; gks tkrk gSA ;s leLr rÙo HkkSfrd l`f"V esa vfuok;Z :i ls fo|eku jgrs
gSa] blosQ tud] iks"kd rFkk fodkl osQ vkèkkjHkwr gksrs gSa vr% gesa i×pegkHkwrksa
osQ izfr vknjHkko j[krs gq, izkÑfrd rFkk izkÑfrosQrj rÙoksa osQ izfr Hkh
J¼kHkko j[kuk pkfg;sA
i;kZoj.k osQ fpUru dks ysdj ftl izdkj dh ppkZ,sa rFkk 'kksèk ge
vfèkdka'kr% ns[krs gSa mlesa xw<+ oSKkfud fpUru ij cgqr izk;ksfxd dk;Z gks
1- rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ czãkuUnoYyh] izFke vuqokd 2-1

( 37 )
38 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
jgs gSa ;Fkk i;kZoj.k esa dkcZuMkbZ vkWDlkbM osQ c<us ls D;k nq"izHkko gks jgs
gSa\ feFkSu xSl osQ D;k&D;k nq"izHkko gSa\ ok;qe.My esa vkWDlhtu dks c<+kus
osQ fy;s gesa fdl izdkj izÑfr dk laj{k.k rFkk lhfer nksgu djuk pkfg;s\
bR;kfnA bl izdkj izÑfr dk oSKkfud fpUru ,d i{k gS ftl ij vfèkdka'kr%
'kksèk laxksf"B;k¡ rFkk 'kksèk ifj;kstuk,sa fØ;kfUor gksrh jgrh gSaA
nwljk i{k og gS tgk¡ bl izdkj osQ fpUru gksrs gSa fd gekjh ijEijk
esa izÑfr dks fdl izdkj ns[kk x;k gS\ izÑfr dks fdruk lEeku fn;k x;k
gS\ dSls cM vekoL;k rFkk ihiyiwue tSls fnolksa dh O;oLFkk dfYir djosQ
izÑfr osQ laj{k.k dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA fofHkÂ ouLifr;ksa osQ vk;qosZnh; rFkk
vkè;kfRed i{kksa ij fpUru djosQ muosQ leqfpr nksgu dk i{k izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gSA vc rd i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk izÑfr osQ nksgu dk oSKkfud rFkk
lS¼kfUrd fpUru rks cgqr gqvk gS fdUrq tks bl fo"k; dk oSf'k"V~; ;g gS
fd ;gk¡ izÑfr dk thou ewY;ksa dh n`f"V ls fpUru fd;k tk jgk gSA gekjh
ijEijk esa gekjs osnksa esa] iqjk.kksa esa] xzUFkksa esa bl i;kZoj.kh; leL;k dk lekèkku
miyCèk gS tks fd bl 'kksèkIk=k dk fo"k; gSA
vè;;u dky esa ;tqosZn osQ NÙkhlosa vè;k; dk l=kgok¡ eU=k tks fd
'kDojh uked oSfnd NUn esa fuc¼ gS mlosQ vè;;u ls eq>s izrhr gqvk fd
lEiw.kZ izÑfr osQ laj{k.k vkSj mlosQ izfr leiZ.k Hkko dk tks vizfre izfreku
bl eU=k esa izkIr gS ogh leLr l`f"V dk ewy gSA ftls fo}Ttu tkurs gSa vkSj
vusd yksxksa osQ thou esa ;g O;ogkj esa Hkh mrjk gqvk gSA og gS 'kkfUr eU=k&
m¡Q |kS 'kkfUr©j¤Urfj©{k¤¤'kkfUr©%
i`fFk¤oh 'kkfUr¤jki¤% 'kkfUr¤jks"k©èk;¤% 'kkfUr%A
ou¤Lir©;¤% 'kkfUr¤foZ'os©ns¤ok% 'kkfUr¤czZã¤ 'kkfUr¤%
loZ¤¤'kkfUr¤% 'kkfUr©js¤o 'kkfUr¤% lk e¤k 'kkfUr©jsfèkAû
gesa yxrk gS fd bl eU=k osQ oSKkfud i{k dks rFkk blosQ Hkko i{k
dks ;fn ge Bhd <ax ls le> ik,a rks gekjh ijEijk tks fd ewY;ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gS mlosQ ldkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dks izkIr dj losQaxsA izLrqr 'kksèk izcUèk
esa blh Hkko i{k osQ }kjk izÑfr osQ 'kkfUr Hkko] lke×tL; rFkk le`f¼ crkus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
1- 'kqDy;tqosZn & 36-17

'kkfUreU=k osQ fØ;kUo;u ls izÑfr esa lUrqyu 39
loZizFke gesa ;g tku ysuk pkfg;s fd ftu rÙoksa vFkok inkFkksZa dh
'kkfUr dh ge ppkZ djus tk jgs gSa mudk ifjek.k D;k gS\ D;k ge
i×pegkHkwrksa dh 'kkfUr dh ppkZ osQ ekè;e ls i;kZoj.k dh ppkZ dj jgs gSa\
;fn gk¡ rks iqu% iz'u vkrk gS fd bl i;kZoj.k 'kCn esa D;k&D;k ifjx`ghr
gksxk\ D;k isM&ikSèks ouLifr;k¡ ;k leqnz&ioZr&ufn;k¡\ ;gk¡ gesa viuh n`f"V
O;kid j[kuh gksxhA i;kZoj.k dk O;qRifÙkijd vFkZ gS& ifj$vk$o`$Y;qV~ tks
lHkh vksj ls] iwjh rjg ls vkofjr djrk gSA og i;kZoj.k gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj
dk HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd ifjos'k ftlesa i`fFkoh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk'k osQ
lkFk i`Foh ij mxus okyh ouLifr;k¡] isM+&ikSèks] ml ij pyus okys rFkk jgus
okys thotUrq] ioZr] ufn;k¡ [kfut inkFkZ] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd
O;ogkj] fØ;kdyki lHkh oqQN lfEefyr gSA ;tqosZn Hkh dgrk gS fd bl
lalkj esa tks oqQN Hkh gS mlesa bZ'oj dk fuokl gS vkSj ogh loZ=k O;kIr gSA
bZ'kkokL;fena loZa ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~Aû
eSdkboj] g"kZdksfoV~l vkSj Vh-,u- [kq'kq tSls egku~ fo}kuksa us Hkh
i;kZoj.k dks O;kid vFkZ esa izLrqr fd;k gSA i`fFkoh dk èkjkry vkSj mldh
lkjh izkÑfrd n'kk,sa] izkÑfrd lalkèku] Hkwfe] ty] ioZr] eSnku [kfut inkFkZ]
ikSèks] i'kq rFkk lEiw.kZ izkÑfrd 'kfDr;k¡ tks i`fFkoh ij fo|eku gksdj ekuo
thou dks izHkkfor djrh gSa] HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k osQ vUrxZr vkrh gSaA
okrkoj.k mu lHkh ckgjh n'kkvksa vkSj izHkkoksa dk ;ksx gS tks izk.kh osQ thou
vkSj fodkl ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA mu lHkh n'kkvksa dk ;ksx tks fd thoèkkfj;ksa
osQ thou vkSj fodkl dks izHkkfor djrk gS] i;kZoj.k gSA
vc ge ns[ksa fd gekjs osnksa esa fdl izdkj ls i;kZoj.k dks vuqowQy
cukus dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;gk¡ è;krO; gS fd osn jksx vFkok leL;k osQ
funku osQ ekxZ dks ugha dgrk vfirq osn rks ml ekxZ ij izo`Ùk djrk gS ftlls
leL;k vk, gh ukA ;fn osn dks lw{e fpUru ls i<k tk, rks ge tkusaxs fd
ftruh fpUrk osn dks i;kZoj.k dh gSA mruh vU; fdlh fopkjèkkjk dks ugha
gSA
'kkfUreU=k ij ;fn fopkj djsa rks loZizFke gesa tkuuk pkfg;s fd ;s
'kkfUr gS D;k\ nwljh 'kÄïk ;g gksuh pkfg;s fd |qyksd vUrfj{kyksd vkfn dh
'kkfUr ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ izFke iz'u dk mÙkj rks ;g gS fd 'kkfUr in ls vFkZ
;gk¡ ldkjkRed lksp] lÙoizèkku thou 'kSyh] lke×tL;] lkSgknzZ] lkSeuL; gSA
1- bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~&1-1
40 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
;fRdf×pnLrq lEizkI; LoYia ok ;fn ok cgqA
;k rqf"VtkZ;rs fpÙks 'kkfUr% lk x|rs cqèkS%AA
nwljh 'kÄïk gS fd |q vkfn yksdksa dh 'kkfUr ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ;gk¡ ;g
tku ysuk mfpr gksxk fd osn vukfn gSa fuR; gSaA i`Foh rks ckn esa vkbZ gSA
osn dh n`f"V gS fd leL;k dSls u gks\ osn dh n`f"V ;g ugha gS fd leL;k
lkeus vk tkus ij mldk lekèkku D;k gks\ tSlk osn dgrk gS ;fn r}r~
vuqlj.k fd;k tk, rks leL;k vk,xh gh ughaA esjh n`f"V esa ;fn bl
'kkfUreU=k dk thou esa fØ;kUo;u dj fy;k tk, rks izÑfr esa lUrqyu cuk
jgsxkA {kksHk ugha jgsxkA izÑfr fo{kqCèk ugha gksxhA lUrqyu fcxM+us dk uke {kksHk
gSA
'kkfUreU=k osQ ,d ,d in dks ysdj ge fopkj djrs gSa fd fdl
izdkj fdl Lrj rd 'kkfUr gks\
|kS 'kkfUr% &
osn esa |qLFkkuh; vusd nsorkvksa dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gS ftuesa lw;Z
izeq[k gSa lw;Z dh mikluk djuh pkfg;sA mldk rFkk mlls lEc¼ leLr dk;ksZa
dk lEeku djuk pkfg;sA mldk frjLdkj ugha djuk pkfg;sA mlosQ }kjk iznÙk
gj oLrq osQ izfr vknjHkko j[kuk pkfg;sA lw;Z viuh jf'e;ksa ls jl dk nku
djrk gSA lw;Z esa 'kkfUr gks] dgus ls rkRi;Z gS ;fn lw;Z osQ izfr ge J¼k Hkko
j[ksaxs vkSj og 'kkUr jgsxk rks mlosQ }kjk fd;s tkus okys lkjs dk;Z l`f"V esa
lqpk# :i ls pysaxsaA lw;Z viuh jf'e;ksa ls l`f"V dks ns[krk gqvk lEiw.kZ
vkdk'k dks Hkh izdkf'kr djrk gSA lw;Z fnu jkr cukrk gSA lw;Z dh fdj.ks tgk¡
iM+rh gSa] og txg ifo=k gks tkrh gSA ;g vUèkdkj ls mQij mBdj loZ=k
izdk'k djrk gSA vn`JeL; osQroks fo j'e;ks tuka vuqA HkzktUrks vXu;ks ;;kA
rjf.kfoZ'on'kZrks T;ksfr"Ñnfl lw;ZA fo'oek Hkkfl jkspue~A1
lw;Z esa jksxksa dks nwj djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA {k;jksx vkSj ihfy;k tSls
jksx lw;Z dh jf'e;ksa osQ lk{kkr~ lEidZ ls nwj gks tkrs gSaA
;suk©ikod¤ p{k©lk Hkqj¥.;Ura¤ tuka¤ vuq©A Roa o©#.k¤ i';©flA
fo |kes©f"k¤ jt©Li`¥'o gk¤fHkek©uks v¤ÙkqQfHk©%A i';¤×tUek©fulw;ZAü
1- ÍXosn&1-50-3&4
2- ½Xosn&1-50-6&7
m¤|Â¤| fe©=keg vk¤jksg¤ÂqÙk©jka¤ fno©e~A
â¤æ¥ksxa ee© lw;Z gfj¤ek.©ka p uk'k;AAû
bruh efgek okyk lw;Z 'kkUr gksA ;gk¡ 'kkfUr osQ fy;s gesa iwtkikB] eU=k
tki gh vfUre mik; ugha ekuuk pkfg;s vfirq lw;Z ls izkIr mQtkZ dk lEeku
djuk pkfg;sA lkSj mQtkZ ls fctyh cukus dk iz;kl] bZaèku cukus dk iz;kl]
lw;Z dh jf'e;ksa osQ vfèkdkfèkd mi;ksx }kjk mldh mikluk djus dk iz;kl
djuk pkfg;sA
vUrfj{k ¤'kkfUr% &
vUrfj{k LFkkuh; nsorkvksa esa bUnz izeq[k gSaA gesa bUnz osQ izfr Hkh
mnkjHkko j[kuk pkfg;s fd vkius gesa tks oqQN Hkh fn;k gS mlosQ fy;s ge
vkiosQ ½.kh gSaA tSlk fd ½Xosn esa dgk x;k gS fd bUnz euq";ksa dks clus
;ksX; cukrk gS] ioZrksa dks je.kh; djrk gS] og bruk foLr`r gS fd foLr`r
vkdk'k dks Hkh uki ysrk gS |qyksd dks O;ofLFkr djrk gS] og bUnz gSA
;% i`©fFk¤oha O;Fk©ekuk¤enà¢©g¤n~
;% iOkZ¢©rk¤u~ izd©qfirka¤ vj©E.kkr~A
;ks v¤Urfj©{ka foe¤es ojh©;ks
;ks |keLr©Huk¤r~ l t©ukl¤ bUæ©%AAü
bUnz vius Lrksrk dk izsjd gS pkgs og èkuh gks ;k fuèkZu] cl og Kkuh
HkDr gksuk pkfg;sA tks vius ;teku dk j{kd gS og bUnz gSA
;ks ja¤èkzL;© pksfn¤rk ;% Ñ¥'kL;¤
;ks cz¤ã.kks¤ ukèk©ekuL; d¤hjs%A
;q¥Drxzk©O.kks¤ ;ks©¿fo¤rk lq©f'k¤iz%
lq¥rlks©eL;¤ l t©ukl¤ bUæ©%AAý
bl izdkj vUrfj{k¤ 'kkfUr% ls gesa vUrfj{k LFkkuh; vkfn leLr
nsork rFkk muls lEc¼ leLr dk;Z{ks=k 'kkUr gksa rFkk tulkekU; dk thou
[kq'kgky cuk jgs] ;g Hkko ysuk pkfg;sA Hkkoek=k ls ;fn bUnz lEiw.kZ l`f"V dks
miÑr dj jgk gS rks gesa] tulkekU; dks vius eu osQ dkyq"; dks nwj djuk
1- ½Xosn&1-50-11
2- ½Xosn&2-12-2
3- ½Xosn&2-12-6
42 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
pkfg;sA fueZy eu ls bUnz dh vkjkèkuk djuh pkfg;s mldk lEeku rFkk
lRdkj djuk pkfg;sA mlosQ }kjk iznÙk ty dk leqfpr mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
ty dks O;FkZ xank ugha djuk pkfg;sA ;gh mldh iwtk gSA
i`fFkoh 'kkfUr% &
i`fFkoh LFkkuh; nsorkvksa esa vfXu izeq[k gSA vfXu osn dk lokZfèkd
egÙoiw.kZ nsork gSA vfXu lHkh dk fgr djus okyk] ;K dk izdk'kd] fo}kuksa
dk lgk;d rFkk èkuoku~ gSA v¥fXueh©Gs© iq¥jksfg©ra ;¥KL;© ns¥oe¥`fRot©e~A gksrk©ja
jRu¥?kkr©ee~A1 izlÂ ,oa 'kkUr vfXu leLr nsoksa dks cqykrk gSA v¥fXu%
iwo©sZfHk¥½f"k©fHk¥jhM~¥;ks¥ uwr©uS#¥rA l n¥soka ,g o©{kfr2 'kjhj osQ nsork 'kjhj esa
rHkh rd jgrs gSa tc rd 'kjhj esa vfXu jgrh gSA vfXu iqf"V] cy vkSj ;'k
iznku djrk gSA
v¤fXuuk© j¤f;e©'uo¤r~ iks"k©es¤o fn¤osfn¤os
;¤'kla¢© oh¤jo©Ùkee~AAý
ftl izdkj firk iq=k dk lgk;d gksrk gS] mlh izdkj ;g vfXu fo}kuksa
dk gj dke esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
l u©% fi¤rso© lw¥uos¿Xus© lwik;¤uks Hk©oA lp©Lok u% Lo¤Lr;s©Aþ
vr% gesa vfXu dk lEeku djuk pkfg;sA ;gh vfXu rhu izdkj dh
dgh xbZ gS &
oS'okujkfXu] xkgZiR;kfXu] nkf{k.kkR;kfXuA
i`fFkoh 'kkfUr% dk rkRi;Z ;fn i`fFkoh nsork ysa rks vFkoZosn esa i`fFkoh
lEcUèkh vusd eU=k izkIr gksrs gSaA vFkoZosn osQ }kn'k dk.M dk izFke lwDr
i`fFkoh lwDr gS ftlesa i`fFkoh dks vVy] lR;fu"Bk] {kk=krst lEiÂ] èkeZijk;.kk]
R;kxewfrZ] jk"Vªizse okyh] Hkwr Hkfo"; vkSj orZeku dk ikyu djus okyh dgk
x;k gSA
l¤R;a c`¥gn`¥req¥xza nh¤{kk riks¤ czã© ;¥K% i`©fFk¤oha èkk©j;fUrA
lk uks© Hkw¥rL;¤ HkO;©L;¤ iRU;¥q#a yks¤da i`©fFk¤oh u©% Ñ.kksrqAAÿ
1- ½Xosn] 1-1-1
2- ½Xosn] 1-1-2
3- ½Xosn] 1-1-3
4- ½Xosn] 1-1-9
5- vFkoZosn] 12-1-1
ftl i`fFkoh esa lkxj] egklkxj] unh] rkykc] oqQ,a] ckoMh] ugj] >hysa
feyus osQ cM+s&cM+s lkèku gSa] ftlesa vR;Ur m|ksxh] dykdkS'kyihBk] [ksrh esa
izoh.k vkSj ifjJeh yksx fn'kk fofn'kkvksa esa jgrs gSaA lcdk iks"k.k djus okyh]
jRuksa dks èkkj.k djus okyh] lc inkFkksZa dks vkJ; nsus okyh] jk"Vª dh mÂfr
esa lgk;rk nsus okyh] funzk] rUnzk] vkyL;] vKku vkfn nks"kjfgr] prqj]
m|ksxh] ijksidkjh] fo}ku~] 'kwj vkSj èkfud yksx ftldh j{kk djrs gSa og
i`fFkoh gesa Kku] 'kwjrk vkSj èku iznku dj gekjh j{kk djsA
;L;ka¢© leq¥æ m¤r flUèkq¥jkiks¤ ;L;k¤Âa¢© Ñ¥"V;©% lacHkw¥oq%A
;L;k©fe¤na ftUo©fr izk¤.knst¤Rlk uks¤ Hkwfe©% iwoZ¤is;s© nèkkrqAA
;L;k¤ÜÓr©Ï% iz¤fn'k©% i`fFk¤O;k ;L;k¤eÂa¢© Ñ¥"V;©% lacHkw¥oq%A
;k fcHk©frZ cgq¥èkk izk¤.knst¤Rlk uks Hkwfe¤xksZ"oI;Âs© nèkkrqAA
;L;ka¤ iwosZ¢© iwoZt¥uk fo©pfØ¤j ;L;ka¢© ns¤ok vlq©jku¤H;o©rZ;u~A
xok¤eÜÒk©uka¤ o;©lÜÓ fo¤"Bk Hkxa¤ opZ¢©% i`fFk¤oh uks© nèkkrqAA
fo¤ÜÒa¤Hk¤jk o©lq¥èkkuh© izfr¤"Bk fgj©.;o{kk¤ tx©rks fu¤os'k©uhA
oS¤ÜÒk¤u¤ja fcHkz©rh¤ Hkwfe©j¤fXufeUnz©Í"kHkk¤ æfo©.ks uks nèkkrqAAû
;fn i`fFkoh 'kkUr jgsxh rks l`f"VØe lqpk# :i ls pyrk jgsxkA i`fFkoh
esa v'kkfUr gksus ij HkwdEi rFkk Tokykeq[kh tSls izdksi ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA
vr% i`fFkoh esa 'kkfUr gksuh pkfg;sA
vki% 'kkfUr% &
ty osQ nsork itZU; gSaA ty dh 'kkfUr dk ;fn ykSfdd Lo:i ns[kk
tk, rks ge ikrs gSa fd ty gh thou gSA i`fFkoh ij 70 izfr'kr ls vfèkd
ty gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa 70 izfr'kr ty gSA ;fn ty gh nwf"kr jgsxkA v'kkUr
jgsxk rks egkizy; vk tk,xhA 'kjhj dk ty nwf"kr gksxk rks jksx&O;kfèk;k¡ 'kjhj
dks ihfMr djsaxh vkSj ckgj dk lkxj&unh&rkykc vkfn dk ty nwf"kr gksxk
vFkok v'kkUr gksxk rks leqnz esa miQku vkdj ck<+ vk ldrh gSA fo"kkDr ty
ihdj egkekjh iSQy ldrh gS vr% ty esa 'kkfUr jguh vR;Ur vko';d gSA
tc i`fFkoh ij es?k dh tyèkkjk,sa cgrh gSa rks o`{kkfn ty ihdj rÌr
gks tkrs gSa i`fFkoh Hkh iwjs fo'o osQ dY;k.k osQ fy;s iq"V gks tkrh gSA
1- vFkoZosn] 12-1-3&6
44 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
iz okrk¤ okfUr© i¤r;©fUr fo¤|qr¤ mnks"k©èkh¤ftZg©rs¤ fiUo©rs¤ Lo©%A
bjk fo'o©LeS¤ Hkqo©uk; tk;rs¤ ;r~ i¤tZU;©% i`fFk¤oha jsr¤lko©frAAû
itZU; osQ rhoz xtZu ls vdky tSls nq"V nkuo u"V gks tkrs gSaA Hkwfe
mitkmQ curh gSA ;gk¡ ikuh ls vFkZ rjyrk] fLuXèkrk rFkk is; leFkZrk ls ysuk
pkfg;sA itZU; osQ ldkjkRed gksus ij i`Foh ij tks oqQN Hkh gS lHkh oqQN
izlÂ gks tkrk gSA
vkS"kèk;% 'kkfUr% &
;tqosZn esa dgk x;k gS ouLifr;ksa dks gkfu er igq¡pkvks& ^^------ekiks
ekS"k©èkhfgZ¤lh¥èkkZEuks©-------** 2
¶vi% fiUo] vks"kèkhftZUo¸A3 ;tqosZn dgrk gS fd vkS"kfèk;k¡ euq"; dh
?kVrh izk.k'kfDr dk laj{k.k djrh gSaA vkS"kfèk;ksa dks nsoh:i esa] vkjkè; :i
esa ekudj mudh iwtk dh tkrh gS ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i mudk vR;Ur
vuqowQy ifj.kke n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
vFkoZosn osQ f}rh; dk.M osQ iPphlosa vè;k; esa î`f'uif.kZ* uked
vkS"kfèk dk o.kZu izkIr gS tks fd fofp=k iÙkksa okyh vkS"kfèk gS vkSj og
jksxÑfeuk'kd gS&
;Ues© v¤{;ksjk©fn¤|ksr¤ ik".;ksZ¤% izi©nks'p ;r~A
vki¤Lrr~loZ¤ fu"d©ju~fHk¤"ktka¤ lqfHk©"kDrek%AAþ
bl vkS"kfèk osQ iz;ksx ls xHkZikr] dSalj] eèkqesg tSls jksxksa esa peRÑr
dj nsus okys ldkjkRed ifj.kke lkeus vk, gSaA fiIiyh uked vkS"kfèk
okrjksx] f{kIrrk] ikxyiu nwj djus gsrq xwyj uked vkS"kfèk iqf"VoèkZu gsrq rFkk
jksfg.kh uked vkS"kfèk ryokj ls dVh gfM~M;ksa o ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks tksM+us osQ
dke esa vkrh gSaA vkS"kfèk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS ftldk iQy
LFkkbZ gks fdUrq o`{k LFkkbZ uk gks og vkS"kfèk gSA ;tqosZn esa vkS"kfèk osQ ewy dks
u"V u djus dk funsZ'k izkIr gSA i`fFkoh nsok;U;ks"kè;kLrs ewya ek fgafl"ke~A5
vkS"kfèk;ksa dks ek¡ osQ leku laj{k.k djus okyh crk;k x;k gS ;Fkk &
1- ½Xosn] 5-83-4
2- 'kqDy;tqosZn] 6-22
4- vFkoZosn] 6-24-2
5- ;tqosZn] 1-25
vks"k©èkh¤fjfr© ekrj¤Lr}ks© nsoh¤#i©czqosAû
oukuka ir;s ue%
o`{kk.kka ir;s ue%
vkS"kèkhuka ir;s ue%
d{kk.kka ir;s ue%AA
vr% gesa vkS"kfèk;ksa ls muosQ ldkjkRed izHkko izkIr djus osQ fy;s
mudk Lrou djuk pkfg;s] mUgsa lhapuk pkfg;s rFkk muosQ izfr J¼kHkko j[kuk
pkfg;sA
ouLir;% 'kkfUr% &
osnksa dk lw{e fpUru nsf[k, tgk¡ Hkko dks gh izeq[kr;k ns[kk tk jgk
gSA vFkoZosn esa dgk x;k gS fd o`{k izk.kok;q dk l×pkj dj euq"; dks thou
iznku djrs gSa vr% mUgsa ekuoek=k dk j{kd dgk x;k gSA o`{kksa dks iznw"k.k
jksèkd dgk x;k gSA os tho osQ izk.k:i gSA ijekRek dk tks #nz :i gS mlls
ouLifr;ksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS vr% ml fueZy :i ls izknqHkwZr gksus osQ dkj.k
ouLifr;k¡ nks"kksa rFkk iznw"k.k dks nwj djrh gSa vr% os loZFkk j{k.kh; gSaA ;n~
mxzks nso vks"kèk;ks ouLir;LrsuA
vr% osnksDr mu o`{kksa] vkS"kfèk;ksa dks vo'; yxkuk pkfg;s ftuls
iznw"k.k #drk gS vkSj ftuls vusdfoèk ykHkizkfIr gksrh gSA ;Fkk & v'oRFk
(ihiy)] oqQ"B (dB)] Hknz (nsonkj)] phiqnz (phM)] Iyl (fiy[ku)]
U;xzksèk (cM)] [kfnj ([kSj)] mnqEcj (xwyj)] xqXxqy (xwxy) vkfnA bl
izdkj osnksDr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj ;fn thou ;kiu fd;k tk, rks l`f"V esa
i;kZoj.k lUrqfyr jgsxk rFkk izÑfr Hkh le`¼ jgsxhA osnksa esa ouLifr;ksa esa
nsoRo dk n'kZu dj muosQ laj{k.k gsrq ,d lksp nh xbZ gS &
;ks nsoks vXukS ;ks vIlq ;ks fo'oHkqouekfoos'kA
; vks"kèkh"kq ;ks ouLifr"kq rLeS nsok; ueks ue%AA
orZeku esa ouksa osQ dVko osQ dkj.k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k osQ
dkj.k dbZ izdkj dh ouLifr;k¡ yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSaA vr% buosQ laj{k.k gsrq
gesa iznwf"kr gksrs i;kZoj.k dks 'kq¼ j[kuk pkfg;sA loZizFke 1927 esa igyh ckj
ou vfèkfu;e cuk rnuUrj 1972 esa oU;tho vfèkfu;e] 1980 esa oulaj{k.k
vfèkfu;e] 1981 esa ok;qiznw"k.k fuokj.k rFkk fu;U=k.k vfèkfu;e] 1986 esa
46 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vfèkfu;e vkSj 1988 esa jk"Vªh; ou uhfr cuhA fiQj Hkh vkt
rd ou o o`{k dkVs tk jgs gSaA osnksa esa izÑfr dh iwtk dk foèkku crk;k x;k
gS vr% i;kZoj.k ls tqM+s lHkh rÙoksa dk nso:i esa vkàku ,oa Lrqfr dh ijEijk
fodflr gqbZA vkt gesa de ls de budk ½.kh rks jguk pkfg;sA ;g rks
ekuuk pkfg;s fd geus buls oqQN fy;k gS rks buosQ vkxs ureLrd jgsaA o`{kksa
osQ thou ls izsj.kk ysuh pkfg;sA os gj fLFkfr esa gekjs dke vkrs gSaA dUn ewy
iQy ls ysdj cht] ruk] tM+ rd vkS"kèkh; iz;ksx esa vkrh gSA tc os lw[k
tkrs gSa rks [kkn osQ dke esa vkrs gSaA ;fn mlosQ rus dks dkVdj ydM+h dh
Vscy] est] oqQlhZ] iyax] >wyk] lh<+h cuk nh tk, rks og gesa lqfoèkk nsdj
gekjs eu dks 'kkUr djrh gS] ;fn ydM+h osQ VqdM+s&2 djosQ tyk fn;k tk,
rks Hkh vfXu ls la;qDr gksdj 'kSR; osQ izdksi ls og ydM+h euq"; ij cjis
izdksi ls mls 'kkfUr fnykrh gSA oqQN xfrfofèk u djrk gqvk Hkh o`{k viuh
'khry Nk;k ls ekxZ ls xqtjrs JkUr ifFkdksa dks 'kkfUr iznku djrk gSA
vr% gesa ouLifr;ksa ls] o`{kksa ls ;g xq.k ysuk pkfg;s fd ge fdlh Hkh
rjg] fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh dk Hkyk dj losQa] fdlh dks 'kkfUr igq¡pk
losQaA
fo'osnsok% 'kkfUr% &

fo'osnsoksa dh 'kkfUr dk dFku tks 'kkfUreU=k djrk gS mldk cgqr
O;kid n`f"Vdks.k gSA nsoksa osQ fu;e lnSo ,d ls jgrs gSa vr% os Js"B gSaA
mu fu;eksa dk mYya?ku u rks 'k=kq dj ldrs gSa vkSj u cqf¼eku lTtuA
|qyksd vkSj i`fFkoh yksd Hkh mldk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrsA blh dk ifj.kke
gS fd ,d ckj tc ioZrksa dks fLFkj dj fn;k x;k rks vkt rd os fLFkj gSa]
dHkh >qdrs ughaA bl rjg dh vkSj Hkh vuUr O;oLFkk,sa gSa ftuosQ dkj.k
fo'osnsoksa dh 'kkfUr dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA
rs fg oLoks¤ oLk©okuk¤Lrs viz©ewjk¤ egk©sfHk%A
oz¤rk j©{kUrs fo¤'okgk©AAû
½Xosn dgrk gS fd leLr yksdksa dk dY;k.k djus okys leLr nso
izlÂ gksdj] vÂ;qDr gksdj gekjs lehi vkosa vkSj loZnk r#.k os nso viuh
Ñik ls lEiw.kZ fo'o dks vkufUnr djsaA
1- ½Xosn] 1-90-2
bruk lw{es{k.k vU;=k nqyZHk gSA ftu&ftu rÙoksa osQ }kjk O;fDr oqQN
Hkh ikrk gS mudk loZFkk ½.kh jgs] muosQ izfr vknjHkko j[ks ;gh lUns'k osn
nsrk gSA
czã 'kkfUr% &
czã rks Lo;a 'kkfUr:i gh gS ;fn czã esa v'kkfUr jgus yxs rks og czã
gh ugha jgsxkA vr% loZ=k 'kkfUr O;kIr gks ;gh lUns'k 'kkfUreU=k ns jgk gSA
;tqosZn osQ 36 osa vè;k; esa loZ=k 'kkfUr dh ckr dh xbZ gS &
'ka uk©s fe¤=k% 'ka o#©.k¤% 'ka uks© HkoRo;Z¤ekA
'ka uks© bUæks¤ c`g¥Lifr¤% 'ka uks¤ fo".k©q##Ø¥e%AA
'ka uks¤ okr©% iork¤¤ 'ka u©Lrirq¥ lw;Z¢©%A
'ka u¤% dfu©Ønís¥o% i¤tZU;ks© v¤fHko©"kZrqAAû
bl izdkj osQ lk{kkr~ opuksa ls ;tqosZn loZ=k 'kkfUr dh dkeuk djrk
gSA i×pegkHkwr ;fn 'kkUr gksaxs rks lEiw.kZ izÑfr 'kkUr jgsxhA izÑfr esa ;fn
'kkfUr O;kIr jgsxh rks vkfRed 'kkfUr jgsxh vkSj lEiw.kZ txr~ 'kkfUre; gh gks
tk,xkA
loZ¤ 'kkfUr% 'kkfUr ,o 'kkfUr% &
;gk¡ osn dg jgk gS fd loZ=k 'kkfUr O;kIr gks] eSa n`<+ jgw¡ ftlls leLr
izk.kh eq>s fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa vkSj eSa Hkh lcdks fe=k dh n`f"V ls gh ns[kw¡A
eSa lcdks fiz; yxwa vkSj lc eq>s fiz; yxsaA bl izdkj vnzksgiwoZd jgrs gq,
ge lHkh dks fe=k dh n`f"V ls ns[ksaA
n`rs n`¤¤g© ek fe¤=kL;© ek¤ p{kq©"kk¤ lokZ¢©f.k Hkw¥rkfu¤ leh©{kUrke~A
fe¤=kL;k¤ga p{k©q"kk¤ lokZ¢©f.k Hkw¥rkfu¤ leh©{ksA
fe¤=kL;¤ p{k©q"kk¤ leh©{kkegsAAü
l`f"V dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx ty ls vkIykfor gS ;gk¡ osn dgrk gS fd
ty rFkk vkS"kfèk;k¡ gekjs fy;s fe=k Hkko ls fLFkr gksaA bl izdkj dh mnkj
thou'kSyh dh izsj.kk gekjk osn gesa nsrk gSA izÑfr dh fdlh Hkh jpuk esa dHkh
Hkh bZ";kZ] }s"k] oSeuL;] jkx] en] eksg] yksHk vFkok lkEiznkf;drk dh Hkkouk
1- ;tqosZn] 36-9&10
2- ;tqosZn] 36-18
48 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA ftruh fueZy] 'khry] lPph vkSj ljy izÑfr gS mruk gh
LoPN euq"; dks Hkh viuh izÑfr ls gksuk pkfg;sA loZnk loZ=k lq[k 'kkfUr
fc[ksjus dks rRijA
lkj :i esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd 'kkfUr eU=k esa tks 'kkfUr 'kCn
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS mldk vFkZ gesa O;kid ysuk gksxkA ml 'kkfUr dk vFkZ
lÂkVk ;k izy; ls dnkfi ugha ysuk pkfg;s ;gk¡ 'kkfUr in vknj] lRdkj]
lEeku rFkk ½.khHkko esa xzká gSA lw{es{k.k ls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ikrs gSa
fd ewyr% l`f"V osQ chtHkwr izk.kHkwr tks i×pegkHkwr gSa ;fn os 'kkUr jgrs gSa
izlÂ jgrs gSa rks lEiw.kZ l`f"V izlÂ izrhr gksxhA ftl izdkj dh dkj.klkexzh
dk iz;ksx djosQ oLrqfuekZ.k izo`Ùk gksxk Bhd mlh izdkj dh] mlh Hkko osQ
dk;Z dh flf¼ gksxhA i×pegkHkwrksa osQ v'kkUr gksus ls muls tU; KkusfUnz;k¡
Jks=k] Rod~] p{kq] ftàk] ?kzk.k v'kkUr gksaxh] bfUnz;ksa osQ v'kkUr gksus ls rTtU;
fo"k; 'kCn] Li'kZ] :i] jl] xUèk Hkh v'kkUr izrhr gksaxs vFkkZr~ foÑr gksaxsA
bu egkHkwrksa ls tU; desZfUnz;k¡ okd~] ikf.k] ikn] ik;q] miLFk Hkh v'kkUr gksaxh
rks rTtU; ok.kh] vknku] xeu] eyksRltZu rFkk iztuu Hkh v'kkUr gksaxsA
iQyLo:i fo'o esa loZ=k v'kkfUr] dyg] >xM+k] vlUrks"k O;kIr gks tk,xkA
bl lw{ekfrlw{e fpUru dks djosQ gekjh ijEijk] gekjh Kkufufèk] gekjh
èkjksgj] gekjs osn] 'kkL=k lEiw.kZ fo'o dh 'kkfUr dh dYiuk djrs gSaA vr%
fe=kksa gesa bl ijEijk dk lEeku djuk pkfg;s vkSj 'kkfUreU=k dk thou esa
ix&ix ij vuqlj.k djuk pkfg;s rkfd i×pegkHkwrksa ls tU; KkusfUnz;k¡ ;fn
'kkUr gksaxh rks fo"k;ksa dks ldkjkRed rjhosQ ls xzg.k djsaxhA desZfUnz;k¡ 'kkUr
gksaxh rks yksdO;ogkj vkSj uwru l`f"V Hkh 'kkUr rFkk izlÂ tUe ysxhA
iQyLo:i fo'o Hkj esa loZ=k 'kkfUr gh 'kkfUr O;kIr jgsxhA loZ=k [kq'kgkyh
loZ=k le`f¼ fn[kkbZ nsxhA vkSj ;s lÄïYi cqf¼thoh oxZ dks gh mBkuk gSA ge
lc vkt] vHkh blh le; ;gk¡ ls ÑrlÄïYi gksdj tk,sa fd ge bl 'kkfUr
eU=k dk lrr vuqlj.k] vuqLej.k] vuqikyu djsaxs vkSj lEiw.kZ txr~ esa 'kkfUr
dh ygj osQ okgd cusaxsA
¶m¡Q lg ukoorqA lg ukS HkquÙkqQ lg oh;Za djokogSA
rstfLoukoèkhreLrq ek fof}"kkogSA
Å¡ 'kkfUr% 'kkfUr% 'kkfUr%¸
ggg
Nk=kewY;kÄïuizfØ;k;ka
fo|ky;h;ifjos'kL; izHkko%
&gfjizlkn eh.kk
'kksèkPNk=k%] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~
¹Nk=kk.kka loZfo/fodklk; fofo/ewY;kÄïuizfØ;kfHk% fo|ky;h;&
ifjos'kL; izHkko% dhn`'k% Hkorhfr 'kks/ys[ks lE;o~Q foosfpr%A &laúº
mÙkefo|ky;ifjos'kL; mÙkeL; xqjks'p vHkkos f'k{kkizfØ;k dnkfi liQyk
u HkforqegZfr bfr vuqHkoos|% fl¼kUr%A rnFk± loZlkSfoè;lEiÂfo|ky;kuka
fo'ofo|ky;kuka p fuekZ.kkFkZefi loZdkjk% ÑrladYik% lfUrA oLrqrLrq x`gL;
fo|kyL; p ifjos"k% ,o ekuofodkls izeq[ka lkèkua HkofrA vr% loZ=kkfi
x`gL; fo|ky;L; p mÙkeksÙkeifjos'kL; fuekZ.kkFk± iz;Ruk% foèkh;UrsA loZdkji{kr%
vfi v=k fo'ks"kkoèkkua HkofrA r|FkkµmPpf'k{kk;k% leqfprfodklkFk±
fo'ofo|ky;kfnlaLFkkuka r=kR;ifjos'kL; fo"k;s i;Zos{k.kfufeÙka ,u~-lh-Vh-bZ] ;w-
th-lh- bR;kfnlaLFkkuke~ la?kVua ÑrefLrA rFkSo ekè;fedLrjs f'k{k.kL;
leqfprO;oLFkkfufera ,u~-lh-bZ-vkj~-Vh- jkT;Lrjs p ,l~-lh-bZ-vkj~-Vh- bR;kfnlaLFkkuka
la?kVua Ñra orZrsA vr% dFka fo|ky;L; izR;sdefi fØ;kdyki% lq"Bq tk;rs
bR;srnFk± izkè;kiosQH;% fo'ks"kr% izf'k{k.ka nh;rsA vU;foèka p loZefi O;oLFkkiua
fØ;rsA fo|ky;s"kq fo|eku;k mÙke;k ifjfLFkR;k mÙkesu p ifjos'ksu ,o
fo|kFkhZ vfi mÙkeksÙkea fodkla lEiknf;rqa 'kDuksfrA bRFka ifjos'kL; izHkko% u
osQoya Nk=kL; O;fDrRofodkls Hkofr vfi rq Nk=kfodklL; izR;sdefi fØ;kdykis
vfi Hkofr bR;r% ,o vè;;ukè;kiusu lg izR;sdefi fØ;k;ka ;Fkk vè;kius
f'k{k.ks ewY;kÄïus vfi ifjos'kL; izHkkofo"k;de~ vuqlUèkkua ÑRok rf}"k;s
egUegÙoa iznh;rs f'k{kkfof‰%A
f'k{kk;k% O;kidizpkjL; izlkjL; pkuUrjefi oLrqr% u d'pu vR;fèkd%
fodkl% f'k{k.ks rUewY;kÄïus u n`';rs dkj.kUrq ,deso fo|ky;s"kq izf'kf{krf'k{kdkuka
p vHkko%A ,rn~dkj.kknso fo|ky;s mÙkeksÙkeifjos'kL; fuekZ.ka dr±q u 'kD;rs]
¹ 49 º
50 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
;su Nk=kk.kka f'k{k.k&ewY;kÄïukn;% izfd;k% lq"Bq l×pkyf;raq 'kD;sju~A
fo|ky;ifjos'kL; lk{kkRizHkko% Nk=kk.kka fodkls tk;rs bfr cgwuka euksfonkefHkizk;%A
rnuqjksèksu rRifjos'kL; fuekZ.ka izf'kf{krizkè;kioSQ% fouk u lEHkkO;rsA vr%
iz'kkldkuke~ vè;kidkuka p fo'ks"kr% nkf;Rofena Hkofr ;r~ rs fo|ky;h;ifjos'ka
lE;d~ fuekZ; Nk=kfgra lEikn;s;q%A
v|Ros f'k{kktxr~ uSdizdkjk.kka uofpUrukuka LokuqHkwriz;ksxk.kka p dkj.kr%
izHkkfora n`';rsA fo|ky;L; la?kVukRed% ifjos'k% fo|ky;h;iz'kkluL; {ks=ks¿fi
egÙoiw.kkZ ladYiuk fo|rsA ,rnUrxZra fo|ky;s O;kIr% fofoèkizdkjd% ifjos'k%
mPpkr~ U;wuØes.k Js.khc¼% fØ;rsA Js.khdj.kk; fo'ys"k.kL; vkèkkj% vfi
izLrw;rs ;su rnkèkkjs.k fo|ky;s okaNuh;i;kZoj.ka l`T;rsA fo|ky;L; ifjos'ks u
osQoya r=kR;a HkkSxksfyda i;kZoj.ke~ vUrHkZofr vfirq fo|ky;L; izR;sdefi
rÙoa ;Pp fo|kfFkZua izHkko;fr rRloZefi fo|ky;L; ifjos'ks vUrHkZofrA r=k
fg ekuoh;lalkèkukfu] HkkSfrdoLrwfu] vkUrfjdekufldfpUrukfu p vUrHkZofUrA
ekuoh;lalkèkus"kq izèkkukpk;kZ%] f'k{kdk%] lgikfBu%] deZpkfj.k'p vUrHkZofUrA
HkkSfrdoLrq"kq fo|ky;Hkoue~] d{kkizdks"Bk%] ikB~;ksidj.kkfu] [kk|ikukfnoLrwfu
p vUrHkZofr] ,rnfrfjDra fo|ky;L; LFkkua] {ks=ka ifjr% fo|ekukfu i;kZoj.kh;&
rÙokfu] ok;q%] tye~] iznw"k.ke~] f'k{kdkuka O;ogkj%] lgikfBuka lg;ksx%]
deZpkfj.kke~ vkReh;Roe~] ØhMkax.ke~] ikB~;lgxkfeU;% fØ;k%] bR;kfnuh lokZ.;fi
rÙokfu vUrHkZofUrA ,rS% rÙoS% ,o fo|ky;L; ifjos'k% ifjiw.kZ% HkofrA
v;a ifjos'k% lqla?kfVr% psr~ vfHko`f¼% fuf'prk Hkofr ifjos'ks u"Vs fg
Nk=kfodkl% iw.kZr;k vo#¼% HkofrA vo#¼s fodkls thoua u"Va Hkofr bR;=k
ukfLr la'k;%A vr% fo|ky;L; ifjos'kL; Nk=kfodkls egrh Hkwfedk vfLr
,oA
ewY;kÄïuifjos'k;ks% vUr%lEcUèk%µ
Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjs tk;ekuxq.kkRedifjorZuL; voxeua ,o oLrqr%
ewY;kÄïue~A dL;kfi mÙkeewY;kÄïudk;ZØeL; Ñrs vko';defLr ;r~ rUewY;kÄïua
Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjs tk;ekua ifjorZua mfprjhR;k ewY;kÄ~fdrqa 'kDuq;kr~A fofHkÂfo"k;k.kka
f'k{k.kL; fofoèkkfu ,oksís';kfu HkofUr rFkk p fHkÂ&fHkÂksís';kuka izkIR;Fk±
fofoèkizdkjdk% vfèkxefØ;k% Nk=kk.kka lEeq[ka izLrw;UrsA fofoèkizdkjdfØ;k.kka
iQyRosu Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjs tk;ekukuka ifjorZukuka ewY;kÄïua ljya ukfLrA ,rfÂfera
fo|ky;s mÙkeO;oLFkk;k% mÙkeL; ifjos'kL; p egfr vko';drk HkofrA
;fn f'k{kd% mÙker;k izf'kf{kr% Hkofr rnk% l% mÙkekuka ewY;kÄïufoèkhuka
Nk=kewY;kÄïuizfØ;k;ka fo|ky;h;ifjos'kL; izHkko% 51
p;uefi drq± 'kDuksfr ;su ewY;kÄïua liQya tk;srA r=kkfi ewY;kÄïsu vR;fèkdk
vko';drk Hkofr fo|ky;L; izR;sdefi rÙoL; leqfprleqiyCèkrk;k%A
r|Fkkµ
;fn f'k{kd% fo'ks"kizdkjs.k Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjL; ewY;kÄïua drZZqfePNfr
fdUrq fo|ky;L; izkpk;Z% dks¿fi deZpkjh p lgdkja u djksfr psr~ ewY;kÄïua
liQya u L;kr~A mÙkekuka lkèkukuke~ vHkko% vfLr psnfi ewY;kÄïua liQya u
Hkosr~A Nk=kk.kka euksfLFkfr% ewY;kÄïuL; Ñrs fl¼k% ukfLr psnfi ewY;kÄïua
vliQyesoA bRFka fo|ky;izkpk;Z% r=kR;k% deZpkfj.k% lkèkukfu Nk=kk.kka euksn'kka
p ,rs losZ fefyRok ,o fo|ky;L; ifjos'k% bR;qP;rsA vr% fo|ky;ifjos'kL;
ewY;kÄïus egku~ izHkko% Hkofr bfr voxE;rsA
Hkkjrh;ifjos'ks ;% dks¿fi fodkl% dL;kfi tuL; thous lEHkofr l%
fodkl% fo|ky;Lrjs ,o pjeksRd"kZrka izkIuksfr bfr losZ"kke~ vfi f'k{kkfonke~
vfHkizk;%A rr% ,o lTturk nqtZurk p leqRiÂk HkofrA lEizfr Hkkjrh;ifjos'ks
80 izfr'krknfèkdk% ckydk% lkaLÑfrdghurk&laosxkRed&vkfFkZdnkfjæ~;kfn&
i`"BHkwfed;k fo|ky;s izfo'kfUrA vL;keoLFkk;ka rs"kka ekufldnqcy Z rkuka 'kksèkiwod
Z a
rs"kka O;fDrRofuèkkZj.kkFk± fofoèkfo|ky;h;O;oLFkk% rkn`'kk% mÙkeksÙkek% dYiuh;k%
Hkos;q% ;su okLrfod% fodkl% lEHkkO;srA ,rnFk± gh dkys dkys Nk=kk.kka
lrrewY;kÄïuizfØ;k vo';a pkyuh;k Hkosr~A ;rks fg ekè;fedLrjh;PNk=kk.kka
euksoSKkfud% i{k% vfi fo|ky;su lg iw.kZr;k lEc¼% vfLrA vfLeu~ ,o
dkys fo|kfFkZO;fDrRoL; vlarqfyr% fodkl%] fuEuckSf¼drk&laosxkuka p
izn'kZudkj.kkn~ la?k"kZfLFkfr%] volkn%] udkjkRedfpUruknhfu ekufldizo`Ùk;%
tkx`rk% HkofUrA ;fn dkys dkys rs"kka eukso`Ùkhuka ewY;kÄïua fØ;rs rfgZ o;a
f'k{kkizfØ;k;kefi ,rnuqxq.ka ifjorZue~ vkusrqa 'kDuqe%A
oLrqr% ewY;kÄïua ,dk lrrizfØ;k orZrs ;L;k% =khf.k lksikukfu lfUrA
rkfu fg mís';kuka fuèkkZj.ke~] vfèkxefØ;kuke~ vk;kstua] rL; ewY;kÄïua psfrA
f'k{kk;k% vfUrea y{;a ckydL; O;ogkjs ifjorZuku;ua HkofrA ckykuka O;ogkjs
rL; O;fDrRoL; cgo% i{kk% lEcfUèkrk HkofUrA ,rfLeu~ ,o ckák% vkUrfjdk'p
O;ogkjk% lfEefyrk% HkofUrA ;nk o;a Hkk"kkf'k{k.ka oqqQeZ% rnk ckydL;
ckáO;ogkj% rL; lEHkk"k.ks ys[kus iBus p vfHkO;Drk% HkofUrA vkUrfjdO;ogkjkLrq
vfèkxeus fpUrus Hkkokfn"kq p fufgrk% HkofUrA ,oeso xf.kr&foKku&lkekftd&
fo"k;&dyknhuka p f'k{k;k ckydkuka vkUrfjdk% rFkk ckák% mHk;foèkk% vfi
O;ogkjk% izdfVrk% HkofUrA fo|ky;s ikB~;ekuk% izk;% losZ¿fi fo"k;k% ckydL;
52 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
KkukRed&HkkokRed&fØ;kRedi{kkuka fodkla lEikn;fUrA rL; O;ogkjL; bekfu
=khf.k vfi izeq[kkfu vÄõkfu HkofUrA ;kfu cká&vkUrfjd'psfr mHk;ks% vfi
:i;ks% izkI;UrsA ;|fi f'k{k.ksu Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjs izkIrL; ifjorZuL; rqyuk
visf{krO;kogkfjdifjorZuS% fØ;rsA ;fn vkxrifjoZuO;ogkj% visf{krO;ogkj&
ifjorZukuka fudVk% HkofUr rnk f'k{k.kdk;± larks"kizna bfr oDrqa 'kD;rsA fdUrq
lUrks"kiznf'k{k.ka tkra u ok bfr fu'p;% lrrewY;kÄïu}kjk ,o lEHkofrA rnFk±
fg izR;sda fo"k;L; ewy;kÄïudkys izR;sda vfi fo|ky;h;rÙoL; lkgkÕ;e~
vko';da Hkofr ,oA
fo|ky;s u osQoya ijh{kk}kjk ,o ewY;kÄïue~ vfirq rL; O;ogkjs.k
vfi ewY;kÄïua lEHkofrA ;Fkk Nk=k% Nk=kkoklfuokldkys vkjf{ktusu lg
ikd'kkyk;ka ikpdkfnfHk% lg Lofe=kS% lg p dFke~ vkpj.ka djksfr bfr rs"kka
ekè;esu f'k{kd% fo"k;a KkRok Nk=kewY;kÄïua drq± izHkofrA ØhMk{ks=ks fofoèk&
dk;ZØek.kke~ vk;kstudkys p okLrfod:is.k Nk=kL; lkewfgdHkkouk;k% lÄ~?kVus
dk;Zdj.k'kDrs% p ifjp;% ewY;kÄïua p tk;rsA ,rRlo± rnk ,o lEHkofr ;nk
fo|ky;L; ifjos'ks fo|ekuk% losZ¿fi r=k lg;ksxa oqQoZfUrA vU;Fkk o;a
LiqQVr;k O;ogkjL; ewY;kÄïua drq± u 'kDuqe%A
fo|ky;s lkekU;r;k lrrewY;kÄïuizfØ;kdkj.kkr~ fo|ky;ifjos'k%
Nk=kthouL; Js"Brk;S egÙoHk`ra lkèkua HkofrA lekts fo|kyL; LFkku&egÙo&
vko';drkuka u fo"k;s LokfHkizk;a izdV;u~ ,l~- ckyÑ".ktks'kho;Z% dFk;fr
;r~ ¶dL;kfi jk"VªL; fodklL; izxrs'p fu.kZ;% foèkkulHkklq] U;k;ky;s"kq]
m|ksxHkous"kq p u Hkofr vfirq fo|ky;s"kq Hkofr bfrA¸
fo|kysH;% bna egÙoiw.k± LFkkue~ vèkksfyf[krdkj.ksH;% iznÙkefLrµ
ñ vfHkHkkodkuka O;Lrrkdkj.kkr~ fo|ky;k% ,o Nk=kthouL; lEiw.kZefi
mÙkjnkf;Roa fuoZgfUrA
ñ fo|ky;k% lkaLÑfrd&bfrgklL; laj{k.ks gLrkarj.ks p lgk;dk%
HkofUrA
ñ fo|ky;% ifjokjL; ckáthouL; p la;ksftdk dkfpr~ Ük`…yk orZrsA
ñ fo|kFkhZuka cgqeqf[kizfrHkk;k% fodklL; egÙoiw.k± lkèkua orZrs fo|ky;%A
v=ksne~ voèks;e~ ;r~ les"kkefi Nk=kk.kka O;ogkjs 'krizfr'kra ifjorZuku;ua
izk;% vlEHkoeso HkofrA rFkkfi ;fn lrr:is.k ewY;kÄïua fØ;rs rnk o;a
Nk=kewY;kÄïuizfØ;k;ka fo|ky;h;ifjos'kL; izHkko% 53
vo';eso Nk=kL; O;ogkjs ifjorZua dfLeu~ fnf'k tk;ekuefLr bfr foKk;
Nk=kO;fDrRofodkla lkèkf;rqa 'kDuq;keA
lkEizra fo|ky;s"kq fo'ofo|ky;s"kq Nk=kk.kke~ vèkhrfo"k;L; ewY;kÄïua
f}foèk:is.k fØ;rsA
1- vkUrfjda ewY;kÄïue~A
2- ckáewY;kÄïua pA
vkUrfjda ewY;kÄïue~µ
1- Kkue~µvkUrfjdewY;kÄïus izkFkE;su vè;kid% fdefi ikB~;ka'kefèkÑR;
Nk=kku~ rs"kka iwoZKkrfo"k;s.k la;ksT; ikB;frA
2- vocksèk%µ;Fkk losZ Nk=kk% fo"k;eoxPNs;q% rFkk foèkhuka iz;ksxa
f'k{kd% ikBudkys djksfrA
3- dkS'kykfuµd{;k;ka Nk=kk% lfØ;k% Hkos;q% rfÂfeÙka f'k{kd% eè;s
eè;s Nk=kku~ iz'uku~ i`PNfrA rs"kka Jo.ka] Hkk"k.ka] iBua] ys[kua] dkS'kykuka
fodklk; rsH;% voljku~ dYi;fr f'k{kd%A
4- vfHk#fp% vfHko`fÙk'pµifBrs"kq fo"k;s"kq Nk=kk.kka nk<Z;~ liknuk; vè;kid%
;Fkk'kfDr% ;rrsA vUrs p lIrkgs vFkok eklkUrs ok ,dka ijh{kka l×pkY;
Nk=kk.kka ewY;kÄïua izkIrkÄïku~ n`"V~ok djksfr ;rksfg vkUrfjdijh{k;k izkIrk%
vÄïk% Nk=kk.kka ;ksX;rk;k% izek.ki=ka HkofrA
ckáewY;kÄïue~µ
orZekudkys f'k{kktxfr cgwfu ifjorZukfu n`';UrsA ewY;kÄïun`"V~;kfi
egku~ dksykgy% Jw;rsA vr% Nk=kk.kka ewY;kÄïua fyf[krijh{kkfHk% u drq±
'kD;rsA bfr fonq"kka ere~A vL;ka i¼rkS d'pu fHkÂ% Øe% vkp;Zrs Nk=kS%A
cgwuka Nk=kk.kka iBus #fp% u Hkofr vFkok iBukis{k;k ØhMklq urZus xk;us
izfrLièkkZlq p #fpjfèkdk HkofrA rkn`'kk% Nk=kk% ;ksX;k% mÙkek'p HkofUr] ;rks
fg losZ vè;;us fuiq.kk% L;q% bfr fu;e% ukfLrA vr% Nk=kk.kka lEiw.kZfØ;kdykiku~
fofpUR; vè;kioSQ% Nk=kk.kka ewY;kÄïua drZO;e~A ;fn vè;;us U;wurk% n`';Urs
r=k vè;kioSQ% fo|ky;iz'kklusu p mÙke ifjos'ka fuekZ; ;Ru% foèks;% ;su rs"kka
#fp% vè;;us vfi Hkosr~A
oLrqr% ok×Nuh;xq.kkuka Nk=ks"kq lekos'k% ,o ewY;kÄïuinL; vFkZ% HkofrA
vusu izdkjs.k Hksn};efèkÑR; ewY;kÄïua fØ;rs f'k{kk;ka orZekudkysA
54 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ekiuewY;kÄïu;ks% vfHkizk;a foKk; vè;kioSQ% Nk=kk.kka ;ksX;rk;k% lE;o~QjhR;k
ewY;kÄïua drZO;e~A
vUrr'p bneso oDrqa 'kD;rs ;r~ f'k{kkFkhZuka O;fDrRofuekZ.keso Hkkjrh;&
f'k{kk;k% ewyeqís';a orZrs ;rksfg f'k{kk ekuolH;rk;k% ,deko';de~ vÄxa
orZr]s euq";s"kq p ekuoh;xq.kkuka fodkl% f'k{k;k ,o lEHkofr bfr rq fu'pizpesoA
f'k{kk;ka dyk] foKkue~] okf.kT;sfr èkkjk=k;s efLr"dL; fodkla ÑRok rs"kka
LoPNOfDrRoL; fuekZ.keso vLekda f'k{kk;k% y{;a HkofrA f'k{kkizfØ;k;k%
lkiQY;a rq fo|ky;h;ifjos'ks vkfJra orZrs fo|ky;s fg lEik|ekuklq fØ;klq
ewY;kÄïue~ vR;Ura egÙoiw.kZe~ vfLrA ;rks fg d'pu fo|ky;% d'pu
f'k{kdks ok ckydL; fodkllkèkus fd;fUer lkiQY;a izkIrokua bfr rq ewY;kÄïueso
cksèk;fr liQyewY;kÄïua fg fo|ky;h;a ifjos'kekJ;rsA vr% ewY;kÄïus mÙke&
ifjos'kL; egUegÙoa fl¼;frA
lUnHkZxzUFklwph
1- vyrsdj] vuUrlnkf'ko_ izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr%] uUnfd'kksj
cznlZ] okjk.klh
2- vkuUn] ';ke_ f'k{kk'kkÏe~] midkjizdk'ku vkxjk 2002
3- vkgwtk vkj~_ fjlpZ eSFkM~l] U;w nsgyh] jkorifCy'klZ laLdj.kµ2001
4- ik.Ms;] vjfoUn oqQekj_ laLÑr f'k{kk dk fodkl] vkfnR; cqd ls.Vj
fnYyh] 2004
ggg
dkO; dk lelkef;d 'kkL=k %

vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~
µvt; oqQekj feJk
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]
Hkksiky ifjlj] Hkksiky (e-iz-)
¹vkpk;Z&jk/koYyHk&f=kikfBfHk% fojfpr% vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkj&
lw=kxzUFk% orZekule;L; vfrfof'k"V% dkO;xzUFk% orZrsA lkfgR;&
'kkL=kn`"VÔk xzUFkks¿;a dhn`'k% egÙoiw.kZ% orZrs&bR;so 'kks/ys[kL;
o.;Zfo"k;%A &laúº
cgqifBr p£pr dfo leh{kd vkpk;Z jk?kkoYyHk f=kikBh th us tks]
^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~*1 uked dkO;'kkL=k xzaFk dk ys[ku fd;k gS oLrqr%
;g laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ vkèkqfud okÄ~e; osQ 'kkL=k xzUFkksa dh vR;fèkd U;wurk dh
HkjikbZ ek=k gS vFkok jsok izlkn f}osnh] ^vfHkjkt* jktsUæ feJ] jgl fcgkjh
f}osnh ;k g"kZnso ekèko] czãkuUn 'kekZ rFkk f'koth mikè;k; us tks Øe'k%
^dkO;kyÄïkjdkfjdk* vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~*] ûO;dkO;rRoehekalk*] ôkxh'ojhd.B&
lw=ke~*] ^dkO;lR;kyksd* rFkk ^lkfgR;lUnHkZ* uked 'kkL=k xzUFkksa dk ys[ku
fd;k gS mldh ;g egt ,d dM+h gSA ;k dgha ,slk rks ugha fd oqQN
uDdknksa osQ tfj;s vkpk;Z f=kikBh osQ bl dkO; xzUFk dks oSf'od tkek igukus
dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gS\ ysfdu ;g lp gS fd izLrqr dkO;xzUFk okdbZ esa
u;k gh ugha] cfYd vfHkuo xzUFk ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* tgk¡ Hkkjrh;
'kkL=k ¯pru ijaijk dks egiwQ”k j[krs gq;s mls vkSj rkfRod rFkk foLiQkfjr
fd;k gS ftlls dkO; leh{kk osQ vk;ke fuf'pr :i ls prqjÏ rFkk cgq
vk;keh gks mBk gSA mldk ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g Hkh ekuk tk ldrk
gS fd ftl izdkj vkuano¼Zu us vkpk;Z Hkjr osQ ukV~; ijd 'kkL=k leh{kk dks
lexz dkO;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa tksM+dj u osQoy bls lkfgfR;d vk;keksa dk
1- lEiw.kkZuUn&laLÑr- fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] 2005

¹ 55 º
56 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
mUehyu fd;k] vfirq lkfgR; osQ lkSUn;Z'kkL=k dh Hkh ,d ekuh[ks”k iwoZihfBdk
dk Hkh vkxk”k fd;kA mlh izdkj vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vius bl egÙoiw.kZ 'kkL=k
xzaFk dh igyh Vhdk esa gh ^yksdkuqdhrZua dkO;e~*«1-1-1« fy[k dj dkO;
iz;kstu dh vFkZoÙkk dks ifCyd cuk fn;k gS vkSj ml yksd dks vkfèkHkkSfrd]
vkfèknSfod rFkk vkè;kfRed ls tksM+dj viuh O;k[;k dks Hkkjrh; ijEijk ls
Hkh tksM+k gSA ysfdu è;ku jgs vkuano¼Zu tgk¡ jl osQ :i esa èofu dh
odkyr djrs gSa1 ogh vkpk;Z f=kikBh O;atukoknh fl¼kar dks y{k.kkoknh
fopkjèkkjk osQ oSQuokl ij vius rCljk osQ n'kZu dks vatke nsrs gSaA ysfdu bl
otg ls ;g le>dj pwd ugha djuh pkfg, fd mudh voèkkj.kk okeiaFkh
èkkjk ls dgha tqM+rk gks\ gk¡] ;gk¡ ;g rF; Li"V dj fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd
;gk¡ vuqdhrZu 'kCn esa 'kCnkFkZ osQ ln~Hkko rFkk jpuk izfØ;k osQ lanHkZ dks
fo'ks"k vFkZ esa fy;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd vkpk;Z f=kikBh th osQ fglkc ls ;s
rhuksa&vfèkHkkSfrd] vkfèknSfod rFkk vkè;kfRed&yksdksa dk vuqdhrZu gh rks
dkO; gS tks vuqUehyu] vuqn'kZu] vuqHko rFkk vuqO;kgj.k dh izfØ;k ls
fdlh Hkh dkO; esa lexzrk ykrh gS vkSj ;gh lexzrk vUrr% dkO; gSµ rsu
vyÄïkj ,o dkO;e~«1-1-1« ;gk¡ laHkor% oqQUrd osQ xzkE; lkSUn;Z osQ vk'k;
esa jl dh mn~Hkkouk fuehfyr gS ftls vyadkj rFkk yksdèkehZ rÙo osQ
lesfdr utfj, ls Hkh vUos"k.k fd;s tkus dh ”k:jr gS D;ksafd tc rd
fdlh dkO; esa yksd vFkkZr~ vk¡pfyd laLÑfr@jgu&lgu dh cqukoV dk
dlhnk ugha x<+h tk,xh] rc rd mlesa izHkkoh yksd psruk dk lapkj ugha gks
ldrk gSA bldk dkj.k lkI+kQ gS fd yksdèkehZ gh ukVÔèkehZ (bls lexz dkO;
èkehZ dgk tk ldrk gS) dks lqjf{kr j[k DykflDy cukrk gSA vr% Hkkjrh;
jl fl¼kar dh leh{kk esa lân; lkekftd osQ fy, tks 'kCn dks x<+k x;k gS]
dkO; rFkk ikBd@lân; osQ chp tks ikjaifjd dkO;'kkfL=k;ksa us cSfj;j cuk
fn;k Fkk] ml lhek js[kk dks lkekU; ikBd@tho ek=k vklkuh ls ikj dj
ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkpk;Z f=kikBh us Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ijaijk osQ
fu;ked rÙo&jl] xq.k] jhfr] èofu] o`fÙk vkfn dks vyadkj esa gh lesV fy;k
gS&a ¶jl'pkfi xq.kk'pkfi jhr;ks o`Ùk;LrFkkA losZ èofuizHksnk'p ;s izkphuS:nkârk%«
lfUèklUè;Äõo`R;Äõy{kkf.k rFkSo pA vyÄïkjL; ifjèkkS losZ pkUrHkZofUr rs« iwoZ
1- ;=kkFkZ% 'kCnks ok reFkZeqiltZuhÑrLokFkkSZA

O;Ä~Dr% dkO;fo'ks"k% l èofufjfr lwfjfHk% dfFkr% «1@13«
èoU;kyksd%] vkpk;Z vkuUnoèkZu
dkO; dk lelkef;d 'kkL=k % vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~ 57
esa tks izLrqr jpuk osQ ekDlZoknh@okeiaFkh ljksdkjksa ls tksM+dj u ns[kus dh ckr
mBk;h x;h gS] mldk cgqr cM+k dkj.k ;g Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS fd
ekDlZoknh lekykspuk rks lekftd&,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa fy[kh tkrh gS]
tcfd izLrqr vfHkuo dkO;'kkL=k rks ^jhMj vksfj;saVsM* (ikBdoknh) voèkkj.kk
dh laiqf"V djrk gS] ;g rF; vyx gS fd lèks leh{kd vkpk;Z f=kikBh us
vius vyadkj osQ 'kkL=kkL=k osQ mtZLoh ckSf¼drk ls 'kCnkFkZ osQ uoksUes"k'kkfyuh
izfrHkk dh NVk ck¡èk nh gS vkSj Hkr`Zgfj tks tkfr rFkk O;fDr esa Hksn djrk gqvk
tkfr ls mldk vFkZ yxkrs gq, lewg dh vewrZ iQyliQk ls yxk;k gS vkSj
vkxs ekuk gS fd iwjs txr dk ;gh vkfèkHkkSfrd] vkfèknSfod rFkk vkè;kfRed
Hkko dk lesfdr dysoj ^tkfr* Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ vkpk;Z f=kikBh
th osQ vyadkjoknh 'kkL=kkFkZ dh ppkZ ij cy fn;k tkuk blfy, Hkh ”k:jh
gS fd buosQ iwoZ osQ vyadkjoknh vkpk;ks± us vyadkj osQ cká lkSUn;Z ijd
c[kku rks [kwc fd;k gSA ysfdu blosQ i;kZfIr rFkk okj.k xq.kksa dks loZizFke
^vfHkuodkO;kyadkjlw=ke~* esa gh leqLFkkfir fd;k x;k gS ftls vyadkj 'kkL=k
dks ysdj ,d cM+k gh nwjxkeh iSQlyk ekuk tkuk pkfg,A ftl izdkj jloknh
vkpk;Z jl dks dkO; dk izk.k ekurs gSa] mlh izdkj vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vyadkj
dks gh dkO; dk thou ekurs fy[krs gSaµ¶vyÄïkj% dkO;thoue~«2A1A1«
vkfèkHkkSfrdkfèknSfodkè;kfRedfo'o=k;leqUehyuiqjLlja Hkw"k.kokj.ki;kZIR;kèkk;&
dRoeyÄïkjRoe~¸«2A1A2« yCèkizfr"B dfo vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vius bl
vyadkjoknh voèkkj.kk esaµ¶vyÄïjksrhO;yÄïkj%] vyÄ~Ñfr'pkyÄïkj bfr
fuoZpukn~ vya ok vja osR;qiine~ ÍxrkS èkkrksfuZ"iÂa xfra izfØ;ka ok O;ufDr¸
dh viuh o`fÙk esa vejdks'kdkj osQ fglkc ls ^vye~* in dks Hkw"k.k] okj.k
rFkk i;kZfIr tSls rhuksa vFkks± esa ysdj Li"V fd;k gS fd dkO; rFkk dykvksa
esa Hkw"k.k] okj.k rFkk i;kZfIr Øe'k% vkfèkHkkSfrd] vkfèknSfod rFkk vkè;kfRed
Lrj ij lapsruk osQ lalkj jprs gSa] ftl ijke'kZ :ih lapsruk dk lalkj miek
tSls vyadkjksa dks blosQ vkpk;ks± osQ }kjk blosQ vax¿xq.k] jhfr rFkk jl vkfn
esa ryk'ks tk ldrs gSaA jpukdkj vius l`tu osQ dkO; 'kjhj esa vius
vkfèkHkkSfrd dkO; 'kfDr ls ;ed dk rkuk ckuk cqurk gS] blesa vkf/ nSfod
dkO; 'kfDr ls gku] miknku vFkkZr~ mfprkuqfpr dkO; iz;ksx dks ij[krk gSA
blh rF; dks vkpk;Z okeu us Hkh vius ^dkO;kyÄïkjlw=kkf.k* esa ¶l
nks"kxq.kkyÄïkjgkuknkukH;ke~«1A3«¸ osQ :i esa dgk gS vFkkZr~ ^l [kYoyÄïkjks
nks"kgkun~ xq.kkyÄïkjknkukPp lEik|% dos%µ* og lkSUn;Z :i vyadkj nks"kksa osQ
ifjR;kx vkSj xq.kksa ,oa vyadkjksa osQ miknku ls gksrk gSA vkSj mlosQ ckn dkO;
58 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
l`tu dh vkè;kfRed 'kfDr@izfrHkk osQ ekè;e ls mlesa lkSUn;Z dk ije
fu[kkj f[ky mBrk gSA oLrqr% 'kkL=kdkj us vius bl uoksUes"k'kkfyuh fparu ls
osn osQ bu rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls tks oSf'od lexzrk dh ckr dh gS]
ml otg ls lkfgR; dk vyadkjoknh fl¼kUr dks u osQoy nk'kZfud rFkk
rkfÙod f{kfrt feyk gS] vfirq czãk.Mh; iQyliQk osQ lcc ls ik'pkR;
lkfgR; fpard yaqfl;u xksYMeku osQ lkfgfR;d lekt'kkL=kh; voèkkj.kk osQ
vkl ikl dk Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh ekuk tk ldrk
gS xksYMeku dk ekuuk gS fd iwjh nqfu;k dh euq"; tkfr dh laosnuk dekscs'k
,d tSls gh gksrh gS vkSj ;gk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkfgR; dh fo'oèkfeZrkoknh ,sD; dk
lekt'kkL=k X+kkSjryc gSA vkpk;Z f=kikBh Hkh dkO;iz;kstu osQ fMLdkslZ esa vius
vkyadfjd voèkkj.kk osQ blh oSfnd rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij dgk gS fd
lHkh osQ fy, nks twu dh jksVh] muosQ jgus dk leqfpr BkSj fBdkuk gh muosQ
fy, vkfèkHkkSfrd eqfDr gS vkSj lHkh [kq'kgky rFkk jkx&}s"k ls ijs jgsa] ;gh
muosQ fy,] vkfèknSfod eqfDr gSA lkFk gh lkFk vkRek esa Lo:i dk voLFkku
gh okdbZ esa muosQ fy, vkè;kfRed eqfDr gSµ¶vkfèkHkkSfrdn`'kk losZ lqf[kuks
HkoUrq] losZ yHkUrka 'kjhjiks"k.kkFk± lE;xÂikukfnde~] 'kjhjj{kk;S mfpra Hkoua
oklkafl psfr vkfèkHkkSfrdh eqfDr%A izlknek;kUrq] fudyq"kkfu p HkofURofr
vkfèknSfodh eqfDr%A¸ (vFk f}rh;ks¿è;k;%) ;g rF; vyx gS fd vkt tks
ikBdoknh (jhMj vksfja;sVsV) vkykspuk dh voèkkj.kk ik'pkR; ls ,d u;s
fl¼kUr osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gS ftlesa jpukdkj dh txg
vkykspuk osQ izfofèk rFkk vFkZ oSfoè; dh ehekalk osQ lkFk ikBd dh
lgHkkfxrk ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;k] mldk mithO; laLÑr osQ jloknh
fparu esa lân; lkekftd fparu ls ekuk tkrk gSA ysfdu vkpk;Z f=kikBh us
vyadkj dks lokZfèkd egÙo nsdj bl voèkkj.kk dks [kkfj”k djrs gSa rFkk
dkO; osQ iz;kstu esa tks lân; lkekftd osQ fy, crkSj vfèkdkjh osQ :i esa
'kkL=k Kku dh ckr mBk;h x;h gS] ml Kku osQ fcpkSfy, dks dksbZ egÙo ugha
nsrs gSaA vFkkZr~ dkO; dk ys[ku dksbZ [k+kl i<+s&fy[ks oxZ osQ fy, ugha gksuk
pkfg,] cfYd bldk fj'rk tuekul osQ fy, gksuk pkfg,A ysfdu mUgksaus u
dkO; iz;kstu osQ lanHkZ esa izfr O;fDr (thoek=k) osQ fy, pkSrjisQ HkykbZ dh
tks ckr mBk;h gS] mldk rkj xksYMeku osQ lkfgfR;d fo'oèkfeZrk ls FkksM+k
tksM+us dk iz;kl blfy, gS fd ;g ik'pkR; fo}ku~ BsB ekDlZoknh ugha gS
vfirq mlus lajpukokn dks vius LowQy osQ vU; fo}kuksa dh rjg ,d fljs
ls lhèkk udkj ugha nsrk gSA cfYd lajpukokn ls Hkh FkksM+k rkyesy cSBkus dh
dksf'k'k djrk gS D;ksafd lajpukokn lekt dh ladYiuk@voèkkj.kk laLÑfr osQ
O;kid rFkk cgqvk;keh vFkZ fy, gSa] tcfd ekDlZoknh iQyliQk esa O;f"V
Lokèkhu drkZ osQ :i esa viuk dksbZ lkeF;Z ugha j[krk gSA tcfd vkpk;Z
f=kikBh th oSls dkO; ys[ku dks Js;Ldj ekurs gSa tks O;fDrxr ikBd@Jksrk
osQ fy, Hkw"k.k] okj.k rFkk i;kZfIr dk ekxZ iz'kLr dj nsA vr% ;g ”k:jh gS
fd muosQ ygjh dkO;ksa osQ iqujkZfo"dj.k bl fygkt+ ls Hkh fd;k tk;A
vU;Fkk] ,d Hkkjrh; ekufldrk osQ iz[kj&vkstLoh ys[kd&fpard dh jpukvksa
dks le>us&le>kus esa cgqr cM+h Hkwy djsaxsA mlh izdkj vkpk;Z f=kikBh }kjk
ukVd esa nq";Ur tSls oqQyhu ik=k dh txg eYykg@ukfod osQ }kjk
^vfHkKku'kkoqQUry* ukVd osQ v¡xwBh dh ?kVuk dks :ikf;r fd;k tkuk Hkh
dkO; iz;kstu esa lekt dh eq[; èkkjk ls vyx&Fkyx iM+s oxZ dks vius
lkfgR; osQ ekè;e ls eq[; èkkjk esa ykus dk lkFkZd iz;kl Hkh Hkw"k.k] oj.k rFkk
i;kZfIr dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA vr% dkO;dkj f=kikBh th us dkO; rFkk
dkO;'kkL=k ehekalk n'kZu dks osn osQ oSf'od vk;ke ls xqafÝiQr dj mls tgk¡
'kk'or cuk;k gS] ogha vius foospu Øe dks ledkyhu ;qx èkeZ ls tksM+dj
lelkekf;d Hkh cuk;k gSA vr% bl iQyliQk dks eksuksVksul ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vkSj Vh- ,l- bfy,V vius ,d vfr egÙoiw.kZ ys[k ^VsªfM'ku ,aM
eksMZuhVh*] ftldk ftØ vkpk;Z f=kikBh th us viuh fdrkc û;k lkfgR;
u;k lkfgR;'kkL=k* (jktdey izdk'ku izk-fy- fnYyh 2012 bZ-) esa fd;k gS
mlesa bfy,V lkI+kQ rkSj ij fy[krk gS fd ys[kd tkus&vutkus vius vrhr]
orZeku ;k Hkfo"; osQ n'kZu&fparu ls t+:j izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj vkpk;Z
f=kikBh blosQ viokn ugha ekus tk ldrsA D;ksafd muosQ fparu osQ oSQuokl
ij oSf'od ckSf¼drk dk cM+k gh cgqvk;keh f{kfrt >ydrk gS tks ped
veweu laLÑr dh nqfu;k osQ vkdk'k esa vc FkksM+k ?kwlj lk yxus yxk gSA
izLrqr dkO; 'kkL=k xzaFk esa vkH;UrjkyÄïkj fu:i.k osQ Øe esa tks buosQ izdkjksa
esa izsek] vkÈkn%] fo"kknue~] foHkhf"kdk] O;Ä~;e~] dkSrqde~] ftthfo"kk] vagdkj
Le`fr (Lej.k)] lk{; rFkk mnkÙk dh O;k[;k izLrqr dh xbZ gS] oLrqr% og
vyadkj dh jpuk izfØ;k dk ,d uohu rFkk euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ekuk
tkuk pkfg,A mlh izdkj ckgÔkyÄïkjfu:i.k osQ Øe osQ vU;Fkkdj.ke~] Nk;k]
tkfr] vfr'k;] fojksèk] vlaxfr] miek] :id] mRizs{kk] nhid] ped] 'ys"k
rFkk y; vkfn osQ :i esa vyadkj osQ ,DlVjuy lkSUn;hZdj.k osQ vk;ke dk
tks rkuk ckuk&cquk gS] leh{kk osQ vfHkuo bUlVª°esaVy fe”kk”k dk tk;tk
vkpk;Z f=kikBh th tSls lèks lgdkjh fopkjd gh dj ldrs gSaA bldk rkfÙod
60 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fo'ys"k.k mudh iwoksZDr fdrkc ¶u;k lkfgR; u;k lkfgR;'kkL=k¸ esa cMs+
xaHkhj :i esa i<+k tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% vyadkj flI+kZQ lkSUn;Z osQ vkèkk;d
rÙo gh ugha gSa] vfirq lkSUn;Z'kkL=k osQ fudVre ijr rd igq¡pus dk ,d
èkkjnkj VwYl Hkh gksrs gSA okdbZ esa vkpk;Z f=kikBh th vyadkj osQ tks ikjaifjd
ek;us gSa] mlosQ vFkZ dks gh cny fn;k gSA muosQ fglkc ls ¶lkfgR; esa
vlaxfr vyadkj euq"; osQ pfjr dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh ,d izfofèk Hkh gSA¸
(¶u;k lkfgR; u;k lkfgR;'kkL=k¸] i`"B 16)A mlh izdkj viÉqfr okLrfodrk
dh igpku osQ fy, fd;k x;k fu"ksèk gSA (ogh] i`"B 28)A vkpk;Z f=kikBh us
bl rF; ij Hkh vk'p;Z trkrs dgk gS fd vIi; nhf{kr] iafMrjkt] fpajtho]
HkV~V nso'kadj] fo'os'oj vkSj JhÑ".k czãrU=k ljhosQ vkpk;ks± us fcuk dksbZ
jn~nkscny dj tl osQ rl ,d gh ifjHkk"kk fo"kknu osQ ckjs esa nh gSA ml
vyadkj esa osnuk] Vhl vkSj dpksV dh izèkkurk gksrh gSA bl fygk”k ls mUgksaus
^j?kqoa'k* (dkfynkl) ^g"kZpfjr* (ck.kHkV~V) vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ^MkW- ftokxks*
(cksfjl ikLrjukd) fo"kknu dk ,d l'kDr felky ekuk tk ldrk gSA ^MkW-
ftokxks* esa ykjk uke dh ,d LowQyh Nk=kk vius firk osQ cjkcj meznjkt
vkneh dksekjksOLdh osQ lkFk ekaly vkuaan dh vis{kk esaVy ,xksuh ls vfèkd
xqtjrh gSA ,sls rks vkpk;Z f=kikBh dh ^lq'khyk* ukfVdk L=kh foe'kZ dh utfj;s
ls iksLVeksMZfuLV fparu dk ,d u;k njoktk [kksyrk ekywe iM+rh gS] ysfdu
fo"kknu vyadkj dh n`f"V ledkyhu laLÑr ys[ku esa laHkor% lokZfèkd
dpksV rFkk d#.kk dFkk dks fcfEcr djrk gSA mls 'koqQUryk (dkfynkl) dh
vis{kk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk HkkoukRed vk?kkr dk izgkj vfèkd lguk
iM+rk gSA vr% vyadkj osQ vkH;Urj Lo:i dks 'kkL=kdkj us ftl lw{esf{kdk
rFkk dkO; osQ vUr% lkSUn;Z (;gk¡ lkSUn;Z dk lacèa k xgure~ laons ukRed@HkkoukRed
xgjkbZ osQ lacaèk esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,) dks rÙo Li'khZ :i esa eqdfyr fd;k
gSA bl otg ls mUgksaus vyadkj 'kkL=k leh{kk dk rdktk gh cny fn;k vkSj
mlls 'kkL=k leh{kk osQ u;s okrk;u Hkh [kqyrs gSaA mldk cgqr cM+k dkj.k
i;kZfIr vFkkZr~ vkè;kRe osQ yksd rÙoh; rCljk dk gksuk gSA mUgksaus mQij
^viÉqfr* dks okLrfodrk dh igpku rFkk vlaxfr dks euq"; osQ pfjr
fo'ys"k.k osQ vkS”kkj osQ :i esa tks ckr dh gS] og oLrqr% fdlh osQ O;fDrÙo
osQ cká fØ;k& dykiksa dks lkfgR; osQ ekè;e ls ij[kus dh ckr rks gS] lkFk
gh lkFk ges ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd vkpk;Z izoj us vkH;Urj vyadkj
tks fdlh osQ O;fDrRo osQ vUr% i{kksa dks vk¡dus dk vPNk iQkewZyk gks ldrk
gSA okdbZ esa og dkO;@dkO;'kkL=k vfHktkR;h; ekufldrk osQ n'kZfud
fl¼kar@dlkSVh ls f[kldrk gqvk yksdksUeq[kh i`"VHkwfe ij leqiLFkkfir gksrk
fn[krk gS tks oLrqr% oj.k rFkk Hkw"k.k osQ dkO; NÂki=k ls Nurk gqvk yksd
tU; gks tkrk gSA fojksèk vyadkj oLrqr% lkfgR; vkSj bfrgkl osQ chp Hkh ,d
utnhdh fj'rk ryk'k djrk u”kj vkrk gSA p£pr 'kkL=kdkj f=kikBh us bl
vyadkj osQ gokys ÍXosn osQ ^fdro lwDr* dk ftØ djrs fy[kk gS fd blesa
fojksèk vyadkj Hkjk ijk gSA vkpk;Z f=kikBh th mlosQ fy, ^ÍXosn* (10@359)
osQ ml ea=k dk Hkh ftØ djrs gSa ftlesa fy[kk x;k gS fd tc tqvkjh tqvk
[ksyrk gS rks mldk iklk dHkh uhps rks dHkh mQij mNyrs gSaA deky dh ckr
gS] bl ikls osQ ikl viuk dksbZ gkFk ugha gksrk] fiQj Hkh tqvkjh dks gh [ksr
vkuk iM+rk gSA mldh ped rks fnO; gSa] ysfdu ygdrs vkx dh yiVksa dh
rjg ?kksj lUrki osQ dkj.k cuus gSaA ;g iklk Nwus esa rks 'khry gksus osQ
okotwn] tqvkjh dk vUr% dj.k dkI+kQh Hk;Hkhr jgrk gS vkSj [+krjk cuh jgrh
gS ekr gksus dhµ¶uhpk orZUrs mifj LiqQjUR;gLrklks gLroUra lgUrs¸A (10@359)A
'kkL=kdkj }kjk fojksèk vyadkj dk rkj lhèks ÍXosn ls tksM+dj iqu% bls
HkoHkwfr osQ ^mÙkjjkepfjr* tSls ykSfdd laLÑr esa oklUrh }kjk jke dh dBksj
HkRlZuk ls ykdj tksM+ nsuk ftlesa oklUrh dgrh gSµgs dBksj! rqEgsa ;'k I;kjk
gS] ,slh izflf¼ gS] fdUrq blls cM+k ?kksj vi;'k D;k gks ldrk gS\ taxy esa
e`xu;uh lhrk dk D;k gqvk\ gs ukFk! dfg,] [ksn gS oSQlk le>rs gS\ okLro
esa ,slh Ükà[kfyr vyadkjoknh fparu dkO;'kkL=k osQ ewy Hkkjrh;rk dks ,d u;s
<ax ls mUesf"kr djrk gSA X+kkSjryc gS fd vke rkSj ij tks Hkh vyadkjoknh
vkpk;Z gS]a fo'ks"kdj ledkyhu 'kkL=kkdkj vius 'kkL=kijd fparu dks leqiLFkkfir
dj mls viuh jpukvksa osQ ekè;e ls gh mUehfyr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa]
ftldk ifj.kke ;g fudyrk gS fd muosQ 'kkL=k leh{kk osQ izlax esa muosQ
iwoZorhZ&ledkyhu vkSj vPNs u”khj ikBdksa rd ugha igq¡p ikrs gSaA ysfdu
vkpk;Z f=kikBh dks bl n`f"V ls iwjk dk iwjk vyx ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd
mUgksaus Hkh fNV&iqV <ax ls vius 'kkL=k fparu osQ izlax esa viuh jpukvksa dk
mnkgj.k fn;k gSA ysfdu è;ku jgs budh 'kkL=k psruk oSf'od vk;ke dks
vUosf"kr djus dk lkFkZd iz;kl djrk gSA iQyr% os viuh gh jpukvksa osQ
pDdj esa vU; ledkyhu 'kkL=kdkjksa dh rjg ugha i¡Qlrs gSaA lkekU;r%
lkEizfrd laLÑr uD+o+Qkn muosQ vyadkj tU; voèkkj.kk esa i;kZfIr ftldk
fj'rk osn osQ f=kdkykRed Kku dh rhljh dM+h vkè;kfRed Hkko dk [kwc
vyki yxkrs gSaA ysfdu è;ku jgs fd vkpk;Z jk?kkoYyHk f=kikBh us vyadkj
dks dkO; dk loZizèkku thou nk;d rÙo osQ :i esa tks LFkkiuk dh gS mlls
62 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
u osQoy vyadkj'kkL=k dks fiQj ls lqLFkkfir djus esa nk'kZfud vkSj rkfÙod
vkèkkj feyk ftldh dM+h osn ls ysdj lelkef;d oSf'od vnch okrk;u
ls Hkh tqM+rk gSA bl fygkt ls tgk¡ ^MkW- f'kdkxks* dk izlax Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS
ogha lkfgR; leh{kk (laLÑr) tks ewyr% jl@Nan vkfn Hkkoksa ls tdM+k Fkk]
mldh txg izèkku :i ls vyadkj osQ tfj, fyVjsjh ØhfVfLk”e dks
lkekftd&jktuSfrd&lkaLÑfrd vkèkkj] ftlosQ osQUæ esa euq"; gh ugha vfirq
izkf.k ek=k dks Hkh vk¡dus dk Hkwjiwj Lisl fn;k x;k rFkk laLÑr osQ
vyadkjoknh vkpk;Z tks vyadkjksa dh la[;k esa mÙkjksÙkj rk¡rk yxkrs gq,
lkfgR;@dkO; ij ikf.MR; izn'kZu osQ vius pks[ks jax jksxu esa yxs jgs] ml
izn'kZu osQ Hkkoksa lkjxfHkZr dj 'kkL=k O;k[;k dk ,d u;k mUes"k fn;kA
vyadkj tks 'kjhj osQ cká vkHkw"k.k rd gh lhfer Fkk] mls blosQ vykok
vkH;UrjkyÄïkj dk rxek iguk dj jl dh rjg gh dkO; osQ vUr lkSUn;Z
Hkko vkSj bldk Hkh è;ku jgs fd jloknh vkpk;Z tgk¡ jl dks cã rks ugha
vfirq czã ln`'k ekul@vkfRed vkuan ij ckSf¼drk dk ysi p<+k dj jhMj
vksfja;VsV jlkuqHkfr izfØ;k dks oxZ fo'ks"k dks egÙo fn;k x;kA ogha vkpk;Z
f=kikBh us vyadkj dh lÙkk LFkkfir dj ikBd rFkk dkO;kuan dh [kkbZ dks
Hkjus dh ”k:j dksf'k'k dh gS vkSj vyadkj osQ vkH;Urj Lo:i osQ ekè;e
ls dkO; rÙo osQ vUr%lk{; osQ lekt'kkL=k dks u;s <ax ls foosfpr djus dk
iz;kl fd;k gSA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd vkpk;Z izoj us vius dkO;
iz;kstu osQ izlax esa dgrs gSa fdµ¶dkO;kuqHkwrkS rq eqDrsjuqHko% izR;{k ,o
lpsrlke~A dkO;a jpf;Rok dosjfi eqfDr%] Hkkof;Rok p lân;L;k¿fiA vr%
,oksDre~&izekrk dfo% lân;'p¸ vFkkZr~ dkO;kuqHkwfr esa tks lân;ksa dks crkSj
fcYoqQy lhèks :i esa (izR;{kr%) eqfDr dk ,glkl gksrk gS vkSj l`tuèkfeZrk
ls jpukdkj dks lhèkk eqfDr dk vuqHko gksrk gSA blfy, dk;ns ls jpukdkj
rFkk lân; lekftd nksuksa gh vius vius Lrj ij izekrk gksus dk go+Qnkj gksrk
gSA vr% ;gk¡ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mnwZ rFkk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ tkus ekus
uDO+kQkn izks- xksihpUn ukjax jhMj vksfj;aVsM ik'pkR; leh{kk osQ fl¼kUr dk
mRl Hkkjrh; izkP; dkO;'kkL=k esa vUosf"kr djrs fn[krs gSa] ml iQyliQk dks
izkP; dkO;'kkL=k dh vis{kk vkpk;Z f=kikBh osQ dfo&lân; lkekftdksa esa
vfèkd rÙo Li"V fn[krs gSa D;ksafd leh{kk dk ;g ik'pkR; ikBdoknh LowQy
jpuk izfØ;k esa ikBd dh fo'ks"k ekStwnxh osQ lkFk ys[kd dh lÙkk osQ
jpukèkfeZrk osQ vfèkdkj dh O;k[;k dh pqukSrh nsrk gSA vkpk;Z f=kikBh us Hkh
jpuk izfØ;k rFkk jpukdkj osQ chp ikBd@lân; lkekftd dks cjkcjh dk
fgLlk fn;k gSA vkSj Hkkjrh; iajijk esa dkO; osQ iz;kstuksa esa ,d ;'k dh ckr
dh xbZ gS blesa ;gh ;'k oLrqr% eqfDr gS D;ksafd îq#"kkFkZ prq"VÔ* esa izFke
rhu dh lefUor rFkk vafre thou y{; eks{k rks gh gSA ysfdu loky ;g
mBrk gS fd vkpk;Z f=kikBh th osQ bl dkO; iz;kstu esa eks{k dh voèkkj.kk
osQ okdbZ esa ek;us D;k gSa\ mudh og eqfDr dh voèkkj.kk eks{k ugha D;ksafd
mUgksaus lkI+kQ dgk gS fd l`f"V osQ =kSfoè; dh n`f"V ls ;g êqfDr* Hkh rhu
izdkj dh gksrh gSA vkSj vkRek esa Lo:i dk voLFkkiu gh vkè;kfRed eqfDr
gSA ;gk¡ voLFkkiu@voLFkku tks vkRek dh mikfèk Hksn osQ dkj.k vusdRo dk
iks"kd gksrk gS] vU;Fkk vkRek rks ,d gh gS tSlh O;k[;k Hkh bldh rLrhd
djrk gS fd vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vius dkO;&rÙo osQ lkSUn;Z'kkL=k esa ;wfuVh bu
MkbiZjlhVh osQ fparu ls O;fDr ;k lekt fo'ks"k ugha vfirq izkf.kek=k@psru dh
eqfDr dh ckr mBkrs gSaµ¶vkRefu Lo:ikoLFkkua p vkè;kfRedh eqfDr%A¸
(^dkO;iz;kstufu:i.ke~*] f}rh; vè;k;)A vr% dkO;'kkL=k fparu dh
LFkkiuk esa 'kkL=kdkj }kjk dkO; iz;kstu esa êqfDr* dk lef"Vxr lgdkjh Hkko
fuf'pr :i ls Hkkjrh; okÄ~e; esa eks{k dh voèkkj.kk dks lkfgfR;d i`"BHkwfe
esa ,d u;k vankt nsrk gS tks vius Hkko esa laLÑr 'kkL=k osQ lekt'kkL=kh;
Hkwfedk dk ,d moZj Hkwfe dk l`tu djrk gSA ;gk¡ dkO;'kkL=k osQ lekt'kkL=k
dk ftØ djuk dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd dkO;dkj
dkO; iz;kstu osQ lUnHkZ esa vkpk;Z f=kikBh us Lo;a fy[kk ¶vkfèkHkkSfrdn`'kk
losZ lqf[kuks HkoUrq] losZ yHkUrka 'kjhjiks"k.kkFk± lE;xUuikukfnde~] 'kjhjj{kh;s
mfpra Hkoua oklkafl psfr vkfèkHkkSfrdh eqfDr%A izlknek;kUrq] fudyq"kkfu p
vkfèknSfodh eqfDr%A vkRefu Lo:ikoLFkkua p vkè;kfRedh eqfDr%A ,"kk
f=kfoèkk¿fi eqfDr% dkO;su lkfgR;lkèku;k ok yH;k«¸
ysfdu vkpk;Z f=kikBh us NBs vè;k; esa ^'kkL=klÄõfrfu:i.ke~* esa
jkt'ks[kj osQ 'kkL=kdfo] dkO; dfo vkSj mHk; dfoHksn esa dfo;ksa osQ tks rhu
izdkj crk, gSa] ml ij vkifÙk trkbZ gS] mls vkèkk lp gh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
muosQ fglkc ls tks 'kkL=k dh jpuk djrk gS mls gh 'kkL=kdkj dgk tkuk
pkfg,µ¶;% 'kkL=ka foèkÙks rL; 'kkL=kdkj bR;so laKk U;kÕ;k] u dkfifjfrA¸
;gk¡ iz'u mBrk gS fd igys dkO; ;k 'kkL=kA ik'pkR; lekykspd nsfjnk rks
leh{kk dks Hkh ewy ikB dk n”kkZ nsrk gSA laHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh;
ijaijk esa Vhdk rFkk Vhdkdkj dks Hkh cM+k xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gS vkSj oqQN us
ewy ikBksa dk tks ekSfyd vFkkZuqlaèkku fd;k] oqQN ekeys esa ewy ls Hkh chl
fudyk vkSj oqQN nqyZHk@vizkI; ewy ikB dh lkexzh rks mUgha Vhdkdkjksa osQ
64 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dkj.k oqQN va'k esa miyC/ gks ikrh gSaA mlh izdkj laLÑr okÄ~e; esa
miU;kldkj] dfo] ukVddkj ;k egkdkO;dkj osQ fy, tks ^dfo* 'kCn dk
lkfgR; txr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mlosQ ewy esa 'kkL=kdkjksa dh vkf[kj D;k
voèkkj.kk jgh gSA oqQN ,sls lelkef;d iz'u gSa ftudk tokc izLrqr
egÙoiw.kZ 'kkL=kxzaFk [kkstrk gSA ;g lp gS fd 'kkL=kdkj jpuk ugha djrk]
cfYd jpukvksa osQ vkèkkj ij mudh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vkyksd esa 'kkL=k osQ
lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA vr% 'kkL=kdfo rFkk dkO;dfo osQ iQklys dks
,d fljs ls u”kj vank”k Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd vkpk;Z
jk?kkoYyHk f=kikBh th vius ikajifjd rFkk uo 'kSyh@fcEc dks viuh jpukvksa
esa 'kkL=k dks lekfo"V djrs gSa rFkk ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* fy[k dj 'kkL=k
jpuk djrs gSa tks vius vki esa ,d fo+QLe dh ekSfyd jpuk ekuh tk ldrh
gS vkSj nsfjnk us tks lekykspuk@leh{kk dks ewy jpuk dh rjg ekurk gS] ml
utfj, ls Hkh izLrqr 'kkL=k jpuk egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tk ldrk gSA izLrqr 'kkL=kxzUFk
osQ jpukdkj okdbZ esa dkO; dfo rFkk 'kkL=kdfo nksuksa dh Js.kh esa lekn`r gSaA
vkSj bldk Hkh è;ku jgs fd izLrqr 'kkL=k xzUFk esa tks dgk x;k gSA fd
¶dfoLrq dkO;a oqQ;kZnso] -----A* esa ;g Hkko dnkfi ugha gS fd tks dfo@jpukdkj
gksrk gS&og jpuk fy[krk gh jgrk gS] egkdfo okYehfd flI+kZQ mithO; dkO;
jkek;.k gh fy[kdj dkyt;h gks x;sA xqysjh th dh jpuk ^mlus dgk Fkk*
ek=k ls lkfgR; dh nqfu;k esa ukephu gSaA gk¡] ;gk¡ fy[krs jgus dk rkRi;Z ;g
Hkh yxkuk pkfg, fd tks dfo 'kkL=k dh dlkSVh ij fy[krk gS] rRdkyhu
vnch fcjknjh esa mldh izfr"Bk oqQN vfèkd curh gSA vr% 'kkL=k dh j{kk
rFkk dkO; dh fujUrj Jho`f¼ dkO; laink dks iq"dy cukrk gSA vr% nksuksa
izdkj osQ jpukdkjksa dk viuk&viuk egÙo gksrk gSA egkizk.k lw;ZdkUrf=kikBh
^fujkyk* dh pfpZr jpuk ôqQoqQjeqÙkk* cPpwyky voLFkh osQ ^mywdyfire~*
rFkk olUr=;Ecd 'ksoM+s dh ^xnZHkk[;ku* dk eqvk,uk foMEcu dh rhuksa 'kSyh
ij izLrqr fd;k tkuk Hkh bl leh{kk osQ ekè;e ls 'kkL=k osQ vk;ke cgqeq[kh
rFkk v|ru gksrk gSA
iwoZ esa tks laLÑr iajijk esa laLÑr osQ vyx&vyx foèkkvksa dks ysdj
vkerkSj ij ^dfo* 'kCn osQ iz;ksx dks ysdj vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vius
jpukizfØ;kfo"k;s¿fHkjkter[k.Mue~ esa ^vfHkjkt* jktsUæ feJ osQ er ¶dkO;
Lor% LiwQrZ HkkoksPNyu¸ vFkkZr~ dkO; dk l`tu Lor% LiwQrZ rFkk yksdksÙkj gksus
dh otg ls Lor% l`ftr gksrk gS ls viuh vlgefr trkrs dgk fd uSlfxZd
deZ fcuk y{; osQ gksrs gSaA ;Fkk xaqtu osQ fcuk HkkSajs mM+us esa dke;kc ugha
gks ldrk gSA ysfdu X+kkSjryc gS fd vkpk;Z feJ dk ;g er dkO; l`tu esa
dHkh&dHkh ”k:j ykxw gksrk gS D;ksafd og Hkko fdlh xgu l`tu dh
ijkdk"Bk dh gksrh gSA mithO; dkO; ^jkek;.k* dh rjg cgqr gh de fdlh
dfo ys[kd osQ thou esa vkrk gSA rHkh rks fdlh ,d jpukdkj dh dbZ
jpukvksa esa bDosQ&nqDosQ jpuk gh dkyt;h gks ikrh gSA vU;Fkk] laLÑr esa
yEcs&yEcs egkdkO; rFkk miU;kl vkfn osQ ys[ku esa dHkh&dHkh rks cM+s yEcs
le; yx tkrs gSaA ^vkokjk elhgk* rFkk ^lsosaQM lsDl* dks fy[kus esa dbZ lky
yxs gSaA ck.kHkV~V dh ^dknEcjh* osQ mÙkjk¼Z dk muosQ bardky osQ ckn muosQ
iq=k }kjk fy[kk tkuk Hkh bl rdZ osQ fy, ek;us gSaA vkSj izLrqr vkys[k esa
^dfo* vkSj fo|k dks ysdj tks loky mBk;s x;s gSa] mldk tokc vkpk;Z
f=kikBh th osQ bl izlax ls Hkh feyrk gS fd dkO; in ls flI+kZQ vFkkZr~ dfork
osQ okÄ~e; dk gh vFkZ ugha gS] vfirq bldk fj'rk x|kRed dFkk ;k
vk[;kf;dk ljhosQ ls Hkh gksrk gSµ ¶dkO;insu u osQoya iÁc¼e~ vkèkqfuoSQ%
dforsfr O;ifn';ekua okÄ~e;e~] vfirq x|kReda dFkk[;kf;dkfnda loZesok¿=k
x`ghre~«¸ è;krO; gS fd vkpk;Z f=kikBh us ,vkbZvkj Hkksiky vkdk'kok.kh
(14 tuojh] 2017) osQ esjs lkFk vius yEcs lk{kkRdkj esa bl rF; dk ftØ
fd;k gS fd fy;ks VkWYlVkW; vius pfpZr miU;kl ôkj ,saM ihl* dks vius
iQkbZuy Vp nsus osQ iwoZ bldk chl ckj jhjkbV fd;k FkkA oqQN lky igys
vu:f¼ jk; dks ftl fdrkc ij eSxlslj vokMZ feyk gS mldks Hkh mlus
rdjhcu ipkl ckj fy[kk ij mldks iqLrdkdkj dk tkek igukus esaA vr%
vkpk;Z ^vfHkjkt* th dk ^dkO; Lor% LiwQrZ HkkoksPNyu* oLrqr% jloknh
vkpk;Z gksus osQ ukWLVkWfYtd ,izkst dh laiqf"V djrk gS vkSj bl izdkj bl ;qx
osQ tkus&ekus nks oSf'od laLÑr vkbdu dk vius&vius vyadkjoknh rFkk
jloknh [+ksek osQ ljksdkj j[kus dh otg ls lS¼kafrd VdjkgV dk gksuk
ykf”keh gSA laLÑr dh ;gha iwoZ&mÙkj rdZ gh lefUor ijaijk bldh
jpuk@fparu èkkjk dks ges'kk iz{kkfyr dj rajxkf;r cuk;s j[kk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh
lkiQ dj nsuk pkfg, fd vkpk;Z feJ us vius pfpZr dkO;'kkL=k xzUFk
^vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~* esa tks vkpk;Z f=kikBh th osQ dkO; fo"k;d eqfDr dh
voèkkj.kk&êqfDrLrL; iz;kstue~*«1-2-1« ij vk{ksi djrs fy[kk gS fd eqfDr
rks e`R;q osQ ckn izkIr gksus okyk vkuan gS] mudh ;g voèkkj.kk Hkh jloknh
foospu osQ mRlkg dk ifj.kke gS D;ksafd vkpk;Z f=kikBh us iBu] Jo.k ;k
jax izs{k.k ls tks izekrk dfo dk lân; lkekftd esa tks pSrU; dk foLiQkju
gksrk gS] ogh eks{k gS vkSj dkO; osQ bl eks{kRo osQ yksdoknh voèkkj.kk
66 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lkfgR; dks n'kZfudrk osQ pkd&fpD; dh ixMaMh ls vyx dj tuksUeq[kh
cukrk gS ftlesa ikBd@izs{kd dks n'kZu osQ fopkSfy, osQ iaQns ls fudky dj
mlosQ ekul Je osQ LokrU=; osQ Hkkoksa dh Hkh liqaf"V djrk gSA X+kkSjryc gS
fd Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa ;kLd rFkk vkSnqacjk;.k bl rF; dk laosQr nsrs gSa fd
okD; Jksrk@ikBd@izs{kd osQ ekul iVy esa igys ls gh viuk vfLrRo cuk;s
j[krk gS] mlh ckr dks vkt pkWELdh vius lkeF;Z&fl¼kUr vkSj crkSj okD;
osQ iwoZ eu esa mHkjs vglkl tgk¡ vkil esa esy [kkrk u”kj vkrk gS] ogha
vkpk;Z f=kikBh th osQ dkO; fo"k;d voèkkj.kk esa ikBd@Jksrk ;k izs{kd dks
LFkku nsus dk ek;us gSa D;ksafd ikBd vius blh ekufld vFkZ xzg.k dh {kerk
osQ cy ij crkSj izekrk osQ :i esa vius dÙkZO; ,oa vfèkdkj osQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa
dk fuokZg djrk gSA bl otg ls ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* viuh lkfgR;
leh{kk osQ osQUæ esa euq";@izk.khek=k dks j[k dj laLÑr dkO; rFkk dkO;'kkL=k
ij lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs mPpoxhZ; vk{ksi dks Hkh vikÑr djrk fn[krk gSA
mÙkj vkèkqfudkoknh (iksLV&eksMZfuLV) ekurs gSa fd VsDLV u [kqnc[kqn vkxs
c<+rk gS vkSj u gh vius vki esa Lora=k gS (bUMhisaMsaM)A vr% ;g ekuuk
X+kyr gksxk fd vFkZ dk iSQlyk VsDLV djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS VsDLV ,d lao`Ùk
lPpkbZ gS vkSj og ikBd (lân; lkekftd@ izs{kd) gh gS tks ikB dks okdbZ
esa ^mifLFkfr* cukrk gS tks i<+r&izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA bldk eryc
;g gqvk fd vkykspuk i<+r dk gh esVkiQksj gksrk gSA vr% vkpk;Z f=kikBh us
dkO;&eqfDr izlax esa ikBd dks jpukdkj dh rjg gh izekrk dk n”kkZ fn;k
gS] mlosQ ;qxhu egÙo gSa tks vius iwoZ esa la;ksftr ekufld lapsruk osQ
vkèkkj ij ewy VsDLV esa lfÂfgr vFkkZuqlaèkku djrk gSA vkSj mldh ;gh iBr
(jhMjf'ki) dh Hkkxhnkjh mldh vkuan:ih eqfDr dj njok”kk [kksyrk gSA vkSj
pw¡fd Hkk"kk oSpkfjd&lkekftd lsVvi gS vkSj ;g vius lekt vkSj laLÑfr
osQ ekxZn'kZu esa lapkfyr gksrh gS rFkk tks vius vki esa lekt osQ ekWMy dk
fgLlk gksrk gSA vr% laLÑr dkO;'kkL=k dh ehekalk iajijk esa jpukdkj osQ lkFk
ikBd dh vgfe;r bldh ijaijk esa ,d ekuh[ks”k gLr{ksi ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
iksLV eksMZfuLV dk ekuuk fd dksbZ jpukdkj viuh Ñfr dk vafre fu.kkZ;d
ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh vkpk;Z f=kikBh dk ikBd ewyd
dkO; eqfDr rFkk jpukdkj osQ lkFk eqfDr egksRlo esa Hkkxhnkjh dh ckr
laLÑr leh{kk dks Hkh m"ek iznku djrh gSA mÙkj&vkèkqfudrkoknh osQ ikB osQ
'kCn dh ^vkfj"Vªh* ijgst fd;k tk; rks blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd ikB osQ
cgqvk;keh vFkkZUos"k.k dh [kqyh NwV ewy ikB dh thoarrk cuk;s j[kus esa
egÙiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k gS] ;g laLÑr ys[ku&ikBu foe'kZ esa
uoksUes"k'kkfyuh Vhdkdkjksa dh Hkwfedk jgh gS] og okdbZ esa jpuk (ewy ikB)
rFkk ikBd dk vkUrfjd lkeatL; ls fudyk vFkZ gh fdlh dkO; dks
mÙkjksÙkj yksdfiz; rFkk dkytf; cukrk gSA vr% laLÑr dkO;&n'kZu osQ
jloknh ijaijk esa lân; lkekftd osQ fy, tks izfrHkk laiÂ gksus osQ fy,
egÙoiw.kZ vgZrk dh ckr mBk;h x;h gS] mldk rkj Kku osQ vkèkkj ij eqfDr
dk eqík Hkh gks ldrk gSA vU;Fkk] blh eqfDr osQ fy, VsDLV dk iBu djrk
gS] og lân; lkekftdA ysfdu ;gk¡ fiQj Hkh bldk è;ku jgs fd tgk¡
jloknh lân; lkekftd dks Kku osQ vkèkkj ij vke ikBd@Jksrk@n'kZd osQ
fy, Kku :ih ;ksX;rk dk ,d ydhj [khap dj vke ikBd@izs{kd dks nks;e
ntkZ dk djkj djuk pkgrs gSa] ogha vkpk;Z f=kikBh vius vkfèkHkkSfrd]
vkfèknSfod rFkk vkè;kfRed f=kxq.kkRed oSfnd&fo'o esa izR;sd euq";@thoek=k
dh lq[k] 'kkafr] veu&pSu rFkk mldh O;fDrxr i;kZfIr muosQ vyadkjoknh
fparu dh ewy voèkkj.kk gSA gk¡] ;g ckr ”k:j gS fd vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu us oqQN
mi:idksa osQ ekè;e ls ikej laLÑfr (>qXxh&>ksiM+h laLÑfr) dk Hkh dkI+kQh
è;ku j[kk gSA ysfdu ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd ,sls yksd rÙoksa ls tqM+h
jpukvksa dks laLÑr dh nqfu;k osQ izJ; ugha fey ldus osQ dkj.k laLÑr dh
dkO;'kkL=kh; leh{kk dh psruk dks ^Cyw CyMsM* ekufldrk Bhd ls iQyus&iwQyus
ugha fn;kA okdbZ esa ;g oSfnd f=kHkkokukRed oSf'od lapsruk dk vkSnkR;
vkSj mRd"kZ tgk¡ Hkkjrh; dkO; fparu dks f=kdkycksèkkRed cukrk gS ogha
dkO; osQ 'kkL=kh; ewY;kadu esa fc[kM+h jpukvksa ;k vks>y Ñfr;ksa dks vius
u”khj osQ ekè;e ls laLÑr 'kkL=k leh{kk ijaijk dks izkphure ls vkèkqfudre
dM+h rd tksM+us dk cM+k gh iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk bl
'kkL=k xzUFk esa laLÑr X+k”ky] js[kkfp=k] vkRedFkk] thoupfjr] fucaèk] leL;k
tSlh foèkkvksa osQ uokpkj dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk] bl rF; dh iqf"V djrk
gS fd tgk¡ Xykscykb”ks'ku osQ bl ?kkrd nkSj esa Hkk"kk lheV jgh gSa] ogh
laLÑr ys[ku dh foèkkvksa esa rCnhyh rFkk btkI+kQk Hkh gks jgh gSA vr% 'ksYMkWu
ikWyksd tSlk ik'pkR; fo}ku vius pqfuans felky ls laLÑr dks ^MsM ySaXost*
djkj djuk pkgrk gS] mldks blls eq¡g rksM+ Hkh tokc feyrk gSA X+k”kyxhfr
ppkZ izlax esa dkO;'kkL=kdkj }kjk eryk] feljk] jnhiQ] dkfiQ;k] eDrk tSlh
'kCnkoyh dh laLÑr Hkk"kk esa mEnk dkfjdk rFkk ^LoksiKdkfjdko`fÙk* Vhdk ls
lkexzh dh izLrqfr lkfgR; osQ tkus&ekus laLÑrsrj jpukdkjksa dks laLÑrHkk"kk
rFkk mlosQ lkfgR; dks ysdj mudh vk¡[ks [kksy ldrh gSA ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkj*
68 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lw=kdkj dk ekuuk fd ,d gh dfo viuh izfrHkk oSfoè; (tks fujUrj ek¡ts
tkus ls vkrh gS) dks viuh vyx&vyx jpuk dks fofHkÂ :i esa fy[ks tkus
osQ dkj.k ;k;kojh;] lkjLor] vkH;kfld rFkk vkSinsf'kd :i esa ikBd
lekt osQ lkeus mHkj dj vkrs gSaA bl izlax esa os dkfynkl dh jpuk Lrcd
^Írqlagkj*] ôqQekjlaHko* (es?knwr Hkh) rFkk ^j?kqoa'k* (^vfHkKku'kkoqQUry*
Hkh) dks Øe'k% vkH;kfld lkèkd rFkk fl¼ dfo dh jpuk ekurs gSaA rks D;k
;g eku fy;k tk; fd vkpk;Z eEeV ftl vH;kl dh ckr djrs gSa mlosQ
cy ij flI+kZQ vkH;kfld dfo osQ n”kkZ okyk dfo viuh [;kfr ik ldrk
gS] vFkok blosQ vfrfjDr bu nksuksa esa dkO; ys[ku vH;kl (ikSu% iqU;su)
vH;kl gh fujarj mls fu[kkjrs gq, lkèkd ;k fl¼ dfo dh Js.kh esa yk [kM+k
djrk gS] rks dfo osQ bl rhu izdkj dk oxhZdj.k dgk¡ rd mfpr gS\ ;g
vkifÙk Bhd mlh izdkj yxrh gS tSls vkpk;Z f=kikBh us vkSinsf'kd dfo dh
Js.kh dks udkjrs gSa D;ksafd muosQ fglkc ls fcuk fdlh mins'k osQ Hkh
dkO;&l`tu gksrs gSaA bl vkys[k esa tks :lh jpukdkj yqbZ VkWYlV~ok; osQ ôkj
,aM ihl* dks chlksa ckj tks fy[kus dh ckr mBk;h xbZ gS] rks og D;k
vius&vius dkO; lkS"BRo osQ lanHkks± esa fl¼ jpuk&^j?kqo'a k* ;k ^vfHkKku'kkoqQUry*
dh Js.kh esa ugha ekuh tk ldrh gS\ ;g lp gS tUetkr dfo rks fojys gh
gksrs gSa] vkH;kfld dfo vke rkSj ij og Hkh vkt osQ nkSj esa] viuk uke
dek ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ vH;kl flI+kZQ dkO; fy[kus osQ flyflys dk iz;kl gh
ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg, vfirq fdrkcksa dks Nikus vkSj cktkj esa [kikus dk
O;olkf;d vH;kl dh Hkh [kwc vkSj vko';d tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk
izdk'kd ys[kd@jpukdkj osQ ewyikB dks dC”kk esa ysdj mudks pwuk yxkrs
jgrs gSaA ;g rF; vyx gS fd vkpk;Z f=kikBh dkfynkl osQ ^j?kqoa'k* (2-3)
osQ gokys ¶eUn% dfo;'k% izkFkhZ xfe";kE;qigkL;rke~A¸ dkO; l`tu osQ
edln dks lksgjr cVksjus osQ izfr mnklhurk dh ckrsa djrs fy[krs gSa fd
egkdfo dhfrZ dh ykyp dks rkd ij j[k dj vius dkO; l`tu esa yxs jgrs
gSaµ¶egkdo;Lrq dhfrZizyksHkua ifjâR;So dkO;jpuk;ka izorZUrs¸A ml er ls
vkpk;Z ^vfHkjkt* jktsUæ feJ viuh lgefr osQ :i esa bÙkiQkd j[krs gSaµ¶u
èkuk; u iq.;k; O;ogkjk; ukfi ok@u p l|% lq[kkFkkZ; dkO;a fuekZR;;a
dfo%¸ (^vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.k*] i`- 28)A feJ th osQ fglkc ls rks&^l|%
ijfuoZZ`fr* osQ fy, Hkh ugha fy[krk gS dfo cfYd mldk fy[kuk LokHkkfod
deZ gS] rks D;k ;g eku fy;k tk; fd thou ;kiu osQ fy, èku dk dksbZ
vkSfpR; ugha] vFkok Kku rks Hkkjrh; iajijk esa eks{k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lksiku
jgk gS] mlls dfo dk dksbZ fj'rk ugha\ Hkkjro"kZ osQ deZ izèkku lekt esa iki
;k iq.; dk dksbZ ek;uk ugha] D;k Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ys[ku dk fe”kk”k viuh
vfLrdoknh ekufldrk ls f[kld dj ukfLrdokn dh vksj c<+ jgk gS\ D;k
jpukdkj] fo'ks"k dj laLÑr lkfgR; ls tqM+s ys[kdksa us vius dkWih jkbV osQ
ekeys ls dksbZ okLrk ugha j[kuk pkgrs gSaA oLrqr% vkpk;Z ^vfHkjkt* feJ th
osQ bl dFku esa rdZ dh dlkSVh esa mtkl FkksM+k ean fn[krk gS] oLrqr% vkt
osQ lanHkZ esa ;s lHkh ckrs tks dfo dk lgt deZ gS vkSj mls LokHkkfod deks±
ls vyx dj eqvk;uk fd;k tkuk laLÑr lkfgR; vkSj mldh leh{kk ijaijk
dks lelkekf;d oSf'od fparu ls vyx&Fkyx djuk gSA ;|fi ;qok unh".k
dfo&leh{kd izoh.k i.M~;k us vius xzFa k ^vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~ % lleh{keèkhfr%*
(2014 bZ-) esa bl rF; ij ”k:j izdk'k Mkyk gS fd vkèkqfud laLÑr osQ
'kkL=kdkjksa esa iz;kstu ewyd leh{kk esa jsok izlkn f}osnh] jk?kkoYyHk f=kikBh
rFkk jglfcgkjh us lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k gSA ysfdu MkW- izoh.k i.M~;k tSls lèks
r:.k leh{kd ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd 'kkL=k osQ ikjaifjd lapsruk osQ lkFk
muosQ iQyliQk dk rgO+kQhO+kQkr ledkyhu ;qxcksèk osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh FkksM+k vk¡dk
tk;A laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ vkstLoh ikjaifjd èkkjk osQ leh{kd vkpk;Z jekdkUr
ik.Ms; }kjk ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* dk laLÑr ls fganh Hkk"kk esa rtqZek dk
vkxk”k laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ vkèkqfud dkO;'kkL=k xzUFkksa dks ikBdh;rk dh n`f"V ls
cgqvk;keh rFkk yksdfiz; laLdj.k cukus osQ utfj;s ls ekuh[ks”k dksf'k'k ekuh
tk ldrh gSA
MkW- ,u- flag viuh fdrkc ¶nfyr lkfgR; osQ izfreku¸ (2014
bZ-) esa 'kj.k oqQekj fyEckys osQ gokys bl rF; ij cy nsrs fy[krs gSa fd
¶njvly] lR;a f'koe~ rFkk lqUnje~ dh èkkj.kk rks lo.kZ lekt osQ LokFkZ
lkèku osQ fy, jph x;h lkf”k'k gSA bldh O;k[;k cnyus dh ”k:jr gSA mUgsa
vfèkd ,sfgd vkSj lkekftd djus dh vko';drk gSA¸ (i`"B 286) dk
lanHkZ vkpk;Z f=kikBh th osQ y{k.kkoknh vkyadkjoknh voèkkj.kk dks laiq"V
djrk gS D;ksafd mudk i;kZfIr dk iQyliQk euq";@ tho ek=k osQ oSf'od
dY;k.k dk |ksrd gSA ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkj lw=ke~* osQ 'kkL=k ykfyR; dks
le>us&le>kus osQ eeZ dks le>us osQ fy, 08ok¡ ^fueZy Le`fr O;k[;ku
ekyk* (03 vizSy 2013] bafM;k baVjus'kuy vkWfMVksfj;e] fnYyh) esa pfpZr
fganh dfo rFkk leh{kd MkW- v'kksd cktis;h us Lokxr Hkk"k.k lekjksg osQ
eq[;oDrk osQ :i esa vkpk;Z jk?kkoYyHk f=kikBh th osQ fo"k; esa mn~xkj
vfHkO;Dr fd;k Fkk fd ¶os laLÑr oSnq"; izn'kZu dh txg@vkSj vius bl
70 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
oSnq"; osQ iz;ksx dks vkèkqfudrk osQ js'kksa dks le>us@le>kus esa yxkrs gSaA¸ vkSj
okdbZ esa mudk ;g vuwBk lelkef;d dkO; 'kkL=k dfo lekykspd oktis;h
th osQ bl dFku dk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA
vkpk;Z jk/koYyHk f=kikBh us lgh ekuk gS fd uoksUes"k'kkfyuh rFkk
rjksrktk miek vkfn vyadkjksa ls gh jpuk esa okLrfod rk”kxh vkrh gSA ;g
rF; vyx gS fd dfo vkt Hkh lkSUn;Z c[+kku osQ fy, pUæek dh rqyuk
djrs gSa] ftl rqyuk esa dkO; l`tu dh n`f"V ls vyadkj dh ekSfydrk dnkfi
peRÑr ugha gks ldrh gSA vUrr% ;g u”khj eksuksVksul gh ekuk tk,xkA vr%
mEnk vnc osQ ys[ku osQ fy, vfHkuo esVkiQksj osQ lk¡ps ij v|ru Hkkoksa osQ
bUæ/uq"k cukus osQ gsrq ledkyhu Hkkoksa dh js[kk,¡ [khapuh gh iM+saxh] rHkh
dkO; dkO; gksxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jpukdkjksa us vyadkjksa osQ l`tu dk rk¡rk
yxk fn;k gSA
ggg
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vUr%dj.kL; Hkwfedk

&eksuw nsoh
'kksèkkfFkZuh] Jh yk-c-'kk-jk-lafo|kihBe~
uonsgyh&110016
¹loZn'kZus"kq fg vUr%dj.kL; fopkj% izLrqr%A r=kkfi p fof'k"Vk&
}Srn'kZus rL; Lo:ia fda Hkofr\ dk p rL; Hkwfedk Hkorhfr
fopkj% ysf[kd;k izLrqr%A &laúº
owQV'kCnk%&vUr%dj.ke~] eu% cqf¼%] fpr~] vfpr~] fof'k"Vk}Sre~
Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq vUr%dj.kL; fopkj% loZ=k Hkofr ;rksfg vUr%dj.ka
fouk lalkjL; O;ogkj% u Hkforqa 'kDuksfr] rnFk± vUr%dj.kL; cgq ;ksxnkuefLr]
,rs"kq vUr%dj.ks"kq eul% ,o izèkkU;a orZr]s ;rksfg izfl¼ks¿;a 'yksdks¿e`rfcUnwifu"kfn
;r~µ
eu ,o euq";k.kka dkj.ka cUèkeks{k;ks%A
cUèkk; fo"k;klÄõks eqDR;S fufoZ"k;a eu%1«
vr% fufoZ"k;a eu% loZfoèkL; lkfRodL; KkuL; gsrRq oeqi;kfr] lkalkfjosQ"kq
fo"k;s"kq euks yXua lnso vkReuks cUèkus ikrf;Rok lokZfu"VL; lkèkua Hkofr]
rLekr~ dkj.kkr~ lkalkfjdcUèkus vFk p lalkjkf}ekspus eu ,o dkj.kRoeqi;kfr
rnkg Hkxoku~ JhÑ".kks xhrk;ke~µ
cUèkqjkRekReuLrL; ;sukReSokReuk ftr%A
vukReuLrq 'k=kqRos orsZrkReSo 'k=kqor~«2
eu% tsrO;a eqeq{kqfHk%] ftrs lfr 'kkUrs eufl ,o iz'kkUrfpÙkrk rr%
ftrsfUæ;Roe~] rnuq loZfoèkks¿fi lÙoxq.kofUr dk;kZf.k foèkkrqa 'kD;Urs] rr~
1- ve`rfcUnwifu"kn~
2- xhrk 6@6
¹ 71 º
72 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
iz;RuSjso ekuo% vUr%dj.ka o'khÑR; ;FkkFkZrÙofo"k;dKkuoku~ lÂso eqP;rsA
losZ"kq osns"kq rFkk p mifu"kRlq vfi eulks fuxzg.kk; ,o mik;k% lfUr] vr%
eu% ;fn of'k Hkofr rnk rq vuk;klsu ,o Hkxor~&izkfIr% Hkofr]
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZu]s u osQoya fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vfirq lexz"s kq Hkkjrh;&n'kZu"s kq
euks&o'khdj.kk; mik;k% mDrk% lfUr] vr% eul% izkèkkU;kr~ rL;So fuxzg%
drZO;% Hkofr] oLrqr% vUrdj.kinsu prq.kk± xzg.ka Hkofr] euks&cqf¼&fpÙk
vgadkjk.kke~A r=kSo Ïks=kjRus Jhe|kequkpk;Z% fy[kfrµ
vfuPNÂI;soa ;fn iqufjrhPNfÂo jtl~&
re'NÂ'NÁLrqfropuHkÄõhejp;e~A
rFkkihRFka :ia opueyEC;kfi Ñi;k]
RoeSoa Hkwra èkjf.kèkj] f'k{k; es eu%«
Jheku~ ;kequkpk;Z% eul% f'k{k.keso izkFkZ;fr] ;rksfg eul% dkj.krk
Hkofr ;fn lÙolÄ~;qDra eu% orZrs rnkuha rq lE;x~ dk;kZf.k ijekFkkZ; fØ;Urs]
fdUrq jtLreksfHkHkwrsu eulk dnkfi yksdfgrkfu dk;kZf.k drq± u 'kD;Urs]
vlaLÑreu% dkj.kkr~ lalkjs loZ=k vkrÄïokn% Hkz"Vkpkj%] nqjkpkj%] bR;kfnda
n`';rs] rLekn~ vUr%dj.kL; foe'kZ% ;kor~ lE;Dr;k u dF;rs rkoÙkq txrks
fgreso u drq± 'kD;rs ;rksfg ¶LokFkZ ,o ijkFkZ% ;L;¸ bfr cqf¼Lrq laLÑrs
vUr%dj.ks ,o HkforqegZfrA rLeknso fof'k"Vk}SrL; izfl¼s Lrks=kxzUFks ;kequkpk;Z%
HkfDrekè;esuSo lkèk;fr loZe=k&rLeknso onfr mifjrus 'yksosQ ;r~ gs èkjf.kèkj
Roeqi;qDZ rnks"kkfnfHk% vkPNÂa es eu% f'k{k;« v=kkfi l% eul% laLdkj:fif'k{k.ks
,o cya nnkfrA vr% vUr%dj.ka fouk rq lEHkkouSo ukfLr fdefi drqZe~A
¶r=k euks uke lÄïYi&fodYi&vkfRedk&vUr%dj.k&o`fÙk%¸A1 v=k
eul% ifjHkk"kk orZrs] ¶cqf¼% uke&fu'p;kfRedk vUr%dj.k&o`fÙk%¸A2
¶vuqlUèkkukfRedk&vUr%dj.ko`fÙk% fpÙke~¸A3 ¶vfHkekukfRedk vUr%dj.k&o`fÙk%
vgadkj%A¸4 ,oa izdkjs.k vUr%dj.kL; O;oLFkk Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq vfLr lk p
O;oLFkk lE;d~izdkjs.k lalkjL; O;ogkj% pysr~ rnFkZe~ vUr%dj.kL; O;oLFkk
fof/iwod Z a fØ;rs] vr% vUr%dj.kL; egÙoiw.k± ;ksxnkua orZrs] ;rksfg vUr%dj.ka
fouk u dksfi O;ogkj% Hkfo";fr] vr% Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq vUr%dj.kL; fopkj%
1- osnkUrlkj% i`ú laú 136
2- r=kSo
3- r=kSo
4- r=kSo
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vUr%dj.kL; Hkwfedk 73
orZrs] oLrqr% KkuL; izfØ;k ;k vfLr rFkk p eks{kL; ;k izfØ;k vfLr r=kkfi
vUr%dj.keso dkj.ke~ bfr loZ=k fuf'prefLr] r=k osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfoe'ksZ
fyf[kre~ vfLr ;r~µ
ekues;foHksnsu inkFkksZ f}foèkks er%A
ekua izR;{kkuqeku'kCnHksnkr~ f=kèkk Hkosr~A1
vr% inkFkZ% f}èkk LohfØ;rs izFke% inkFkZ% ekue~] f}rh;% p inkFkZ%
es;%] vfLr fl¼kUr% ;n~ ekuL; vèkhuk es;L; flf¼%] vr% v=k inkFkZ%
O;k[;k;rs osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfVIi.;ka&inkFkZ bfr inL;kFkZ% inkFkZ bfr ;r~ insu
vfHkèks;a rr~ lo± x`ársA rÙoa inkFkZ% oLrq bfr i;kZ;&'kCnk%A ,oa oLrq&lkekU;a
f}èkk bR;FkZ% ekua izek.ke~] es;a izes;e~] f=kèkk bfr&
izR;{ke~ vuqekua p 'kkL=ka p fofoèkkxee~A
=k;a lqfofnra dk;± èkeZflf¼e~ vHkhIlre~«2
,rsu fln~è;fr ;r~ izek.ka f=kfoèka Hkofr] f=kfoèkkfu vfi izek.kkfu
oLrqrÙoL; ;FkkFkZLo:iL; fu'p;a dkj;fUr ;rksfg izR;{kizek.ks bfUæ;L;
x.kuk Hkofr bfUæ;a p vkRek eulk l;qT;rs eu% bfUæ;s.k bfUæ;e~ vFksZu] rnk
Kkua Hkofr ;fn r=k eul% la;ksxks u Hkofr rnk rq inkFkZL; Kkue~ ,o u
Hkfo";frA vr% izR;{kkfn&Kkus vUr%dj.kL; egÙoiw.k± ;ksxnkue~ vfLrA
v=kR;n'kZua rFkk p rÙoO;oLFkka ;kequkpk;Z% Lodh;s xzUFks izLrkSfr fof'k"Vk&
}SrosnkUrn'kZus fpnfpf}f'k"V bZ'oj ,o fof'k"Vk}Sr bfr eU;rs] ,rL; fofèkon~
LFkkiua jkekuqtkpk;Z% Ñroku~ rr% iwoZeso Lrks=kjRus ,"k foHkkx% n`';rs&
d'Jh% fJ;% ijelÙolekJ;% d%\
d% iq.Mjhdu;u% iq#"kksÙke% d%A
dL;k;qrk;qr'krSddyka'kdka'ksA
fo'oa fofp=kfpnfpr~ izfoHkkxo`Ùke~«3
v=k Li"V:is.k fo'oL; foHkktua fpr~ rFkk vfpr~ :is.k ÑrefLr]
,rnso foHkktua ijofrZfHk% jkekuqtkpk;kZfnfHk% LohÑR; fof'k"Vk}Srokn% izfr"Bkfir%A
vr% izes;&inkFkZL; ppkZ fØ;rs fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrsA
1- osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfoe'kZ% dk- la- 2

2- r=kSo osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfVIi.;ke~ i`-la- 74
3- Lrks=kjRue~] 'yksdla-15
74 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
izes;a f}foèka izksDra æO;&væO;&foHksnr%A
tM&vtMRo&fHkÂs v=k æO;s rn~ f}foèka tMe~«1
rkRi;Ze~ bna Hkofr ;r~ izek;k% fo"k;% izes;% Hkofr] æO;e~ miknkua
Hkofr voLFkkUrj;ksfx&miknkue~] rnfHkÂe~ væO;e~ Hkofr] æO;RokR;Urk&vHkkor~A
ijr% ,o izdk'k% tMe~] ;Fkk&?kVkfn% Lo;a&izdk'ke~ vtMe~] ;Fkk Kkukfn%
v=k izdk'k'kCn% u dkfUreÙoij% fdUrq Kkufo"k;Roij%] Kkue~ vFkZ% izdk'k%
bfr rÙoeqDrkdykisA vkRefl¼kS p O;ogkj&vkuqxq.;&opu% izdk'k'kCn% bfr
pA tMRoa uke Loxkspj&KkuSd&fo"k;Roe~ bfr iQfyre~A v=k vfHkèks;% inkFkZ%
l p f}foèk%] l f}foèk% HkkokHkko&Hksnkr~ bfr y{k.kkoY;keqn;uksDrks foHkkx%
u osnkfUruka lEer%]2
,oa izdkjs.k æO;&væO;&Hksnsu izes;a f}fo/a Hkofr] æO;e~ vfi f}foèka
tM~&vtM~&Hksnsu] tMe~ vfi f}foèka HkofrA v=k tM~&æO;&fo"k;s onfrµ
izÑfr% dky bR;k|k prqfoZ'kfrèkk erk%A
dkyLrq&mikfèkHksnsu f=kfoèk% ifjdhR;Zrs«3
izÑfr% dky bfr f}foèka tMe~] bfr iwosZ.k vUo;%] izfdfrfÏxq.ke~]
fuR;foHkwrs% tMRoa rq ,dnsf'kuka ere~] u fl¼kfUruke~] vk|k izÑfr% bR;FkZ%
prqfo±'kfrèkk bR;FkZ%A izÑrs% egn~&vgadkjk% =k;%] ,dkn'ksfUæ;kf.k] i×p rUek=kkf.k]
i×pHkwrkfu bfr vkgR; prqfo±'kfr&rÙokfu HkofUr] mikfèk% p Hkwr&Hkfo";r~&
orZeku:i% f=kfoèk%4 ,rsu v=kkfi fof'k"Vk}Sr&osnkUrn'kZus vfi prqfoZ'kfr%
izÑfrHksnk% lfUr] rsu lkÄ~[;n'kZukuqlkje~ v=kkfi vUr% dj.ks f=krÙokuka x.kuk
HkofrA vtM~&rÙokuke~ vfi x.kuk Hkofr r|Fkkµ
vtMa rq ijkd~ izR;d~ bfr Hksnkr~ f}èkk fLFkre~A
ijkÄ~fuR;foHkwfr'p èkeZHkwrefrLrFkk«5
,oa izdkjs.k vtM~&rÙoL; o.kZua feyfrA dFkuL; rkRi;± ;n~ v=kkfi
ykSfddrÙokuka Kkuk; izek.kkuke~ vko';drk Hkofr rkfu u izek.kkfu vUr%&
dj.kewydkfu ,o HkofUr] vUr%dj.kekè;esuSo Kkua Hkofr ;fn vUr%dj.ka u
1- Lrks=kjRue~] 'yksdla- 15
2- r=kSo i`-la- 74
3- osnkUrdkfjdkoyh] izR;{kfu:i.ke~] i`-la- 75
4- r=kSo i`-la- 75
5- osnkUrdkfjdkoyh i`-la- 75
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vUr%dj.kL; Hkwfedk 75
Hkofr rnk rq Kkueso u Hkofr izes;inkFkkZuke~] v=k n'kZus losZ"kka inkFkkZuka
lxq.kKkua Hkofr vFkkZr~ lxq.klkdkjczã.k% Kkua Hkofr v=k HkfDrn'kZuL;
izkèkkU;e~ vfLr] ;rksfg HkfDrekè;esu vfr ikikpkjh tu% vfi eks{ka izkIuksfr
;Fkk jko.kdalkn;%A ,oa izdkjs.k HkfDrjfi rnSo Hkofr rnk p eu% vUr%dj.kRosu
fLFkja Hkofr rnSo HkfDr% lEHkkO;rs] vU;Fkk HkfDrdYiuk vfi u drq± 'kD;rs]
rLekr~ dkj.kkr~ vUr%dj.kL; ,dkxzrk;k% cgqegÙoe~ vfLr] rLekr~ dkj.kkr~
ve`rfcUnwifu"kn% opua lkFk±da Hkofr eu ,o euq";k.kka dkj.ka cUèkeks{k;ks%«
v=k vUr%dj.kL; fopkjs rq eul% ,o eukscqf¼fpÙkkgÄïkjs"kq izkèkkU;efLr] rnFk±
xhrk;ka fyf[kra orZrs&
p×pya fg eu% Ñ".k izekfFk cyon~ n`<e~A
rL;kga fuxzga eU;s ok;ksfjo lqnq"dje~«1
;rksfg n'kZukuka y{;a rq ijerÙoL; izkfIrjso] ijerÙoa p Lo&Lon'kZukuqlkfj
Hkofr r=k ijerÙoL; izkfIr% 'kenekfnlEifÙk"kVosQu lkèkuprq"V;kfnlaLÑrsu
izekrq% eulSo drq± 'kD;rs] r=kkUr%dj.kL; laLdkjL; vko';drk rq Hkofr
,o rRlaLdkja fouk rq u lEHkkO;rs ,rr~&
¶vkRek okjs æ"VO;%] JksrO;%] eUrO;%] fufnè;kflrO;%¸2
vkReuks ok vjs n'kZusu] Jo.ksu eR;k foKkususna lo± foKkra Hkofr«
vr% lE;d~ izdkjs.k laLÑrs¿Ur%dj.ks lfr ,o lEHkkO;rs ,rr~ loZfoèka
rÙokfnda Kkue~] rnkuheso Hkxor% JhÑ".kL; ,oEHkwra dFkua pfjrkFkZrka
xfe";fr&
;qDrkgkjfogkjL; ;qDrps"VL; deZlqA
;qDrLoIukocksèkL; ;ksxks Hkofr nq%[kgk«3
vr% loZ=k Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq vUr%dj.kL; f'k{k.kk;So mik;k% dfFkrk%
lfUrA vUr%dj.kL; fuxzgs.k lE;DlaLdkjs.k mDr;qDrkgkjkfnfHk% vkpj.ka oqQoZu~
izkIuksfrA rn~}kjk Hkxor% izkfIr% HkfDra HkxoRizkfIrjso fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus
eks{k%] ,oa izdkjs.k fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vUr%dj.kL; foe'kZ% e;k Ñr%]
vUr%dj.ka u osQoya fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus¿firq Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq loZ=k egÙoiw.k±
LFkkua èkkj;fr] vr% 'kksèki=ks¿fLeu~ vUr%dj.kL; lE;d~ fopkj.kk Ñrk
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZuekfJR;A
1- xhrk] 6@34
2- o`gnk.;dksifu"kn~
3- xhrk] 6@17
76 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
milagkj%
Hkkjrh;n'kZus"kq vUr%dj.kL; fopkj% loZ=k Hkofr ;rksfg vUr%dj.ka
fouk lalkjL; O;ogkj% u Hkforqa 'kDuksfr] rnFkZe~ vUr%dj.kL; cgq ;ksxnkuefLr]
,rs"kq vUr%dj.ks"kq eul% ,o izkèkkU;a orZrs] ;rksfg ;r~µ
¶eu ,o euq";k.kka dkj.ka cUèkeks{k;ks%¸1«
losZ"kq osns"kq rFkk p mifu"kRlq vfi eulks fuxzg.kk; ,o mik;k% lfUr]
vr% eu% ;fn of'k Hkofr rnk rq vuk;lsu ,o Hkxor~&izkfIr% Hkofr]
fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZu]s u osQoya fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vfirq lexz"s kq Hkkjrh;&n'kZu"s kq
euks&o'khdj.kk; mik;k% mDrk% lfUr] vr% eul% izkèkkU;kr~ rL;So fuxzg%
drZO;% Hkofr] oLrqr% vUrdj.kinsu prq.kk± xzg.ka Hkofr] eu%&cqf¼&fpÙk&
vgadkjk.kke~A v=kkfi la[;n'kZuor~ prqfo±'kfrèkk izÑfr% orZrs] r=k vUr%dj.kL;
ppkZ Hkofr] vUr%dj.kL; mi;ksx% lnSo HkofrA ;fn dL;fpn~ vfi iq#"kL;
vUr%dj.ka lE;d~ u Hkofr rnk rq leL;k ,o HkofrA vr% vUr%dj.kL;
laLdkjk; cgo% mik;k% lfUr] fo'kS"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus rq HkfDrrÙoL; ,o
izèkkurk r=k HkfDrÑrs rq 'kenekfn&laLÑrL; vUr%dj.kL; vko';drk Hkofr
rnFk± euq";% loZnk iz;kla djksfr bfrA
lUnHkZxzUFklwph&
osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfoe'kZ%] cqfPposda Vkpk;Z%] vejxzUFkifCyosQ'kue~] fnYyh]
2004
Hkkjrh;n'kZue~] txnh'kpUæfeJ%] pkS[kEHkklaLÑrizfr"Bkue~] fnYyh] 2014
osnkUrlkj%] vkpk;ZlnkuUn%] txnh'klaLÑriqLrdky;% t;iqje~] 2005
Lrks=kjRue~] Jhen~;kequkpk;Z%] vejxzUFkifCyosQ'kue~] fnYyh] 2008
ggg
1- ve`rfcUnwifu"kr~
oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjfn'kk f}rh;kFkZfu:i.ke~
&MkW- v'kksdoqQekjfeJ%
jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh
¹ys[kd% "kV~lq dkjosQ"kq f}rh;kcksè;a deZdkjoaQ dkS.MHkV~Vfojfpr&
oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjkuqxq.ka izLrqrs 'kks/i=ks fu:firoku~A &laúº
¶lo± uke èkkrqtekg¸ bfr fu#Dropukuqlkjkr~ ewyizÑfr% èkkrqjso bfr
fu.kZ;%] rFkk p èkkrksjso fofHkÂk% izR;;k% tk;Urs rr% uSosQ 'kCnk% HkofUr] rFkk
p rs"kka izÑfrizR;;kuke~ vFkZfu:i.kk; vkpk;sZ.k dkS.MHkV~Vsu oS;kdj.kHkw"k.k&
lkjk[;% xzUFk% fojfpr%] r=k loZizR;;kuke~ ewydkj.kRokr~ vknkS èkkRoFkZfu:i.ke~
rnuq inRoL; tudRokr~ frÄ~FkZfu:i.ke~] rRi'pkr~ O;kikj% dkjdkUo;h bfr
fu;ekH;qixekr~ lqcFkZfu.kZ;% bR;k[;a izdj.ka lek;kfr] izdj.ks¿fLeu~ lokZlka
foHkDrhuke~ vFkZfu.kZ;% fofgrks fo|rsA lqi~ bfr mDrs LokfnikUrleqnk;?kVd&
izR;;Roi;kZfIrlEcUèksu rnU;reRoa lqIRoe~A
rFkk p lqcFkZekgµ
¶vkJ;ks¿ofèk#ís';% lEcUèk% 'kfDrjso okA1
;Fkk;Fka foHkDR;FkkZ% lqika desZfr Hkk";r%«¸
bR;u;k dkfjd;k dkS.MHkV~Vsu lokZlke~ foHkDrhukeFkZ% izfrikfnrks fo|rs]
r=k vkJ;:iks¿FkZ% f}rh;k&r`rh;k&lIreh&foHkDrhuka orZrs] rFkk p vofèk%
i×pehfoHkDrsjFkZ% ¶viknkus i×peh2¸ bfr ikf.kfulw=kcykr~A vFk p mís';&
'prqF;ZFkZ% ,o×p ^'ks"ks "k"Bh3* bfr lw=kkr~ "k"BÔk% lEcUèkek=keFkZ% dkjd"k"B~;k%
'kfDrjsoA ¶lIrehi×pE;kS dkjdeè;s4¸ bR;fLeu~ ikf.kfulw=kLFks Hkk";s rL;So
1- dkfjdk&24 (lqcFkZ izdj.ke~)

2- ikúlwú 2&3&28
3- ikúlwú 2&3&50
4- ikúlwú 2&3&07
¹ 77 º
78 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fufnZ"VRokr~ ¶oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjfn'kk f}rh;kFkZfu:i.ke~¸ bR;k[;'kksèkizcUèks lkEizre~
osQoya f}rh;kFkZ% fofoP;rs rFkk fgµ¶deZf.k f}rh;k1¸ ¶dr`Zdj.k;ksLr`rh;k2¸
¶deZ.kk ;efHkizSfr l lEiznkue~3¸ bR;kfnikf.kfulw=kkuqlkjs.k dekZn;% foHkDrh&
ukeFkkZ% lUR;so] fdeFkZe~ ,rr~ izdj.kfefr] r=k ¶fØ;ktU;iQyÙosu deZ.k ,o
drqZjhfIlrreRokr~¸ rFkk;qDra pkuhfIlre~ bR;kfnlaxzgkPpSoesoksDre~] vFkkZr~
bZfIlrreL; deZlaKk Hkofr ,o×p mHk;ks% (bZfIrlkuhfIlr;ks%) deZlaKk;ke~
mi;ksx% Hkofr rnuUrja 'kkCncksèks r;ks% Hkkua u Hkofr] fdURo=k iqu% iz'u%
mnsfr ;r~ fØ;ktU;iQykJ;% dEeZ] bR;uqjksèkkr~ r=kSo rL; 'kfDr% L;kr~
fdeFkZe~ vkJ;s bfr\ rÂ fØ;k;k% iQyL; p èkkrquSo ykHklEHkokr~ ¶vuU;yH;ks
fg 'kCnkFkZ%¸ bfr fèk;k vkJ;ek=ka dekZFkZ%] rFkk pkJ; bR;qDrs vkJ;rkoku~
bR;FkZ%] vFkkZr~ Lo:ilEcUèkkofPNÂlqcf~ u"Bokpdrk&fu:fir&vkJ;fu"Bk okP;rkA
v=k vkJ;fu"Bk okP;rk fdf×p¼ekZofPNkÂk ukfLr] vkJ;rk;k% vU;=kkfi
lÙokr~ vfrizlDrr;k f}rh;kfnokP;rkuoPNsndRokr~A vFk p iQyO;kikjkfn&
fu:firRofof'k"VekJ;Roefi voPNsndefi Hkforqa ukgZfr] rL;k% vfrxkSjokr~A
vFk p ¶oSoqQ.Beè;kLrs bR;kfn"kq rL;k% vlÙokr~ U;wurkiÙks'pA uuq vkJ;rk;k%
fu:idHksnsu vkuUR;a L;kfnfr rÂ] vkJ;Ro×p v[k.Mksikfèk:ie~A mikfèkukZe&
fo'ks"k.kRos lfr tkfrfHkÂRoe~¸A r=kk[k.MRo×p&brjinkFkZ?kfVrLo:idèkeZ&
fHkÂRoe~] r|Fkk&vksnua ipfr bR;kfn"kq fofDyÙks% vkJ;Rokr~ vksnuL; deZÙoa
fl¼;fr] r=k dr`Zfu"BizÑrèkkrwikÙkO;kikj&iz;ksT;Ros lfr rkn`'k O;kikj&
O;fèkdj.kr¼kRoFkZiQykJ;Roa deZRofefr mDre~A U;k;u;s Ñ×k~èkkrks% ;RukFkZd%
vrLrn~[k.Muk; ewys fuxnfr ;r~ ¶?kVa djksrhR;=kksRiÙ;kJ;Roe~A mRiÙksèkkZRoFkZRokr~A
uuq izÑrèkkrwikÙkO;kikjtU;iQykJ;% deZ bfr deZy{k.ks tkrs pS=kks xzkea xPNfr
bR;kfn"kq drqZ% pS=kL;kfi fØ;ktU; xzkela;ksx:iiQykJ;Rokr~ deZRokiÙkkS¸
pS=k'pS=ka xPNfr bR;ifÙk% ,r}kD;kFkZ% pS=kfu"Bla;ksxkuqowQy'pS=kdr`Zd% orZeku%
O;kikj%A rFkSo iz;kxr% fu%l`R; dk'kha xPNfr bR;=k xe~èkkRoFkZ% ;%
ikniz{ksikfnO;kikj% rTtU;a ;RiQya la;ksx:ia rFkSo foHkkxks¿fi iQya fo|rs]
rLekr~ la;ksxkJ;Rokr~ ;Fkk xzkeL; deZrk] rFkSo foHkkxkJ;Rokr~ iz;kxL;
deZÙokifÙk% L;kr~] uuq pS=k'pS=ka xPNfr bfr mikÙks okD;s drZ̀laKk}kjk deZlaKk;k%
ckèk% bfr pSÂ fØ;ktU;iQykJ;RoRo&:ikReda deZRoekuh; f}rh;k;k% iqujkifÙk%
1- ikúlwú 2&3&2
2- ikúlwú 2&3&18
3- ikúlwú 1&4&32
oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkjfn'kk f}rh;kFkZfu:i.ke~ 79
vr ,o ewys mDra ;r~ f}rh;ksRiÙkkS laKk;k ,o fu;kedRokr~ vFkkZr~ iQykJ;Roknso
f}rh;k u tk;rs] vfirq r=k deZlaKk vko';dh] lR;ka deZlaKk;ke~ ,o
f}rh;ksRifÙk% HkofrA vU;Fkk ¶xe;fr Ñ".ka xksoqQye~] bR;=kso ikp;fr Ñ".ksu
bR;=kkfi Ñ".kinkn~ f}rh;k¿iÙks%A vFkkZr~ f}rh;k;k% mRiÙkkS iQykJ;RoL;
dkj.kRos LohÑrkS lR;ke~ mi;qZDrLFkys nks"k% tk;rs] vr% mi;qZDrnks"kokj.kk;
dk;Zdkj.kHkkoa dYi;fr] rFkk fg&izdkjrk lEcUèksu èkkRoFkZiQyfo'ks";dcksèka
izfr èkkRoFkZO;kikjkufèkdj.kk¿J;ksifLFkfrgsZrq%] bfr dk;Zdkj.kHkkokUrje~] rFkk
LohÑrs dk;Zdkj.kHkkos nks"kks ukfLr] vknkS y{k.kleUo;% pS=kks xzkea xPNfr
bR;=k mÙkjns'kla;ksxkuqoQw yO;kikj% xfeèkkRoFkZ%] O;kdj.ku;s O;kikjeq[;fo'ks";d%¸
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laLÑrs "kV~dkjdkf.k HkofUrA lEcksèkue~] lEcUèk'p dkjosQ uSo x`ársA
çkÑrs& ¶fØ;kgsr%q dkjde~¸1 çkÑrL; dkjdkf.k foHkfÙkQukekfu laLÑrk&
èkkfjrkfu lfUrA laKk&loZuke&fo'ks"k.kins"kq ç;qÙkQk% çR;;k% foHkfÙkQ% bfr
dF;rsA ¶fdfj;k, fo.kêòoíxa dkj.ka¸ bfr çkÑrsA çkÑrs prqFkhZLFkkus
"k"BhfoHkÙkQs% ç;ksxks HkofrA f}opuLFkkus p cgqopuL; ç;ksxks¿fi çkÑrs
HkofrA çkÑrs¿fi "kV~dkjdkf.k "kfM~oHkÙkQ;'p HkofUrA vr% dkjdn`"VÔk¿fi
};kseZè;s egRlkE;a n`';rsA
vO;;&fuikrk'p &
laLÑrs& ¶LojkfnfuikreO;;e~¸2 bfr ikf.kuh;lw=kkuqlkja Lojkfnx.k&
ifBrkuka fuikÙkkuka p vO;;Roa izksDre~A
1- fl-gs-la-O;k- 2@2@1
2- ik-v- 1@1@33
çkÑrs& ¶vO;;e~¸1 bfr lw=ks.k gsepUæs.k vO;;fefr LohÑre~A
çkÑrs¿fi laLÑrkèkkfjrk% vO;;&fuikrk% vr ,o v=kkfi lkE;a njhn`';rsA
çR;;k% & ¶çrh;rs¿FkkZs¿ususfr çR;;%¸ laLÑrs çkèkkU;su çR;;k% i×pèkk
lqi~&frÄ~&Ñr~&rf¼r&L=khçR;;k'psfrA çkÑrs ¶'ks"k% laLÑrkr~¸ (çk-ç- 9@18)
¶lqfIrÄ~rf¼rleklçR;kgkjdkjdfyÄõla[;kn;ks¿=k uksÙkQk%] rs laLÑrkr~
leh{;koxUrO;k%¸2 çkÑrs leRosu çR;;k% laLÑronsokoxUrO;k% bfrA
lfUèk% &
laLÑrs ¶ij% lfUud"kZ% lafgrk¸ bfr lafgrk;ka lRka lfU/% fo/h;rsA
çkÑrs ¶in;ks% lfUèkokZ¸ bR;usu foèkh;rsA laLÑrs&
lafgrSdins fuR;k fuR;k èkkrwilxZ;ks%A
fuR;k lekls okD;s rq lk foo{kkeis{krsAA
ij×p çkÑrs fodYisu LohfØ;rsA
laLÑrksÙkQ% lfUèk% loZ% çkÑrs in;ksO;ZofLFkrfoHkk"k;k HkofrA
çkÑrs lUèk;fL=kèkk & 1- LojlfUèk% 2- vO;;&lfUèk% 3- O;×tulfUèk%A
laLÑrs rq vT>fYolxZ:is.k HksnksiHksnsu p ç;qT;rsA çkÑrs folxZ% uSo Hkofr]
vr% folxZlUèks% vHkkoks¿fLrA v=k vO;;lfUèk% fo'ks"k%A fdf×pn~ Hksna fogk;
lfUèkfopkjs¿fi mHk;ks% lkE;esok¿fLrA
leklk% & çkÑrs dkjd&lekl&rf¼rk% oj#fpgsepUækfnfHk% lw=kS% uSo
Li"VhÑrk%A ,rs laLÑrkèkkfjrkLlUR;SoA le~ $ vl~ $ ?k×k~ bR;usu lekl%A
¶lelua lekl%¸ ¶vusosQ"kka inkuke~ ,dinhHkoua lekl%¸A laLÑrs
eq[;:is.k prqèkZsfrA çkÑrs ¶lekls ok¸ (çk-ç- 3@57] çkÑrs leklk% "kM~èkk
(1) vOobZHkko (vO;;hHkko%) lekl% (2) rIiqfjl (rRiq#"k%) lekl% (3)
dEeèkkj; (deZèkkj;%) (4) fnxq (f}xq%) (5) nan (}U}%) cgqOohgh (cgqohz fg%)
çkÑroS;kdj.kS% leklfu;ek% laLÑrHkk"kk;k% ;Fkk;Fka LohÑrk%A
3- okD;&foe'kZ%&
okD;fopkjs jpuk& fo'ys"k.k&Hksnknhuka o.kZua fØ;rsA laLÑrçkÑr;kseZè;s
lekuSo okD;jpuk vfLr drkZ&deZ&fØ;kA laLÑrçkÑr;ks% };ks% fodkfjinkfu
1- fl-gs-çk-O;k- 8@2@175
2- çk-ç- 9@18 lw-O;k-
88 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vkfèkD;su lfUr] ræfgrinkuka vfodkfjinkuk×p U;wurk¿fLrA drZq% fyÄõ&opu&
iq#"kkfnor~ fØ;k HkofrA O;kdj.k'kkL=ks okD;L;kR;Ura çeq•a LFkkuefLrA
in'kkL=kukEuk fo[;kra rFkkfi okD;çèkkurka LohoqQoZu~ ukxs'k% dFk;fr&¶r=k
okD;LiQksVks eq[;LrL;So yksosQ vFkZcksèkdRokr~ rsuSokFkZlekIrs'psfr¸A
rFkSo U;k;Hkk";dkjks¿I;kg&¶inlewgks okD;eFkZlekIrkS¸A bfrA çkÑrs¿fi
fØ;k dr`Z&vuqlkjeso HkofrA çkÑrs f}opua uSo Hkofr rL; LFkkus cgqopuL;
ç;ksxks HkofrA
milagkj%
laLÑrçkÑrHkk"ks NkUnLlEc¼sA laLÑrçkÑrHkk"k;kseZè;s HkkokRedks Hksn%
ukfLrA };ks% Ïksr ,de~ ,oA ykSfddlaLÑrO;kdj.kknuqçkÑrO;kdj.kL; Lodh;a
egÙoa orZrsA çkÑrO;kdj.kL; çÑfr% laLÑre~A çkÑrO;kdj.ka fouk dkyØeL;
foHkktuefi viw.k± HkofrA çkÑrHkk"kk;k% çFkea O;kdj.ka çkÑrçdk'k% oj#fpuk
ÑrefLrA vuUrja gsepUækfnfHk% fofHkUukfu O;kdj.kkfu fojfprkfu] lokZ.;fi
laLÑrO;kdj.ka ikf.kfuO;kdj.kkèkkfjrkfu lfUr] r=k osQoya èoU;kRedks fdf×pn~Hksn%
n`';rsA vr ,o çkÑrHkk"kk;k% ç;ksx% laLÑrukVosQ"kq voyksD;rsA vU;Rlo±
lekue~A laLÑrHkk"kso o.kZekyk] 'kCn:ikf.k] èkkrq:ikf.k çR;;k%] lfUèk%] lekl&
dkjdkf.k p rFkkfoèk'p okD;fopkjkfnd×p lekueso njhn`';rsA ,oa çdkjs.k
Ñrkè;;usukusu Kk;rs ;r~ laLÑr&çkÑrO;kdj.k;kseZè;s ?kfu"B% vUrLlEcUèk%
egRlkE;a pkoyksD;rsA
lUnHkZxzUFklwph
1- v"Vkè;k;hf'k{kk
2- ikf.kuh;f'k{kk
3- c`gn~ vuqokn&pfUædk
4- çkÑr&O;kdj.ke~&vkpk;Zges pUæfojfpre~
5- çkÑr&çdk'k%&oj:fpfojfpre~
6- laLÑrO;kdj.k'kkL=k dk bfrgkl&;qfèk-ehekald
7- çkÑr Hkk"kk ifjp; vkSj mldk O;kdj.k&(eq-Lok-ih-] jk-la-laLFkkue~)
ggg
laLÑrokÄ~e;s x|dkO;L; izkphukokZphukuka

Hksnkuka foospue~
fjaosQ'kHkwnyk%
'kksèkPNk=k%] lkfgR;foHkkx%
Jh yk-c-'kk-jk-lafo|kihBe~] uonsgyh
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks x|dkO;L; izkphuHksnkuke~ vokZphuHksnkuka p
foospua 'kks/PNk=ks.k lE;o~Q Ñre~A &laúº
x|dkO;Hksn%
ekuosfrgkls i|dkO;kr~ x|dkO;a izkphurea oÙkZrs] ;rksfg fopkjk.kka
Hkkokuk×p lEizs"k.ka x|su HkofrA rFkkfi x|dkO;L; fodkla rkn`'ka ukHkwr~ ;kn`'ka
i|dkO;L;A ;rksfg x|dkO;a i|dkO;kr~ fDy"Vrja oÙkZrsA mDrefiµ
¶x|a dohuka fud"ka onfUrA¸
laLÑrtxfr dkO;L; ewy:is.k Hksn};a HkofrA
1- n`';dkO;a 2- JO;dkO;×pA
n`';dkO;s n'k:idk.kka rFkk p v"Vkn'kksi:idk.kka p lekgkj% orZrsA
n`';dkO;s"kq x|i|;ks% lekgkj% izk;% loZ=kSo HkofrA JO;dkO;L; eq[;:is.k
Hksn};a orZrsA mDrefi lkfgR;niZ.kdkjs.kµ
JO;a JksrO;ek=ka rRi|x|e;a f}èkkA1
i|dkO;L; iqu% }kS HksnkS Hkor%A
1- izcUèkdkO;e~A
2- eqDrddkO;×pA
JO;dkO;L; f}rh;Hksn% x|dkO;a orZrAs x|ys[kuL; ijEijk oSfnddkyknso
1- lkúnú "k"BifjPNsn%
¹ 89 º
90 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fo|rsA izk;% bZú iwú 200 res x|L; =k;% izdkjk% izfl¼k% vklu~A ikSjkf.kdx|a
'kkL=kh;x|a lkfgfR;dx|×pA ikSjkf.kdx|L; iz;ksx% vk[;kukuka l`f"Vfo"k;d&
o`ÙkkUrkuke~ ,o×p vU;ikSjkf.kdfo"k;k.kka fu:i.kkFkZÑr% vklhr~A 'kkL=kh;x|L;
loZiFz ke% iz;ksx% fu#Drs leqiyH;rsA n'kZu'kkL=ks lw=kkf.k vu;k 'kSY;k fodflrkfuA
lkfgfR;dx|L; fo"k;s dkR;k;uL; ir×tys'p jpuklq mYys[k% izkI;rsA r=k
vk[;kf;dkukeqYys[k% oÙkZrs1A
laLÑrlkfgR;s izkphudkO;'kkL=kKS% x|L; eq[;:is.k Hksn};a LohÑre~µdFkk
vk[;kf;dk psfrA ,r;ks% Hksn;ks% fu:i.ka loZizFkeefXuiqjk.ks leqiyH;rsA r=k
x|dkO;L; i×p Hksnk% LohÑrk%&vk[;kf;dk] dFkk] [k.MdFkk] ifjdFkk]
dFkkfudk psfrA2 rnqijkUra x|dkO;L; Hksnkuka foospua HkkegÑrL; ^dkO;kyÄïkje~*
ukfEu xzUFks izkI;rsA ;=k vk[;kf;dk dFkk p ,r;ks% mYys[k% oÙkZrsµ
laLÑrkukoqQyJO;'kCnkFkZino`fÙkukA
x|su ;qDrksnkÙkkFkkZ lksPN~oklk[;kf;dk erk«
u oD=kkijoD=kkH;ka ;qDrk uksPN~okloR;fiA
laLÑrk¿laLÑrk ps"Vk dFkkiHkza'kHkkDrFkk«3
vkpk;Znf.Muk dkO;kn'ksZ x|dkO;L; vU;kS HksnkS Li"V:is.k fu:firkSµ
vikn% inlUrkuks x|ek[;kf;dk dFkkA
bfr rL; izHksnkS }kS r;ksjk[;kf;dk fdy«4
#æVÑrs dkO;kyÄïkjs x|HksnkS mfYyf[krkSµ
lfUr f}èkk izcUèkk% dkO;dFkk[;kf;dkn;%A5
fo'oukFkÑrlkfgR;niZ.ks6 ,o×p vejdks'ks¿fi7 Hksn};L; fu:i.ka orZrsA
1- laLÑrlkfgR; dk bfrgkl] meka'kdj ^Íf"k* i`- la- 373&374

2- vk[;kf;dk dFkk [k.MdFkk ifjdFkk rFkkA
dFkkfuosQfr eU;Urs x|dkO;×p i×pèkk« v-iq- 337&12
3- Hkkeg dkO;kyadkj% 1@25 ,oa 1@28
4- dkO;kn'kZ% 1@23
5- dkO;kyÄïkj% 16@2
6- dFkk;ka ljla oLrqA
vk[;kf;dk dFkkoRL;kr~A lkfgR;niZ.k% 6@332µ335
7- vk[;kf;dksiyC/kFkkZ izcU/dYiuk dFkkA vejdks"k% izFkea dk.Ma 'kCnkfnoxZ%A
dkfjdk 5&61
laLÑrokÄ~e;s x|dkO;L; izkphukokZphukuka Hksnkuka foospue~ 91
rnuqlkjs.k ,sfrgkfldfo"k;s vk[;kf;dk dkYifudfo"k;s p dFkk HkofrA izk;%
izkphuk% losZ vkpk;kZ% x|dkO;L; }kS HksnkS LohoqQoZfUrA rs"kq vkpk;Zn.Mh
x|dkO;L; };ks% Hksn;kseZè;s osQoya laKkek=ks.k Hksna LohdjksfrA rsu };kstkZfrjsoSQo
LohÑrkA mfYyf[kra dkO;kn'ksZµ
Hksn'p n`"Vks yEHkkfn#PN~oklks ok¿Lrq fda rr%A
rRdFkk[;kf;osQR;sdk tkfr% laKk};kfÄïrk«1
x|dkO;HksnL; y{k.ke~ vkpk;Zfo'oukFksu Loy{k.kxzUFks lkfgR;niZ.ks
lqLi"Va Ñre~µ
dFkkµ
dFkk;ka ljla oLrq x|Sjso fofufeZre~«
Dofpn=k Hkosnk;kZ Dofpn~oD=kkioD=kosQA
vknkS i|SuZeLdkj% [kyknso`ZÙkdhrZue~«2
vk[;kf;dk&
vk[;kf;dkdFkkoRL;kRdoso±'kkuqdhrZue~A
vL;keU;dohuka p o`Ùka i|a DofpRDofpr~«
dFkka'kkuka O;oPNsn vk'okl bfr cè;rsA
vk;kZoD=kkioD=kk.kka NUnlk ;su osQufpr~«
vU;kins'ksuk'okleq[ks HkkO;FkZlwpue~«3
izkphudkys izÑ"Va x|a leklckgqY;ekstksxq.kizèkkua Hkofr LeA nf.Muk
mDrefi&
¶vkstLleklHkw;LRoesrn~ x|L; thfore~A¸4 leklckgqY;su x|L;
dkfBU;a ys[kus iBus p loZFkk izfl¼efLrA fdUrq vkèkqfud;qxL; x|dkjk%
ikf.MR;izn'kZua fogk; lekljfgr;k ljy;k LokHkkfodHkk"k;k p x|jpuka
oqQoZUr% lfUrA ;su lkekU;laLÑrKks¿fi rka jpuka ifBRok vkÈkna izkIuksfrA
lekliz;ksxs.k o`Ùkfuos'ksu p x|a prqfoZèke~& (1) eqDrda (2) o`ÙkxfUèk
(3) mRdkfydkizk;e~ (4) pw.kZd×psfr&
1- dkO;kn'kZ%µ1@28µ28
2- lkfgR;niZ.k%µ332µ333
3- lkfgR;niZ.k%µ6@334µ335
4- dkO;kn'kZ%µ1@80
92 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
mDrefi lkfgR;niZ.ksµ
o`ÙkcUèkksfT>ra x|a eqDrda o`ÙkxfUèk pA
HkosnqRdfydkizk;a pw.kZd×p prqfoZèke~«
vk|a lekljfgra o`ÙkHkkx;qra ije~A
vU;íh?kZleklk<Ôa rq;Z×pkYileklde~«1
eqDrosQ lekljfgrk jpuk fØ;rsA vkèkqfudk% x|ys[kdk% x|jpuk;ka
eqDrdfoèkL; ,o iz;ksxa oqQoZfUrA o`ÙkxUèkkS oqQ=kfpr~ o`ÙkHkkx% lekfo"Vks HkofrA
mRdfydk;ka nh?kZlekljpuk HkofrA pw.kZosQ vYilekljpuk HkofrA eqDrosQ
lekljfgrk jpuk fØ;rsA vkèkqfudk% x|ys[kdk% x|jpuk;ka eqDrdfoèkL;
,o iz;ksxa oqQoZfUrA
izkphuS% dkO;'kkL=kKS% x|dkO;L; izk;% Hksn};a LohÑra] dFkk:ia
vk[;kf;dk:i×pA osQoyefXuiqjk.ks ,o i×pHksnk% mfYyf[krk%A fdUrq vkèkqfuoSQ%
dkO;'kkL=kKS% x|dkO;L;kusdHksnk% dfYirk%] ;Fkk& dFkksiU;kl&laLej.kkRe&
dFkk&js[kkfp=k&thoupfjr&;k=kko`Ùkkn;%A vkèkqfuosQ"kq dkO;'kkL=kKs"kq JheækèkkoYyHk&
f=kikfBo;Z% vfHkjktjktsUæfeJ'p izeq[ka LFkkua HktfrA mi;qZDrkuka Hksnkuka fu:i.ka
izks- jkèkkoYyHkf=kikfBuk LodkO;'kkL=kxzUFks ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ks* Ñre~A
rL;Sokèkkjs.k ,rs"kka Hksnkuka foospue=k izLrw;rsA r=k dFkk;k% y{k.keqDra
f=kikfBegksn;suµ
^thouL;Sdns'kfu:i.kijek[;kua dFkkA*2
vFkkZr~ dL;fpr~ ik=kfo'ks"kL; thouL;SdHkkxL; jksek×pdeqRÑ"V×p
o.kZua dFkk HkofrA vkèkqfuosQ dkys dFkk;k% Lo:ia iw.kZ:is.k ifjofrZre~A vèkquk
ljyHkk"k;k izk×tyHkk"k;k p dFkk fy[;rsA orZekus dFkk;k% Lo:ia dknEcjh
n'koqQekjpfjrfeo p ukfLrA lEizfr dFkk;k% Lo:ia y?kq vHkor~A dknEc;kZfn"kq
izkphudFkklq tUekUrjefi of.kZre~A fdUrq vkèkqfudklq y?kqdFkklq thouL;SdeÄõeos
o.kZ;fr ys[kd%A
miU;kl%µmiU;klL; y{k.kesoeqfYyf[kra izks- f=kikfBuk vfHkuo&
dkO;kyÄïkjlw=ksµ
^x|c¼ miU;klks egkdkO;e;h dFkkA*3
1- ¶lkfgR;niZ.ks 6@331¸
2- vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~ 3@1@12
miU;kls dfo% egkdkO;feo thouL; lokZÄõh.ka :ia fu:i;frA v=k
prÏ% voLFkk% dFkkjEHk% lÄ~?k"kZ% vkjksg% volku×p HkofUrA miU;klL;
izeq[kk% Hksnk?kVukizèkku%] lkekftd%] jktuSfrd%] ,sfrgkfld%] euksoSKkfud%]
vk×pfyd%] thoupfjrkRed'psfr orZrsA
fucUèk%µ
vL; y{k.kesoeqfYyf[kra f=kikfBegksn;suµ
^fopkjfo'ks"kL; Hkkofo'ks"kL; x|su cUèkks fucUèk%A*1
fopkjk.kka Hkkokuka p fucUèkukfÂcUèk bfr O;ifn';rsA fucUèk% f}foèk%
fo"k;izèkkuks fo"kf;izèkku'pA fo"k;izèkkus fucUèks fopkjL; fpUruL; p izkèkkU;a
HkofrA vL; =k;ks Hksnk% LohÑrk%] o.kZukRed%] fooj.kkRed%] fopkjkRed'psfrA
fo"k;izèkkus fuc¼qoSZ;fDrdk% Hkkok% egh;UrsA v;a f}foèk%&HkkokRedks
yfyrfucUèk'pA
^laLej.ke~µ
^;Fkko`ÙkL; Le`R;k vk[;kua laLej.ke~A**2
iwo± ?kfVrk;k% dL;kf'pr~ ?kVuk;k% o.kZua laLej.kfeR;kgq%A v=k Le`R;yÄïkjL;
izkèkkU;a HkofrA dL;kf'pr~ ?kVuk;k% izlÄõL; O;Drs% tkrsokZ lk{kkRdkja ÑRok
rFkSo fu:i.ka fØ;rsA
js[kkfp=ke~µ
js[kkfp=kL; y{k.kesoa fuxfnre~µ
^'kCnS?kZVuk;k% O;Drsf'p=kfeo fufeZra js[kkfp=ke~A*3
dL;kf'pr~ ?kVuk;k% O;Drs'p 'kCnekè;esu fp=kfeokÄïua js[kkfp=ka HkofrA
v=k LoHkkoksDrs% izkèkkU;a Hkofr\ Le`frjyÄïkjks¿fi oqQ=kfpr~ HkofrA js[kkfp=ka
fo"k;izèkkua x|Ñfr% orZrsA js[kkfp=kL; Ñrs vkÄ~XylkfgR;s ^MªkWbax* (Drying)
bfr 'kCnL; iz;ksx% orZrsA ^MªkWbax* (Drying) bfr 'kCn% fØ;klaK;ks% };ks%
:i;ks% iz;qT;rsA fØ;k:is ^MªkWbax* bfr 'kCn% izfrfcEcL; fuekZ.kk; dfLeaf'pr~
94 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
LFkkus dxZns ok vkÑrs% fuekZ.kL; dk;± orZrsA fufeZrk vkÑfrjfi ^MªkWbax*
dF;rs bfr laKk:isA1
thoupfjre~µ
dL;fpr~ egkiq#"kL; ,sfrgkfldiq#"kL; ok izjs.kkizna pfjrfu:i.ka
thoupfjra HkofrA Dofpfnna i|kRedefi Hkofr rFkkfi x|s ,o fo'ks"k:is.k
fy[;rsA vL; y{k.kesoekg f=kikfB egksn;%µ
^dL;fpUegkiq#"kL; izsj.kkizna pfjrfu:i.ka thoupfjre~A*2
vkRedFkkµ
v=k dfo% iz.ksrk ok LoL; thouo`ÙkkUra Lo;eso o.kZ;frA vL;
y{k.kfeneqDre~µ
^thoupfjrL;So izdkjfo'ks"k vkRedFkkA*3
thoupfjrfeo Hkofr vkRedFkkA };ks% eè;s osQoyeUrjfena oÙkZrs ;r~
vkRedFkk;ka ys[kd% Lo;eso LoL; thouo`ÙkkUra fy[kfr rFkk p thoupfjrs
vU;%A
;k=kko`Ùke~µ
dfouk Ñrk;k% ;k=kk;k% o.kZua ;k=kko`Ùka HkofrA rL; y{k.ke~µ
^;k=kk;k% ;FkkuqHkwra o.kZua ;k=kko`Ùke~A*4
x|dkO;L; ,rs Hksnk% izks- jkèkkoYyHkf=kikfBuk vkèkqfudifjn`';L;kèkkjs
foHkkftrk%A ,"kq Hksns"kq vèkquk laLÑrokÄ~e;s cgq x|a fy[;rsA fdUrq izks-
vfHkjktjktsUæfeJ% ,rku~ Hksnku~ u LohdjksfrA ,rs dFkk;k% ,o ukekUrjkf.k
lfUrA ,rs"kka fHkÂk;k% lÙkk;k% vuoLFkk Hkosr~\ bfr vfHkjktjktsUæfeJegksn;L;
ere~A5 Hkjrsu izfrikfnra ;r~ x|y{k.ke~ vfu;rk{kja ;L;kijuke pw.kZcUèk%]
rnso Lohdjksfr feJegksn;%A 'kSY;kèkkjs x|a prqfoZèka] ;s Hksnk% lkfgR;niZ.ks
izfrikfnrk% fo'oukFksu r ,o vÄõhÑrk%A x|L; Hksnfo"k;s vfHkjktsu fofHkÂkpk;kZ.kka
era izLrqre~A vfXuiqjk.ks mfYyf[krk% x|L; i×pHksnk% vfi rsu LohÑrk%A rs"kq
1- fofdihfM;k
5- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~ i`- la- 240
[k.MdFkk y?kqdFkk bfr ukEuk LohÑrkA èofudkjs.k mfYyf[krk;k% ldydFkk;k%
LFkkus vèkquk nh?kZdFkk izpfyrk bfr rs"kka ere~A
vfHkjktjktsUæfeJs.k ,dfoa'k'krkC|k% laLÑrx|dkO;a prq"kZq :is"kq
O;ofLFkre~µ
(1) miU;kl% (2) dFkkfudk
(3) y?kqdFkk (4) nh?kZdFkk p
miU;kl%µ
vkèkqfud;qxs miU;kl% vR;fèkd% izfl¼% x|dkO;Hksn% vfLrA vL;
y{k.kesoa izfrikfnra feJegkHkkxsu&
dFkk¿¿[;kf;d;ks% df'pfUeJHksnks¿fi lkEizre~A
miU;kl bfr [;krks Hkk"kkUrjizfrf"Br%«1
vFkkZr~ dFkk¿¿[;kf;d;ks% df'pr~ fefJr% Hksn% orZekus dkys miU;kl
bfr ukEuk foJqr%A v;a Hksn% laLÑrsrjlkfgR;s"kq fo'ks"k:is.k izfl¼%A miU;kls
dky[k.Mfo'ks"kL; tuthoua lkÄõksikÄõa niZ.ks izfrfcEc bo lfoLrjeqiU;L;rsA
dky[k.Mfo'ks"kL; lexza tuthoue~A
izfrfcEc bokn'ksZ U;L;rs¿=k lfoLrje~«2
v=k Dofpr~ lkekftdØkUrs% o.kZua lektL; izR;soaQ oxZL; vH;qn;L;
leFkZua fØ;rsA rFkk p Dofpr~ :<huka ik[k.Mkuk×p foèoalsu mn~Hkok;k%
lektL; uwruO;oLFkk;k% o.kZua HkofrA
DofpRlkekftdh ØkfUr% loksZn;lefFkZuhA
:f<ik[k.Mfoèoalks uokpkj% DofpRiqu%«3
oLrqr% miU;klks¿fi egkdkO;feo HkofrA v=kkfi uk;dL; lkÄõksikÄõa
lEiw.kZthouL; o.kZua foèkh;rsA v=k feJegksn;su f=kikfBegksn;su p izfrikfnr&
L;ksiU;kly{k.kL; e.Mua Ñre~A
egkdkO;onsok;eqiU;klks¿fi oLrqr%A
lkÄõksikÄõa lexz×p usr`thoupfj=k.ke~«4
1- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~@fufeZfrrÙoksUes"k%@105
96 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
èkeZ&jktuhfr&vFkS%Z ;qDr% df'pnfi ?kVukpØ% ;% miU;klfuekZ.ks mi;qDr%
ukfLr l% r=k uSo L;kr~A bfro`Ùkkuqlkjs.k dFkkizLrqrs'p Hksno'kkr~ jpukdkjL;
izfrHk;k lek;qDrk% cgqfoèkk% miU;klk% HkofUrA ,oefi mDra feJegksn;suµ
èkeZjktu;kFkkZuka uSo o`Ùka fg rkn`'ke~A
;nqiU;klfuekZ.ks uksi;qT;a HkosRiqu%«
fofoèkk% lUR;qiU;klk% bfro`Ùkkuqjksèkr%A
dFkkizLrqfrHksnkPp dfoizfrHk;kf×prk%«
izks- jglfogkjhf}osfnegksn;su lkfgR;foe'kZukeosQ fucUèklÄ~xgz s vokZphu&
dkO;foèkky{k.kkuhfrfucUèks miU;klL; y{k.ka izfrikfnre~µ
x|dkO;c`gn~cUèk miU;klks¿fHkèkh;rsA
vfLeu~ ;qxksfpra oLrq ik=ka dfolehfgre~«
ns'kdkyksfpra fp=ka x|f'kYia euksgje~A
dfYira pkfi rRlo± ;FkkFk± lr~ izrh;rs«1
feJegksn;kuqlkjs.k f}osfnegksn;kuqlkjs.k p izfrikfnrfeneqiU;kly{k.ka
RofjrdFkuek=ka orZrsA
dFkkfudkµ
dFkk;k% df'pn~ fof'k"V% Hksn% ;% lokZlq Hkk"kklq izfl¼% ,o×p
izfr"Bkf'k[kjs fo|eku% vfLr lk ,o dFkkfudk bR;qP;rsA yksdL;kH;qn;dkjda
fdefi mn~ns';a x`ghRok ekuoh;kuka pfj=kk.kka fp=k.kekè;esu dFkk vxzsljfrA
oqQ=kfpr~ ik=kk.kka eq[ksu oqQ=kfpn~ ys[kdHkk"kkekè;esu oqQ=kfpr~ laoknekè;esu
oqQ=kfpPp iwoksZUes"kekè;esu (flash back) dFkk fodlfrA
izfr"Bkèkqjeè;kLrs dFkkHksnks fg d'puA
vHkh"Vk loZHkk"kklq izksP;rs lk dFkkfudk«
x`ghRok fdeI;qn~ns';a yksdkH;qn;dkjde~A
fp=k.ksu pfj=kk.kka ljR;xzs dFkkfudk«
DofpRik=keq[ksuSo DofpYys[kdHkk"k;kA
DofpRlaokni¼R;k iwoksZUes"kfn'kk Dofpr~«2
1- lkfgR;foe'kZ%@vokZphudkO;foèkky{k.kkfu@i`ú 194
2- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~@fufeZfrrÙoksUes"k%@111&113
fgUnhHkk"kk;k% ^dgkuh* R;L; Ñrs dFkk 'kCnL; Lohdj.ks dFkk[;kf;d;ks%
:f<Rosu HkzkfUr% Hkforqa 'kD;rsA ;rksfg orZeku;qxL; laLÑrdFkk dknEcjho
c`gR:ia u ogfr ;su ^dgkuh* bR;L; Ñrs dFkk oDrqa 'kD;rsA vr ,o
vkèkqfud;qxL; ^dgkuh* R;L; Ñrs dFkkfudk 'kCn% leqfprks HkosrA~ x|dkO;L;k;a
Hksn% vfXuiqjk.ks¿fi izfrikfnr%µ
vk[;kf;dk dFkk [k.MdFkk ifjdFkk rFkkA
dFkkfuosQfr eU;Urs x|dkO;×p i×pèkk«1
vfHkjktjktsUæfeJs.k dFkkfudk;k% y?kqnh?kZHksnkH;ka Hksn};a LohÑre~µ
f'kYikUrjSjusoSQ'p fuc¼s;a dFkkfudkA
y?oh nh?ksZfr HksnkH;ka f}foèkSo egh;rs«2
v=k dFkkfudk;k% }kS HksnkS LohÑrkS y?kq nh?kZ'pA ;su HkzkfUr% mn;fr ;r~
dFkkfudk;k% Hksn};a y?kqdFkk nh?kZdFkk p Lr% fdUrq ,oa ukfLrA y?kqdFkk
nh?kZdFkk p loZ=k LorU=kkS HksnkSA dFkkfudk;k% izk.krÙoa ekfeZdRoesoA ,o×p
lekiuen~Hkqrjlsu Js;Ldja L;kr~A
y?kqdFkkµ
y?kqdFkk;k% lUnHkZ% ukfrfoLr`r% ,o×p fo|qnqUes"k bo {k.klaosfnuh
HkosrA~ izk;% v=k ,d ,o ik=kks HkofrA y?kqdFkk;ka fpjdkykr~ ikfyrka i¼fredLekr~
R;DRok vlaLrqra (vifjfpre~) rkfdZd:is.k LohfØ;rsA vxzkÞ;L; ljyRosu
xzg.ka] rFkso p x`ghrL; mis{kk mr~ dL;fpr~ lÄïYiL; lRoja izknqHkkZo% HkofrA
le;ksfprL; dL;fpr~ HkkoL;ksUes"k% mr~ vusdkuka Hkkokuka ?kkr&ifj?kkra vFkok
fpjdkykr~ n`<L; dL;fpr~ euksHkkoL; fo|qn~xR;k ifjorZue~A mYdkfi.M&
[k.Mufeo vkÑfr% ;k ân;rU=ka >Äïrq± leFkkZ] vYik{kj;qDrk ,o×p
vYikYiik=k;qDrk] rFkk p y?okdkjL; y?kqdFkk iz'kaluh;k Hkofrµ
ukfrfoLr`rlUnHkkZ fo|qnqUes"klfÂHkkA
uwua y?kqdFks;a L;knsdik=kkolkf;uh«
vdLekf¼ ijhgkjf'pjlaLrqroReZu%A
vlaLrqrlj.ks'pk¿I;Äõhdkjks árfdZre~«
1- vfXuiqjk.ke~ 337@12
98 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lqxzg.kexzkÞ;L; x`ghrL;kI;qis{k.ke~A
dL;pu lÄïYiL; >fVR;so leqn~Hko%«
HkkoksUes"kks foorksZ ok Hkkokuka le;ksfpr%A
fpj:<euksHkkoL;kfi ækDifjorZue~«
mYdkfi.Mln`{kkHkk âÙkU=kh>Ä~Ñfr{kekA
vYik{kjk¿Yiik=kkf.k dFkk y?oh egh;rs«1
èoU;kyksosQ dkO;L;kusosQ Hksnk% foosfprk%A r=k ifjdFkk] ldydFkk]
[k.MdFkk] vk[;kf;dk] dFkk p x|dkO;L; Hksnk% vfi èoU;kyksddkjs.k
mDrk%A ,dns'ko.kZufof'k"Vk [k.MdFkk ,o vkèkqfudh y?kqdFkk orZrsA bfr
feJegksn;L; ere~A
vkpk;Zjglfogkjhf}osfnuk dFkkfudka y?kqdFkka p vfHkÂka eRok mDre~µ
miU;klL; pSdka'k'pk#x|lefUor%A
izk;'k% dfYira o`Ùka lekfJR; izorZrs«
LFkkus dkys fØ;k;k×p r=kSD;a rF;xfHkZre~A
izsjd×p lnqn~ns';a ;L;k% y?kqdFkk p lk«
vfHkjktjktsUæfeJ% erfena [k.M;u~ onfr ;r~ dFkkfudky?kqdFk;ks%
eè;s ekSfydHksno'kkr~ Hksn% orZrsA
y?kqdFkk;ka dFkkuda ,dns'kh;ekaf'kda ok Hkofr ,o×p dFkkfudk;k%
dFkkoLrq foLr`ra HkofrA dL;fpr~ ik=kfo'ks"kL;ksifj vfi dFkkfudk fy[;rsA
y?kqdFkkfudk vfi fy[;rs fdUrq dFkkfudk;ka pfj=k&fp=k.kL;] laoknkuka]
okrkoj.kL;] mn~n's ;L; p o.kZuus foLrkjrka ;kfrA ,o×p y?kqdFkk mn~n's ;ek=kL;
o.kZusu ,dns'kh;Roa ifjy{k;frA
feJegksn;% ^fp=ki.khZ* dFkk;k% Hkwfedk;ka y?kqdFkkdFkkfud;ks% Hksna
Li"V;u~ onfrµ
^dFkk;ka (dFkkfudk;ka) dkfpr~ ?kVuk] fdf×pr~ o`Ùk×p lfoLrja fy[;rsA
r=k ik=kk.kka pfj=kfp=k.ka izHkofr jlpoZ.k;k lkèkZe~A
ijUrq y?kqdFkk;ka of.kZra o`Ùka foLr`ra u HkofrA r=k ik=kk.kkeusosQ"kkefi
izLrqfruZ n`';rsA izk;s.k y?kqdFkk Hkofr ,dik=ki;Zolkf;o`ÙkkA y?kqdFkk Hkofr
eeksZn~?kkVuek=ki;Zolkf;uhA
1- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"k.ke~@fufeZfrrÙoksUes"k%@115&119
dkea y?kqdFkk;k% dysoja (dnkfpr~) i`"Bfera L;kr~] i`"B};fera okA
ijUrq ewyy?kqdFkk rq ,dokD;ferSo HkofrA iqu% dFkkfudk;ka HkofUr vusdik=kkf.kA
rs"kka leosro`Ùko.kZueso dFkk;k% foLrja l`tfrA ijUrq y?kqdFkk;k=kkesdik=krk&
fuoZgj.kefuok;Zfefr eUere~A*
dFkkfudk "kV~rÙos"kq vkèkkfjrk x|jpuk orZrsA rkfu "kM~ rÙokfu&dFkkoLrq]
ik=kkf.k rs"kk×p pfj=kfp=k.ka] laokn%] okrkoj.ka] Hkk"kk'kSyh] mn~ns';×pA ,rkfu
,o "kV~rRokfu dFkkfudka y?kqdFkksiU;klkH;ka i`Fkd~ oqQoZfUrA dFkkfudk;ka
o.;Zfo"k;L; (dFkkudL;) lokZfèkda egÙoa fo|rsA dFkkfudk;keqiU;kl bo
vuUr?kVukuka lekos'k% u fØ;rsA r=k osQoya ,dk }s ok ?kVuk Hkofr ijUrq rk%
,o ?kVuk% thouL; ijekuqHkwfra Li'kZ;frA rFkk p ikBdkuka ân;ekÞykn;frA
nh?kZdFkkµ
nh?kZdFkk;k% y{k.kesoa fuxfnra feJegksn;suµ
b;eso dFkk uSd[k.MifjlekIrk fofoèkc`gn~&?kVukpØo.kZuijk
nh?kZdFksR;qP;rsA
vFkkZr~ ;nk dFkkfudk vusoQs "kq [k.Ms"kq ,o×p oSfoè;;qDrkuka c`gn~?kVukpØk.kka
o.kZus"kq ifjlekI;rsA lk nh?kZdFkk bfr fux|rsA b;a nh?kZdFkk ,o èoU;kyksosQ
foosfprk ldydFkk orZrsA
fu"d"kZr% oDrqa 'kD;rs ;r~ feJegksn;su vkpk;Zfo'oukFkL; ijEijka
iky;u~ 'kSyhn`"VÔk x|dkO;L; pRokjks Hksnk%µeqDrda] o`ÙkxfUèk] mRdfydkizk;e~]
pw.kZd×p LohÑrk%A x|dkO;efi feJegksn;% miU;kl% (izkphudFkk[;kf;dk)
dFkkfudk] nh?kZdFkk (ldydFkk)] y?kqdFkk ([k.MdFkk) prq"kqZ Hksn"s kq foHkDroku~A
feJegksn;su vfXuiqjk.kkr~ dFkkfudkHksna èoU;kyksdkPp ldydFkk[k.M&
dFkkHksns LohÑR; vkèkqfudx|dkO;Hksnk% O;ofLFkrk%A miU;kl% dFkk[;kf;d;ks%
feJHksn% LohÑr%A
ggg
lejkÄõ.klw=kk[;s xzUFks Hkkjrh;k ;U=kdyk

&MkW- 'kfDr'kj.k'kekZ
d-'kks-v-] jk-la-la-] ifj;kstuk
¹izkphuk fg Hkkjrh;k ;U=kdyk fofo/xzUFkksfnrk orZrsA r=kkfi p
lejkÄõ.klw=kksfnrs;a dyk vfrfof'k"Vk izfrHkkrhfr fuf'pR; vè;s=kk
fucU/ks¿;a fojfpr%A &laúº
fo"k;izos'k%& ;U=kdysR;usukèkqfudkuka iz;qfDrfo|k;k% vkdFkua Lor
,o lEizrh;rsA iz;qfDrLrq ekuoL; vk|k¿is;k ;rksfg ekuoLoHkkoks fg lkjY;su
dk;Zfl¼;s fdefi lkèkueÄõhdjksfrA rkn`'kkuka iz;qfDrlkèkukuka dykosQfydofyrs
Hkkjrh;lkfgR;s¿fi veUnkuUnlUnksg:is.k ;U=kdyk;k% dkS'kyeqUehfyra HkofrA
vL; fg lkfgR;L; vusosQ fo'ks"kk% foylfUrA vL; lkfgR;L; lexzefi Kkua
izk;s.k NUnksc¼:is.k foylfrA r=kk¿fi izR;soaQ inL; O;qRifÙkfjR;ij%] rfLea'p
fo|ekuks lw{ekFkksZ¿U;% fo'ks"k% fo|rsA
fo"k;%& vfLeu~ izdj.ks Hkkjrh;kuka ;U=kdyk;k% mUehyua foèkh;rsA
;U=k'kCnL; O;qRifÙk% ;ewijes (la;eus) èkkrks% vkS.kkfnosQ =kisfr izR;;s lfr
HkofrA ;L; vFkZ% Hkofr dL;fpr~ lkèkuL; Lokuq:is.k la;eua ;U=k.ka okA
vlkosokFkZ% Hkkjrh;;U=kifjHkk"k;k¿fi ifjyf{kra HkofrA lk p ifjHkk"kk&
n.MS'pØS'p nUrS'p ljf.kHkzZe.kkfnfHk%A
'kDrs#Riknua fda ok pkyua ;U=keqP;rsAA1
vL;ka ifjHkk"kk;ka ;U=kk.kka dk;kZuqxq.ka rs"kka Lo:ia ifjHkkf"krefLrA
dfLeaf'pnfi ;U=ks n.ML;] pØL;] nUrkuka] lj.;k% Hkze.k×psR;kfnuka rnSo
;U=kLo:ieu;k ifjHkk"k;k Li"Va HkofrA beka ifjHkk"kkefHky{; fp=kesda izLrw;rs&
lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkjsR;k[;s xzUFks¿fi ;U=kL; ifjHkk"kk dk¿fi fo'ks"kjhR;k
izLrkfork&
1- ;U=kk.kZoe~
¹ 100 º
lejkÄõ.klw=kk[;s xzUFks Hkkjrh;k ;U=kdyk 101
;n`PN;k izo`Ùkkfu Hkwrkfu Losu oReZukA
fu;E;kfLeu~ u;fr ;r~ r|U=kfefr dhfrZre~AA1
r=kSo ;U=k'kCnL; fuoZpuefi xzUFkdkjs.k nÙkefLr&
Lojlsu izo`Ùkkfu Hkwrkfu Loeuh"k;kA
Ñra ;Lekn~ ;e;fr r}k ;U=kfefr Le`re~AA2
LosPN;k i`fFkO;iLrstksokÕokn;% HkwrinkFkkZ% dkefi fo'ks"kjhfrekfJR;
;su vuqlrq± izoR;Zrs rL;S rL;So ;U=klaKk foèkh;rsA ifjHkk"kk;k% dFkuksÙkja
;U=k'kCnL; O;qRifÙkjfi veqeos kFk± izLiqQVfrA mDrifjHkk"kk;ka HkwrinkFkkZuka i`fFkO;knhuka
LokuqoQw Y;su izorZua ;nfHkfgra orZrs rnkèkqfudkukefi ;U=kizfØ;k;ka Li"Va izfrHkklrsA
r=k P.P.T. bfr ;nk vLekfHk% iz;qT;rs rnk i`fFkO;ka fLFkrsu izkstsDVj~ bR;usu
izlkfjrka'kqfHk% i`fFkO;iLrstksok;oknhuka LoL; vuq:is.k izorZua ÑRok r=kLFk%
fo"k;% izlk;ZrsA
Hkkjrh;lkfgR;s ;U=kL; Lo:ie~&
Hkkjrh;lkfgR;a oSfnddkyknkjHkrsA oSfndlkfgR;s ;Kosnhuka fuekZ.kizlÄõs
bf"Vdk;k% ifjek.ke~ vusdLFkys"kq yH;rs&
'ka okr% 'k¦ fg rs ?k`f.k% 'ka rs HkofURo"Vdk%A3
lw=klkfgR;s¿fi bf"Vdk;k% izlÄõ% orZrs&
rklka prqjlzik|k% lk"VeHkkxk% ikn;ks:ièkk;'ks"ka
;Fkk;ksxa ;Fkkla[;a ;Fkkèkepksinè;kr~A4
'kriFkczkã.ks¿fi bf"Vdk;k o.kZue~ vusu izdkjs.k ÑrefLr&
---------- rLeknfXuus"Vdk% ipUR;e`rk¿,oSukLrr~ oqQoZfUrA5
,oeso vFkoZosns] c`gRlafgrk;ke~] fdj.kk[;rU=kkfn"ofi bf"Vdk;k% fo"k;s
foosfprefLrA ,rs"kq fof'k"Vfena orZrs ;r~ losZ"ofi LFkys"kq izfHkUukÑrsfj"Vdkuka
o.kZua njhn`';rsA vrks¿usu ,rnfi izR;k[;kra HkoR;r% izfHkUukÑrhukfe"Vdkuka
1- lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj%] prqFkZiVys 49-3

2- lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj%] prqFkZiVys 49-4
3- ;tq- 35-8
4- ckS-JkS-lw- 30-12
5- 'kriFkczkã.ke~ 6-2-1-9
102 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fuekZ.kkFk± fu'pizpeso fdefi ;U=ke~ vklhr~A rL; eq[kfjra Lo:ia osnL;
yCèk'kk[kklq vèkquk vuqUehfyresoA
oSfndlkfgR;s 'kL=kkL=kiz;ksx%&
osn"s kq fofHkUukL=k'kL=kk.kka o.kZua izkI;rsA rs"kq los"Z ofi vf}rh;a oSf'k"V~;eklhr~A
,dL;kL=kL;ksi'keukFkZeU;L;kL=kL; iz;ksxs.k eks?kiz;ksxizfofèkjfi of.kZrks¿fLrA bna
oSf'k"V~;a vkèkqfuosQ"kq ukoyksD;rsA osn"s kq vkXus;&ok;q&czã&ik'kqir~&czã&lEeksguk&
nhukeL=kk.kka o.kZufeRFka yH;rs&
vkXus;kL=ke~&
rs"kka oks vfXuew<kuke~ bUnzks gUrq oja oje~A1
p{kwaf"k&vfXujknÙkka iqujsrq ijkftrkA2
ok;O;kL=ke~&
vusokZrL; ?kzkT;k rku~ fo"kwpks fouk'k;A3
ik'kqirkL=ke~&
ifj .kks gsrh #nzL; o`T;k%A4
czãkL=ke~&
czã.kks gsrs ril'p gsrsA
esU;k esfujfl-----------AA5
,oeso vusosQ"kkeL=kk.kka o.kZua oSfndlkfgR;s yH;rsA rs"kq osQ"kkf×pn=k
ukeksYys[k% fØ;rsA ;Fkk& vFkoZ.kkL=ke~] o#.kkL=ke~] lEeksgukL=ke~] relkL=ke~]
otzkL=kfeR;knhU;usdkU;L=kkf.k of.kZrkfu lfUrA ,rkfu lokZ.;fi vL=kkf.k eU=k;U=k;ks%
vkJ;k¿Jf;Rosu iz;qT;fUr LeA nkSHkkZX;kr~ Hkkjrh;kuka Kkuikjkokj% djkyO;ky&
eq[keTtusu tTokfyr%] cgw'pkiâr%] fdf×pPp vizdkf'kr%] LoYi×p izdkf'kr%
lajf{k'pA vr% LoYisu rsuk¿fi cgqKkua izlk;ZrsA
1- v-os- 6-67-2
2- v-os- 3-1-6
3- v-os-3-15
4- ½- 2-33-14
5- v-os- 5-6-9
osnksÙkja ikSjkf.kda lkfgR;efi 'kkL=kk.kka o.kZueusu izdkjs.k izLrkSfr&
;U=keqDra ikf.keqDra eqDrlaèkkfjra rFkkA
veqDra ckgq;q¼×p i×pèkk rr~ izdhfrZre~AA1
v=k of.kZrkfu i×pèkk vL=kkf.k ;U=keqDra izFkee~] ikf.keqDra f}rh;a
eqDrlaèkkfjra r`rh;e~] veqDra rqjh;e~] ckgq;q¼×p i×pea orZUrsA v=k ;U=keqDra
;nL=ka of.kZra rsu ,rn~ lEizrh;rs ;r~ ikSjkf.kddkya ;kor~ vLekda lexza Kkua
lqjf{kreklhr~A ;Lekr~ ;U=keqDrkL=kL; rkor~ iz;ksx% fØ;rs LeA
dkSfVY;kFkZ'kkL=ks¿fi fofHkUukuka ;U=kk.kka o.kZua yH;rs&
^^loZrksHknztkenXU;cgqeq[kfo'okl?kkfrla?kkfV;kuditZU;dckgwèoZ&
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f=k'kw y pØkf.k py;U=kkf.k 'kfDriz k loq Q UrgkVdfHkf.Miky'kw y rks &
ejojkgd.kZd.k;diZ.k=kkfldkfnuh gyeq[kkfuA**2
v=k dkSfVY;su dkfupu~ fLFkr;U=kkf.k ,o×p dkfupu py;U=kkf.k
of.kZrkfu lfUrA ,rs"kka losZ"kka ;U=kk.kka dk;Zizfofèk% dFkeklhfnR;fLeu~ fo"k;s
fo'kna izk;ksfxdeuqlUèkkueisf{kra orZrsA vU;s"ofi 'kkL=ks"kq ;U=kk.kka ;qfDr;qDra
foospua yH;rsA lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkjxzUFkL; ;U=kfoKkufeR;k[;s prqFkZiVys ;U=kL;
fo'kna o.kZua of.kZrefLrA foLrjHk;kUuk=k izLrw;rsA
;U=kL; xq.kk%&
dkSfVY;su vFkZ'kkL=ks ;U=kL; xq.kk% izdfVrk%&
;Fkkon~ chtla;ksx% lkSf'y"V~;a 'y{.krk¿fi pA
vy{;rkfuoZg.ka y?kqRoa 'kCnghurkAA
'kCns lkè;s rnkfèkD;e'kSfFkY;exk<rkA
càh"kq lekLrklq lkSf'y"V~;a pkyln~xfr%AA
;Fks"VkFkZdkfjRoa y;rkykuqxkferk%A
b"Vdkys¿FkZnf'kZRoa iqu% lE;DRolao`fÙk%AA
vuqYcoRoa rknzwI;a nk<~;Zel`.krk rFkkA
fpjdkylgRo×p ;U=kL;Srs egkxq.kk%AA
1- vfXuiqjk.ke~ 248-2
2- dkS-v-i`- 317] v-18] iz- 36
104 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
v=k iz;kl% ifj.kke'p] leqfprlalxZ%] fpDd.kRoa] voèkkue~] uSjUr;Ze~]
dkykuq:is.k leqfprla?k%] 'kCnghuRoe~] nk<~;Ze~] vxk<Roe~ losZ"kq pyHkkxs"kq
mfprlxZ%] xfruSjUr;Ze]~ ifj.kkeL; izkfIr%] dkykO;oPNsndkfjRoe~] vHkh"Vdkykuq&
:is.k ifj.kkeizkfIr%] iqu% l×pkyusu iwoZor~ dk;ZlEiknue~] vuqYc.kRoe~]
rknzwI;e~] nk<~;Ze~] dkseyRoe~] fpjdkylgRo×p ;U=kL; veh egkUr% xq.kk%
lfUrA
,oa izdkjs.k ;U=kifjHkk"kk vL; xq.kk[;ku×p Hkkjrh;lkfgR;s oSiqY;su
yH;rsA bnUrq izkpka ;kfU=kdh vfHkèkkj.kk ij×p HkkSfrdfoKkuL; iz;qfDrfo|k;k%
p {ks=ks ;wjksiokfluka ;kn`'kh leqUufr% l×tkrk lk dFkefi fu?uksrqa u 'kD;rsA
foKkuo'kkn~ veh"kka ;U=keso eU=k:is.k vkèkqfuosQ dkys ifj.kr%A vfLeUuso
izdj.ks ,rs"kka Hkkjrh;kuk×p oSKkfudi¼rs% fo'ks"kfoHksn% voyksD;rsA izkphuoSfnd&
dkyfo"k;s fopk;Zrs rfgZ ½Xosn ,o vk|ks xzUFk:is.k lqyHk%A i'pkPp
czkã.kk[;dksifu"kRiqjk.keÄõkuhR;kn;% vusosQ ekSfydxzUFkk% lfUrA rs p xzUFkk%
osQoyesdi{keqDRok i;kZfIra u HktUrsA losZ"kq p rs"kq xzUFks"kq izlÄõkuqlkjs.k
fofoèkfoèkkuka dykuk×p foospua ÑrefLrA
,oa jk¼kUrRokr~ ;U=kL; iz;ksx% vkosnkn|kofèk fujodk'ka izfHkUu:is.k
tk;ekuefLrA ;U=kiz;ksxkr~ ijeso rL; xq.kdhrZua lEHkofrA vr% dkSfVY;L;
;U=kL; xq.kdhrZus ,rn~ Li"Va Hkofr ;r~ rL; dkys ;U=kiz;ksx% fØ;rs LeA
vusu Hkkjrh;kuka ;U=kiz;ksx% lqrjka fl¼~;frA Hkkjrh;lkfgR;s fofHkUu;kukuka
ifjek.ka rs"kka fuekZ.kfofèk% p of.kZrks¿fLr&
ok;q;kue~& Hk`xqlafgrk;k% f}rh;s 'yksosQ ;kuL; bRFka o.kZuefHkfgre~&
tys ukSosQo ;kua L;kn~ Hkwfe;kua jFka Le`re~A
vkdk'ks vfXu;kua p O;kse;kua rnSo fgAA1
;qfDrdYir#fjR;k[;s xzUFks ty;kuL; fo"k;s ,oeqDre~&
u flUèkq xk?kkgZfr yksgcUèkua
rYyksgdkUrS% fß;rs fg yksge~A
foi|Urs rsu tys"kq ukSdk%
xq.ksu cUèka futxkn Hkkst%AA2
1- Hk`-la- 'yks- 2
2- ;qfDrdYir# 'yks- 88
foeku'kkL=ks ok;q;kuL; lqj{kk;k% mik;k% ,oEizdkjs.k fufnZ"Vk% lfUr&
vkdk'ki×pes d{;s foeku% l×pjs|fnA
{k=kdksykgyTokyk osxkr~ HkLehÑra Hkosr~AA
rLekr~ rRifjgkjk; jkSnzhniZ.k;U=kde~AA1
½XosnL; ½{ofi ty;kuL; o.kZua yH;rs&
vk uks ukuk erhuka ;kua ikjk; xUros ------------AA2
}kn'kizèk;'pØesda =khf.k uH;kfud m rfPposQr rfLeURlkda f=k'krk
u 'kÄïoks¿fiZrk ?kfu"Vua pyk¿pykl%AA3
efrefn~Hk% leqnzekxsZo ,dLFkkuknU;fLeu~ LFkkus xeukFk± ;kuL; fuekZ.ka
Ñre~A ofÉty;ks% mi;ksxsu vkdk'ks mM~;ufefr ,rklq ½{kq o.kZua izrh;rs
,o×p }kn'kizèk;sR;kfn eU=ks ;U=kfuekZ.kizfØ;k¿fi n`f"ViFkek;kfrA
foekufo"k;Lrq c`gf}eku'kkL=kfeR;k[;s xzUFks foLrjs.k foosfprefLrA rr%
fdf×pr~ iwoZeqnkâre~A r=k foekufuekZ.kL; yksgL; izdkjk¿fi fufnZ"Vk% lfUr&
vFk oSekfudku~ yksgku~ vuqØfe";ke%A
lksed&lkS.Mkfyd&ekSfRoZdk'p ,rRlEesyukr~
m".kik% "kksM'kèkk HkofUr rs oSekfudk bfrAA4
foekukgkZf.k yksgkfu Hkkjghukfu "kksM'kA
mQ"ek";qDrkfu lw=ks¿fLeU'kkSuosQu egkReukAA
,rPNksM'k yksgkU;so ;kujpukfoèkkSA
ofj"Bkuhfr 'kkL=ks"kq fuf.kZrkfu egf"kZfHk%AA5
,oa izdkjs.k foeku'kkL=ks ok;qukL; fuekZ.kkFk± Hkkjjfgr"kksM'kyksgkuka o.kZua
iznÙke~A ,rs"kka iz;ksxsu fufeZrkfu foekukU;"VfoèkkU;qDrkfu&
'kDR;qn~xeks Hkwrokgks èkwe;kuf''k[kksn~xe%A
vk'kqokgLrkjeq[kksef.k okgks e#Rl[k%AA
bR;"Vnkfèkdj.ks oxkZ.;qDrkfu 'kkL=kr%A
1- fo-'kk- 50-51
2- ½- 1&3&34&2
3- ½- 2@31@23@1@211
4- fo-'kk-yks- 1-8-1 i`-240
5- fo-'kk-yks- 1-8-1
106 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
^^'kDR;qn~xeksn;k"VkS**1
1- 'kDR;qn~xefoekue~& mQtZ;k l×pkfyra
2- Hkwrokg;kue~& vfXutyok;ql×pkfyra
3- èkwe;kue~& xSl bR;usu l×pkfyra
4- f'k[kksn~xefoekue~& rSy}kjk l×pkfyre~
5- va'kqokgfoekue~& lw;Zjf'e}kjk
6- rkjkeq[kfoekue~& lw;Zjf'e}kjk
7- rkjkeq[kfoekue~& pqEcosQu l×pkfyra
8- ef.kokgfoekue~& pUnzdkUref.kuk l×pkfyra ;kue~
9- e#Rl[kkfoekue~& ok;qosxsu l×pkfyra
vusu ,rnfi Li"Va Hkofr ;r~ ;kul×pyuefi fofoèk;U=kk.kka ekè;esu
fØ;rs LeA mQtkZekè;esu ;|U=ka l×pkfyra r=k mQtkZekfo"drqZe~ vfi fdefi
;U=ke~ vklhr~A ekuoL; LoHkko ,o lkjY;su lgk;su ok dk;ZL; lalkèkue~A
vlkoso LoHkko% ;U=ks.k lokZfèkd:is.k lkfèkrks HkofrA ekuoL; fofHkUudk;Z&
lEiknusPN;k ;U=kk.kkeI;usosQ Hksnk HkofUrA Hkkstjktsu lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkjsR;k[;s
xzUFks ;U=kL; pRokjks Hksnk% iznf'kZrk%&
Lo;a okgdesda L;kRlÑRizs;± rFkk¿ije~A
vU;eUrfjra ckáa ckáeU;Ronwjr%AA2
,da Lo;a okgda Lopkfyra ok vije~ ,dokja l×pkY; i'pkRLo;eso
dk;± lkèk;fr] vU;a nwjLFkkukr~ l×pkY;rs vfUrea p lehikr~ l×pkY;rsA bRFka
;U=kL; ;s izHksnk% iz[;krk% vkèkqfudkukefi njhn`';UrsA LopkfyresVªks;kue~]
vkVkpfDosQR;kn;% ,dokjekjH; Lo;a dk;± lkèk;fUr] fjeksV bR;usu nwjr%
;U=kl×pkyue~ vkèkqfudok;q;kufeR;kn; lehir% l×pkfyra HkofUrA
;U=kL; xfrfo"k;s¿fi vfLeu~ xzUFks of.kZrefLr&
,dk Loh;k xfrf'p=ks ckásU;k okgdkfJrkA
vj?kVkfJrs dhVs n`';rs };eI;n%AA
bRFka xfr};o'kkn~ oSfp=;a dYi;sr~ Lo;e~AA3
1- foekukfèkdj.ks lw-1 vfèk- 58

2- lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj% 33-10
3- lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj% 33-13
;U=kL; Loh;k xfr}kjk vijk p rsu tfurk xfrekè;esu ;U=kdrkZ
rfLeu~ uke ;U=ks fofoèkoSfp=;a tuf;rqa 'kDuksfrA ,"k% ;U=kxfrØe% Hkkstjktsu
,dkn'k'krkC|ka fufnZ"V%A ;% xfrHksn% rsu izLrqr% l% vkèkqfudkukefi iz;ksxs"kq
n`';rsA ;U=kL; Lodh;k xfr% rsu tfurk vijk xfr% bR;U;ks% rq okguL; ;n~
bZ×tu bfr Hkofr rn~ izR;{kizek.ke~A vU;kU;I;qnkgj.kkfu vusu izdkjs.k
Hkkjrh;lkfgR;s foylfUrA
milagkj%& Hkkjrh;k ;U=kdysR;sda xHkhja rF;a rFkk¿fi fdf×pn=k 'kkL=kkJ;s.k
izLrkfoA ;U=kL; ;k ifjHkk"kk ;U=kk.kZos ,o×p lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkjs foosfprk lk
;U=kL; okLrfoda Lo:ia izLrkSfrA ;U=kLFks ;s xq.kk% dkSfVY;su mn~?kkfVrk% rs¿fi
;U=kL; vkuqxq.;su HktUrsA ;U=kla;ksxsu l×pkfyrkfu 'kL=kkL=k.;fi fof'k";UrsA
r=kk¿fi Hkkjrh;kuka ;U=keU=k;ks% fo'ks"koSy{k.;a ojho`R;rsA foeku'kkL=ks of.kZr&
foekuizdkjk%] rL; lqj{kksik;k%] rL; fuekZ.ks yksgizdkjk% p Hkkjrh;;U=kdyk;k%
mRd"k± fufoZoknesokruksrhfr 'ke~A
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T;ksfr"klgk;dkpk;Z%] eqDrLokè;k;ihBe~
¹loZlaLdkjkfn"kq dky'kq¼;s xqjks% lw;ZL; p 'kqf¼% vko';dhA

vrLr}kjk fufeZr% xqokZfnR;k[;% ;ksx% loZ'kqHkdeZlq izk;% xfgZr%A
eqgwÙkZ'kkL=ks vL; ;ksxL; dk vo/kj.kk fo|rs bfr izLrqrL;
ys[kL; o.;Zfo"k;%A &laúº
osnL;kÄõHkwra p{kq%:ia fg T;ksfr"ka 'kkL=ka dkyfo/k;d:is.k txfr izfl¼&

eLrhfr 'kkL=kfonq"kkefHkere~A osnksifu"knkfnlkfgR;s"kq dkyef/ÑR;So oSfndk%
lkse;kxn'kZikS.kZekl&;kxkn;% vk;ksT;Urs LeA ,rPp ;K;kxknhuka 'kqHkk'kqHkp;udky%
rÂs=k:iT;ksfr"k}kjk fu'ph;rsA vr% 'kqHkdekZf.k dnk fØ;sju~ dnk u fØ;sjfufr
fu.kZ;% T;ksfr"k'kkL=kkuqjks/su fØ;rsA f=k"kq LdU/s"kq foHkDrL; T;ksfr"k'kkL=kL;
lafgrkHkkxkUrxZr% eqgwÙkZ[k.M% eq[;Rosu 'kqHkk'kqHkdkyp;ukfnda foo`.kksfrA ,rPp
eqgwÙkZ[k.M% yksosQ vfrlkehI;knf/drja [;kfryC/su tueuLlq T;ksfr"k'kkL=ka
thO;frA T;ksfr"kL; dkyp;ueso eq[;iz;kstueLrhfr mDra pk=kµ
'kqHky{k.kfØ;kjEHktfurk% iwoZlEHkok%A
lEin% loZyksdkuka T;ksfrLr=k iz;kstue~«1
vLek¼srks% dfj";ek.kk; b"Vkfu"VdeZ.ks o"kkZ;u&ekl&i{k&fnu&u{k=k&;ke&
eqgwrkZnhuka 'kq¼ÔFk± T;ksfr"kksDreqgwÙkkZnhuka xzUFkkukekJ;.keso Js;Ldjks ekxZ%A r=k
eqgwÙkZxzUFkkukekyksMususna Kk;rs ;r~ fof'k"VlaLdkjkfn"kq deZlq dkyfu/kZj.kkFkZeknkS
o"kZ'kqf¼% fØ;rsA ,rnuqlkja eq[;laLdkjs fookgs o"kZ'kq¼ÔFk± dU;k;k% xq#'kqf¼}kjk
tUer% leo"ksZ"kq vFk p ojL; xq#'kqf¼}kjk fo"keo"ksZ"kq fookg% Hkosfnfr
1- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"kk/kjk 6-2

¹ 108 º
xqokZfnR;foe'kZ% 109
ekSgwfrZdk% onfUrA ;FkksDra ukjnsuµ
;qXes¿Cns tUer% L=kh.kka 'kqHkna ikf.kihMue~A
,rRiaqlke;qXes¿Cns O;R;;s uk'kua r;ks%«1
,oeso =kSof.kZdcVwukeqiu;us¿fi o"kZ'kqf¼joyksD;rsA r=k tUer% xHkZrks
ok foiz&{kf=k;&oS';cVwuka fuR;dkE;xkS.kksiu;udky% Øe'k% 8] 5] 16 rFkk p
11] 6] 22 ,oeso 12] 8] 24 orZrAs b;eso o"kZ'kqf¼% foizknhuka o.kkZukeqiu;udkyL;A
,oesokusosQ"kq eq[;keq[;'kqHkk'kqHkdeZlq eqgwÙkZxzUFkkuq:ia dk;kZuq:i×p o"kZ'kqf¼jo&
yksD;rsA o"kZ'kqf¼fu/kZj.kkRije;u'kq¼s% fopkj% fØ;rsA r=k p izk;% lokZf.k
eq[;kfu 'kqHkdk;kZf.k mÙkjk;.ks rFkk p xfgZrdekZf.k nf{k.kk;us p fØ;UrsA
,rnfrfjDrefi dkfufpr~ dekZf.k fookgksiu;uknhfu nf{k.kk;us vfi HkofUr
fdUrq eq[;Rosu rq mÙkjk;.ks 'kqHka] nf{k.kk;us p xfgZrfefr dÙkZO;feR;;u'kqf¼%A
;FkksDra Jhifrukµ
x`gizos'kf=kn'kizfr"BkfookgpkSyozrcU/iwoZe~A
lkSE;k;us deZ 'kqHka fo/s;a ;n~ xfgZra rR[kyq nf{k.ks p«2
,oeso o"kkZ;u'kq¼s% ija ekli{kfnuknhuka 'kqf¼% fopkj.kh;k HkoR;;a rq
fHkÂizlÄõ%A v=k izÑfrfo"k;kuq:ia ¶xqokZfnR;foe'kZ%¸ bfr 'kh"kZda foo`.kksfeA
oqQ=kfpYyksosQ xqokZfnR;L; laKk [kjekl% bR;fi orZrsA dL;fpr~ 'kqHkdeZ.k%
izkd~ o"kkZfn'kqf¼joyksD;rs rFkSo eqgwÙkZfopkjizlÄõs xqokZfnR;L; ([kjeklL;)
vfi fopkj% vfr'k;:is.k fØ;rsA ;rks fg [kjekls fo'ks"kifjfLFkfr:ikf.k
dkfufpn~ dekZf.k fogk; 'kqHkdekZf.k dFkefi u vk;ksT;UrsA [kjekls fookgkfn'kqHka
deZ u fØ;rs ,rRiwo± fda dkj.keLrhfr fo"k;s ekSgwfrZoSQ% v/ksfufnZ"Vkfu
dkj.kkfu mfYy[;UrsA
r=k dks'ks [kj bfr 'kCnL;kFkksZ Hkofr nq"V%] fu"Bqj%] xnZHksR;kn;%A
ekl'p 'kqDyÑ".ki{kksisr% pkUæ% l p pS=kkfn%A vr% pS=kkfn"kq ekls"kq 'kqHkdeZf.k
;% ekl% nq"V%] xfgZr%] viz'kLr%] fufUnrks ok Hkofr l ekl% [kjeklsR;qP;rsA
'kqHkdeZf.k lkSjpkUæekl};L; O;oLFkk Hkofr eqgwÙkZfu/kZj.ksA ,rn~};kuqjks/suSo
dL;fpn~ laLdkjkfo'ks"kkns% ekl;pua HkofrA ;Fkk fookgs x`gkjEHks x`gizos'kknkS p
lkSjeklL; pkUæeklL; pkuqowQyizfrowQyrka oh{;So rnFk± dkyp;ua fØ;rsA
1- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"kk/kjk 6-12
2- JhifrjRuekyk 6-32
110 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
;nk xqokZfnR;;ksxks ([kjeklks) Hkofr nk okI;kjkeknhfu 'kqHkdekZf.k uSo dÙkZO;kuhfr
T;ksfrfoZn% onfUrA ;FkksDra orZrs ;r~&
vLrs oT;± flaguØLFkthos oT;± osQfp}Øxs pkfrpkjsA
xqokZfnR;s fo'o?kÏs¿fi i{ks izkspqLr}n~ nUrjRukfnHkw"kke~«1
vr% Li"Va Hkofr ;r~ xqokZfnR;;ksxs 'kqHkdekZf.k uSo oqQ;ZqfjfrA iqu'ps;a
ftKklksnsfr ;r~ xqokZfnR;;ksx% dnk Hkofr] rL; vof/% fd;ku~ Hkofr] ,rL;
p izdkj% dhn`'k% Hkofr] osQu ;ksxsu HkorhfrA ,rRles"kka ftKklksi'keukFk±
'kkL=kKk% funkueqifn'kfUrA ¶xqokZfnR;¸ bfr izkfrifnosQ in};efLr izFkea ina
xq#%] f}rh;a ina p vkfnR;%] ,r;ks% ,d=k lgkofLFkfr;ksx% xqokZfnR;;ksxks
HkofrA vr% ;=k xqjks% lw;ZL; p lEcU/ks Hkofr r=k xqokZfnR;;ksxks tk;rsA
'kkL=ks"kq xqokZfnR;;ksx% f=k/k HkofrA ,rs"kka ;nk ;nk la;ksx% Hkofr rnk rnk
'kqHkdeZ.kka fu"ks/ks HkofrA
xqokZfnR;;ksxs izFke% izdkjks¿;a Hkofr ;n~ ;nk xq#% lw;ZL; jk'kkS flags
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xqokZfnR;;ksx%A iwoZfLeu~ 'yksosQ¿fi vL; ppkZ fofgrk ;r~ flagLFkthos 'kqHkdeZ
p oqQ;kZr~A ojkgs.k ;FkksDre~µ
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,rL; p ifjgkj% cgq/k fofgr%A rs"kq d'puµ
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HkkxhjFkh;kE;rVs fg nks"kks ukU;=k ns'ks rius¿fi es"ks«3
xqokZfnR;;ksxL; f}rh;% izdkjks¿;a Hkofr ;r~ lw;Z% xqjks% jk';ks% èkuqehZu;ks%
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1- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% 1-48
2- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"k/kjk 1-48
xqjks% jkf'k};efLr /uq% ehu'pA ;nk lw;Z% izfrjkf'klapj.ko'kkr~ /uqf"k ehus p
vkxPNfr rnk xqokZfnR;;ksxks Hkofr v;eso ¶[kjekl¸ bfr ukEuk yksosQ
izpfyrks¿fLrA lw;Z% ,dfLeu~ jk'kkS ,dekla ;konso HkofrA vr% vL;
izfrjkf'kxeudky% fuf'presokfLrA bZLoh;oRljkuqlkja lw;Z% 16 fnlEcjr% 14
tuojha ;kor~ /uqjk'kkS Hkofr rFkk p 14 ekpZr% 16 vizSya ;kor~ ehujk'kkS
HkofrA vr% v;eso ekl};kRed% dky% [kjekl% xqokZfnR;;ksxks ok dF;rsA
v=k 'kqHkdeZ u fo/s;fefrA v=k lw;ZL; la;ksx% xqjks% jk';ks% /uqehZu;ks% Hkofr
vr% xqokZfnR;;ksxks¿;a latk;rsA v=kksDre~&
xq#{ks=kxrks Hkkuq% Hkkuq{ks=kxrks xq#%A
xqokZfnR;% l foKs;% xfgZr% loZdeZlq«1
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f}rh;ks /uqjkf'k% nf{k.kk;us HkofrA nf{k.kk;uRoknsokL; /uqxZrlw;ZL; 'kqHkdeZlq
fu"ks/ ,o okP;ks Hkofr rFkkfi nf{k.kk;us Dofpn~ fookgkfndeZ Hkorhfr
iwoZizfrikfnre~A f}rh;ks ehujkf'k% mÙkjk;.ks 'kqHkdeZlq xzkáks Hkofr fdUrq
xqokZfnR;;ksxdkj.kknL;kfi fu"k/ks HkofrA v=kkfi 'kqHkkfndeZlEiknuk; fo'ks"kopua
izkI;rs vFkkZr~ dkfufpr~ dk;kZf.k ehukosZQ vfi lEiknuh;kfu HkofUrA r=k
ehukoZQnks"kks u izHkko;frA ehukosZQ pkUæekl% pS=k% izk;% HkoR;so vLeknso
pwMkx`gkjEHkizos'kkfn"kq 'kqHkdeZlq pS=k% fuf"k¼ks Hkofr fdUrq olUrrkZS ehues"kxrlw;sZ
pS=kekls¿fi foizcVwukeqiu;ua HkofrA ;r% izksDre~µ
ÍrkS olUrs foizk.kka xzh"es jkKka 'kj|FkA
fo'kka eq[;a p losZ"kka f}tkuka pksiu;ue~«2
x`gkjEHkizos'kpwMkfn"kq 'kqHkdeZlq ;% pS=kekl% fuf"k¼% l ehuLFks jokS ,o
fuf"k¼ks Hkofr u rq oqQEHkes"kLFks lw;sZ Hkorhfr osQ"kkf×pn~ fonq"kkefHkere~A
oSQf'pr~ es"kjokS e/kS o`"kHkxs T;s"Bs 'kqpkS ddZVs
Hkkæs flagxrs ?kVs¿'o;qft pkstsZ¿ykS e`xs ikS"kosQ«3
vr% ehukosZQ pS=k% lSo R;kT;%] o`"kLFks pS=k% rq xzká ,o HkofrA vr%
ehufLFkrs lw;sZ miu;ukfnda drZO;fefr v=k xqokZfnR;% ([kjekl%) uSo fu"ksèk%A
1- eqqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"k/kjk 1-48
112 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
xqokZfnR;;ksxL; r`rh;ks¿;a ;ksxks Hkofr ;r~ xq#% lw;Z'p dfLef'pnfi ,djk'kkS
L;kÙknk xqokZfnR;;ksxks tk;srA b;a fLFkfr% o"kZeè;s ,dokjekxPNfrA xq#%
LoeUnxR;k ,djkf'kesdo"ksZ iwj;fr rFkk p lw;Z% Lorh{.kxR;k ,djkf'kesdekls
iwj;frA vr% lw;Z% xqjks% lehis ,djk'kkS Lorh{.kxR;k ;nk vkxPNfr rnkfi
xqokZfnR;;ksx% ([kjekl%) tk;rsA mDra pk=kµ
,djkf'kxrkS lw;ZthokS L;krka ;nk iqu%A
ozrcU/fookgkfn'kqHkdekZf[kya R;tsr~«1
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i`Fkxso fLFkfr% tk;rsA ;rks fg r=k lw;ZL; lkehI;kr~ xq#% o`¼kLrf'k'kqRokoLFkka
izkIuksfrA ,rklkeoLFkkuk×p 'kqHkdeZf.k fu"ks/ ,o HkofrA mDr×pk=kµ
o`¼RokLrf'k'kqRo bT;flr;ks% U;wukf/ekls rFkk«2
xq#% vLrkr~ iwo± i×pn'kfnukfu ;kor~ o`¼ks Hkofr vLrknuUrja p
i×pn'kfnukfu ;kor~ ckyks Hkofr vr% ,rn~};a fefyRoSo ekla iwj;fr rr'p
lw;ZL;kfi jkf'kfofuxZeks Hkofr ;su xq#% lw;Z'p ,djk'kkS u HkofrA xqjks%
o`¼ckY;Rofnufu/kZj.ks¿fi erkUrjopua izkI;rsA r=k osQpu n'kfnukfu] lIrfnukfu]
=khf.k fnukfu ok LohoqQoZfUrA rnfi vo/s;fefr ;nqDre~µ
iqu% i'pkn~ Hk`xksckZY;a f=kn'kkga p ok/Zde~A
i{ka i×pfnua rs }s xqjks% i{keqnkârs«
rs n'kkga };ks% izksDrs oSQf'pRlIrfnua ijS%A
=;ga RokR;f;osQ¿I;U;Sj¼kZga p =;ga fo/ks%«3
lw;Z% ;=k oqQ=k jk'kkS ;fLeu~ df'eaf'pn~ va'ks Hkofr rLekr~ iwo± 11
va'kkH;Urjs ;fn xq#% vkxPNfr rnk vLrks Hkofr iqu'p lw;kZr~ 11 va'kknuUrje~
mn;ks HkofrA v=k ,djk'kkS xqokZfnR;s i×p voLFkk% xqokZfnR;&o`¼&vLr
ckY;&xqokZfnR;sfr HkofUrA v=k xqokZfnR;la;ksx% LoYinks"kn%] o`¼kLrkoLFkk
eè;enks"knk] vLr'p egku~ nks"kdkjd% HkofrA

vr% iwoksZDrk% frÏks¿fi voLFkk% xqokZfnR;lafKdk bfr mP;rsA yksosQ
b;eso fLFkfr% [kjekl% dF;rsA [kjekls p 'kqHkdekZfnda R;tsfnfr 'kkL=kopue~A
vr% iwo± fda dkj.keLrhfr fopkj;ke'psr~ izkIuqe% ;r~ los"Z kq xzg"s kq 'kqHkk'kqHkfdj.kk%
HkofUrA osQ"kqfpne`re;fdj.kk% osQ"kqfpPp nwf"krfdj.kk% HkofUrA xq#% lq[kL;
dkjdks Hkofr vL; p lq[ke;fdj.kk% HkofUrA losZ tuk% 'kqHkdeZf.k lq[keso
ok×NfUrA vr% r=k xqjks% izk/kU;efHky{;rsA ;nk xqjks% lq[kfdj.kkuka ;qqfr%
rh{.kka'kquk lw;sZ.k lg Hkofr rnk r=k jf'e"kq nks"kks tk;rsA ;klka izHkko% u`.kkeqifj
'kqHkdeZf.k irfrA vr% rnFkZeos xqokZfnR;;ksx% [kjeklinokP;ks HkofrA [kj'kCnL;Sdks
vFkZ% nks"k vfi HkofrA ,rLeknso dkj.kkr~ yksosQ xqokZfnR;nks"k% R;kT;ks HkofrA
;s lukru/ekZoyfEcu% lfUr rs rq ,rRiky;fUrA vr% dk;ZL; fufoZ?ulekIr;s
xqokZfnR;% ([kjekl%) vfi fopkj.kh;ks HkorhfrA vUrs ;nqDre~ vkpk;sZ.kµ
eqgwÙkkZRek fLFkj% dky% iqjk.kknkS izdhfrZr%A
vrks eqgwÙksZ drZO;a fookgk|a lnk cq/S%«1
ggg
1- c`gn~ nSoKjatue~ 30-23

Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš -2019 (Vol. 13-14) ISSN : 0975-1769
Botany in the Mahabharata

Dr. Rajkumari Trikha
Retired faculty, Delhi University
¹izLrqrs 'kks/i=ks ysf[kd;k ouLifrfoKkuL; ewyrÙoa egkHkkjrs¿fi

orZrs bfr fofo/ksnkgj.kS% izLrqre~A veh% ouLir;% dFke~
vkgkja x`ÊfUr bR;kfnfo"k;k% fo'ysf"krk% lfUrA &laúº
Since the beginning of human life on earth, man has been very
much fond of nature in all forms, e.g. trees, flowers, rivers, mountains,
birds animals etc. He watched them eagerly, enjoyed their beauty,
and loved them earnestly. He even respected, and adored them like
gods. By close contact with them, he discovered their utility for
human life. His observations revealed various varieties of trees,
creepers, and other types of greenery on the earth. He also came to
know the therapeutical uses of the plants. His investigations developed
more and more, and thus a new branch of knowledge, named Botany,
called Vrikshayurveda in ancient literature, developed. Our
enlightened Rishis noticed the form or features of plants, e.g. their
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits as well as their internal
contituents This type of study is called external and internal
Morphology in modern Botanical studies. Vrikshayurveda describes,
identifies and classifies the plants on the basis of their similarities
and characteristics. This type of study is called Taxonomy or
systematic botany in the modern botanical science. The elements of
Applied/Economic Botany are also seen in ancient literature.
We find knowledge of all these branches of Botany in sanskrit
literature. The Brihadaranyakopanishad 3.9.28. compares human body
with trees. It says' man is like plants. Man has hair on body (ykse)
and plants have leaves. He has skin, and plants have outer skin
(mRikfVdk). Man has blood and plants have sap in them. Human
beings have flesh and plants have internal layer of skin. Human body
has nerves and plants have fibrous tissues. The bones of human
¹ 114 º
Botany in the Mahabharata 115
body correspond to wood of plants and bone marrow in man
corresponds to pith of plants1. Here we find internal and external
morphology of plants is very well illustrated. This also proves the
advanced knowledge of botany in ancient India.
The scattered references to vast treasure of books on botany
are found in Sanskrit literature. Due to foreign invasions, this valuable
literature was destroyed, which described methods to take care of
plants, by providing them suitable soil and fertilizers. The books of
Vrikshayurveda even prescribed some herbs, to cure the diseases of
plants and trees, says the Mahabharata.
Now-a-days no complete book is available on this valuable
branch of learning. Some portions of a book named "Vrikshayurveda"
by unknown writer is available in Adyar Library, Madras. A book
titled Vishwavallabha dealing with treatment of diseases of trees and
plants is available in Jodhpur Library. The other two books named
Vrikshayurveda by Surpal and Parashara are not available in India.
But glimpses of fully developed science of botany can be seen in the
scattered references to plant life in Sanskrit literature. Here I shall
focus mainly on The Mahabharata, which refers to all the branches
of modern botany.
The Mahabharata puts trees, plants, shrubs, grass etc. in the
category of Trina2. The society of those days was aware of the
utility of trees and plants. Although there is no reference of trees as
source of emanating oxygen or as means to stop soil erosion, but
advice for tree plantation is rigorously repeated. Tree plantation was
considered a holy work (punya karma). Bhishma pitamaha exalts
1- ;Fkk o`{kks ouLifrLrFkSo iq#"kks¿e`"kkA

rL; yksekfu i.kkZfu RoxL;ksRikfVdk cfg%«
Rop ,okL; #f/ja izL;fUn Rop mRiV%A
rLekÙknkr`..kkr~ iSzfr jlks o`{kkfnokgrkr~«
ekalkU;L; 'kdjkf.k] fdukVa Luko rfRLFkje~A
vLFkhU;Urjrks nk:f.k eTtk eTtksiek Ñrk« c`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~ 3-9-28- la
Jhjke 'kekZ vkpk;Z] 'kkfUroqQ×t] gfj}kj% 2000
2- mf‰tk% LFkkfojk% izksDrkLrs"kka i×pSo tkr;%A
o`{kxqYeyrkoYy;LRoDlkjkLr`.ktkr;%« Hkh"e ioZ 4-1-4- egkHkkjre~ xhrkizsl]
xksj[kiqj] foØeh la 2044&46
116 laLÑr foe'kZ%
trees and compares them to worthy sons. He says, "full grown,
flowering and fruitful trees are like worthy sons, who make man
happy and support him (sower)". So one should always dig a pond
and plant trees on its bank and protect them after tree plantation, as
one looks after one's own sons1. If some disease attacks them, then
they should be cured by medicated water or smoke. They should be
watered regularly and required manure should be given to them. The
trees, plants and creepers are immovable and so the general notion
is that they are not sensient beings, and do not have life force. But
ancient Indian wisdom recognized the presence of consciousness
(Prana) in trees and plants, long back. The manusmriti says "they are
overwhelmed with tamoguna due to their karmas of previous birth,
but they have consciousness in them and feel joy and happiness2."
The Mahabharata has very strong and detailed discussion, proving
life in the trees. It says trees are created with five elements (iapHkwr)
like human beings. They have five sense organs, which correspond
to these elements, like humans, and do various activities with their
help. They are born, they grow and die like other living beings.
They also suffer from diseases and treatment is given to them by
suitable medicines mixed in water. Then they are cured and become
healthy. Bhishma pitamaha further continues and says, the trees and
plants express their sorrow and joy like human beings. They express
their happiness by shaking their leave and enhanced shine. When
they are frightened or unhappy, they shed their leaves3.
Here arises a curiosity.

Apparently the trees appear to be devoid of sense organs and
consciousness/prana, because their eyes, nose etc., are not visible.
Moreover the pancha bhutas are also not visible in their body, as
1- iqf"irk% iQyoUr'p riZ;Urhg ekuoku~A

o`{kna iq=kor~ o`{kkLrkj;fUr ij=k rq«
rLekÙkM+kxs ln~o`{kk% jksI;k% Js;ks¿fFkZuk lnkA
iq=kor~ ifjikY;k'p iq=kkLrs /eZr% le`rk%« r=kSo] vuq'kklu ioZ 58-30&31-
2- relk cgq:is.k osf"Vrk deZgsrqukA
vUr%laKk HkoUR;srs lq[knq%[klefUork%« euqLe`fr 1-49- la fxfjtk izlkn
f}osnh] y[kuÅ% 1917
3- 'kkfUr ioZ 284-6&9 r=kSo
they are in human beings. Then Bhishma quotes sage Bhrigu,
"although the trees appear to be solid, still they have ether in them.
That is why they flower and yield fruits. Their leaves, flowers and
skin fade away due presence of fire in them. The fire also ripens
their fruits. It shows that trees feel cold and heat. The sense of
touch is not possible without skin. They can hear sounds and
respond to them. They shed their leaves, flowers and fruits after
listening to harsh sounds e.g. thunder, strong wind. The act of hearing
is possible only by ears. This proves that trees have auditory organs.
It is proved by experiments that they bloom happily, if sweet music
is played near them. But their leaves become pale or darkened by
harsh sounds. That is why we see the plants on busy crossroads
listen to harsh and loud sounds of traffic horns and their leaves
become dark. The creepers surround the trees and climb to their
tops. How do they see their route to top. Obviously, no one can
see without eyes. This proves that plants have eyes also. When the
plants are in the grip of some disease, then they are given medicated
smoke or medicine-mixed water. By the treatment, they become free
of their disease and grow rapidly. This is the proof that trees have
capability to smell and have olfactory organ (nasika). The trees
drink water through their roots and this shows they have tongue
(rasanendriya)1."
The Mahabharata also discusses how the trees make their
1- ?kukukefi o`{kk.kkekdk'kks¿fLr u la'k;%A

rs"kka iq"iiQyO;fDrfuZR;a leqii|rs«
mQ"erks Eyk;rs i.k± Rod~ iQya iq"ieso pA
Eyk;rs 'kh;Zrs pkfi Li'kZLrsuk=k fo|rs«
okÕoXu'kfufu?kksZ"kS% iQya iq"ia fo'kh;ZrsA
Jks=ks.k x`árs 'kCnLrLekPN`.ofUr iknik%«
oYyh os"V;rs o`{ka loZr'pSo xPNfrA
u án`"Vs'p ekxksZ¿fLr rLekr~ i';fUr iknik%«
iq.;kiq.;SLrFkk xU/S/wZiS'p fofo/SjfiA
vjksxk% iqf"irk% lfUr rLekfTt?kzfUr iknik%«
iknS% lfyyikukPp O;k/huka pkfi n'kZukr~A
O;kf/izfrfØ;RokPp fo|rs jlua æqes« 'kkfUrioZ- 18-10&15 r=kSo
118 laLÑr foe'kZ%
food i.e. the process of photosynthesis. It says ,the trees take the
water through their roots,and it is digested by fire and air within
them. When the food is absorbed, then their leaves shine and they
grow rapidly. If some of their part is cut , new sprouts grow. This
proves they have life within them1. Here it is notable that "The
Mahabharata opines that water reaches the leaves of plants."
This fact is now accepted by scientists recently. Previously it was
believed that that water, given in the roots of plants, remains there
only. But now the scientists have proved that water, given in the roots
of plants, travels through its trunk, branches and ultimately reaches
the leaves. The phenomenon of water of roots of trees reaching
leaves is very well explained in The Mahabharata and deserves
the credit of recognizing this latest discovery of scientists long
back, before modern scientists discovered it.
The plants have discriminatory capability too. When they
face shortage of water in the soil (as in desserts), more heat and less
humidity in the environment, then they start withering, leading to
their death. Then they close the small holes of their leaves
(scientifically called stomata), preserve their water and thus save
their life2. The modern science also says that plants have intelligence.
The experiments of Suzen Dudley of Maxmaster University of
Toronto, reveal that plants can differntiate plants of their species and
of other species. If plants of two different species are planted together,
both of them compete to grab more water and nutrients. But if plants
of same species are put together, they give full space to each other
to grow3.
1- oD=ks.kksRiukysu ;Fkksèo± tyeknnsr~A

rFkk ioula;qDr% iknS% ficfr ikni%«
lq[knq%[k;ks'p xzg.kkfPNÂL; p fojksg.kkr~A
thoa i';kfe o`{kk.kkepSrU;a u fo|rs«
rsu rTtyeknÙka tj;fRxzek#rkSA
vkgkjifjek.kkekPp Lusgks o`f¼'p tk;rs« 'kkfUr ioZ 18- 16&18 r=kSo
2- Mac Graw Hill Cancise Encyclopedia Of Science and technol-
ogy. Ed. Sybil Parkar U.S.A 1984, page 1305.
3- æ"VO;] 25 twu 2007 osQ ^fgUnqLrku* nSfud lekpkj i=k osQ i`"B 10 ij
Nik ys[k ¶ikS/s Hkh tkurs gSa vius ijk;s dk vUrj¸A
In modern times the notion of plants having life and
consciousness was established by Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose in
19th century. He discovered their response to environment and proved
his findings with scientific instruments, cresograph and resonate
recorder. As discussed earlier, our ancient literature has ample
references showing life and consciousness in the trees and plants.
The stray references to Applied Botany or Economic Botany
are also found in Sanskrit literature, which deals with benefits of
plants. The peepal tree is scientifically proved to give oxygen day
and night, which is essential for living beings. So this tree is highly
adored in our literature. Shrimadbhagavadgita says o`{kk.kke'oRFkks¿fLe.
It is called another form of Vishnu , which sustains all beings1. So
its planting is said to be a holy work (punya karma). Its cutting is
strictly prohibited. Similarly, the Shami tree is described as containing
agni in it.2 We all know that we get fire by rubbing shami sticks with
each other.
Thus we see that knowledge of botany was very much
advanced in the times of The Mahabharata. Indian botanical views
are now endorsed by Dr. J. C. Bose and another Indian scientist
Sohini Chakravarti at Birmingham University, New York. This scholar
has studied 2000 plants for three years and has concluded that plants
have memory. They flower, and give fruits at a fixed time every year.
She says plants seem to contain a protein called prayans like human
beings, which is closely related to increase in memory. That is why
plants can differentiate and behave differently in cold and hot weather3.
Thus The Mahabharata has valuable scientific information about
plants. It is rightly called Fifth Veda.
ggg
1- vuq'kkluioZ i`"B 6374 nkf{k.kkR; ikB] egkHkkjr] r=kSoA

2- vuq'kklu ioZ 85-43&46- r=kSoA
3- æ"VO; 28-04-2016 osQ ¶fgUnqLrku¸ nSfud lekpkj i=k osQ i`"B 18 ij
Nik ys[k ¶ikS/ksa esa Hkh Lej.k 'kfDr¸A
eè;edkO;L; lhek HksnksiHksnk'p

&MkW- vuhrk 'kekZ
vuqns'kd%] i=kkpkjfoHkkx%
¹f=k/k foHkDrs"kq dkO;s"kq eè;edkO;L; lhek oqQ=k oqQ=k orZrs
rL; HksnksiHksnk'p fd;Ur% orZUrs&bfr fo"k;a izLrqrorhA &laúº
eè;edkO;a o.kZ;u~ eEeV% dkO;izdk'ks dFk;fr µ

vrkn`f'k xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔa O;ÄõÔs rq eè;ee~1A
eEeVsu dkO;a f=kèkk foHkDre~A mÙkes dkO;s O;ÄõÔa izèkkua HkofrA
vèkedkO;s fp=kk[;s p O;ÄõÔe~ vR;UrkLiqQVe~ HkofrA eè;es dkO;s rq O;ÄõÔa
u rFkkHkwra vR;UrkLiqQVe~ Hkofr fdUrq okP;kn~ vufr'kf;ra HkofrA bR;so
eè;eL; mÙkekèkekH;ka èofufp=kkH;ka Hksn%A okP;kn~ vufr'kf;ra O;ÄõÔa
leizkèkkU;rkefi vfèkjksgfr] dkO;s ,ofoèka LFkyefi fo|rsA Dopu dL;fpRizkèkkU;a
dL;fpr~ vizkèkkU;e~ HkofrA vkLoknizd"kkZid"kZÑr'p mÙkekfnO;ogkj%A okP;r%
izkèkkU;ek=ks.k oLRoyaÑr;ks% èofuO;ogkj%A vrFkkHkwr;ks% r;ks% xq.khHkwr&
O;ÄõÔO;ogkj%A xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ ,o eè;edkO;e~A ;=k jlkfnde~ vU;=k fØ;ek.ks
xq.khHkofr rnso eè;edkO;e~A
èoU;kyksddkj% vkuUnoèkZu% eè;edkO;fo"k;s izfrikn;fr µ
izdkjks¿U;ks xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% dkO;L; n`';rsA2
;=k O;ÄõÔkUo;s okP;pk#Roa L;kr~ izd"kZor~AA
O;ÄõÔks¿FkksZ yyukyko.;iz[;ks ;% izfrikfnr% rL; izkèkkU;s èofufjfr
mDr%A rL; rq xq.khHkkosu okP;pk#Roizd"ksZ xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔks uke dkO;izHksn%
izdYI;rsA eè;e% ,o xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% dkO;L; vU;% izdkj% Hkofr ;=k
1- dkO;izdk'k% 1@3
2- èoU;kyksd% 3@34
¹ 120 º
eè;edkO;L; lhekfuèkkZj.ka HksnksiHksnk'p 121
okP;pk#Roa izd"kZor~ L;kr~A v=k èous% fHkUu% vij% Hksn% dkO;L; y{;rs ;=k
O;ÄõÔe~ vizèkkuhHkwre~ xq.khHkwre~] ;fLeu~ Hksns izrh;ekukFksuZ O;ÄõÔus rnqidkjdRosu
lfgrs lfr vfHk/s;kFkZL; okP;L; pk#Roa lkSUn;± èofudkO;kis{k;k mRÑ"Va
HkofrA izenk;k% ;r~ yko.;a rsu lkn`';a ;L; l% rkn`'k% O;aX;% ;% okP;kr~
fHkUu% HkofrA oLrq] vyadkj%] jlks ok O;aXiks HkofrA rL; O;aX;L; okP;kr~
mRÑ"Vrjs lfr èofu% Hkofr rÙkq mÙkedkO;L; mnkgj.ka HkofrA eè;edkO;s rq
okP;L; vfHkèks;L; pk#Roa lkSUn;± izd"ksZ.k izfrikfnre~ HkofrA eè;edkO;s
O;ÄõÔokP;;ks'pk#RolkE;efi lwP;rs ijUrq izk;% okP;kis{k;k izrh;ekukFkksZ ;=k
viz/kuhHkwr% Hkofr rnso eè;edkO;L; mnkgj.ka HkofrA vfLeu~ dkO;izHksns
okP;izd"kZ% Li"VHkkosu fo|rsA eè;edkO;s vfi O;aX;% fo|rs ,oA ;=k O;aX;%
xw<% Hkofr r=k èofudkO;a HkofrA èofudkO;L; ,o vijuke mÙkedkO;e~
vfLrA ;=k O;ÄõÔ% vxw<% Hkofr rRdkO;a eè;edkO;L; mnkgj.ka HkofrA
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fp=kdkO;s O;ÄõÔa vLiqQVa HkofrA eè;edkO;L; HksnksiHksnk% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL;
izkèkkU;su fuèkkZfjrk% HkofUrA O;ÄõÔHksnSjso rn~O;×tdL; dkO;L; Hksnk% HkofUrA
dkO;izdk'ks eEeVsu eè;edkO;L; v"VkS Hksnk% of.kZrk%µ
vxw<eijL;kÄõa okpfl¼ÔÄõeLiqQVe~A1
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O;ÄõÔesoa xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL;k"VkS fHknk% Le`rk%AA
,rs"kq v"Vizdkjs"kq izFkea vxw<a loSZjso os|a okP;k;ekuRokr~ rFkSo peRdkfj
u Hkofr ;Fkk vkUèkzhi;ksèkj;qxya vfrizdk'kRosu vukd"kZde~ HkofrA f}rh;a rq
vijL; vÄõa LouSjis{;s.k yCèkfl¼s% miLdkjda HkofrA r`rh;a okP;fl¼~;Äõa
;nèkhuk okP;flf¼jso HkofrA prqFk± rq vLiqQVa Hkofr ;r~ lân;Sjfi nq%laos|a
HkofrA i×pea rq lfUnX/kizkèkkU;a Hkofr ;=k izèkkuHkko% vfuf'pr% HkofrA
vijfLeu~ Hksns rqY;izkèkkU;s okP;su lg leizkèkkU;a Hkofr vija rq dkDokf{kIra
;ka dkoqQa fouk okP;kFkZ% vkRekueso u yHkrsA vlqUnja rq peRdkjs okP;eq[k&
izs{kdRofefr HkofrA ,rs"kq losZ"kq izdkjs"kq O;ÄõÔL; fLFkfr% Hkofr ,o] rL;
pk#RogsrqRoefi Hkofr ,o ijarq vfHk/s;kFkZL; pk#Roa vf/drja HkofrA
okP;L; pk#Roa O;ÄõÔpk#Rosu mRÑ"Vrja HkofrA
O;ÄõÔL; =k;% Hksnk% oLrqyÄïkjjl:ik%A r=k oLrqek=kL; O;ÄõÔL; dnkfpn~
1- dkO;izdk'k% 5@45
122 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
okP;:iokD;kFkkZis{k;k xq.khHkkos lfr xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔrk HkofrA vL; mnkgj.ka
nÙka /oU;kyksddkjs.kµ
yko.;flUèkqjijSo fg osQ;e=k ;=kksRiykfu 'kf'kuk lg lEIyoUrsA1
mUeTtfr f}jnoqQEHkrVh p ;=k ;=kkijs dnfydk.Me`.kkyn.Mk%AA
vfLeu~ mnkgj.ks O;ÄõÔL; xq.khHkko% fo|rs bfr loSZ% LohÑr%A v=k
frjLÑrokP;izrh;ekuO;ÄõÔL; xq.kHkkoks fufnZ"V%A vfrjLÑrokP;sH;ks¿fi 'kCnsH;%
izrh;ekuL; O;ÄõÔL; dnkfpr~ okP;izkèkkU;su dkO;pk#Rokis{k;k xq.khHkko%
Hkofr vL; fun'kZue~µ
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vgks nSoxfr% fp=kk rFkkfi u lekxe%AA
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lUè;k fnola izfr furkUreuqjDrk fnol% vfi Lusgsu rr~iqj%lj% rFkkfi r;ks%
dnkfi lekxeks u Hkofr nSoxfr% fofp=kk ,oA v=k lUè;kfnolkH;ka O;Drks ;ks
nEifrO;ogkj% O;ÄõÔ% lks¿fi lUè;kfnolokP;kFkZL;So pk#RolEiknuk; ,o
bfr rL; xq.khHkwrRoe~ vfLrA vfLeu~ i|s lUè;kfnol'kCn;ks% vfrjLÑr&
okP;kFkZr;So ukf;dk|FkZL; izR;k;dRoe~ orZrsA vuqjkx'kCnL;kfi ;ksx#<~;k
jfDreokpdRos¿fi izse:ikFksZ fu:<y{k.kk ,o bfr v=kkfi vfrjLÑrokP;RoesoA
;Fkk oLrqO;ÄõÔL; brjkÄõRosu xq.kHkkoks Hkofr rFkSo okP;fl¼ÔÄõRosu vfi
xq.kHkkoks HkofrA rL; O;ÄõÔoLrqu% Lo;eso 'kCnsukfHkfgrRosu mn~?kkfVrRosu
xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔrk HkofrA jlkfn:iO;ÄõÔL; xq.khHkko% jlonyÄïkjs HkofrA ;Fkk
jlL; xq.khHkkos jlonyÄïkj% Hkofr rFkSo HkkoL; xq.khHkkos iz;s %] jlHkklHkkokHkkl;ks%
xq.khHkkos ÅtZLoh] Hkko'kkUrs% xq.khHkkos lekfgr% HkofrA jlonk|yÄïkjfo"k;s
jlHkkoknhuka vkfèkdkfjdokD;kis{k;k xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔrk ifj.k;izoÙ` kHk`R;kuq;kf;jktor~
HkofrA ;Fkk fookgizo`ÙkL; Hk`R;L; vuqxeus jkK% rnis{k;k xkS.kRoeso Hkofr
fdUrq jkK% egÙoa u gh;rs vfirq rL; mifLFkR;k oj;k=kk;k% ,o 'kksHkkfèkD;a
Hkofr Hk`R;L; mRd"kZ% p laikfnr% HkofrA rFkk ,oa okD;kFksZ izèkkus jlknhuka
xq.khHkko% Hkofr fdUrq jlkns% vpk#Roa u HkofrA ;Fkk jlknhuka xq.khHkko%
izfrikfnr% vkuUnoèkZusu rFkSo O;ÄõÔkyÄïkjL;kfi xq.khHkko% iznf'kZr%A izrh;&
ekuksiekns% xq.khHkkos vizkèkkU;s nhidkyÄïkjkfnfo"k;% HkofrA ^pUnze;w[kSjso
fu'kk* bfr vknkS i|s pUnzlTtu;ks% O;T;ekuks vfi miekyÄïkjks okP;%
1- èoU;kyksd% 3@34
2- èoU;kyksd% 1@13
miekuksies;;ksjso lEcUèka izfrikn;fr vr% lk/d% Hkofr vr% rL; xq.khHkko%
HkofrA
èofudkj% O;ÄõÔL; xq.kHkkoa izn';Z rL; iz;ksT;{ks=kL; funsZ'ka djksfrµ
(dkfjdk)
izlUuxEHkhjink% dkO;cUèkk% lq[kkogk%A1
;s p rs"kq izdkjks¿;eso ;ksT;% lqesèklkAA
;s pSr¿s ifjferLo:ik vfi izdk'kekuk% rFkkfoèkkFkZje.kh;k% lUrks foosfduka
lq[kkogk% dkO;cUèkkLrs"kq losZ"kq v;a xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔks uke ;kstuh;%A bRFka
eè;edkO;L; {ks=ke~ vfrfoLr`re~ bfr èofudkjL; ere~A xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% izk;%
rFkkfoèks dkO;s Hkofr ;=k inkfu izlknofUr HkofUr rFkk foiqykFkZO;×tdkfu
vfi HkofUrA fo"k;'p lân;kÈknd% HkofrA xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; foLr`r{ks=ka
o.kZ;u~ èofudkj% dFk;fr ;r~ rs :idizHk`r;% vyÄïkjk% ;s fg [kyq
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izrh;ekueyÄïkjkUrja ukfLr r=kkfi izrh;ekuoLrqjl:is.kkfi fo"k;Roa l×tk;rsA
rsu v;a xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔuke èofulkj:i% dfofo"k;% vfLr ;L; laLi'ksZu lo±
dkO;a pk#Roa ogfrA ,oa fl¼a Hkofr ;r~ ;Fkk iz/kuHkwrL; O;ÄõÔkFkZL; dkO;s
oSf'k"V~;a Hkofr rFkSo xq.khHkwrL;kfi dkO;oSf'k"V~;a HkofrA vr% eè;edkO;e~
vfi vfrfof'k"VLFkkua yHkrs bfr fl¼e~A vfLeu~ dkO;s O;ÄõÔL; fo|ekurk
Hkofr ,oA ,oa xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% okP;kyÄïkjksiLdkjd% HkofrA lkSUn;ksZRd"kZ'kkfyu%
:idknhuka rFkk lUnsgknhuka vyadkjk.kka xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔRoa leku:is.k O;kida
HkofrA vr% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; Lo:ifuèkkZj.ks losZ vyadkjk% fufnZ"Vk% HkofUrA
rs fg opufoU;klizdkjk% fuLlhekuks HkofUr ijUrq rs"kke~ vyadkjk.kka xq.khHkwr&
O;ÄõÔlaLi'kZjfgra lkekU;:ia dkO;s xzkáa u HkofrA xksln`'kks xo;% bfr miek
O;aX;laLi'kkZHkkokr~ dkO;s u xzkákA
xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; izrh;ekukFkkZul
q j.kizÑfrosQu vU;sukfi oLrqjlkReuk izdkjs.k
y{k.kh;Roa lEHkofr ,oA rLekr~ v;a èofudkO;kr~ fHkUu% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔukek
eè;edkO;e~ bfr vijukek vfrje.kh;% egkdfofo"k;% jfldS% fu:i.kh;%A
fuf[kyefi eè;edkO;a lân;ân;xzkfg Hkofr ;r% izrh;ekukFkZlaLi'ksZukfi
dkO;s pk#Roe~ vk;kfrA ;nso O;ÄõÔLi`"Va rr~ fuf[kyeso pk# HkofrA bRFka
eè;edkO;s O;ÄõÔL;So egÙoa fl¼a HkofrA ;Fkk Hkw"k.kef.Mrk¿fi izenk
1- èoU;kyksd% 3@35
124 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
yTt;k ,o 'kksHkrs] fuyZTtk xf.kdk cgqHkw"k.ko`rk vfi u 'kksHkrs oqQyyyuk
fuHkw"Z kk vfi yTt;k foHkwf"krk 'kksHkrs rFkSo dfookp% lkyÄïkjk vfi O;ÄõÔlq"ke;k
,o vfèkda 'kksHkUrs ;r% dkO;L; fujyÄïkjRos vfi O;ÄõÔlaxR;k xzkáRoa
HkofrA vu;k O;ÄõÔlq"ke;k iqjkruL;kFkZL;kfi vfHkuohdj.ka Hkofr ;su rfLeu~
deuh;rk;k% o`f¼% latk;rsA ;Fkk µ
foJEHkksRFkk eUeFkkKkfoèkkus ;s eqXèkk{;k% osQ¿fi yhykfo'ks"kk%A1
v{kq..kkLrs psrlk osQoysu fLFkRoSdkUrs lUrra Hkkouh;k%AA
vfLeu~ i|s dFkuh;e~ vO;Dra O;Drork lwfpra O;Ä~X;Li`"Va LiqQVa
fuLlhee~ vFkZtkre~ viZ;rk ôsQ¿fi* bfr vusu insu dhn`'kh ,o 'kksHkk pk#rk
miikfnrkA ôsQ¿fi* bfr ina okP;kFkZe~ vfufnZ'kr~ vfi vfuoZpuh;ka dkO;'kksHkka
pk#rka ok miikn;frA bne~ izrh;ekuPNk;k;k% xkSjoL; mnkgj.ke~ vfLrA
èoU;kyksddkj% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; vU;izdkja o.kZ;fr µ
vFkkZUrjxfr% dkDok ;k pS"kk ifjn`';rsA2
lk O;ÄõÔL; xq.khHkkos izdkjfeeekfJrkAA
dkoqQ% èofufodkj% Hkofr izk;% fo#¼kFkZlwpd% HkofrA lk f}fo/k
HkofrµlkdkÄ~{kk] fujkdkÄ~{kk pA r;k ;kn`'kh okP;kFkZfHkUuk vU;kFkZizrhfr%
y{;rs lk izrh;ekuL; vizkèkkU;s lfr ,rr~Hksne~ vkfJrk HkofrA dkDokf{kIr&
O;ÄõÔefi xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; ,o Hksn% bfr èoU;kyksddkjL; vk'k;%A mnkgj.ka
nh;rs µ ¶yk{kkx`gkuyfo"kkUulHkkizos'kS% izk.ks"kq foÙkfup;s"kq p u% izâR;A
vkÑ"; ik.MooèkwifjèkkuosQ'kku~ LoLFkk HkofUr ef; thofr èkkrZjk"Vªk%¸ HkheL;
dFkufene~A ef; Hkhes thofr dkSjok% oqQ'kfyu% HkofUr bfr ija rq dkDok û
HkofUr* bfr vFkkZUrjL; izrhfr% HkofrA osQ"kkafpr~ fonq"kka ers dkoqQ% d.Bèofufodkj%
'kksdØks/HkhR;kfntfur%A ;k O;×tuklkgkÕ;su okP;fHkUue~ vFkkZUrje~ vkf{kifrA
èoU;kyksdykspudkj% vfHkuoxqIr% dkdkS loZ=k 'kCnLi`"VRokr~ rnkf{kIrO;ÄõÔL;
loZ=kSo xq.kHkkoeso eU;rsA vfHk/k 'kCn'kfDr% ,o LookP;lkeF;ZfufnZ"VdkoqQlgk;k
lrh izrh;ekukFkZfu"iknugsrq% Hkofr u osQoya dkoqQjsoA vU;izlaxs ;=k vfHkèkk;k%
O;kikj% u Hkofr LosPNkÑrkr~ dkoqQek=kkr~ rFkkfo/kizrh;ekukFkZL; izfrifÙk%
vlEHkoe~ HkofrA izrh;ekukFkksZiLÑrokP;kFkZ|ksrdL; xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔRoeso Hkofr
okP;kFkZfo'ks"k.khHkkokr~ ,o O;ÄõÔL; xq.kHkko% HkofrA dkO;L; rFkkfo/okP;ks&
1- èoU;kyksd% r`rh; m|ksr

2- èoU;kyksd% 3@38
iLdkfjO;ÄõÔizdk'kdRokr~ ,o xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔRoa eè;edkO;Roa ok Hkofr bfr
Li"Ve~A
èoU;kyksddkjs.k vkuUnoèkZusu eè;edkO;L; =k; ,o izdkjk fufnZ"Vk%A
vfLeu~ xzaFks ^v;a l j'kuksRd"khZ* bR;=k brjkÄõO;ÄõÔa] ^laosQrdkyeula* bR;=k
okP;flè;ÄõO;ÄõÔ]a ^LoLFkk HkofUr* bR;=k dkDokf{kIrO;ÄõÔa bfr =khf.k of.kZrkfuA
eEeVsu dkO;izdk'ks xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; v"VkS izdkjk% izèkkur;ksDrk%A
lfUnXèkizkèkkU;s izkèkkU;fo"k;s lUnsg% orZrAs rqY;izkèkkU;s O;ÄõÔL; okP;L;
izk/kU;a lea orZrsA vlqUnjs rq O;ÄõÔkr~ okP;a lpeRdkja HkofrA v"VkS Hksnk%
xzUFkkUrjs of.kZrk% fo|Urs ijUrq vkuUnoèkZusu =k; ,o izdkjk% of.kZrk%A rL;
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jlkfnèous% rkRi;s.Z k rnÄõrkizkIrs% i;Zolkus rq rL; xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL;kfi èofuRoeso
flè;fr µ
izdkjks¿;e~ xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔks¿fi èofu:irke~A1
èkÙks jlkfnrkRi;Zi;kZykspu;k iqu%AA
fo'oukFkdfojktsu lkfgR;niZ.ks dkO;Hksno.kZus dkO;L; }Sfoè;eso
izfrikfnre~ µ
dkO;a èofuxqZ.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ×psfr f}èkk ere~A2
mÙkedkO;a o.kZ;u~ l% izfrikn;fr µ
okP;kfr'kf;fu O;ÄõÔs èofuLrRdkO;eqÙkee~A3
O;ÄõÔkFksZ okP;kr~ vfèkdpeRdkjiw.kZHkwrs ^èofu%* bfr laKde~ mÙkedkO;a
HkofrA vija dkO;a xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔa eè;ea Hkofr ;=k O;ÄõÔL; okP;kr~ vuqÙkeRoa
HkofrA vuqÙkeRoa U;wur;k lkE;su p laHkofrA
vija rq xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔa okP;knuqÙkes O;ÄõÔsA4
O;ÄõÔL; xq.khHkko% okP;kis{k;k vpeRdkfjRosu HkofrA èofudkjs.k
vkuUno/Zusu vfi bneso vfHkfgre~ µ
1- èoU;kyksd% 3@40
2- lkfgR;niZ.ks 4@1
3- lkfgR;niZ.ks 4@2
4- lkfgR;niZ.ks 4@13
126 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
izdkjks¿U;ks xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% dkO;L; n`';rsA1
;=k O;ÄõÔkUo;s okP;pk#Roa L;kr~ izd"kZor~AA
O;ÄõÔkFkZ% yyukyko.;feo Hkofr µ
izrh;ekua iqujU;nso oLRofLr ok.kh"kq egkdohuke~A2
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;=k LokFkZR;kxsu xq.khHkwrkS okP;okpdkS O;ÄõÔFk± izdV;r% l dkO;fo'ks"k%
/ofulafKr% Hkofr µ
;=kkFkZ% 'kCnks ok reFkZeqiltZuhÑrLokFkkSZA
O;Ä~Dr% dkO;fo'ks"k% l èofufjfr lwfjfHk% dfFkr%AA3
eEeVkuqlkjs.kkfi&bneqÙkeefr'kf;fu O;ÄõÔs okP;kr~ èofu% cqèkS% dfFkr%A
bRFka O;ÄõÔkFkZL; izkèkkU;s èofu% HkofrA ijUrq rL; O;ÄõÔL; xq.khHkkosu
rFkk okP;kFkZpk#Roizd"ksZ xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% eè;edkO;a ok vij% dkO;Hksn% Hkofr
lkfgR;niZ.kdkjs.k fo'oukFksukfi ,rL; dkO;L; v"VkS Hksnk% mDrk% µ
r=k L;kfnrjkÄõa dkDokf{kIra p okP;fl¼ÔÄõe~A4
lafnXèkizkèkkU;a rqY;izkèkkU;eLiqQVexw<e~A
O;ÄõÔelqUnjesoa HksnkLrL;ksfnrk v"VkSAA
,rs Hksnk% fo'oukFksu of.kZrk%A brjkÄõa r=k Hkofr ;=k O;ÄõÔa brjL;
jlkns% okD;kFkZL; ok vÄõe~ Hkofr jlkfn% vuqj.ku:ia ok HkofrA dkd~okf{kIra
rr~ Hkofr ;r~ dkoqQo'kkr~ >fVfr okP;or~ izrh;ekue~ HkofrA okP;L;kUo;cksèkchta
okP;fl¼ÔÄõa rr~ Hkofr ;r~ vkikrr% izrhrL; okP;L; izfrlaèkkukuqifÙkfujklde~
vfLrA ;r~ lân;S% >fVfr vizrh;ekue~ Hkofr rr~ vLiqQVa dF;rsA vxw<a
LiiqQVe~ okP;k;ekue~ Hkofr vlân;Sjfi os|e~ HkofrA rkn`'ka okP;k;ekur;k
u rFkk peRdjksfr ;Fkk dkfeuhoqQpdy'kon~xw<+e~A mDra rr~ µ
ukUèkzhi;ksèkj bokfrrjka izdk'kks5
uks xqtZjhLru bokfrrjka fuxw<%A
1- èoU;kyksd% 3@4
2- èoU;kyksd% 1@4
3- èoU;kyksd% 1@13
4- lkfgR;niZ.ks 4@14
5- dkO;izdk'k i×pe mYykl
vFkksZ fxjkefifgr% fifgr'p
df'pr~ lkSHkkX;esfr ejgV~VoèkwoqQpkHk%AA
,oafofèkuk vusu dkfeuhoqQpdy'kU;k;su rnso O;ÄõÔa èofuRoeqi;kfr
;r~ lân;Sdos|e~ HkofrA mHk;e~&lân;Sjfi nq%[klaos|e~ vlân;Sjfi os|e~
pµxq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔeso eUrO;e~A vU;s"kq Hksns"kq vfi vuqHko ,o lk{kh vfLrA
vlqUnja rr~ ;r~ peRdkjkizR;klUue~ HkofrA rL; xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; Hksnku~
mnkgjfr lkfgR;niZ.kdkj% fo'oukFk%A jlknsjÄõa jlkfnO;ÄõÔa jlkÄõe~ mnkgjfrµ
v;a l jluksRd"khZ ihuLrufoenZu%A1
ukH;w#t?kuLi'khZ uhohfoÏalu% dj%AA
v=k kÜ Ä` kõ jL; d#.kkÄõRoa orZrAs ,"kke~ v"Vkuka xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔkuka /ofuHksnor~
vusosQ Hksnk% HkofUr bRFka eEeV% izfrikn;fr µ
(67) ,"kka Hksnk% ;Fkk;ksX;a osfnrO;k'p iwoZor~AA 46AA ;Fkk;ksxfefrµ
O;T;Urs oLrqek=ks.k ;nk¿yÄ~Ñr;LrnkA èkzqoa èoU;Äõrk rklka dkO;o`Ùks&
LrnkJ;kr~ bfr&èofudkjksDrfn'kk oLrqek=ks.k ;=kkyÄïkj% O;T;rs r=k xq.khHkwrO;ÄõRoe~A
µ (dkO;izdk'k% i×peksmYykl%)
,oa xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔdkO;L; vusosQ Hksnk% of.kZrk% eEeVsuA
xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL; èous'p ijLijlafeJs.k vusdHksnizHksnk% HkofUr&bfr
izfrikfnre~ eEeVsu (68) lkyÄïkjSèoZuLs rS'p ;ksx% lalf` "VlÄïj%S A lkyÄïkjSfjfrA
rSjsokyÄïjS% vyaÄïkj;qDrS'p rS%A rnqDra èofuÑrkµ
lxq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔ% lkyÄïjS% lg izHksnS% LoS%A
lÄïjlal`f"VH;ka iqujI;qn~|ksrrs cgqèkkAA bfr
(69) vU;ksU;;ksxknsoa L;kn~ Hksnla[;k¿frHkw;lhAA 'kq¼k èofuxq.khHkwr&
O;ÄõÔHksnk% ltkrh;fotkrh;okP;kyÄ~ÑfrfHk% 'kq¼ltkrh;fotkrh;lÄïh.kZll a "` Vk%
psR;kuUR;e~A vusu izdkjs.k vokUrjHksnx.kus rq izHkwrrjk x.kuk HkofrA
xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔdkO;eso eè;edkO;e~A mi;qZDrfoospusu Li"Vfena ;r~
eè;edkO;L; cgo% HksnksiHksnk% of.kZrk% dkO;izdk'kdkjeEeVsu] lkfgR;niZ.kdkj&
fo'oukFksu èoU;kyksddkjkuUnoèkZusu pA rs"kka HksnksiHksnx.kuk eè;edkO;L;
O;kidRoa] oS'k|a fofoèkrka p Li"VhdjksfrA /ofudkjkuUno/ZuL; n`f"V%
èofujgL;L; Lo:iksUehyus ,o fueXuk fdUrq eEeVsu èous% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔL;
1- lkfgR;niZ.k% 4@14
128 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
HksnizHksnkuka x.kuk Ñrk rs"kka vkuUR;e~ mn~?kksf"kre~A èofudkjs.k rq osQoya
laosQfrre~µ
^rL; p èous% LoizHksnS% xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔsu okP;kyÄïkjS'p ladjlal`f"V&
O;oLFkk;ka fØ;ek.kk;ka cgqizHksnrk y{;s n`';rs----*1
èoU;kyksdykspudkjs.k vfHkuoxqIrsu Li"V:is.k izfrikfnre~ µ
ßLoHksnSxqZ.khHkwrO;ÄõÔsukyadkjS% izdk';r bfr =k;ks Hksnk%A r=kkfi izR;sda ladjs.k
lal"` V~;k psfr "kV~A ladjL;kfi =k;% izdkjk% µ vuqxkz ákuqxkz gdHkkosu] lUnsgkLin&
RosuSdinkuqizos'ksusfr }kn'kHksnk%A iwo± p ;s i×pf=ka'kn~ Hksnk% mDrkLrs xq.khHkwr&
O;ÄõÔL;kfi eUrO;k%A ------¸2
dkO;izdk'kL; O;k[;kdkj% lqèkklkxjdkj% eEeVL; ^vfrHkw;lh Hksnla[;k*
bfr info"k;s fu:i;fr µ
'kq¼S% lgSdi×pk'kn~HksnS% Hksnk ;Fkk èous%A
lÄïh.kkZ fg lek[;krk% 'kjs"kq;qx[ksUno% (10455)
'kq¼S% 'kj;qxO;DrS% lgk=kfi rFkk cqèkS%
xq.khHkwrO;ÄõÔHksnk ck.kkEcqèkhUnzxtks% (8145) Le`rk%
eè;eksÙke;ksjsoa Hksn;ks% xq.kus iqu%A
Hkwrk'okÄïs"kq'kjHkck.kLrEcsjek erk% (85155975)AA
vU;s O;k[;kdkjk% vfi Hksnla[;kx.kuka izfr LokfHkera iznf'kZroUr%A
ggg
1- èoU;kyksd% 3@43
2- èoU;kyksd% 3@43
lUns'k dkO;ksa dk iszjd Hkkxor iqjk.k

dfork pkSjfl;k
'kks/ Nk=kk] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku
xÄõkukFk >k ifjlj] bykgkckn
¹v"Vkn'kiqjk.kkUrxZrs Hkkxoriqjk.ks lUns'kdkO;ksRifÙkÏksrl% fooj.ka
orZrsA lans'kdkO;kuka Ïksr% dFka fo|rs bfr 'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ izkLrkSr~A
&laúº
laLÑr~ okÄ~e; esa îqjk.k lkfgR;* dks oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa ykSfdd
lkfgR; dh eè;orhZ dM+h osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA iqjk.k laLÑr
lkfgR; osQ egÙoiw.kZ vax rFkk mithO; jgs gSaA buesa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa
izkphu ijEijkvksa dk jkspd o.kZu feyrk gSA
O;kdj.k O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj îqjk.k* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ îqjkHkoa iqjk.ke~*
vFkkZr~ îqjkuh ?kVuk,a* gSA iqjkHkoe~ bl foxzg esa iqjk vO;; ls ^Hko* bl vFkZ
esa VÔq izR;; djus ls îqjk.k* 'kCn fu"iÂ gksrk gSA bl O;qRifÙk ls ;g Li"V
gksrk gS fd vR;Ur izkphu dky esa tks oqQN gqvk mls iqjk.k dgrs gSaA
iqjk.k osQ lEcU/ esa fu#Drdkj ;kLd dk dFku gS&îqjk.ka dLekr~*\
îqjk uoa Hkofr*A vFkkZr~ tks izkphu dky esa uohu FkkA ;kLd osQ bl dFku ls
;g Hkh èofur gksrk gS fd tks lkfgR; ,d vksj iqjkruh l`f"V fo|k] osn fo|k
ls viuk lEcU/ cuk, j[krk gS vkSj nwljh vksj fuR; uwru :i esa mRiÂ
yksd&thou ls viuk lEcU/ tksM+s j[krk gS ogh iqjk.k gSA
;|fi iqjk.k 'kCn osQ izRu] izru] iqjkru] fpjUru vkfn vusd i;kZ;okph
gSa] rFkkfi ;gk¡ iqjk.k 'kCn ls egf"kZ O;kljfpr izkphu dFkk ;qDr v"Vkn'k xzUFk
fo'ks"k dk gh cks/ gksrk gSA O;qRifÙkyH; vFkZ osQ vuqlkj lHkh fo}ku~ iqjk.k
dks izkphu xzUFk fo'ks"k ekuus ls ,der gSaA Lo;a iqjk.k Hkh bl vFkZ dk leFkZu
djrk gS&
¹ 129 º
130 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
iqjkruL; dYiL; iqjk.kkfu fonqcqZ/k%A1
ok;q iqjk.k Hkh izkphu dky ls vkt rd thfor lkfgR; dks gh iqjk.k
dgrk gS&
;LekRiqjk áurhna iqjk.ka rsu dF;rsA
fu#fDreL; ;ks osn loZikiS% izeqP;rs«2
iÁiqjk.k izkphu ijEijk dks O;Dr djus esa leFkZ 'kkL=k dks iqjk.k ekurk
gS&
iqjk ijEijka osfÙk iqjk.ka rsu oS Le`re~«3
czãk.M iqjk.k esa îqjk ,rn~Hkwr~* izkphu dky esa ,slk Fkk] ;g vFkZ gSA
;LekRiqjk áHkwPpSrRiqjk.ka rsu rRLe`re~«4
iqjk.k 'kCn dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k.k o laKk nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gSA fo'ks"k.k osQ
:i esa bldk vFkZ gS&iqjkuk] iqjkru ;k izkphuA Hkxon~xhrk esa ¶'kk'orks¿;a
iqjk.k%¸ (2@20)] ¶Roekfnnso% iq#"k% iqjk.k%¸ (11@38) vkfn esa iz;qDr iqjk.k
'kCn îzkphu* vFkZ dk okpd gSA laKk osQ :i esa bldk vFkZ gS&iqjkru
vk[;kuksa ls ;qDr xzUFkA bl vFkZ esa iqjk.k 'kCn dk izkphure iz;ksx vFkoZosn
rFkk czkã.k xzUFkksa esa feyrk gSA
Íp% lkekfu NUnkafl iqjk.ka------fnfofJr%A5
vFk uoes¿gu~ rkuqifn'kfr iqjk.ka osn%A
lks¿;fefr fdf×pr~ iqjk.kep{khr~«6
vejdks'k esa iqjk.k dks i×py{k.k dgk x;k gS&¶iqjk.ka i×py{k.ke~¸A
iqjk.k dk i×py{k.k iqjk.kksa esa Hkh LohÑr gSA
lxZ'p izfrlxZ'p oa'kks eUoUrjkf.k pA
oa'kkuqpfjra psfr iqjk.ka i×py{k.ke~«7
1- eRL; iqjk.k& 53] 72

2- ok;q iqjk.k&1] 2µ3
3- iÁiqjk.k&1] 2] 54
4- czãk.M iqjk.k& 1] 1] 173
5- vFkZoosn (11@7@24)
6- 'kriFk czkã.k (13] 4] 3] 13)
7- ok;q iqjk.k (4@10)
lUns'k dkO;ksa dk iszjd Hkkxor iqjk.k 131
fo".kq iqjk.k ,oa LdUn dh lwrlafgrk esa Hkh ojkg iqjk.k osQ leku gh
iqjk.k dk y{k.k izkIr gksrk gSA ojkg iqjk.k osQ vuqlkj i×py{k.k osQ vUrxZr
ifjxf.kr lxZ ls rkRi;Z l`f"V] izfrlxZ ls y; vkSj iqu% l`f"V] oa'k ls nso rFkk
Íf"k;ksa dh oa'kkoyh rFkk eUoUrj ls izR;sd euq dk dky vkSj ml le; dh
izeq[k ?kVuk,a ,oa oa'kkuqpfjr ls jktoa'kksa dk bfrgkl gSA bu fo"k;ksa dh
foospuk ftlosQ }kjk dh tk;] ogh iqjk.k gSA
egf"kZ O;kl fojfpr i×py{k.k lefUor xzUFk ftUgsa ge iqjk.k laKk ls
vfHkfgr djrs gSa mudh la[;k v"Vkn'k crkbZ tkrh gS tks bl izdkj gSa&eRL;
iqjk.k] ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k] Hkfo"; iqjk.k] Hkkxor iqjk.k] czãk.M iqjk.k] czãoSorZ
iqjk.k] ojkg iqjk.k] ok;q iqjk.k] okeu iqjk.k] fo".kq iqjk.k] vfXu iqjk.k] ukjn
iqjk.k] iÁ iqjk.k] fyax iqjk.k] x#M iqjk.k] owQeZ iqjk.k] LdUn iqjk.kA
v"Vkn'k iqjk.kksa esa lokZf/d izfl¼ ,oa yksdfiz; ^Hkkxor iqjk.k*
Hkxoku fo".kq osQ izfl¼ vorkj JhÑ".k dh jklyhykvksa rFkk ØhMkvksa dk
lfoLrkj o.kZu n'ke LdU/ esa izLrqr djrk gSA Hkkxor iqjk.k }kn'k LdU/ksa esa
v"Vkn'k lgÏ 'yksdksa esa fuc¼ gSA bl xzUFk dks oSnq"; dh dlkSVh osQ :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS&¶fo|korka Hkkxors ijh{kk¸A
Hkkxor iqjk.k osQ n'ke LdU/ osQ 30osa vè;k; esa bl izdkj dh dFkk
gS] ,d ckj jklØhMk osQ izlÄõ esa Hkxoku~ Ñ".k osQ izse dks ikdj xksfi;k¡ oqQN
vfHkeku djus yxrh gSaA muosQ vfHkeku dks nwj djus dh Hkkouk ls Ñ".k th
vUr/kZu gks tkrs gSaA vdLekr~ vius eè; esa Ñ".k dks u ikdj xksfi;k¡ cM+h
nq%f[kr gksrh gSa vkSj muosQ fojg esa mUeÙk dh rjg v'oRFk] Iy{k] U;xzks/]
rqylh] efYydk] ;wfFkdk vkSj vkez bR;kfn o`{kksa ls mudk irk iwaNrh fiQjrh
gSaA bl dFkk izlax osQ vk/kj ij gh JhÑ".k lkoZHkkSe us vius înkadnwr*
dkO; dh jpuk dh gSA1 blosQ vfrfjDr xksfi;ksa dk viuh fojgkoLFkk esa
oÙnkou dh yrkvksa vkSj o`{kksa ls Ñ".k osQ lEcU/ esa iwNuk Hkh vusd nwr
dkO;ksa dk ekxZ&izorZd gSaA
JhenHkkxor osQ n'ke LdU/ osQ 46osa vè;k; esa Hkh lUns'kdkO; dh
oqQN :ijs[kk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k tc xksoqQy ls eFkqjk vk tkrs
gSa vkSj cgqr fnuksa rd mUgsa xksoqQy tkus dk volj ugha feyrk gS rc os uUn
vkSj ;'kksnk osQ nq%[k dks nwj djus rFkk xksfi;ksa dks lkURouk nsus osQ fy, vius
1- Hkkxor iqjk.k (10@46@1&27)

132 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fiz; fe=k m¼o dks xksoqQy Hkstrs gSaA1 m¼o osQ xksoqQy ig¡qpus ij uUn vkSj
;'kksnk mudk cgqr Lokxr djrs gSaA m¼o Hkh mUgsa Ñ".k Hkxoku dk lEiw.kZ
o`ÙkkUr lqukrs gSa rFkk 'kh?kz gh ozt esa Ñ".k th osQ igq¡pus dk vk'oklu Hkh
nsrs gSaA2
bl izdkj uUn vkSj ;'kksnk osQ 'kksd dks nwj dj m¼o th tc eFkqjk
tkus dks m|r gksrs gSa rc oqQN xksfi;k¡ muosQ jFk dks jksddj [kM+h gks tkrh
gSaA3 blh volj ij dgha ls ,d Hkzej vk tkrk gS vkSj dksbZ xksih mls Ñ".k
dk nwr le> cSBrh gS4 rFkk Hkzej osQ izfr xksih dk dFku lqudj m¼o th
us xksfi;ksa dh Ñ".kHkfDr dh cM+h iz'kalk dh gSA vUr esa mUgksaus Ñ".k th osQ
'kCnksa esa gh xksfi;ksa dks Ñ".k th dk lUns'k lquk;k gSA5
Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k osQ lUns'k dks lqudj xksfi;k¡ m¼o th dks Ñ".k th
dh fofHkÂ dFkk,a ,oa yhyk,a lqukrh gSaA m¼o th Hkh Ñ".k dh dFkkvksa vkSj
yhykvksa esa gh izlÂ jgrs gq, xksoqQy esa dbZ ekl fcrkdj rFkk Ñ".k th osQ
izfr xksfi;ksa dk lUns'k ysdj eFkqjk okfil ykSV vkrs gSaA Jhen~Hkxor osQ izlax
osQ vk/kj ij gh Jh :ixksLokeh osQ m¼o lUns'k rFkk ek/o dohUæ osQ
m¼onwr dh jpuk gqbZ gSA mDr izlax esa Hkzej dks Hkh nwr dfYir fd;k x;k
gSA vr% ;g izlax #æU;k; okpLifr osQ Hkzejnwr rFkk vU; Hk`Äõnwrksa dk Hkh
vk/kj gSA
mi;qZDr izlax osQ vfrfjDr Hkkxor esa oqQN vU; LFkyksa esa Hkh lUns'k
dkO;ksa osQ izkjfEHkd rRo n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa] tgka ij nwr }kjk lUns'k izs{k.k dk
dk;Z n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA
Hkkxor iqjk.k osQ n'keLdU/ osQ 52osa vè;k; esa #fDe.kh dk lUns'k
JhÑ".k dks ,d czkã.k }kjk Hksts tkus dk izlax izkIr gksrk gSA izlaxkuqlkj tc
ijelqUnjh :fDe.kh dks ;g Kkr gqvk fd esjk HkkbZ #De f'k'kqiky osQ lkFk
esjk fookg djuk pkgrk gS rc os cgqr mnkl gks x;hA mUgksaus cgqr
lksp&fopkj dj ,d fo'okl ik=k czkã.k dks rqjUr Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k osQ ikl
fuEu lUns'k igq¡pkus osQ fy, dgk&
1- Hkkxor iqjk.k (10@46@1&8)

2- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10@46@34] 35 36
3- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10@46@1&10
4- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10@47@11&20
5- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10@46@29&36
lUns'k dkO;ksa dk iszjd Hkkxor iqjk.k 133
JqRok xq.kkUHkqoulqUnj Ük`.orka rs
fufoZ'; d.kZfoojSgZjrksÄõ¿rkie~A
:ia n`'kka n`f'kerkef[kykFkZykHka
Ro;kP;qrkfo'kfr fpÙkei=kia es«1
dk Rok eqoqQUn egrh
oqQy'khy:i&fo|ko;ksæfo.kèkkefHkjkRerqY;e~A
/hjk i¯r oqQyorh u o`.khr
dU;k dkys u`flag ujyksdeuksfHkjkee~«2
rUes Hkoku~ [kyq o`r% ifrjÄõ&
tk;kekRekfiZr'pHkorks¿=k foHkks foèksfgA
ek ohjHkkxefHke'kZrq pS|
vkjkæksek;qoUe`xirscZfyeEcqtk{k«3
iwrsZ"VnÙkfu;eozrnsofoizxqoZpZukfnfHkjya HkxokUijs'k%A
vkjkf/rks ;fn xnkxzt ,R; ikf.ka
x`Êkrq es u ne?kks"klqrkn;ks¿U;s«4
'oksHkkfofu Roeftrks}gus fonHkkZu~
xqIr% lesR; i`rukifrfHk% ijhr%A
fueZF; pS|ex/sUæcya izlá eka
jk{klsu fof/uks}g oh;Z'kqYdke~«5
vUr% iqjkUrjpjhefugR;
cU/waLRokeq}gs dFkkfefr izonkE;qik;e~A
iwosZ|qjfLr egrh oqQynsfo;k=kk ;L;ka
cfguZooèkwfxZfjtkeqis;kr~«6
;L;kfÄ~?kziÄ~dtjt% Ïiua egkUrks
ok×NUR;qekifrfjokRereks¿igR;SA
1- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10@52@37

134 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
;áZEcqtk{k u yHks; HkoRizlkna
tákelwUozrÑ'kku~ 'krtUefHk% L;kr~«1
mi;qZDr lUns'k #fDe.kh }kjk Hkxoku JhÑ".k rd igq¡pkus gsrq czkã.k
dks nkSR; deZ esa fu;qDr djus osQ izlax dh mithO;rk dks vk/kj cukdj
la L Ñr lkfgR; os Q ns n hI;eku dfo] egkdfo] dkfynkl us vius
nwrdkO;@[k.MdkO; (es?knwre~) esa fojgksRdf.Br ;K }kjk viuh fiz;k rd
lUns'k izs{k.k gsrq vpsru ês?k* dks nkSR;deZ esa fu;qDr fd;kA
laLÑr lkfgR; esa nwrdkO;ksa esa lcls izkphu miyC/ rFkk Kkr nwrdkO;
egkdfo] dkfynkl fojfpr ês?kwnr* gh gSA vU; nwrdkO;ksa@lUns'k dkO;ksa esa
?kVdiZjÑr ?kVdiZj] /ks;hÑr iounwr] osnkUr nsf'kd Ñr gal lUns'k]
xksoèkZukpk;ZÑr vk;kZlIr'krh] :ixksLokehÑr galnwr rFkk m¼o lUns'k]
iw.kZljLorhÑr gal lans'k] fo".kqÏkrkÑr dksd lUns'k] oklqnsoÑr Hk`ÄõlUns'k]
fuR;kuUn'kkL=khÑr guqen~nwr] foØe dfoÑr usfenwr rFkk mí.M dfoÑr
dksfdy lUns'k osQ lkFk gh yxHkx 30 osQjyh; lUns'k dkO;ksa us lUns'kdkO;
iz.k;u dh ijEijk esa mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ dh gSA
lUns'k dkO;ksa esa nkSR;deZ dh m‰kouk fuf'pr :i ls Hkkxor iqjk.k
esa #fDe.kh }kjk JhÑ".k dks Hksts x;s lUns'k osQ izlax ls izsfjr izrhr gksrh gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa lUns'k dkO; ijEijk osQ chp gesa Hkkxor iqjk.k esa
lgt gh izkIr gksrs gSa tks lans'k dkO;ksa dh jpuk gsrq fo}kuksa osQ izsj.kkÏksr dk
dk;Z djus esa loZFkk liQy jgs gSaA
lUnHkZ xzUFk
1- laLÑr okÄ~e; dk o`gn~ bfrgkl&MkWú cynso mikè;k; (iqjk.k [k.M)
2- laLÑr osQ lUns'k dkO;&MkWú jke oqQekj vkpk;Z
3- laLÑr lkfgR; dk lkeh{kkRed bfrgkl&MkWú dfiynso f}osnh
4- Hkkxor iqjk.k
5- eRL; iqjk.k
6- ok;q iqjk.k
7- iÁ iqjk.k
8- czkãk.M iqjk.k
9- vFkoZons
10- 'kriFk czkã.k

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laLÑr&foe'kZ%

(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed

izR;Äïe~ & 50-00

Vol. 13-14 (July 2017 - June 2018) Year 2019

Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

© Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

2- izks- osQ-oh- jkeÑ".kekpk;qZyq]

6- izks- ft-,l~-vkj- Ñ".kewfrZ%

2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,

3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey

4. Prof. Kishor Chandra Padhi

5. Prof. Azad Mishra

6. Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurty

7. Prof. Shripada Bhat

2- izks- jkeoqQekj 'kekZ

3- izks- fo".kqin egkik=k%

4- izks- lqdkUroqQekj lsukifr%

5- MkW- eUFkk Jhfuoklq

2- izks- voZQukFk pkS/jh

3- MkW- vkj-th- eqjyhÑ".k%

4- MkW- nsokuUn 'kqDy%

Review Committee/Editorial Board viii

1- y{k.kk µizks- Ñ".kpUæprqosZn% 1

12- laLÑrokÄ~e;s x|dkO;L; izkphukokZphukuka Hksnkuka foospue~ 89

1- lÄïsrks y{k.kkpkFksZ ino`fÙk%& 'kfDrokn% i`-ú1

1- èoU;kyksd%] iz- m|ks

1- dk- iz- y- izdj.ke~

¹'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ vuqlU/k=kk ikf.kuh;O;kdj.kkUrxZra dkjdizdj.kksDra

LiQksVrÙofoe'ksZ fprs% Lo:ie~

1- okD;inh;a czãdk.Me~ dkfjdk 123A

1- okD;inh;a czãdk.Me~ dkfjdk 126A

1- okD;inh;a czãdk.Ma dkfjdk 1A

1- okD;inh;a czãdk.Me~ dkfjdk 113A

'kkfUreU=k osQ fØ;kUo;u ls izÑfr esa lUrqyu

1- rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ czãkuUnoYyh] izFke vuqokd 2-1

1- 'kqDy;tqosZn & 36-17

fo'osnsok% 'kkfUr% &

dkO; dk lelkef;d 'kkL=k %

1- lEiw.kkZuUn&laLÑr- fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] 2005

1- ;=kkFkZ% 'kCnks ok reFkZeqiltZuhÑrLokFkkSZA

fof'k"Vk}SrosnkUrn'kZus vUr%dj.kL; Hkwfedk

1- osnkUrdkfjdkoyhfoe'kZ% dk- la- 2

1- dkfjdk&24 (lqcFkZ izdj.ke~)

1- iú dkú 'yksdla[;k 45]46

1- çk-O;k- LoksiK&O;k[;k 1@1@1

laLÑrokÄ~e;s x|dkO;L; izkphukokZphukuka

1- laLÑrlkfgR; dk bfrgkl] meka'kdj ^Íf"k* i`- la- 373&374

lejkÄõ.klw=kk[;s xzUFks Hkkjrh;k ;U=kdyk

1- lejkÄõ.klw=kèkkj%] prqFkZiVys 49-3

1- foekukfèkdj.ks lw-1 vfèk- 58

¹loZlaLdkjkfn"kq dky'kq¼;s xqjks% lw;ZL; p 'kqf¼% vko';dhA

osnL;kÄõHkwra p{kq%:ia fg T;ksfr"ka 'kkL=ka dkyfo/k;d:is.k txfr izfl¼&

1- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"kk/kjk 6-2

1- eqgwÙkZfpUrkef.k% ih;w"k/kjk 1-48

1- c`gn~ nSoKjatue~ 30-23

Botany in the Mahabharata

¹izLrqrs 'kks/i=ks ysf[kd;k ouLifrfoKkuL; ewyrÙoa egkHkkjrs¿fi

1- ;Fkk o`{kks ouLifrLrFkSo iq#"kks¿e`"kkA

Here arises a curiosity.