EDEXCEL IGCSE

Revision Notes and Questions

Separate Chemistry
(Section 2)

By Mr Powell-Young

March 2014
The Periodic Table:
The Periodic Table is made up of vertical g_________ and horizontal
p_____________.

Metals are found on the l____ and non-metals are found on the

r________. The classification of an element as either a metal or

non-metal depends upon:

i) The e___________conductivity of the element. All metals

are good c____________ because of their delocalised

e___________. Non-metals are insulators because their

shared e___________ are not free to move. The exception

to the rule is g___________.

ii) The acid-base nature of their oxides. Metals react with

oxygen to form b________ oxides. Non-metals react with

oxygen to form a_________ oxides.

a) Describe the reaction of sulphur with oxygen and write a

balanced equation. What does sulphur dioxide cause?

b) Describe the reaction of magnesium with oxygen and write a

balanced equation.
The reactions of elements are governed primarily by the number of
e___________ in their outer s_______.

i) This means elements in the same g_______ of the

periodic table will have similar c__________ properties
because they have the same number of e________ in
their outer s_______.

ii) Elements in Group 0 (the N_______ gases) are all

unreactive because their outer s______ of electrons is
f_____.

Group 1:

The alkali metals all react v____________ with water because they

only have to l______ one electron.

a) Describe the reaction of sodium with water?

b) Write a balanced equation for this reaction?

As we go down the group the metals become more re________

because the outer e_________ is further from the n________ so
there is a weaker a__________, so less e________ is required to
remove it.
Group 7 (The Halogens):

Fill in the table of their properties:

Halogen Colour State at room

temperature
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine

The halogens all react in a similar way because they are trying to
g_____ an electron into their outer s_______.

As you go down the group the outer s________ is further from the
n_________ and therefore the a________ is weaker. This means it
is h________to g______ an electron.

This means that a more r_______ halogen will take an e________

from the halide (n__________ ion) of a less r_______ halogen and
thereby d_________ it from the solution.

a) Chlorine + Potassium Bromide

b) Bromine + Potassium Iodide

The reactions are examples of r_____ reactions. This is because the
halogen is r________ and the halide ion is o_________.

e.g. Chlorine + Iodide Chloride + Iodine

Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-

2I- I2 + 2e-

Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2

c) Write equations for the answers to questions a) and b)

Hydrogen Chloride is a g_____ but when it dissolves in water it

becomes ionised (dissociated) resulting in a solution of Hydrochloric
Acid.

HCl (aq) H+ (aq) and Cl- (aq)

d) Why is hydrogen chloride acidic in water but not in

methylbenzene?
Oxygen:

Fill in the table about the composition of the air:

Name Percentage
78%
21%
1%
0.04%

The % of oxygen in the air can be investigated by looking at the

reaction of elements such as c________, i______ and p_________.

a) Draw a diagram of this experiment?

Oxygen can be prepared from H_________ P_________ in the

presence of a catalyst.

b) Name the catalyst?

Elements can be classified according to their reactions with Oxygen.
M_______ produce b_______ oxides and non-metals produce
a_______ oxides.

a) Describe the reactions of Magnesium, Carbon and Sulphur

with oxygen? Write symbol equations for the reactions.

Carbon:

Magnesium:

Sulphur:
Carbon Dioxide:

Carbon Dioxide can be prepared from the reaction between

C_________ C____________ and H_____________ acid.

a) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction?

Carbon Dioxide is also formed when metal c___________ are

heated, this type of reaction is known as T___________

D_________________.

b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of Copper (II)

Carbonate in this way.

Carbon dioxide is a relatively d______ gas and for this reason it is

used in f______ e_____________. Carbon dioxide is also soluble in

water and therefore is used to manufacture c_________ d_______.

Carbon dioxide is also a g__________ gas and contributes to

g___________ w_____________. Increasing levels of Carbon

dioxide in the air may well lead to c_________ change.

Hydrogen:

Metals react with Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids to produce

H__________. The more reactive the metal, the more vigorous the

b__________.

a) Write an equation for the reaction between Magnesium and

dilute Sulphuric acid?

b) Describe the combustion of Hydrogen and write an equation

for the reaction?

Water:

A___________ C__________ S___________ is used as a chemical

test for water.

c) What is the colour change in this chemical test?

d) What is the physical test used to show whether or not the

water is PURE?
Reactivity Series:

Metals can be arranged into a reactivity series based upon the

following reactions:

i) Reaction with other metal compounds

(D_____________).
ii) Reaction with water.
iii) Reaction with dilute acids.

Small pieces of four different metals were placed in identical

amounts of hydrochloric acid. The results
are shown below.

(a) Place the metals in order of reactivity, starting with the most
reactive.
[2]
(b) The four metals used in the experiment were calcium, magnesium,
iron and platinum.
Use your knowledge of these four metals to identify the metals A, B,
C & D. [3]

Metal A ____________________
Metal B ____________________
Metal C ____________________
Metal D ____________________
Redox reactions are reactions that involve r____________ and
o____________.

R___________ is the g______ of electrons or the l_____

of o__________.

Oxidation is the l________ of electrons or the g________

of oxygen.

An o_________ agent is therefore a species that is itself

r_______ and so takes the e________ away from another

species.

A r_________ agent is therefore a species that is itself

o___________ and so gives e________ to another species.

Carbon + Iron Carbon + Iron

Monoxide Oxide Dioxide

a) In reaction above identify the following:

 Species Reduced :
 Species Oxidised:
 Oxidising Agent:
 Reducing Agent:
Rusting is an example of a redox reaction:

a) Under what conditions does iron rust?

b) How does grease, oil, paint and plastic protect the iron?

c) Why is galvanising such a good way of protecting the iron?

d) What is sacrificial protection?

Test for Cations (positive ions):

Flame Tests:

A p_________ wire is first heated and then dipped in concentrated

h__________ acid. This is then dipped into the sample to be tested

and placed in a b______ flame.

Positive Ion Flame Colour

Li+

Na+

K+

Ca2+

Tests with Sodium Hydroxide:

Positive Ion Observation

NH4+

Cu2+

Fe2+

Fe3+
Test for Anions (negative ions):

Test Anion Observations

Cl-
Dilute n______ acid
and s______ Br-
n_______ solution
I-

Dilute H_________
acid and B________
SO42-
C_____________
solution

Dilute H__________
CO32-
acid

Test for Gases:

Gas Test
Hydrogen L_______ splint goes out with a s_______ p____

Oxygen R_________ a g_________ splint

Carbon Dioxide Turns l___________, m_________.

Ammonia Turns d______ r____ l_______ paper b______.

Turns damp b_______ l________ paper red then

Chlorine
w________.