CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

A spark plug (also, very rarely nowadays, in British English: a sparking plug) is
an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines
and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark. Spark plugs have
an insulated center electrode which is connected by a heavily insulated wire to an ignition
coil or magneto circuit on the outside, forming, with a grounded terminal on the base of
the plug, a spark gap inside the cylinder.

Early patents for spark plugs included those by Nikola Tesla (in U.S. Patent 609,250 for
an ignition timing system, 1898), Richard Simms (GB 24859/1898, 1898) and Robert
Bosch (GB 26907/1898). Some historians have reported that Edmond Berger invented an
early spark plug on February 2, 1839. Karl Benz is also credited with the invention. But
only the invention of the first commercially viable high-voltage spark plug as part of a
magneto-based ignition system by Robert Bosch's engineer Gottlob Honold in 1902 made
possible the development of the internal combustion engine.

Internal combustion engines can be divided into spark-ignition engines, which require
spark plugs to begin combustion, and compression-ignition engines (diesel engines),
which compress the air and then inject diesel fuel into the heated compressed air mixture
where it autoignites. Compression-ignition engines may use glow plugs to improve cold
start characteristics.

Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such as furnaces where a combustible
mixture should be ignited. In this case, they are sometimes referred to as flame igniters.

1
 LITERATURE SURVEY

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living means of transport.
Most often they are manufactured (e.g. bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats,
and aircraft), although some other means of transport which are not made by humans also
may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a chariot, a stagecoach, a

mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However, animals on their own, though used as a means
of transport, are not called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft animals. This
distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a child or a disabled
person.

A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a human, but it is the
mechanical form or cart that is powered by the human that is labeled as the vehicle. For
some human-powered vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as a driver.

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as watercraft, sailcraft,
aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft

Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces
against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed,

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 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1. BATTERY:
BATTERY

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power. The battery
used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary
cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell
when ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) of
specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of
Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown color and the negative plate (cathode)
is lead (Pb) which is of grey color.
When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action that
takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water being formed in the
electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell, both
plates are
Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the electrolyte (H 2so4) is
lowered. The cell is then said to be discharged. There are several methods to ascertain
whether the cell is discharged or not.

3
 To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the reverse direction
to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the chemical process and again
forms a lead peroxide (PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the
same time, (H2so4) is formed at the expense of water,restoring the electrolyte (H2so4 ) to
its original condition. The chemical changes that
Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell.
BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable Type. A
battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it
available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and
secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an
irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions
they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the
battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also called
rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out.
After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

4
 Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many
purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic
metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical
energy it consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.
One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode. The
electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which
can be either solid or liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source
which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of
the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.
When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the
load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs
down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance
increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver
power to the load decreases.

Various cells and batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham
radio battery, two 9-volt PP3, two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless
phone battery.

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy.[1] Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in
1800 by Alessandro Volta, batteries have become a common power source for many
household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide
battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year,[2] with 6% annual growth.[3]

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are
designed to be used once and discarded when they are exhausted, and secondary batteries
(rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times.
Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger
batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

5
The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram. It originated as a schematic drawing of the
earliest type of battery, a voltaic pile.

Strictly, a battery is a collection of multiple electrochemical cells, but in popular usage

battery often refers to a single cell. [1] The first electrochemical cell was developed by the
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1792, and in 1800 he invented the first battery—for
him, a "pile" of cells.[4]

The usage of "battery" to describe electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, who in
1748 described multiple Leyden jars (early electrical capacitors) by analogy to a battery
of cannons.[5] Thus Franklin's usage to describe multiple Leyden jars predated Volta's use
of multiple galvanic cells.[6]. It is speculated, but not established, that several ancient
artifacts consisting of copper sheets and iron bars, and known as Baghdad batteries may
have been galvanic cells.[7]

Volta's work was stimulated by the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani, who
in 1780 noticed that dissected frog's legs would twitch when struck by a spark from a
Leyden jar, an external source of electricity.[8] In 1786 he noticed that twitching would
occur during lightning storms.[9] After many years Galvani learned how to produce
twitching without using any external source of electricity. In 1791 he published a report
on "animal electricity."[10] He created an electric circuit consisting of the frog's leg (FL)
and two different metals A and B, each metal touching the frog's leg and each other, thus
producing the circuit A-FL-B-A-FL-B...etc. In modern terms, the frog's leg served as both

6
the electrolyte and the sensor, and the metals served as electrodes. He noticed that even
though the frog was dead, its legs would twitch when he touched them with the metals.

Within a year, Volta realized the frog's moist tissues could be replaced by cardboard
soaked in salt water, and the frog's muscular response could be replaced by another form
of electrical detection. He already had studied the electrostatic phenomenon of
capacitance, which required measurements of electric charge and of electrical potential
("tension"). Building on this experience, Volta was able to detect electric current through
his system, also called a Galvanic cell. The terminal voltage of a cell that is not
discharging is called its electromotive force (emf), and has the same unit as electrical
potential, named (voltage) and measured in volts, in honor of Volta. In 1800, Volta
invented the battery by placing many voltaic cells in series, literally piling them one
above the other. This voltaic pile gave a greatly enhanced net emf for the combination, [11]
with a voltage of about 50 volts for a 32-cell pile. [12] In many parts of Europe batteries
continue to be called piles.[13][14]

Volta did not appreciate that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. He thought that
his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy, [15] and that the associated chemical
effects (e.g. corrosion) were a mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of
their operation, as Michael Faraday showed in 1834.[16] According to Faraday, cations
(positively charged ions) are attracted to the cathode,[17] and anions (negatively charged
ions) are attracted to the anode.[18]

Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their
voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period.
Later, starting with the Daniell cell in 1836, batteries provided more reliable currents and
were adopted by industry for use in stationary devices, particularly in telegraph networks
where they were the only practical source of electricity, since electrical distribution
networks did not exist at the time. [19] These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were
prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their
components, which made them fragile. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable
for portable appliances. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell

7
batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical
devices practical.[20]

Since then, batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for a
variety of purposes.

3.2. SPARK PLUG:

A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the conductor. It pierces the
wall of the combustion chamber and therefore must also seal the combustion chamber
against high pressures and temperatures, without deteriorating over long periods of time
and extended use.

Parts of the plug

Terminal

The top of the spark plug contains a terminal to connect to the ignition system. The exact
terminal construction varies depending on the use of the spark plug. Most passenger car
spark plug wires snap onto the terminal of the plug, but some wires have spade
connectors which are fastened onto the plug under a nut. Plugs which are used for these
applications often have the end of the terminal serve a double purpose as the nut on a thin
threaded shaft so that they can be used for either type of connection. These are a
necessary part of the spark plug.

Insulator

The main part of the insulator is made from porcelain. Its major function is to provide
mechanical support for the centre electrode, whilst insulating the high voltage. It has a
secondary role, particularly in modern engines with deeply inaccessible plugs, in
extending the terminal above the cylinder head so as to make it more readily accessible.

8
Ribs

By lengthening the surface between the high voltage terminal and the grounded metal
case of the spark plug, the physical shape of the ribs functions to improve the electrical
insulation and prevent electrical energy from leaking along the insulator surface from the
terminal to the metal case. The disrupted and longer path makes the electricity encounter
more resistance along the surface of the spark plug even in the presence of dirt and
moisture.

Insulator tip

The tip of the insulator, the part from the metal body of the plug to the center electrode
protruding into the combustion chamber, must resist high temperatures whilst retaining
electrical insulation. To avoid over-heating the electrode, it must also offer good thermal
conductivity. The porcelain of the main insulator is inadequate and so a sintered
aluminium oxide ceramic is used, designed to withstand 650°C and 60,000 V.

The exact composition and length of the insulator determines the heat range of the plug.
Short insulators are "cooler" plugs. "Hotter" plugs are made with a lengthened path to the
metal body, by isolating the insulator over much of its length with an annular groove.

Older spark plugs, particularly in aircraft, used an insulator made of stacked layers of
mica, compressed by tension in the centre electrode. With the development of leaded
petrol in the 1930s, lead deposits on the mica became a problem and reduced the interval
between needing to clean the spark plug. Sintered aluminium oxide was developed by
Siemens in Germany to counteract this.

Seals

As the spark plug also seals the combustion chamber of the engine when installed, the
seals ensure there is no leakage from the combustion chamber. The seal is typically made
by the use of a multi-layer braze as there are no braze compositions that will wet both the
ceramic and metal case and therefore intermediary alloys are required.

9
Metal case

The metal case (or the "jacket" as many people call it) of the spark plug bears the torque
of tightening the plug, serves to remove heat from the insulator and pass it on to the
cylinder head, and acts as the ground for the sparks passing through the center electrode
to the side electrode. As it acts as the ground, it can be harmful if touched while igniting.

Center electrode

The center electrode is connected to the terminal through an internal wire and commonly
a ceramic series resistance to reduce emission of radio noise from the sparking. The tip
can be made of a combination of copper, nickel-iron, chromium, or precious metals. In
the late seventies, the development of engines reached a stage where the ‘heat range’ of
conventional spark plugs with solid nickel alloy centre electrodes was unable to cope
with their demands. A plug that was ‘cold’ enough to cope with the demands of high
speed driving would not be able to burn off the carbon deposits caused by stop-start urban
conditions, and would foul in these conditions, making the engine misfire. Similarly, a
plug that was ‘hot’ enough to run smoothly in town, could actually melt when called upon
to cope with extended high speed running on motorways, causing serious damage to the
engine. The answer to this problem, devised by the spark plug manufacturers, was a
centre electrode that carried the heat of combustion away from the tip more effectively
than was possible with a solid nickel alloy. Copper was the material chosen for the task
and a method for manufacturing the Copper cored center electrode was created by
Floform.

The center electrode is usually the one designed to eject the electrons (the cathode)
because it is the hottest (normally) part of the plug; it is easier to emit electrons from a
hot surface, because of the same physical laws that increase emissions of vapor from hot
surfaces (see thermionic emission). In addition, electrons are emitted where the electrical
field strength is greatest; this is from wherever the radius of curvature of the surface is
smallest, i.e. from a sharp point or edge rather than a flat surface (see corona discharge).
It would be easiest to pull electrons from a pointed electrode but a pointed electrode

10
would erode after only a few seconds. Instead, the electrons emit from the sharp edges of
the end of the electrode; as these edges erode, the spark becomes weaker and less
reliable.

At one time it was common to remove the spark plugs, clean deposits off the ends either
manually or with specialized sandblasting equipment and file the end of the electrode to
restore the sharp edges, but this practice has become less frequent as spark plugs are now
merely replaced, at much longer intervals. The development of precious metal high
temperature electrodes (using metals such as yttrium, iridium, platinum, tungsten, or
palladium, as well as the relatively prosaic silver or gold) allows the use of a smaller
center wire, which has sharper edges but will not melt or corrode away. The smaller
electrode also absorbs less heat from the spark and initial flame energy. At one point,
Firestone marketed plugs with polonium in the tip, under the questionable theory that the
radioactivity would ionize the air in the gap, easing spark formation. (See external link
below)

Side electrode, or ground electrode

The side electrode is made from high nickel steel and is welded to the side of the metal
case. The side electrode also runs very hot, especially on projected nose plugs. Some
designs have provided a copper core to this electrode, so as to increase heat conduction.
Multiple side electrodes may also be used, so that they don't overlap the center electrode.

3.3. DISTRIBUTOR:

A distributor is a device in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine

that routes high voltage from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct firing
order. The first reliable battery operated ignition was developed by Dayton Engineering
Laboratories Co. (Delco) and introduced in the 1910 Cadillac. This ignition was
developed by Charles Kettering and was considered a wonder in its day.

11
It consists of a rotating arm or rotor inside the distributor cap, on top of the distributor
shaft, but insulated from it and the body of the vehicle (ground). The distributor shaft is
driven by a gear on the camshaft. (Usually the distributor shaft extends to also drive the
oil pump.) The metal part of the rotor contacts the central high voltage cable from the coil
via a spring loaded carbon brush. The metal part of the rotor arm passes close to (but does
not touch) the output contacts which connect via high tension cables to the spark plug of
each cylinder. As the rotor spins within the distributor, electrical current is able to jump
the small gaps created between the rotor arm and the contacts due to the high voltage
created by the ignition coil.

The distributor shaft has a cam that operates the contact breaker. Opening the points
causes a high induction voltage in the system's ignition coil.

The distributor also houses the centrifugal advance unit: a set of hinged weights attached
to the distributor shaft, that cause the breaker points mounting plate to slightly rotate and
advance the spark timing with higher engine rpm. In addition, the distributor has a
vacuum advance unit that advances the timing even further as a function of the vacuum in
the inlet manifold. Usually there is also a capacitor attached to the distributor. The
capacitor is connected parallel to the breaker points, to suppress sparking and prevent
wear of the points.

Around the 1970s the primary breaker points were largely replaced with Hall effect
sensors. As this is a non-contacting device and the primary circuit is controlled by solid
state electronics, a great amount of maintenance in point adjustment and replacement was
eliminated. This also eliminates any problem with breaker follower or cam wear, and by
eliminating a side load extends distributor shaft bearing life. The remaining secondary
(high voltage) circuit was as described above, using a single coil and a rotary distributor.

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3.4. CONTROL UNIT:

It is an electronic device witch is already programmed and the stored in the small
chip called microcontroller.

INTRODUCTION

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in

revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than
one can imagine. Since its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller has been
recognized as a general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is finding
using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly complex spacecraft.
Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application domain has spread in all
conceivable directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great
deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and practicing engineers,
creating an acute education need for imparting the knowledge of microcontroller based
system design and development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their
tremendous impact; the acute educational need created by them and provides a glimpse of
the major application area.

MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single IC.

Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for microprocessors to be put into low
cost products. Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially
reduces the cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's power to
implement their function, because the microprocessor is a natural way to implement
many products. This means the idea of using a microprocessor for low cost products
comes up often. But the typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a
Z80 and 8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to
make a microprocessor system. Each part carries costs of money. Even though a product
design may require only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a
low cost product.

13
 To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip
microcontroller. This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC.
Most frequently they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used to
perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also SERIAL PORTS.
Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or "single chip microprocessor system" or
"computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip

computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device'
might be used to control objects, processes, or events. Another term to describe a
microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent

products. For example most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a
microcontroller. It replaces Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial
transmission circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills, Microwave
Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial products are based on
microcontrollers.
3.5 COMPRESSOR
Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs from the
atmosphere are in the running of machine are engine. Air compressors are utilized to
raise the pressure of a volume of air. Air compressors are available in many
configurations and will operate over a very wide range of flow rates and pressures.
Compressed air was expelled by primitive man to give glowing embers sufficient oxygen
to allow them to flare up into a fire. During the compression process, the temperature
increases as the pressure increases. This is known as polytypic compression. The amount
of compression power also increases as the temperature increases. Compressors are
staged thereby reducing the temperature rise and improving the compression efficiency.
The temperature of the air leaving each stage is cooled prior to entering the next stage.

14
This cooling process is called inter cooling. Volumetric efficiency also increases with
multi-stage compression since the pressure ratio over the first stage will be decreased.

Selection of the air compressor is only the first step in designing an efficient and
reliable compressed air system. The air exiting the compressor is saturated with moisture
and will have compressor lubricants (lubricated compressors only). Other chemicals that
may have been drawn into the compressor intake may also be present. This contamination
is harmful to many processes, pneumatic tools, instruments and equipment. Air
purification equipment, filters, air dryers, breathing air purifiers, monitoring equipment,
used alone or in combination will remove these contaminants. Selection and purchase of
the compressor and necessary purification equipment can be easily done on the
Compressed air site. Our application engineers are ready to answer all of your questions
and to assist you in placing your order. And it work in the process of rotating the fan and
the piston movement with the help of current supply.

15
 CHAPTER-IV
DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING
4.1 MACHINE COMPONENTS
The spark plug tester and cleaning is consists of the following components to full
fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
 Battery
 Distributor
 Spark plug
 Control unit

16
17
DRAWING FOR FABRICATION OF SPARK PLUG CLEANER AND TESTER

18
 CHAPTER-V
WORKING PRINCIPLE

In our project we are going to design cleaning setup in this setup we

suit forced customer cleaning process so we given to set sand boxing system in safe
manner, and another setup is design of spark plug testing here we taking the point Amps
and volts rating to supply to the spark plug to produce spark and easy visualization setup
for seeing Sparking.
Automobile workshops spark plug cleaning exact testing is consumes
some repairing time, so make simplification setup testing and cleaning ,we are going to
design and fabrication a single setup for saving time. We expecting good function
performance form the cleaning and testing the spark plug machine. This setting can be
incorporate in commercial automobile sectors. This is a brand new pneumatic spark plug
cleaner this little device bolts to your workbench and attachment to your air compressor.
It used the compressor air with an ultra fine media to remove carbon deposits from your
bad spark plug without any damage to the ceramic, the electrode, or the threads. Thus
will allow you to reuse your plugs and save tons of money.

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 CHAPTER-VI
MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS
 It is easy to operate
 No need special skill to operate
 Low cast

DEMIRTS
 Cleaning of spark plug is late due t the force of air

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 CHAPTER-VII
APPLICATIONS

 It is applicable in automobile workshops and making industries

21
 CHAPTER-VIII
LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from
chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical
conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
 Cast ability
 Weld ability
 Forge ability
 Surface properties
 Shrinkage
 Deep drawing etc.

22
2. Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.

3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which
can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should
also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an
important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the
designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

23
 Chapter-IX
COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:
Lathe, drilling, welding, drinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost
2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”
Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

=2500+1000
3. TOTAL COST:
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
=2500+1000+1000

Total cost for this project =4500

24
 CHAPTER-X
CONCLUSION
The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of automobile
department and other industries are working with the help of spark plug. This project will
reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project has been designed to perform the entire
requirement task at the shortest time available.

25
 BIBLIGRAPHY
1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.
2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute, Bangalore.
3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

26