TH 1893 PDF

DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING
MATLAB
A Dissertation
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(Power Electronics & Drives)
Submitted by:
VASANTH REDDY. JEKHA
Roll No: 207283
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
SHELLY VADHERA
LECTURER
Department of Electrical Engineering

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Institution of National Importance)
Kurukshetra-136119
Haryana.
JUNE - 2009
9-
Candidate's Declaration
I here by declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation titled
DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING MATLAB",
towards partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Technology in Power Electronics
& Drives", is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the guidance of
Mrs.Shelly Vadhera, Lecturer, Dept.of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, kurukshetra.
The matter embodied here, has not been submitted by me for the award of any other
degree or diploma.
Place: Kurukshetra (Vasanth Reddy Jekha)

Date: l\m\-
Certification
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to best of my
knowledge and belief. « ^
Place: Kurukshetra (Mrs.Shelly Vadhera)

Date: Lecturer,
Deptt.of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology.
Kurukshetra-136119
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my gratitude to my guide, Mrs. Shelly Vadhera, Lecturer,

Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, for
her valuable guidance in the successful completion of this dissertation work. I am very
much indebted to her for suggesting this topic and helping me at every stage for its
successful completion.
The submission of this dissertation gives me an opportunity to convey my

gratitude to all those who helped me reach a stage where I have immense confidence to
launch my career in the competitive world of Electrical Engineering.
Place: Kurukshetra, (VASANTH REDDY JEKHA)

Date: Roll No: 207283
M.Tech (PED)
Design of three phase induction motor using MATLAB
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS iv
LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES vi
L DESIGN OF INDUCTION MOTOR 1

LI Introduction 1
1.2 The major considerations for a good design 1
1.3 Limitations in design 2
1.4 Flow chat for design of induction motor program 3
2. STATOR DESIGN 4
2.1 Output Equation 4
2.2 Choice of average flux density in air gap 4
2.3 Choice of ampere conductors per metre 5
2.4 Efficiency and power factor 6
2.5 Main dimensions 7
2.6 Stator winding 7
2.7 Number of stator slots 8
2.8 Area of stator slots . 10
2.9 Length of mean turn 11
2.10 Stator teeth 12
2.11 Stator core 12
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page i

3. ROTOR DESIGN 14
3.1 Length of air gap 14
3.2 Design of squirrel cage rotor 17
3.3 Design of wound rotor 24
3.4 No load current 27
4. GENETIC ALGORITHM 33
4.1 What Is the Genetic Algorithm? 33
4.2. Overview of the Genetic Algorithm Tool 35
4.3. Genetic Algorithm Tool Options 38
5. RESULTS 40
5.1 The optimization problem 40
5.2 Optimization using Genetic Algorithm Toolbox 42
5.3 2.2 Kw Induction motor results 43
5.4 1 Kw Induction motor results 49
5.5 5 Kw Induction motor results 57
6. OBSERVATIONS 64
CONCLUSION 79
REFERENCES 80
^fational Institute of Technology, kurukshetra.

Design of three phase Induction motor by using MATLAB
ABSTRACT
To meet the increasing demand of energy crisis, attempts have been made by
harnessing energy from renewable sources or by improving the operating efficiency of
devices used in generation, transmission and utilization of electric energy. Induction motors
are used in very large number in a variety of applications. Any significant improvement in the
operating efficiency of induction motor will, therefore, help our effort at energy conservation.
The optimized design of induction motor using Genetic Algorithm is carried out with the
objective of maximizing the efficiency i.e minimizing the operating cost.
Induction motors are the main energy consuming devices in industries contributing to
more than 80% of electromechanical energy conservation. However, their operating
efficiency is often far from satisfactory. The optimal design of energy efficient induction
motor is therefore the need of the day. In the past, the design of induction motor has been
attempted for achieving better performance characteristics and/or reducing the cost. These
were mainly trail and error based which were solely attributed by professional experience.
Digital computer has made it possible to use well known optimization techniques in the
design of electric machines
For the optimization design of induction motors, the objective function could be a
particular item of performance and/or the cost in any form or it could be quantities like
weight, volume etc. of the machine. In the earlier published work the objective function was
taken as the minimization of active material cost. However, to determine the overall system
economy, the operating cost is equally significant, particularly when the cost of electric
energy is increasing. A need is, therefore, felt to attempt for the optimization design of high
efficiency and cost effective machine using a proper mix of active material cost and the
operating cost as the objective function.
In this dissertation work, for the optimization design of induction motors, the
objective function taken is efficiency.
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page iii

LIST OF SYMBOLS
Sk = Area of each end ring

ab = Area of each bar.
ATg - Mmf required for air gap.
AT,s = Mmf required for stator teeth.
AT,, = Mmf required for rotor teeth.
Ales = Mmf required for stator core.
ATcr =r Mmf required for rotor core.
AT60 = Total magnetizing mmf per pole.
Bav = Average flux density.
Bcs = Flux density in stator core.
Bcr = Flux density in rotor core.
Btsl/3 - Flux density at 1/3 height of tooth from narrow end.
Co = Output co-efficient.
D = Armature diameter or stator bore.
Dr = Rotor diameter.
dcs = Depth of stator core.
dss = Depth of stator slots.
de = Depth of end ring.
dsr = Depth of rotor slot.
dcr= = Depth of rotor core.
Eph = Induced emf per phase.
Iz - Current in each conductor.
lb = Current in each bar.
Kw = Winding factor.
K^ws = Stator winding factor.
K-wr = Rotor winding factor.
L = Stator core length.
t^mts = Length of mean turn of stator.
Li = Net iron length.
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page iv

k - Air gap length.

ns Synchronous speed in rps.
P Number of poles.
Q = KVA rating of machine.
Ss Number of stator slots.
Sr Number of rotor slots.
Tph = turns per phase
Tr Number of turns per phase in rotor.
Ts Number of turns per phase in stator
te Thickness of end ring.
Va = Peripheral speed in metre per second.
Yss Stator slot pitch.
^ss ~ Conductors per stator slots
Wts = Width, of stator teeth.
Wtr = Width of rotor teeth.
Wsr = Width of rotor slot.
Wts,/3 - Width of stator at 1/3 height from narrow end.
z Total number of armature conductors.
T = Pole pitch.
Oni Flux per pole.
5s Current density in stator conductors.
6b = Current density in rotor bars.
5e Current density in end ring.
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page v

Design of three phase Induction motor using MATLAB
LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES
FIGURE 1.1: Flow chart of design calculations program

FIGURE 2.1: Stator slot
FIGURE 2.2: Stator lamination dimensions
FIGURE 3.1: Radial magnetic forces in symmetrical machine and Unbalanced magnetic pull
FIGURE 3.2: Types of rotor slots
FIGURE 3.3: Current distribution in squirrel cage rotor
FIGURE 3.4: Dimensions of end ring
FIGURE 3.5: Bar type wave winding
FIGURE 3.6: B-H curve for Electrical Steel
FIGURE 3.7: Loss curves of electrical sheet steel
FIGURE 5.2: 2.2 Kw Induction motor optimum values of variables
FIGURE 5.3: 1 Kw Induction motor optimum values of variables
FIGURE 5.4: 5 Kw Induction motor optimum values of variables
FIGURE 5.5: Airgap flux density Vs Efficiency for different rating of induction motors
FIGURE 5.6: Airgap flux density Vs Stator turns per phase for different rating of induction
motors
FIGURE 5.7: Ampere conductors Vs Efficiency for different rating of induction motors
FIGURE 5.8: Ampere conductors Vs Stator turns per phase for different rating of induction
motors
TABLE 2.1 The usual values of efficiency and power factor for 50 Hz machines.
TABLE 3.1 Length of air gap for 4 pole machines
TABLE 3.2 The usual values of percent slip at full load for various ratings
TABLE 3.3 The values of friction and windage losses expressed in terms of output.
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra Page vi

CHAPTER 1 DESIGN OF INDUCTION MOTOR
1.1 Introduction
Design may be defined as a creative physical realization of theoretical concepts.
Engineering design is application of science, technology and invention to produce
machines to perform specified tasks with optimum economy and efficiency. Engineering
is the economical application of scientific principles to practical design problems. If the
items of cost and durability are omitted from a problem, the results obtained have no
engineering value.
The problem of design and manufacture of electric machinery is to build, as
economically as possible, a machine which fulfils a certain set of specifications and
guarantees. Thus design is subordinated to the question of economic manufacture.
1.2 The major considerations for a good design:

l.Cost
2. Durability
3. Compliance with performance criteria as laid down in specifications
An electromagnetic rotating electrical machine consists of the following parts:
i. Magnetic circuit: It provides the path for the magnetic flux and consists of air
gap, stator and rotor teeth, and stator and rotor cores.
ii. Electric circuit: It consists of stator and rotor windings. Windings are formed
from suitably insulated conductors.
iii. Dielectric circuit: The dielectric circuit consists of insulation required to
isolate one conductor from another and also winding from the core.
iv. Thermal circuit: The thermal circuit is concerned with mode and media for
dissipation of heat produced inside the machine on account of losses.
National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 1

V. Mechanical parts: The important mechanical parts of a machine are its frame,
bearings and shaft.
1.3 Limitations in design: Apart from availability of suitable materials,

facilities available for manufacture of required machine parts and facilities required for
transportation, the following considerations impose limitation on design.
i. Saturation: Electromagnetic machines use ferro-magnetic materials. The

maximum allowable flux density to be used is determined by the saturation level of
the ferro-magnetic material used.
ii. Temperature rise: the most vulnerable pare of a machine is its insulation. The
operating life of a machine depends upon the type of insulating materials used in its
construction and the life of the insulating in turn materials depends upon the
temperature rise of the machine.
iii. Insulation: the insulating materials used in a machine should be able to
withstand the electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses which are produced in the
machine.
iv. Efficiency: the efficiency of a machine should be as high as possible to reduce
the operating costs.
V. Mechanical parts: the construction of an electrical machine has to satisfy
numerous technological requirements. The construction should be as simple as
possible emd also it is technologically good.
vi. Commutation: the problem of commutation is important in the case of
commutator machines as commutation conditions limit the maximum output that can
be taken from a machine.
vii. Power factor: Poor power factor results in larger values of current for the
same power and, therefore, larger conductor sizes have to be used.

viii. Consumers specifications: the limitations imposed by the consumer's

specifications on the design of electric machinery are obvious. The specifications as
laid down in the consumer's order have to be met and the design evolved should be
such that it satisfies all the specifications and also the economic constraints imposed
on the manufacture.
ix. Standard speciflcations: these specifications are the biggest strain on the
design because both the manufacturer as well as the consumer cannot get away from
them without satisfying them.
1.4 Flow chart for design of induction motor:
Performance specifications
±
Assume: suitable values for variables
1
Design calculations
X
Performance calculations
Adjust values
Of variables Compare calculated and desired perforrriance
Is
'^Q /performance
sSattsfactory ?
Yes
Calculate total cost
T
Print design values
0
Fig. 1.1 Flow chart

CHAPTER 2 STATOR DESIGN
A polyphase induction motor consists of essentially of two major parts, the stator
and the rotor. The construction of each one is basically a laminated core provided with
slots which house windings. Stator is the stationary part of an induction motor. It is a
cylindrical structure, built up of dynamo grade laminations. If the values of stator
winding, number of stator slots, area of stator slots, stator teeth and stator core are know
then stator design can be obtained.
2.1 Output Equation:
The output equation for a.c. machines is:
KVA input e = CoD^Zn, (1)
Output co-efficient Q = 1. IK^B^âc x 10"^ (2)
FromEqn.l D^L = - ^ (3)
KVAinput=KW/(?;cos^)
The rating of an induction motor is sometimes given in horse power and therefore the
output equation should be expressed in terms of horse power. The KVA input is:
T]COS(^
the horse power, speed, power factor and efficiency of a machine are specified.
Therefore, in order to calculate the value of D^L, we must evaluate the output co-
efficient. The value of output coefficient depends upon the choice of electric and
magnetic loadings i.e. values of ac and B^^.
2.2 Choice of average flux density in air gap

(i) power factor. The value of flux density in air gap should be small as
otherwise the machine will draw a large magnetizing current giving a poor
power factor. However, in induction motors the flux density in the air gap,
should be such that there is no saturation in any part of the magnetic circuit.

(ii) Iron loss: An increased value of gap density results in increased iron loss
and decreased efficiency.
(iii) Overload capacity: The value of air gap flux density determines the
overload capacity. A high value of Bav means that the flux per pole is large.
Thus for the same voltage, the winding requires less turns per phase and if the
number of turns is less, the leakage reactance becomes small. With small
leakage reactance the circle diagram of the machine has a large diameter
which means that the maximum output, which the machine is capable of
giving, is large or in other words the machine has a large over-load capacity.
Thus, with the assumption of a higher value of Bav, we get a higher value of
overload capacity.
Most induction motors have an overload capacity of twice in horse power but as
the speed gets lower and lower-i.e. in machines with large number of poles-it is very
difficult to get this capacity and still get a reasonably good power factor., there has to be
a compromise between the two.
For 50 Hz machines of normal desigh the value of Bav lies between 0.3 and 0.6
WbW. for machines used in cranes, rolling mills etc, where a large overload capacity is
required, a value of 0.65 wbW may be used.
2.3 Choice of ampere conductors per metre

(j) Copper loss and temperature rise: A large value of ac means that a
greater amount of copper is employed in the machine. This results in higher
copper losses and large temperature rise of embedded conductors.
(ij) Voltage: A small value of ac should be taken for high voltage machines as in
their case the space required for insulation is large.
(iij) Overload capacity: A large value of ampere conductors would result in
large number of turns per phase. This would mean that the leakage reactance
of the machine becomes high and the diameter of circle diagram is reduced

resulting in reduced value of overload capacity. Therefore, higher the value of

ac, the lower would be the overload capacity.
Hence the value of ampere conductors per metre depends
upon the size of the motor, the voltage of stator winding, the type of ventilation and
the overload capacity desired. It varies between 5000 to 45000 ampere conductors per
metre depending upon the factors listed above.
2.4 Efficiency a n d p o w e r factor: Table2.1 gives the usual values of

efficiency and power factor for 50 Hz machines.
Efficiency Power factor

Output KW
p=4 p=8 p=4 p=8
Squirrel Cage
0.75 0.72 0.75
2.20 0.81 0.75 0.82 0.66
3.70 0.83 0.81 0.84 0.69
7.50 0.86 0.82 0.87 0.78
15.00 0.88 0.85 0.89 0.83
37.00 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.85
75.00 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.89
Slip Ring
7.50 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.70
15.00 0.87 0.85 0.89 0.80
37.00 0.89 0.88 0.90 0.83
75.00 0.91 0.89 0.92 0.89

2.5 M a i n d i m e n s i o n s : The product D^L obtained from Eqn.(3) is spUt up into its
two components D and L. The ratio of core length to pole pitch( ratio L / r ) for various
design features is:
Minimum cost—1.5 to 2
Good power factor—1.0 to 1.25
Good efficiency—1.5
Good overall design—1.
for best power factor
*T-A/0.18I (5)
For small motors, high values of L/r resuh in small diameters which may not be able to
accommodate even a small number of slots. In such cases the above values are not
practicable and so lower values down to 0.6 may be taken. In general, the value of L/r
lies between 0.6and 2 depending upon the size of machine and the characteristics desired.
Peripheral speed: Standard constructions can generally be used for peripheral speeds
upto 60 m/s. higher peripheral speeds upto 75 m/s are permissible only with special rotor
construction which may involve higher costs. For a normal design the diameter should be
so chosen that the peripheral speed does not exceed about 30 m/s.
Ventilating ducts: The stator is provided with radial ventilating ducts if the core length
exceeds 100 to 125 mm. the width of each duct is about 8 to 10 mm.
2 . 6 S t a t o r w i n d i n g : Double layer lap type winding with diamond shaped coils is
generally used for stators. Small motors with a small number of slots and having a large
number of turns per phase may use single layer mush windings.
The modem insulating materials for diamond coils belong to classes E, B and F. the
slot and phase insulation is polyester foil coated with compressed fibre for class E and
plastic foil baked with polyamide fibres for class F. the insulants in both cases are
impregnated with class F insulation.
The three phases of the winding can be connected in either star or delta depending upon
starting methods employed. The squirrel cage motors are usually started by star delta

starters and therefore their stators are designed for delta connection and the six leads are
brought out to be connected to the starter, the wound rotor motors are started by putting
resistance in the rotor circuit and therefore the stator can be connected either in star or in
deUa as desired.
2.6.1 Turns per phase:

Flux per pole
^„,^B,,TL = B^^xinDL)lp (6)
Stator voltage per phase £,. = 4.44/0„,r,.iC„, (7)
Where Ts=number of turns per phase in stator
and Kws =stator winding factor.
The winding factor may be initially assumed as 0.955 which is the value of winding
factor for infinitely distributed winding with full pitch coils.
E
:. Stator turns per phase Ts = ^^ (8)
4.44/0„,^„, ^^
2.6.2 Stator conductors:

The current density in the stator windings is usually between 3 to 8 A/mm^.
Stator current per phase/^ ^g/SE',. (9)
.'. Area of each stator conductor a^ - 1^ 15^ (10)
where S^ =current density in stator conductors.
For lower values of current, round conductors would be most convenient to use while
for higher currents bar or strip conductors should be adopted as anything above 2 or 3
mm in diameter is difficult to wind. The use of bar and strip conductors gives a better
space factor for the slots.
2.7 Number of stator slots: There are no definite rules for selecting the number
of stator slot, however, the following points help to serve as guidelines in the selection,
(i) Tooth pulsation loss: In motors with open type slots, the slot openings have a
considerable influence on the air gap reluctance. The slots should be so

proportioned that minimum variations in the air gap reluctance are produced.
The effect of these variations is to produce tooth pulsation losses and noise.
Thee effects can be minimized by using a large number of narrow slots.
(ii) Leakage reactance: If there are larger numbers of slots, there are large
number of slots to insulate. Therefore the width of insulation becomes more
and this means that the leakage flux has a longer path through air which
results in its reduction. There fore with larger number of slots, the leakage
flux and hence the leakage reactance is reduced. In fact the slot leakage
reactance is inversely proportional to the number of slots/pole/phase. With
small values of leakage reactance the diameter of the circle diagram, is large
and hence the overload capacity increases. Thus, with larger number of slots
the machine has a higher overload capacity.
(iii) Ventilation: The larger the number of slots for a given diameter, the smaller
will be the slot pitch. If the slot pitch is small, the tooth width is also small
since width of stator slots is generally about one half the slot pitch on the gap
circumference. So with larger number of slots, the thickness of the teeth
becomes smaller and the teeth may become mechanically weak and they may
have to be supported at the radial ventilating ducts by welding T or I sections.
This obstructs the flow of air in the ducts thereby impairing the cooling.
(iv) Magnetizing current and iron loss: It has been explained above that the teeth
section is reduced. Therefore the use of larger number of slots may result in
excessive flux density in teeth giving rise to higher magnetizing current and
higher iron loss.
(v) Cost: With larger number of slots there are larger numbers of coils to wind,
insulate and install involving higher costs.
It is good practice to use as many slots as economically
possible. However the number of slots per pole per phase q, should not be less than 2
otherwise the leakage reactance becomes high.
In general the number of slots should be selected to give an
integral number of slots per pole per phase. The slot pitch at the air gap surface for open

type of slots should be between 15 to 25 mm. for semi-enclosed slots the slot pitch may
be less than 15 mm.
The stator slot pitch is
gap surface ^D
Vss = -•; 7— r - =IT (1 ^)
total number of stator slots S
Where Ss is the number of stator slots.
Total number of stator conductors = 3 x 27, = 67, (12)
.-. Conductors per stator slot Zss=6Ts/Ss. (13)

The number of conductors per slot must be an even integer for double layer windings
because one half of the conductors per slot belong to the top layer and the other half to
the bottom layer.
2 . 8 A r e a o f s t a t o r s l o t s : When the number of conductors per slot has been
obtained, an approximate area of the slot can be calculated.
copper area per slot

Approximate area of each slot ~-
space factor
1.. X a.
(14)
space factor
The space factors ordinarily obtained vary from 0.25 to 0.4. High voltage
machines have lower space factors owing to large thicknesses of insulation. After
obtaining the area of the slot, the dimensions of the slot should be adjusted. The tooth
width and the slot width at the gap surface should be approximately equal. The slot
should not be too wide to give a thin tooth. The width of the slot should be so adjusted
such that the mean flux density in the tooth lies betweenl .3 tol.7 W b W .

Fig.2.1 Statorslot
The width of teeth should not be too large as it resuhs in narrow and deep slots.
The deeper slots give a large value of leakage reactance. In general the ratio of slot depth
to slot width should be between 3 and 6.
2.9 Length of m e a n turn: The approximate length of mean turn of the winding
on induction motor stators for use on voltages upto 650 V may be calculated from the
following empirical relationship.
Length of mean turn of stator
Z„,„=:2Z, + 2.3r + 0.24 (15)
with values of L and T are expressed in m.
2.10 Stator teeth: The dimensions of the slot determine the value of flux density in
the teeth. A high value of flux density in the teeth is not desirable, as it leads to a higher

iron loss and a greater magnetizing mmf. As stated earUer, the maximum value of Bts, the
mean flux density in stator teeth should not exceed 1.7 wb/m .
.'. Minimum tooth area per pole = 0,„ /1.7 (16)
tooth area per pole = number of slots per pole x net iron length x width of tooth
= (5,/p)xI,xPf„ (17)
or minimum width of stator tooth

O...
(Wts)min - (18)
1.7x(5^./p)I,
the minimum width of stator teeth is near the gap surface. A check for minimum tooth
width using equation-(18) should be applied before finally deciding the dimensions of
stator slot.
2 . 1 1 S t a t o r c o r e : The flux density in the core should not exceed about 1.5 W b W .
Generally it lies between 1.2 to 1.4 W b W . From Fig 2.2 ,it is clear that the flux passing
through the stator core is half of the flux per pole.
Flux in the stator core - 0„, / 2.
Fig.2.2 Stator lamination dimensions

flux through core O
;. Area of stator core (19)
flux density in stator core 2B^^
Area of stator core = Z,, x d^. (20)

where dc;;=depth of stator core
Thus I, X ^ c , --
rl -
The outside diameter of stator laminations

Do = D+2(depth of stator slots + depth of core)
= D+2dss+2dcs (22)

CHAPTER 3 ROTOR DESIGN
Like stator, the rotor laminations are punched as a single unit in the case of small
machines while in larger machines the laminations are segmented. If the values of rotor
bars, end rings, rotor slots, rotor winding are known then rotor design can be obtained.
3.1 L e n g t h o f a i r g a p : The following factors should be considered when
estimating the length of air gap.

(i) power factor: The mmf required to send the flux through air gap is
proportional to the product of flux density and the length of air gap even with
very small densities, the mmf required for air gap is much more than for the
rest of the magnetic circuit. Therefore, it is the length of air gap that primarily
determines the magnetizing current drawn by the machine.
(ii) Over load capacity: The over load capacity of an induction motor is defined
as the ratio of the maximum output to the rated output. The maximum output
of induction motor is obtained from its circle diagram.
(iii) Pulsation loss: With larger length of air gap, the variation of reluctance due to
slotting is small. The tooth pulsation loss, which is produced due to variation
in reluctance of the air gap, is reduced accordingly. Therefore, the pulsation
loss is less with large air gaps.
(iv) Unbalanced magnetic pull: If the length of air gap is small, even a small
deflection of eccentricity of the shaft would produce a large irregularity in the
length of air gap and is responsible for production of large unbalanced
magnetic pull which has the tendency to bend the shaft still more at a place
where it is already bent resulting in fouling of rotor with stator. If the length of
air gap of a machine is large, a small eccentricity would not be able to produce
noticeable unbalanced magnetic pull.

m
Sttvior — - ^
••"IS
Mr 03?—^-^ Rotor
Rot»r Air gap
X
Fig3.1 Radial magnetic forces in symmetrical machine and unbalanced magnetic pull
(v) Cooling: If the length of air gap is large, the cylindrical surfaces of rotor and
stator are separated by a large distance. This would afford better facilities for
cooling at the gap surfaces especially when a fan is fitted for the circulation of
air.
(vi) Noise: The principal cause of noise in induction motors is the variation of
reluctance of the path of the zigzag leakage flux. To ensure that the noise
produced will not be objectionable, it is necessary to made the zigzag leakage
as small as possible. This can be done by increasing the length of the gap.
From above, we conclude that the length of air gap in an
induction machine should be as small as mechanically possible in order to keep down the
magnetizing current and to improve the power factor. This is a major consideration. But
if a higher overload capacity, better cooling, reduction in noise of reduction in
unbalanced magnetic pull is important, large air gap lengths should be used.
3.1.1 Relations for calculation of length of air gap:

(i) In order to estimate the length of air gap of small induction motors, the
following expression can be used
I = 0.2 + 2^DL mm (23)

where D and L are expressed in metre. The air gap is a mere clearance between rotor
and stator and is made smaller than the value given by Eqn.(23) if roller and ball
bearings are used.
(ii) Another expression, which can be used for small machines, is
l^ - 0.125+ 0.35Z) + Z + 0.015F, mm (24)
where D and L are expressed in metre and Vg is the peripheral speed in metre per
second.
(iii) the following relation may also be usefully used
l^ ^0.2 +D mm (25)
where d and L are expressed in metre.

(iv) for machines with journal bearings, following expression may be used
l^ = 1 . 6 / D - 0 . 2 5 mm (26)
where D is expressed in metre.
The following air gaps may be used for 4 pole machines.

Table 3.1: Length of air gap for 4 pole machines
D Ig
m mm
0.15 0.35
0.20 0.50
0.25 0.60
0.30 0.70
0.45 1.3
0.55 1.8
0.65 2.5
0.80 4.0
Rotor diameter Dr = stator bore - 2 x length of air gap = D-21g (27)

3.2 Design of squirrel cage rotor
3.2.1 Number of rotor slots:

The selection of rotor slots in squirrel cage motors is very important and a
considerable attention is paid to select a suitable value. This is because with certain
numbers of poles and of stator and rotor slots in squirrel cage motors, peculiar and
deleterious behavior may be observed, with certain combination of stator and rotor slots
the machine may refuse to start or may crawl at some sub synchronous speed. In some
cases, severe vibrations may be set up generating excessive noise.
These effects are produced by harmonic fields. The harmonic fields are due to:
(i) windings
(ii) slotting
(iii) saturation
(iv) irregularities in the air gap.
Rules for selecting rotor slots: The following general rules are followed
concerning the choice of rotor slots for squirrel cage machines.
(i) As stated earlier, the number of rotor slots should never be equal to stator slots
but must either be large or smaller. Satisfactory results are obtained when the
number of rotor slots is 15 to 30 percent larger of smaller than the number of
stator slots.
(ii) The difference between stator slots and rotor slots should not be equal to p,
2p or 5p to avoid synchronous cusps,
(iii) The difference between the number of stator and rotor slots should not be
equal to 3p for 3 phase machines in order to avoid magnetic locking,
(iv) The difference between number of stator slots and rotor slots should not be
equal to, 1 2, (p± 1) or (p± 2) to avoid noise and vibrations.

3.2.2 Rotor bar current:

Current in each bar
I,= ' - -/,cos^ (28)

"J,
For a three phase machine ms=3.
h=^K„..cos<p (29)
61 T
I,=0.S5-^ (30)
3.2.3 Area of rotor bars: The performance of an induction motor is greatly

influenced by the resistance of rotor. A motor designed with high rotor resistance bas the
advantage that it bas a high starting torque. However, a rotor with a high resistance has
the disadvantage that its I^R loss is greater and therefore its efficiency is lower under
running conditions.
The value of rotor resistance depends upon the current density used for rotor
conductors, the higher the current density, the lower is the conductor area and greater the
resistance. Therefore, a rotor designed with a high value of current density results in high
starting torque and a lower efficiency for the machine.
The rotor resistance is the sum of the resistance of the bars and the end rings.
The cross-section of the bars and the end rings must be so selected that a proper value of
rotor resistance is obtained i.e. a value of rotor resistance which meets both the
requirements of starting torque as will as the efficiency.
It is desirable to have a compromise between a high resistance rotor which gives a good
starting torque and a low resistance rotor which gives a high value of efficiency under
running conditions.
Current density in the rotor bars may be taken between 4 to 10 A/mm^.
Area of each bar a^ = IJ S,, mm^. (31)
Where S,, is the current density in rotor bars A/mm .

3.2.4 Shape and size of rotors slots: The rotor slots for squirrel cage rotor may
either be closed or semi-enclosed types
• !
I i
1
(•
• 1*.
X'
Fig.3.2 Types of rotor slots
Closed slots are preferred for small size machines because the reluctance of the air gap is
not large owing to absence of slot openings. This gives a reduced value of magnetizing
current. As the surface of the rotor is smooth, the operation of the machine is quieter. The
biggest advantage is that the leakage reactance with closed slots is large and therefore the
current at starting can be limited. This is very useful in the case of machines which are
started with direct online starters. But the disadvantage is that the increased value of
reactance results in reduction of overload capacity. A semi-enclosed slot gives a better
overload capacity.
The rectangular shaped bars and slots are generally preferred to circular bars
and slots as the higher leakage reactance of the lower part of the rectangular bars, during
starting, forces most of the current through the top of the bar. This increases the rotor
resistance at starting and improves the starting torque. Deep slots, however, give an
increased leakage reactance and a high flux density at the root of the teeth.
Rotor slot insulation: no insulation is used between bars and rotor core. A clearance of
0.15 to 0.4 mm can be left between rotor bars and the core depending upon whether slots
are skewed or not. Higher clearances have to be left for the skewed slots.

3.2.5 Design of end rings

End ring current: The distribution of current in the bars and end rings of a squirrel
cage motor is complicated. Fig.3.3(a) shows a developed cage winding under two pole
pitches.
The stator winding is a three phase distributed winding and thus produces
a revolving field. This field may be considered as sinusoidally distributed in space as the
harmonics in most cases are small and produce only secondary effects. This revolving
field produces emfs of fundamental frequency in the bars. Fig.3.3(b) shows the
magnitude of emfs in the bars and if the bars are assumed to be infinitely distributed, the
distribution of ends can be considered as sinusoidal in the bars over a pole pitch., these
emfs produced in the bars would circulate currents as shown in fig.3.3(c). If the
resistance of end rings is negligible as compared with that of the bars, the resistance
coming in each current path is the resistance of two bars. Thus the current which the bars
carry would be proportional to their instantaneous emfs which in turn depend upon the
position of the bars in the magnetic field. Thus the wave which represents the emf would
represent the bar current also. Fig.3.3(d) shows the wave representing currents in bars.

'^"^ EHD mm
BARS
3 " E N D RING
IbJ
t A^ X
I ^y SMO RINGS'
/ \ J
/.
cunnEmm
Fig.3.3 Current distribution in squirrel cage rotor

Considering a group of rotor bars under one pole pitch, one half would send
current to an end ring in one direction and the other half in the other direction. If the
maximum value of the current in each bar is Ib(max) and if the current is maximum in all
the bars at the same time,
then maximum value of the current in the end ring:
2 5*
n 2p
But the bar current varies sinusoidally, therefore
/^,n,ax, = V2/, (33)
/«=-x|^xV24 (34)
The end ring current varies sinusoidally.

Therefore, R.m.s value of end ring current
4 = % =^^xfxVi/,=^ (35)
V2 -41 n Ip Tip
3.2.6 Area of end rings:

The value of current density chosen for the end rings should be such that the desired
value of rotor resistance is obtained.
The ventilation is generally better for end rings and therefore a slightly higher
value of current density than that obtaining in rotor bars can be taken.

Fig.3.4 Dimensions of end ring
Area of each end ring

ae = le/Se = Srlb/^tp 5c mm (36)
where 6c - current density in end rings, A/mm^.
Area of ring ae = depth of end ring x thickness of end ring.
= de X ts (37)
3.2.7 Full load slip: the value of slip at full load is determined by the rotor resistance.
A reasonable value of rotor resistance to be incorporated in the rotor can be obtained by
the knowledge of reasonable values of full load slip. The value of slip, s is derived from
the following relationship
rotor copper loss $

rotor output 1- s
where s is the per unit slip.

Below table gives the usual values of percent slip at full load for various ratings
Table 3.2: Full load slip
output Percent slip
0.75 5.0
3.70 4.2
7.50 4.0
18.50 3.7
37.00 3.5
75.00 3.2
150.00 3.0
3.3 Design of wound rotor

3.3.1 Number of rotor slots: The rotor winding for wound rotor motors are 3 phase
windings, and the number of rotor slots should be such that a balanced winding is
obtained. Generally windings with an integral number of slots per pole per phase are used
for the rotor. Fractional slot windings may also be used. It is preferable to use a number
of slots which are a multiple of phases and pair of poles in the case of fractional slot
windings.
3.3.2 Number of rotor turns: The rotor represents the secondary of a transformer
and the voltage between slip rings is maximum when the rotor is at rest. Therefore, to
keep the rotor voltage to an acceptable level the ratio of effective stator to rotor turns
must be properly adjusted. The choice of this turns ratio is arbitrary and is controllable by
the designer.
The rotor voltage on open circuit between slip rings should not exceed 500 V for
small machines where hand operated starters and switchgear are employed. The voltage
is limited to a small value in order to protect persons working on the motor if the brush

gear is not perfectly protected. More-over with small rotor voltages, it is easier to insulate
the rotor windings.
In case of high voltage machines and also in the case of large machines, the rotor
voltage should be high because in such cases if the rotor voltage is kept small, the rotor
current becomes large involving use of large conductor sections. Large rotor currents
complicate the design of slop rings, brush gear and starter contacts. For large size
machines, voltages up to 1000-2000 V can be used and there seems to be no objection to
rather higher voltages for very large motors where it is worthwhile to completely protect
the brush gear.
Let Ts, Tr = number of turns per phase for stator and rotor respectively,
Kws, Kwr = winding factor for stator and rotor respectively,
Es ^- stator voltage per phase,
Er = rotor voltage per phase at standstill.
Now T-^-fr- (^^)

K F
:. Rotor turns per phase T^ = -^^ —^ • T, (39)
In case of small machines:

Er should not exceed 500 V and 500/V3 = 290 V for delta and star connected machines
respectively.
By assuming a suitable value of voltage between slip rings, the rotor turns per phase to be
provided can be calculated from Eqn.(39)
3.3.3 Area of rotor conductors: The full load rotor mmf is taken as 85 percent of
stator mmf.
.-. / X = 0 . 8 5 / X or / , = 0 . 8 5 ^ (40)
r
where Ir ^ rotor current per phase.

The area of the rotor conductors is found out by assuming a suitable value
for current density. In order to avoid excessive rotor copper loss, the current density in
the rotor is chosen almost equal to that in the stator.
Round conductors are used for small motors. But for motors, it becomes necessary
to use bar conductors.
3.3.4 Rotor windings: For small induction motors of slip ring type, it is a normal
practice to use mush windings for rotor housed in semi-enclosed slots. The coils are
roughly formed outside the machine and dropped into the slots through slot opening one
by one. It is usual to use several wires in parallel per turn, to keep the conductor small
enough to go through the narrow slot opening. The rotor is invariably star connected and
three leads are brought through the shaft to the slip rings.
Bars offer
/bending -. Bars before
,tm bending—.
Core Bars Slot
Fig.3.5 Bar type wave winding

For larger motors, a double layer bar type wave windings used. This winding
has generally two bars per slot. The bars are pushed through partially closed slots and are
bent to shape at the other end. In motors of outputs of about 750 kw and over, we have to
use 4 bars sometimes. The use of 4bars per slot is made to reduce the current handled by
each slip ring. The winding with more than 2 bars per slot is called a barrel winding and
is usually wave wound.

3.3.5 Rotor teeth: The width of rotor slot should be such that the flux density in the
rotor teeth does not exceed about 1.7 Wb/m^. The maximum flux density for rotor teeth
occurs at their root as their section is minimum there.
O
Minimum width of rotor teeth W.^ (min) = (41)
1.7 x{S J p)xL.
It should be checked that the value of minimum tooth width actually provided in the
machine is higher than the value given by Eqn.(41)
Minimum width of tooth actually provided
Wtr = rotor slot pitch at the root - rotor slot width = " — — - PT^. (42)
Where dsr = depth of rotor slot and Wsr = width of rotor slot.
3.3.6 Rotor core: The flux density in the rotor core is generally equal to stator core
density.
O
Depth of rotor core d^^ = (43)
Where Bcr = flux density in the rotor core.

Inside diameter of rotor lamination D, = D^- 2{d^^ + d^^) (44)
The flux density in rotor teeth and core can be taken slightly higher than those in the
stator teeth and core. This is because the iron losses in the rotor are very small owing to
small value of frequency of rotor currents.
3 . 4 N o l o a d c u r r e n t : The no load current io of an induction motor is made up of
two components:
(i) Magnetizing current Im, and
(ii) Loss component of current I|

the magnetizing current is 90° out of phase with the voltage while the loss component is
in phase with the voltage.
3.4.1Magnetizing current: The flux produced by stator mmf turns passes through
the following parts
(i) air gap
(ii) stator-teeth
(iii) rotor teeth
(iv) stator core.
(v) rotor core
(i) Mmf for air gap: We have Bg6o=1.36Bav (45)
.-. mmf for air gap ATg =800,000 BbeoKgL
(ii) Mmf for stator teeth: The flux density is uniform in the teeth when they
are parallel sided but when parallel sided slots are used, the flux density along
the length of teeth is not uniform. The value of mmf for teeth is found out by
findingfluxdensity at a section 1/3 height of tooth from narrow end.
Flux density at 1/3 height of tooth from narrow end
O
Ku3^ (46)
where Wtsi/3 - width of stator at 1/3 height from narrow end

^MP^2dJ^_^ (47)
.s.v
The calculation of mmf for stator teeth is based upon Bts6o

Where Btg6o= 1-36 Btgi/3

ms mm
Fig.3.6 B-H curve for Electrical Steel
The mmf per metre atts for stator teeth is found from Fig.3.6
Mmf required for stator teeth AT,^ = at,^ x d^^ (48)

(iii) Mmf for rotor teeth: Flux density in rotor teeth at 1/3 height from narrow end
O
B>ri'3= ~ (49)
and with P F _ = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ - ^ . (50)
where dsr = depth of rotor slot, and Wsr - width of rotor slot.
NowBtr60= 1.36Btrl/3
The mmf per metre, atlr, for rotor teeth is found from Fig.3.6 corresponding
Btr60
.•. Mmfrequired for rotor teeth ATtr =atsr x dtp. (51)
(iv) Mmf for stator core: corresponding to flux density in the core, the mmf per
metre atcs is found from Fig.3.6. The length of path through the core can be taken as 1/3
pole pitch at the mean core diameter.
Length of path through stator core /„. = — — (52)

3p
Mmf for stator core = atcr x l^s. (53)
(v) Mmf for rotor core: Corresponding to flux density in rotor core mmf per merte
atcr is found from fig 3.6 . the length offluxpath in rotor core
l^^ =7r(D
^ ^ -2d -d
-^ )^sl (54)
:. Total mmf for rotor core ATcr= atcr x Icr. (55)

.'. Total magnetizing mmf per pole for Bgo
AT60 = ATg+ATts+AT,r+ATcs+ATcr (56)
0.427 X ox AT
Magnetizing current per phase /„ = — — (57)

3.4.2 Loss c o m p o n e n t : The calculation of loss component of no load current

involves the determination of no load loss.
(i) Iron loss: The iron loss in induction motors consists of hysteresis and eddy
current loss in teeth and cores, surface loss in teeth due to variation of air gap
density, tooth pulsation loss due to variation of teeth density, loss due to non
uniform flux distribution and loss in end plates.
The iron loss in stator teeth and core is found out by
calculating their respective weights the loss per kg corresponding to the flux densities
can be taken from figure.
Fig.3.7 Loss curves of electrical sheet steel

The frequency of flux reversals in the rotor is slip times the line frequency.
In the case of cage motors, the value of slip is small and, therefore, the iron loss in the
rotor is negligible. Wound rotor motors may operate at reduced speed by insertion of
resistance in the rotor circuit. Therefore, rotor iron loss must be included while
calculating the operating characteristics of a wound rotor machine.
(ii) Friction and windage loss: Below table gives the approximate values of
friction and windage losses expressed in terms of output.
Table 3.3: Friction and Windage loss
F and W loss percent of
Output KW
output
0.75 5.5
3.70 3.5
7.50 2.7
37.00 1.5
75.00 1.2
150.00 1.0
Loss component of no load current per phase

total no load loss
3 X voltage per phase
No load current I^ {per phase) = -^l], + // (58)

The approximate values of no load current expressed as percentage of full load
current are given in below table.

No load current
No load current percent
Output KW
of full load current
0.75 50
3.00 40
15.00 33
37.00 30
75.00 and above 27
The no load power factor,

cos(z5o = / , / / o
(f)^ - c o s ' ' / , / / o

CHAPTER 4 GENETIC ALGORITHM
4.1 What Is the Genetic Algorithm?
The genetic algorithm is a method for solving optimization problems that are
based on natural selection, the process that drives biological evolution. The genetic
algorithm repeatedly modifies a population of individual solutions. At each step, the
genetic algorithm selects individuals at random from the current population to be parents
and uses them produce the children for the next generation. Over successive generations,
the population "evolves" toward an optimal solution. One can apply the genetic algorithm
to solve a variety of optimization problems that are not well suited for standard
optimization algorithms, including problems in which the objective function is
discontinuous, non differentiable, stochastic, or highly nonlinear.
The genetic algorithm uses three main types of rules at each step to create the next
generation from the current population: Selection rules select the individuals, called
parents, that contribute to the population at the next generation. Crossover rules combine
two parents to form children for the next generation. Mutation rules apply random
changes to individual parents to form children.
The genetic algorithm differs from a standard optimization algorithm in two main
ways, as summarized in the following table.
Standard Algorithm
Generates a single point at each iteration. The sequence of points approaches an
optimal solution. Selects the next point in the sequence by a deterministic
computation.

Genetic Algorithm
Generates a population of points at each iteration. The population approaches an
optimal solution. Selects the next population by computations that involve
random choices.
4.2. Overview of the Genetic Algorithm Tool

The section provides an overview of the Genetic Algorithm Tool. This section covers the
following topics:
(i) Opening the Genetic Algorithm Tool

(ii) Defining a Problem in the Genetic Algorithm Tool
(iii) Running the Genetic Algorithm
(iv) Pausing and Stopping the Algorithm
(v) Reproducing Your Results
(vi) Generating an M-File
(i) Opening the Genetic Algorithm Tool

To open the tool, enter
gatool
at the MATLAB prompt. This opens the Genetic Algorithm Tool, as shown in the
following figure.

Click to disploy descriptions ot options
.JalM
Enter fitness function
Enternumberof
variables for tlie fitness Popuiation type: j Double Vector zl
PIM interval: |1 Population size: 120
f Besl fitness C Best indiviciuaf f " Distance Creation function 1 Urvform
r~ Expecteiion f Genealogy f " Range ^

P Score diversity f * Scores f " Selection
l~ Stopping
InlidI popiMion:
in
Iniial scores: III
r" Custom timction: j
Initial range: {[0; 1 ]

Run solver
&l Fitness scaling
Start the genetic - Selecfion

algorithm.
Ctrrent generation; | S Reproduction
Status and resutts:
Results displayed liere ;+• Migration
~i Hybrid function
2Ji S Stopiang aiteria

FinaJ port:
IB Output function
® Display to command window
Lu IJI S Vectorize
Export to workspace.,.
Fig.4.1 Genetic Algorithm Tool
(ii) Defining a Problem in the Genetic Algorithm Tool
* Fitness function : This is the function which is to minimize. Enter a handle to an M-

file function that computes the fitness function.
* Number of variables: The number of independent variables for the fitness function.

(iii) Running the Genetic Algorithm

To run the genetic algorithm, click Start in the Run solver pane.Then,
* The Current generation field displays the number of the current generation.
* The Status and results pane displays the message "GA running.".
When the algorithm terminates,
* The Status and results pane displays The message "GA terminated."
* The fitness function value of the best individual in the final generation
* The reason the algorithm terminated
* The coordinates of thefinalpoint
(iv) Pausing and Stopping the Algorithm

While the genetic algorithm is running, we can
* Click Pause to temporarily suspend the algorithm. To resume the algorithm
using the current population at the time one paused, click Resume.
* Click Stop to stop the algorithm. The Status and results pane displays the
fitness function value of the best point in the current generation at the moment
one clicked Stop.
(v) Reproducing Your Results

To reproduce the results of the last run of the genetic algorithm, select the Use
random states from previous run check box. This resets the states of the random
number generators used by the algorithm to their previous values. If one do not change
any other settings in the Genetic Algorithm Tool, the next time one run the genetic
algorithm, it returns the same results as the previous run.
Normally, one should leave Use random states from previous run unselected to
get the benefit of randomness in the genetic algorithm. Select the Use random states
from previous run check box if you want to analyze the results of that particular run or
show the exact results to others.

(vi) Generating an M-File

To create an M-file that runs the genetic algorithm, using the fitness function and
options one specify in the Genetic Algorithm Tool, select Generate M-File from the File
menu and save the M-file in a directory on the MATLAB path. Calling this M-file at the
command line returns the same results as the Genetic Algorithm Tool, using the fitness
function and options settings that were in place when you generated the M-file.
4.3. Genetic Algorithm Tool Options
(i) Fitness Functions

The fitness function is the function one want to optimize. For standard
optimization algorithms, this is known as the objective function. The toolbox tries to find
the minimum of the fitness function.
We can write the fitness function as an M-file and pass it as an input argument to
the main genetic algorithm function
Ex:- @optga
Here optga is M-file
(ii) Population Options

Population options enable one to specify the parameters of the population that the
genetic algorithm uses.
Population type (PopulationType) specifies the data type of the input to the fitness
function. We can set Population type to be one of the following:
Double Vector ('doubleVector') - is used this option if the individuals in the
population have type double. This is the default.
Bit string ('bitstring') - is used this option if the individuals in the population are
bit strings.

Custom ('custom') - is used this option to create a population whose data type is
neither of the preceding.
If we use a custom population type, one must write one's own creation, mutation,
and crossover functions that accept inputs of that population type, and specify these
functions in the following fields, respectively:
Creation function (CreationFcn)
Mutation function (MutationFcn)
Crossover function (CrossoverFcn)
Population size (PopulationSize) specifies how many individuals there are in each
generation. With a large population size, the genetic algorithm searches the solution
space more thoroughly, thereby reducing the chance that the algorithm will return a local
minimum that is not a global minimum. However, a large population size also causes the
algorithm to run more slowly.
If we set Population size to a vector, the genetic algorithm creates multiple

subpopulations, the number of which is the length of the vector. The size of each
subpopulation is the corresponding entry of the vector.
Creation function (CreationFcn) specifies the function that creates the initial
population for ga. One can choose from the following functions:
Uniform (@gacreationuniform) creates a random initial population with a uniform
distribution. This is the default.
Custom enables one to write one's own creation function, which must generate
data of the type that you specify in Population type. To specify the creation function if
you are using the Genetic Algorithm Tool,
Set Creation function to Custom.
Set Function name to @myfun, where myfun is the name of your function.
If we are using ga, set

options = gaoptimset('CreationFcn', @myfun);

Our creation function must have the following calling syntax.
function Population = myfun(GenomeLength, FitnessFcn, options)
The input arguments to the function are

Genomelength -- Number of independent variables for the fitness function
FitnessFcn ~ Fitness function
options ~ Options structure
The function returns Population, the initial population for the genetic algorithm.
Initial population (InitialPopulation) specifies an initial population for the

genetic algorithm. The default value is [], in which case ga uses the Creation function to
create an initial population. If one enter a nonempty array in the Initial population field,
the array must have Population size rows and Number of variables columns. In this
case, the genetic algorithm does not call the Creation function.
Initial scores (InitialScores) specifies initial scores for the initial population.
Initial range (PopInitRange) specifies the range of the vectors in the initial
population that is generated by the creation function, one can set Initial range to be a
matrix with two rows and Number of variables columns, each column of which has the
form [lb; ub], where lb is the lower bound and ub is the upper bound for the entries in that
coordinate. If one specify Initial range to be a 2-by-l vector, each entry is expanded to a
constant row of length Number of variables.

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS
5.1 The optimization problem:

The design optimization of induction motor can be expressed mathematically as follows.
FindX(Xi,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6, Xi)
Such that F(X) is maximum

Where X(xi, X2. X3, X4. X5, xg, xi) is the set of independent variables.
F(X) is the objective function.
The eight basic variables with their upper and lower bounds are:
1. Air gap flux density 0.3 < X| <0.65 wb/m

2. Ampereconductors 5000<X2<45000A/m
3. Stator core depth 0.0175 <X3< 0.026 m
4. Stator winding current density 3 < X4 < 8 A/mm
5. Rotor winding current density 4 < X5 < 10 A/mm^
6. Air gap length 0.00035 <X6< 0.00070 m
7. Stator slot depth to width ratio 1.5 < X7 < 4.5
8. Rotor slot depth to width ratio 1.0<X8<2.0
The objective function to be maximized is F(X). The following constraints
are imposed on the design optimization problem.
1. Maximum stator/rotor tooth flux density < 2.0 wb/m^
2. per unit maximum torque < 1.0
3. per unit starting torque < 1.0
4. per unit starting current < 6.50
5. Full load slip < 0.055
6. Full load power factor > 0.80
7. Full load efficiency >0.80
8. per unit no load current < 0.50

5.2 Optimization using Genetic Algorithm Tool:

To open the tool, enter
gatool
at the MATLAB prompt. This opens the Genetic Algorithm Tool, as shown in the
following figure.
(lick to display descriptions of options
«Jk Genetic Algorithm Tool -latxl

Enter fitness function. -
Rness lundton; Options: " ^
a Population
Enter number of
variables fortlie fitness Popvis/Sori type: j Double Vector
zi
PkJt intervat p Popâtion size: J20
f Best fitness P Best indtvicluat P ttstance Creîon funcfion: j Uniform
r" Expectation f Oeneaiogy f " Range ^

P Score diversity P Scores P Selection
Initial population: 111
P Stopping
P Custom furv::tiGffi: I
inSial scores:
1"
Initial range: |[0; 1 ]
Run solver
r \B FHoess scaling
Start tlie genetic - start \B Selection

algorithm.
Current generelion;
Steius and results:

r 3 Reproduction
'£ CrossovK'
Results displayed here it! W^sAm
iB Hybrid function
hi jj '& Stopping crieria

Final point"
F6 diput function
V Display to command window
UJ jj^
Export lo WorkJ^jace...
J±J
Fig.5.1 Genetic Algorithm Tool
Fitness function is Efficiency

Number of variables = 8 i.e xi to xg
Population = 100
Initial range = [0.3 5000 0.0175 3 4 0.00035 1.5 1.0;
0.65 45000 0.0260 8 10 0.00070 4.5 2.0]
Enter these values in Genetic Algorithm Tool and start the genetic algorithm, then
the optimum values of variables of a induction motor are obtained.

5.3 2.2 Kw machine results

(1) For a 2.2kw, 400v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel cage
induction motor. The machine is to be started by a star delta starter.
The efficiency is 0.8 and power factor is 0.825 at full load.
<itîwlicAI»rihRiTi)^'>;'': ii3i^:j*2:::^s&l!^^:?i'-^;^';'^: *^rs
Options:
\httixr of Vi3fiables: 8 _S;PotJUte6on_
pa.
Population type: Double Vedof
Rd irtefval 1
Population size iOO
Be?t fitness Best individual Distance
Expectaiiofi Genealogy .: Range

Creation iunctioiv Uniform
Scofe diversrty Scores Seiedion
SlciJp^ng
Custom function; •
Ntiat population:
LHii raf iJofri states from pfe'tious fun lnitl£d scores:
Start kiitial range: |0.3 5000 0.017 3 4 0.000351 ;
CarenI genetation 1
BRn^scaJng
Status and results
|__aSs!g6gn_
Opi;ions have changed.
GA running.
BReprodudion
GA ceirminaced.
rit;nes3 £uncf;ion value: 0.8051317848091638
i -IMutîon
OpciBization cerminaiieci: s t a l l ciroe l i m i t exceeded.
S Crossover
[_ i^ Migrsiion
BHybfid (undion
Fnal port: 1 i i Stopping crieria
1 2 3 * 5 6 7 ..EOuipuKundion
0B3255 283« 66726 0(12096. 1460156 ^JIM j)D0036 3.2904

>s Display to command vvindow
SVedorize
Export to W(Drt(space...
Fig.5.2 Optimum values of variables of 2.2 Kw induction motor

Optimum values of variables are
X, = 0.63255 w b W
X2 = 28311.66726 A/m
X3= 0.02096 m
X4 = 4.80156 A/mm^
X5= 5.71564 A/mm^
X6= 0.00036 m
X7 = 3.2904
X8= 1.51015
Fitness Function value: 0.8051317848091638

Finally, if these variable values are enter in main program, then the design parameters are
obtained.
DESIGN SHEET
Design a 2.2kw, 400v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel
cage induction motor. The machine is to be started by a star
delta starter. The efficiency* is 0.8 and power factor is 0.825 at
full load.
Rating
output power in watts 2200 w
stator voltage per phase (Es) 400 volts
frequency (f) 50hz
synchronous speed (Ns) 25 rps
efficiency 0.8000
power factor 0.8250
KVA input 3.3333 w
no.ofpoles(p) 4
number of phases of stator(ms) 3
slots per pole per phase(qs ) 2
Loadings
Average flux density(xl) 0.6325 wb/m^
Ampere conductors(x2) 28311 A/m
Output co-efficient 188.1248
Main dimensions

Staler bore(D) 0.0844 m

Gross iron iength(L) 0.0994 m
Pole pitch 0.0825 m
net iron length 0.1125 m
STATOR DESIGN:
flux per pole 0.0052 wb/m^
stator turns per phase 363.5469
Total stator slots 24
stator slot pitch 0.0111m
total stator conductors 2.1813e+003
stator conductors per slot 90.8867
total number of stator ciols 12
Actual coil span 6
The ratio of coil span to pole pitch equal to 0.8333
corresponding to this ratio value Ks 0.8800
angle of chording 36°
pitch factor(Kp) 0.9659
distribution factor(Kd) 0.9549
stator winding factor 0.9224
CONDUCTOR SIZE:
Stator current per phase: 2.7778 A
stator line current 4.8113 A
Stator winding current density(x4) 4.8016 A/mm^
area of stator conductor used as 0.7088 mm^
current density for stator conductors 3.9189 A/mm^
SLOT DIMENSIONS
Space required for bare conductors in slot 64.4225 mm^
area of each slot 161.0562 mm^
Minimum width of stator teeth 0.0045 m
width at the bottom of the slot 0.0127 m
width of the slot 0.0088 m
depth of the slot 0.0190 m
stator slot depth to width ratio(x7) 3.2904 m
length of mean turn 0.6286 m
flux density in stator teeth 1.2814 w b W
STATOR CORE
flux in stator core 0.0026 w b W
Area of stator core 0.0022 m^

depth of stator core(x3) 0.0210 m

Flux density in stator core 1.4795 wb/m^
Outside diameter of stator laminations 0.1643 m
ROTOR DESIGN:
AIRGAP:
Length of air gap meters(x6) 3.6000e-004 m
Diameter of rotor 0.0844 m
ROTOR SLOTS:
The number of stator slots 24
The number of rotor slots 22
Rotor slot pitch at the air gap 0.0121
ROTOR BARS:
number of phases of stator
Rotor Bar current 209.5828 A
Rotor bar current density(x5) 5.7156 A/mm^
Area of each rotor bar 36.6683 mm^
Area of bar 44.6000 mm^
Small slot length 0.0015 m
Width of rotor slot 0.0068 m
Depth of the rotor slot in meters 0.0093 m
Rotor slot depth to width ratio(x8) 1.5102
slot pitch at the bottom of the slots in m 0.0121m
Tooth width at the root in meters 0.0120 m
Flux density of the root of rotor teeth Wb/m 0.6963 wb/m^
Length of each bar in meters 0.1394 m
Resistance of each bar in ohms 5.9309e-005 Q
Total copper loss in bars in watts 57.3128 w
END RINGS:
end ring current in amps 366.9175 A
current density in end ring 6 A/mm^
area of end ring 34.9305 mm^
Depth of ring in meters 0.0100 m
Thickness of ring in meters 0.0080 m
Area of each end ring m 8.0000e-005 m^
Outer diameter of end ring in meters 0.0658 m
Inner diameter of end ring in meters 0.0458 m

Mean diameter of end ring in meters 0.0558 m

Resistance of each ring in ohm 4.158Ie-005Q
copper loss in two end rings in watts 3.6529 w
Total rotor copper loss in Watts 60.9656 w
Full load slip 2.6964
ROTOR CORE:
stator core density 1.4795
Depth of rotor core in meters 0.0156 m
Inner diameter of rotor laminations in meters 0.0346 m
NO LOAD CURRENT
MAGNETIZING CURRENT:
For stator slots Kcs 0.6800
Gap contraction factor for stôr slots 1.1403
For rotor slots(Kcs) 0.6000
Gap concentration factor for rotor slots 1.0807
Gap concentration factor for slots 1.2323
Gap contration factor 1.2323
Area of air gap in m^ 0.0066 m^
Effective length of air gap in meters 4.4364e-004 m
Mmf required for air gap 0.3053 A
STATOR TEETH:
Area of teeth per pole 0.0041 m'
Flux density in stator teeth 1.7427 web/m^
Corresponding to the flux density, ampere turns 6400 A/m
Mmf required for stator teeth 1 21.4007 A
STATOR CORE:
Area of stator core 24 mm^
length of magnetic path through stator core in meters 0.0365 m
Con-esponding to flux density, ampere turns 750
Mmf required for stator core 27.3630 A
ROTOR TEETH:
width of rotor teeth at height from narrow end in meters 0.0035 m

Area of teeth per pole at 1/3 height from narrow end in m 0.0022 mm^
Flux density in rotor teeth at 1/3 height 1.1600 wb/m^
Btr 0.9979

Corresponding to this flux density, ampere turns 190

Mmf required for rotor teeth 1.7670 A
ROTOR CORE:
Rotor core area 0.0018 m m ^
Corresponding to this flux density, ampere turns 750
Length of flux path in rotor core in meters 0.0091 m
Mmf for rotor core 6.8017 A
Total ampere turns 157.6377
Magnetising current per phase 0.8029 A
LOSS COMPONENT
IRON LOSS IN STATOR TEETH
3
volume of stator teeth 3.0730e-004m
Weight of stator teeth in kg 2.3354 Kg
Maximum flux density in teeth 2.0128 wb/m
Corresponding to this flux density loss per kg 17w
Iron loss in stator teeth in watts 39.7026 w
IRON LOSS IN STATOR CORE:

Volume of stator core 9.8500e-004 m'
Weight of stator core kg 7.4860 Kg
Corresponding to this flux density in stator core. Loss per kg 8.1000 w
Iron loss in core 60.6366 w
Total iron loss in watts 100.3392 w
The actual total iron loss will be about 2 times this loss 200.6784 w
FRICTION AND WINDAGE LOSSES:

FWloss 22 w
Total no laod losses in watts 222.6784 w
Loss component of no load current per phase 0.1856 A
No load current in amps 0.8241 A
NO load current expressed as a full load current in percent 29.6670 A
No load power factor 0.2252
Phase angle of no load current in radius 1.5708 rad

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

LEAKAGE REACTANCE
Stator slot leakage 1.9092e-006
Rotor slot leakage 1.5718e-006
Total specific slot permeance 3.3680e-006
Slot leakage reactance 6.9536 a
Over hang leakage 2.1680e-007
Overhang leakage reactance 4.5009 Q.
ZIG ZAG LEAKAGE:

magnetizing reactance 498.1816 Q
zig zag leakage reactance per phase 25.2560 Q
Total leakage reactance per phase referred to stator 36.7106 Q
RESISTANCE:
The value of resistivity for copper 0.021 Q/m
Resistance of stator winding per phase 6.7709 Q
Total stator copper loss in watts 156.7345 w
Rotor copper loss per phase in watts 20.3219 w
Rotor resistance referred to stator in ohms 3.1924 Q
Total resistance refferd to stator in ohms 9.9633 a
IMPEDANCE
Total impedance of rotor at standstill 38.0386 Q
Short circuit current per phase in amps 10.5156 A
Short circuit power factor 0.2619
LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

Total loss at full load 440.3785 w
Input at full load in watts 2.6404e+003 w
Efficiency at ftill load 0.8332

5.4 1 Kw machine results
(2) For a Ikw, 400v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel cage induction
motor. The machine is to be started by a star delta starter. The
efficiency is 0.8 and power factor is 0.825 at full load.
'^ I M ^ îer^'fli" ^'l"."-".'siuaSia m' m. ''"; ii.»'^*''^.->*-Jw*^':

^ . .!•• I ,(4^- fcij".,i Ejca.«=ii
Options:
Fitness function: @optga
Muttiber of variables 8 1 BP^tetion
Piots
Population type; Double Vector
Plot interval; 1
Population size; ;100

Best fitness ; Best individual D Distance
Expectation Genealogy Range

Creation function; Uniform
Score diversity Scores Selection
Stopping
Custom function;
Run solver Initial population; : [J
Use random states from previous run Initial scores; : []
Start
Initial range; (0.3 5000 0.0175 3 4 0,00035-
Current generation; 1
!B fitness scafmg
Status and results;

1 BSelection
Options have changed. B Reproduction

GA cunning.
fflNWation
Qk terminated.
Fitness function value: 0.8201190379027871 Es Crossover
Optimisation terminated: stall time limit exceeded.

i!Mgrdiori_
i i Hybrid function
t B Stopping CTiteria
Final point;
I Output function
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B Display to command windov^
0.63255 28311,66726 lo.02124 14.80156 15.71564 |0.00036 14.18561 i1.51015

IS Vectorize
s5^^^S«*5^^^S^
Fig.5.3 Optimum values of variables of 1 Kw Induction motor

X, = 0.63255 w b W
X2= 28311.66726 A/m
X3= 0.02124 m
X4-4.80156 A/mm^
X5= 5.71564 A/mm^
X6= 0.00036 m
X7= 4.18561
X8= 1.51015

Finally, if these variable values are entered in main program, then the design parameters
are obtained.
DESIGN SHEET
Design a Ikw, 400v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel cage
induction motor. The machine is to be started by a star delta
starter. The efficiency is 0.8 and power factor is 0.825 at full
load.
Rating
output power in watts 1000 w
stator voltage per phase in volts 400 v
frequency in Hz 50 hz
synchronous speed in rps 25 rps
efficiency 0.8000
power factor 0.8250
no.of poles 4
KVA input in watts 1.5152 w
number of phases of stator 3
slots per pole per phase 2
Loadings
Airgap flux density(xl) 0.6325 wb/m^
Ampere conductors(x2) 2.8312e+004A/m
output co-efficient 188.1293
Main dimensions
Stator bore(D) 0.0649 m

Gross iron length(L) 0.0765 m

Pole pitch 0.0825
net iron lenth in meters 0.1125 m
STATOR DESIGN:
flux per pole 0.0040 wb
stator slot pitch 0.0085
total nuber of stator ciols 12
Actual coil span 5
The ratio of coil span to pole pitch 0.8333
corresponding to this ratio value Ks 0.8800
angle of chording 36
pitch factor 0.9659
distribution factor 0.9549
CONDUCTOR SIZE:
stator line current in Amps 2.1869 A
current density (x4) 4.8016 A/mm
area of stator conductor 0.7088 m^
current density for stator conductors 1.7813 A/mm^
SLOT DIMENSIONS
Space required for bare conductors in a slot 83.7880 mm^
area of each slot 209.4700 mm^
stator slot depth to width ratio(x7) 4.1856
flux density in stator teeth 0.9852 wb/m^
STATOR CORE
flux in stator core in wb 0.0020 wb
flux density 1.2000 w b W

the core depth in meters 0.0170 m

Flux density in stater core 1.4993 w b W
ROTOR DESIGN:
AIRGAP
Length of air gap meters(x6) 3.6000e-004 m
Diameter of rotor in meters 0.0649 m
ROTOR SLOTS:
ROTOR BARS:
Rotor Bar current in Amps 123.9017 A
the rotor bar current density(x5) 5.7156 A/mm^
Area of each rotor bar in m2 21.6777 m m ^
Area of bar 44.6000 m m ^
Small slot length in meters 0.0015 m
Width of rotor slot in meters 0.0068 m
slot pitch at the bottom of the slots in m 0.0093 m
Flux density of the root of rptor teeth Wb/m 0.6965 wb/m^
Resistance of each bar in ohms 5.9111e-005a
END RINGS:
the current density in end ring 6 A/mm^
area of end ring m^ 20.6503 m^
Area of each end ring m^ 8.0000e-005 m^
Outer diameter of end ring in meters 0.0463 m
Inner diameter of end ring in meters 0.0263 m
Mean diameter of end ring in meters 0.0363 m
Resistance of each ring in ohm 3.2276e-005 Q


ROTOR CORE:
Flux density in rotor core 1.4993 w b W
Depth of rotor core in meters 0.0118 m
NO LOAD CURRENT
MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Gap contraction factor for stator slots 1.1906
Gap concentration factor for rotor slots '1.1075
STATOR TEETH:
Area of teeth per pole 0.0041m'
Flux density in stator teeth in Wb/m^ 1.3399 wb/m^
Mmf required for stator teeth 9.0547 A
STATOR CORE:
Area of stator core in m^ 0.0024 m'
Corresponding to flux density, ampere turns 750 A/m
ROTOR TEETH:
width of rotor teeth at height from narrow end in meters 6.9816e-004m
Area of teeth per pole at 1/3 height from narrow end in m^ 4.3199e-004m^
Flux density in rotor teeth at 1/3 height Wb/m^ 1.1600 wb/m^
CoiTesponding to this flux density, ampere turns 190 A/m
Mmf required for rotor teeth 1.7670 A
ROTOR CORE:
Rotor core area in m 0.0013 m'

Corresponding to this flux density, ampere turns 750 A/m

Total ampere turns 40.5683 A/m
LOSS COMPONENT:
IRON LOSS IN STATOR TEETH
volume of stator teeth 3.6672e-004m^
Weight of stator teeth in kg 2.7870 kg
Maximum flux density in teeth in W b W 1.5476 w b W
Corresponding to this flux density loss per kg in watts 9w
IRON LOSS IN STATOR CORE:-

Volume of stator core 9.8500e-004 m^
Weight of stator core kg 7.4860 kg
Corresponding to this flux density in stator core,Loss per kg 8.1000 w
FRICTION AND WINDAGE LOSSES:-

FWloss 10 w
Loss component of no load current per phase 0.1512 A
NO load current expressed as a full load current in percent 17.3704 A
Phase angle of no load current in radius 1.5708 rad

LEAKAGE REACTANCE
This referred to stator side 1.4588e-006
Slot leakage reactance 9.3441 Q
Overhang leakage reactance 9.9023 Q

ZIG ZAG LEAKAGE

magnetising reactance 2.5177e+003 Q
zig zag leakage reactance per phase 127.6387 Q.
RESISTANCE:
Resistance of stator winding per phase 8.1623 Q.
Total resistance refferd to stator in ohms 13.4731 Q.
IMPEDANCE
short circuit power factor 0.0913

Total loss at full load 241.4327 w
Efficiency at full load 0.8055

5.5 5 KW machine results
(3) Design a 5kw, 440v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1000 r.p.m. squirrel cage

induction motor having a full load efficiency of 0.86 and a power factor
is 0.86 at full load.
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~ r. ^-'(;
FJness function; igioptga

Options: »
Number of variables: 8 [ B Population
Plots
Populatiotitype: Double Vector »
Plot interval: 1
Population size: jlOO

Best fitness , Best individual • i Distance
Expectation Genealogy ..lânge

Creation function: Uniform ^
Score diversity L Scores ,_j Selection
Stopping
Custom function
Ruri jOiVer Mialpopuledion: HI

Use random states from previous run
hitial scores: 111
f Start
Initial range: j 00.0268100.000704.52.0]
Current generation: 1
1 S Fitness scaling
Status and results: 1 ffl Selection
Options liave changed. 1 Si Reproduction
GA r u n n i n g . \ 3 Mutation
GA t e r m i n a t e d .
i Si Crossover
Fitness f u n c t i o n value: 0.8305130332109815
Optimization terminated: s t a l l time l i m i t exceeded. } S Migration
T
i S Hybrid funcfion
\
1 S Stopping crieria
Final point: j SOutput function
f i f Display to command window
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 S Vectorize
0.44441 20883.14948 :0.02369 4.02017 18.22585 10.00042 12.33432 |l .27696 -'
Fig. 5.4 optimum values of variables of 5 Kw Induction motor

X, = 0.44441 w b W
X2= 20883.14948 A/m
X3= 0.02369 m
X4= 4.02017 A/mm^
X5= 8.22585 A/mm^
X6 = 0.00042 m
X7= 2.33432
Xs-1.27696

Finally, if these variable values are entered in main program, then the design parameters
are obtained.
DESIGN SHEET
Design a 5kw, 440v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1000 r.p.m. squirrel cage
induction motor having a full load efficiency of 0.86 and a
power factor is 0.86 at full load.
Rating
Output power in watts 5000 w
stator voltage per phase in volts 440 V
frequency in Hz 50 hz
synchronous speed in rps 16.6667 rps
efficiency 0.8600
power factor 0.8600
no.of poles 6
KVA input in watts 6.7604 w
number of phases of stator 3
slots per pole per phase 2
Loadings
Airgap flux density(xl) 0.4444 wb/m^
Ampere conductors(x2) 2.0883e+004 A/m
output co-efficient 97.4935
Main dimensions
Stator bore(D) 0.1996 m
Gross iron length(L) 0.1044 m
Pole pitch 0.1310m
net iron length in meters 0.1125 m

STATOR DESIGN:
flux per pole 0.0061 w b W
stator slot pitch 0.0174m
total nuber of stator ciols 18
Actual coil span 6
ratio 0.8333
corresponding to this ratio value Ks equal to 0.8800
angle of chording 36
pitch factor 0.9659
distribution factor 0.9549
CONDUCTOR SIZE:
stator line current in Amps 8.8707 A
x4 4.0202 A/mm^
area of stator conductor 0.7088 mm^
current density for stator conductors 7.2254 A/mm-
SLOT DIMENSIONS
Space required for bare conductors in a slot 40.3376 mm^
area of each slot 100.8439 mm'
width of the slot 0.0088 m
stator slot depth to width ratio(x7) 2.3343 m
flux density in stator teeth Wb/m^ 1.5008 wb/m^
STATOR CORE
flux in stator core Wb 0.0030 wb/m'
Flux density in stator'core inWb/m 1.6722 wbW

ROTOR DESIGN:
AIRGAP
Length of air gap meters(x6) 4.2000e-004
Diameter of rotor in meters 0.1996 m
ROTOR SLOTS:-
ROTOR BARS:
Rotor Bar current in Amps 378.3252 A
the rotor bar current density(x5) 8.2258 A/mm^
Area of each rotor bar 45.9922 m m ^
Area of bar 44.6000 m m ^
Small slot length in meters 0.0015 m
Width of rotor slot in meters 0.0068 m
slot pitch at the bottom of the slots in m 0.0285 m
Flux density of the root of rotor teeth W b W 0.5171 wb/m^
Resistance of each bar in ohms 4.5259e-005 Q
END RINGS:
the current density in end ring 6 A/mm^
area of end ring m 63.0542 mm^
Area of each end ring m 8.0000e-005 m^
Outer diameter of end ring in meters 0.1810m
Inner diameter of end ring in meters 0.1610m
Mean diameter of end ring in meters 0.1710m

Resistance of each ring in ohm 9.388 le-005 Q

ROTOR CORE:-
Flux density in rotor core 1.6722 wbW
Depth of rotor core in meters 0.0162m
NO LOAD CURRENT
MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Gap contraction factor for stator slots 1.0847
Gap concentration factor for rotor slots 1.0326
STATOR TEETH:
Area of teeth per pole 0.0027 m^
Flux density in stator teeth in W b W 2.0411 wb/m^
Mmf required for stator teeth 363.4396 A
STATOR CORE:
Area of stator core in m^ 0.0027 m^
Corresponding to flux density, ampere turns 4200 A/m
ROTOR TEETH:
width of rotor teeth at height from narrow end in meters 0.0199 m
Area of teeth per pole at 1/3 height from narrow end in m^ 0.0123 m^
Flux density in rotor teeth at 1/3 height Wb/m^ 1.1600 wb/m^
Mmf required for rotor teeth 1. 2090 A
ROTOR CORE:
Rotor core area in m^ 0.0018 m^


Total ampere turns 653.1784 A/m
LOSS COMPONENT:
IRON LOSS IN STATOR TEETH:
volume of stator teeth 2.2645e-004 m^
Weight of stator teeth in kg 1.7210 kg
Maximum flux density in teeth in W b W 2.3574 w b W
Corresponding to this flux density loss per kg in watts 24 w
IRON LOSS IN STATOR CORE:

Volume of stator core 9.8500e-004 m^
Weight of stator core kg 7.4860 kg
Corresponding to this flux density in stator core, Loss per kg 11 w
FRICTION,^Jg,^JNDAGE LOSSES:
FWloss 50 w
Loss component of no load c 0.2252 A
NO load current expressed as' ercent 103.8395 A
Phase angle of no load current 1.5708 rad

LEAKAGE REACTANCE
This referred to stator side is 1.4588e-006
Slot leakage reactance 4.0775 Q
Overhang leakage reactance 4.2335 Q
ZIG ZAG LEAKAGE

magnetising reactance 82.8096 Q
zig zag leakage reactance per phase 7.0497 Q

RESISTANCE:-
Resistance of stator winding per phase 7.5880 Q.
Total resistance refferd to stator in ohms 10.0911 Q,
IMPEDANCE
short circuit power factor 0.5491

Total loss at full load 1.0638e+003 w
Efficiency at full load 0.8246

CHAPTER 6 OBSERVATIONS
For different rating of machines (i.e 2.2kw,lkw & 5kw), by varying the airgap
flux density, the changes in efficiency, Stator turns per phase, stator conductors per slot,
flux density in stator teeth, area of slot, rotor bar current, end ring current, copper loss in
end rings has been observed and showed in further pages.
Similarly, for different rating of machines (i.e 2.2kw,lkw & 5kw), by varying the
Ampere conductors, the changes in efficiency, Stator turns per phase, stator conductors
per slot, area of slot and rotor bar current has been observed and showed in further pages.
The variation between airgap flux density and efficiency is shown in tabular form
in Table 6.1 & also graphically in Fig.6.1.
The variation between airgap flux density and stator turns per phase is shown in
tabular form in Table 6.2 & also graphically in Fig.6.2. Similarly Table 6.3 & Fig.6.3 to
Table 6.14 & Fig.6.14 represents values and graphs between different parameters as
mentioned.

For different rating of machines(i.e 2.2kw,lkw & 5kw), by varying the airgap
flux density, the changes in efficiency has been obtained. The variation between airgap
flux density and efficiency is shown in tabular form in Table 6.1 & also graphically in
Fig.6.1.
Air gap
flux 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
density
2.2 kw
machine 0.7540 0.7726 0.7912 0.8086 0.8179 0.8279 0.8360 0.8430 0,8490
Efficiency
Ikw
machine 0.7568 0.7739 0.7869 0.7970 0.8051 0.8116 0.8171 0.8217 0.8256
Efficiency
5kw
machine 0.7752 0.7951 0.8107 0.8232 0.8335 0.8422 0.8495 0.8559 0.8614
Efficiency
Table 6.1
Airgap flux density Vs EfFiciency

0.88
0.86
0.84
B'
>.
o
0.82
0)
o
m 0.8
0.78
T
2.2kw
0.76 1kw
5i<w
0.74
0,3 0.35 0.4 0,45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.1 Airgap flux density Vs Efficiency

Design of tliree phase induction motor using MATLAB
Air gap
0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
flux density
2.2 kw
machine 597.7867 549.9305 510.6281 477,6696 449.5609 425.2527 403.9844 385.1901 36B.43S
Stator turns
per phase
Ikw
machine 777.4763 715.2349 664.1185 621.2529 584.6951 553.0800 525.4186 500.9749 479. IBS
Stator turns
per phase
Slew
machine 273.47£
443.7098 408.1883 379.1883 354.5523 333.6885 315.6456 299.8597 285.9090
Stator turns
per phase
Table 6.2
Airgap flux density Vs Stator turns per phase

800
2.2kw
Ikw
700 5kw
^ 600;
to
m
°-
m 500^ "+-,
c
^ 400
300
200
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig^6.2 Airgap flux density Vs Stator turns per phase.

Ampere
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Conductors
2.2 kw
machine 0.8370 0.8212 0.8102 0.8015 0.7942 0.7878 0.7822 0.7770 0.7723
Efficiency
Ikw
machine 0.7775 0.7611 0.7500 0.7414 0.7343 0.7281 0.7227 0.7179 0.7134
Efficiency
Slew
machine 0,8539 0,8360 0.8234 0.8133 0.8047 0.7972 0.7904 0,7842 0.7786
Efficiency
Table 6.3
Ampere Conductors Vs Efficiency

0.88
2.2kw
0.86 Ikw
5kw
0.84
^©.
0.82
o 0..
c
o 0.78:
LU
0,76 1-.
I
0,74 •-+-.
^~
0,72
0.7 -I I 1 L
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4.5
Ampere Conductors 4
X 10
Fig.6.3 Ampere Conductors Vs Efficiency.

Design ot three phase induction motor using MA 1 LAB
Ampere
5000 .10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 4500(
Conductors
2.2 kw
machine
203.9696 256.9855 294.1750 323.7815 348.7831 370.6373 390.1797 407.9391 424.27:
Stator turns
per phase
Ikw machine
Stator turns 265.2811 334.2332 382.6015 421.1075 453.6243 482.0477 507.4644 530.5621 551.80^
per phase
5kw machine
Stator turns 212.0225 267.1316 305.7893 336.5647 362.5534 385.5534 405.5844 424.0450 441.02^
per phase
Table 6.4
Ampere Conductors Vs Stator turns per phase
600
550
500
« !
ro 450'
a.
w
^ 400-
c
3 350
CO
+• .0-
300
2.2kw
250 Ikw
5kw
200^
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4.5
Ampere Conductors
X 10
Fig.6.4 Ampere Conductors Vs Stator turns per phase.

Air gap flux

density in 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
wb/m
2.2 kw
motor Stator 92.10
149.44 137.48 127.65 119.41 112.39 106.31 100.99 96.29
conductors
per slot
1 kw motor
Stator 194.36 178.80 166.02 155.31 146.17 138.27 131.35 125.24 119.79
conductors
per slot
5kw motor
Stator 42,28
65.62 60.37 56.05 52.44 49.35 46.68 44.35 40.44
conductors
per slot
Table 6.5
Airgap flux density Vs Stator conductors per slot

200
2.2kw
180^ +•. 1kw
5kw
160:
_o
(D 140
a.
ors 120
•u
"-+.^
co
o
1— 100
o
80,
60 L ' ~ - Q- - .
^t)-.
" t>- - - - .
-('=.'--.
40
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.5 Airgap flux density Vs Stator conductors per slot

Table 6.6
Air gap flux
density in 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
wb/m^
2.2 kw
motor flux
density in 0.7793 0.8471 0.9123 0.9753 1.0362 1.0955 1.1531 1.2094 1.2644
stator teeth
wb/m
Ikw motor
flux density 0,5992
0.6513 0.7015 0.7499 0.7967 0.8423 0.8866 0.9299 0.9722
in stator
-J
teeth wb/m
5kw motor
flux density 1.9195
1.1831 1.2860 1.3850 1.4806 1.5731 1.6631 1.7506 1.8360
in stator
teeth wb/m
Airgap flux density Vs flux density in stator teeth
^ I ,0'
£Z
0)
X 1
-+- 2.2kw
Ikw
5kw
0.5
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.6 Airgap flux density Vs Flux density in stator teeth.

JJesign ot three pnase induction motor using MA i LAB
Table 6.7
Air gap
flux density 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
in wb/m
2.2 l<w
motor flux
264.8 243.6
density in 2 2 226.21 211.61 199.16 188.39 178.97 170.64 163,22
stator teeth
wb/m^
1 kw motor
flux density 344.4 316.8
3 294.21 275.22 259.02 245.02 232.76 221.93 212.28
in stator 5
teeth wb/m
5kw motor
flux density 116.2 106.9 82.73
99.33 92.92 87.45 78.59 74.93 71.67
in stator 9 8
teeth wb/m
Airgap flux density Vs area of slot

350
2.2kw
1kw
300
5kw
•+- _
250-
o 200
150
100-
50
0,3 0,35 0,4 0.45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.7 Airgap flux density Vs Area of slot.

Design 01 three phase induction motor using MAILAB
Table 6.8
Air gap flux
density in 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
wb/m^
2.2 kw
motor Rotor 344.62
317.03 294.37 275.37 259.16 245.15 232.89 222.06 212.40
bar current
in A
1 kw motor
187.42
Rotor bar 203.73 174.02 162.79 153.21 144.93 137.68 131.27 125.56
current in A
5kw motor
479.92
Rotor bar 441.50 409.94 383.48 360.92 341.40 324.33 309.24 295.79
current in A
Airgap flux density Vs Rotor bar current

500
2.2kw
450 Ikw
5kw
400
r 350:
CD 300
X!
? 250
200^
150
100
0,3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.8 Airgap flux density Vs Rotor bar current.

Table 6.9
Air gap flux
density in 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
wb/m
2.2 kw
motor End 371.85
603.32 555.02 515,36 482.09 453.72 429.19 407.72 388.76
ring current
in A
1 kw motor
End ring 356.67 328.12 304.67 285.00 268.23 253.73 241.04 229.82 219.83
cuirent in A
5kw motor
End ring 560.13 515.29 478.46 447.58 421.24 398.46 378.53 360.92 345,23
current in A
Airgap flux density Vs End ring current

650;
2.2l<w
600^ 1kw
5l<w
550 •
O
500
c ^0 ^.
0)
§ 450
D)
400
UJ
350
-+
300
250;
200
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.9 Airgap flux density Vs End ring current.

Table 6.10
Air gap flux
density in 0.3 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62
wb/m^
2.2 kw
motor
copper loss 19.71 14.89 11.59 9.25 7.53 6.23 5.23 4.45 3.82
in end rings
watts
1 kw motor
copper loss 5.64
4.23 3.27 2.59 2.10 1.72 1.44 1.21 1.03
in end rings
watts
5kw motor
copper loss 56.64
43.32 34.14 27.57 22.70 19.01 16.14 13.86 12.03
in end rings
watts
Airgap flux density Vs Copper loss in end rings

60
2.2kw
Ikw
50! 5l^w
m
O) 411
i_
!_
Tl
rCD
r
:M)
(/) ^G.
(/)
o
^(1)
a
U-
20
n
O
10
-+--.
^-+-- 4-
0
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.10 Airgap flux density Vs Copper loss in end rings.

Design 01 three phase induction motor using MA i LAB
2.2 kw
motor Slot
24.84
leakage 20.16 16.75 14.18 12.18 10.60 9.32 8.28 7.40
reactance in
Q
Ikw motor
Slot leakage 33.44
27.15 22.55 19.09 16.40 14.27 12.55 11.14 9.97
reactance in
a
5kw motor
Slot leakage 1.86
6.26 5.08 4.22 3.57 3.07 2.67 2.35 2.08
reactance in
Q
Table 6.11
Airgap flux density Vs Slot leakage reactance

35
2.2kw
Ikw
30
5kw
•+
25-
u
c •+
re
CO
0)
0)
+-.
CO
+
10
5'
J L
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Airgap flux density
Fig.6.11 Airgap flux density Vs Slot leakage reactance.

Ampere
Conductors 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 450C
A/m
2.2 kw
machine
50,99
Stator 64.24 73.54 80.94 87.19 92.65 97,54 101,98 106,C
conductors
per slot
Ikw
macliine
Stator 66.32 83.55 95.65 105.27 113.40 120,51 126,86 132,64 137,c
conductors
per slot
5kw
machine
73.50
Stator 35.33 44.52 50.96 56.09 60.42 64.21 67,59 70,67
conductors
per slot
Table 6.12
Ampere conductors Vs Stator conductors per slot
140;
120 h
.+'•
in 100
i—
fl) 4-'
a.
m
o
oJ
C3
80 -+
c-
o
,+-
o
L_
() +
m 6U
(J)
40 2,2kw
Ikw
5kw
20'
0.5 1 1.5 2 2,5 3 3.5 4 4,5
Ampere conductors X 10
Fig.6.12 Ampereconductors Vs Stator conductors per slot.

Ampere
Conductors 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 i 40000 4500
A/m i
2.2 kw
machine 90.36
113.84 130.32 143.43 154.51 164.19 172,85 180.72 187,9
Area of
slot mm
Ikw
machine 235.04
117.52 148.06 169.49 186.55 200.96 213.55 224.81 244.4
Area of
slot mm
5kw
machine 130.2
62.61 78.89 90.31 99.40 107.07 113.78 119,78 125.23
Area of
slot mm
Table 6.13
Ampere conductors Vs Area of slot

260
2.2kw
240 r 1kw
5kw
220-
200 i- ~r-
_ 180
o
J,
o 160
0)
•t
< 140-
.^''
120i ,-,
+
100.
-f
80 i 1 •
60'J . '
05 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4.5
Ampere conductors ,4
X 10
Fig.6.13 Ampereconductors Vs Area of slot.

Ampere
Conductors 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 4500(
A/m
2.2 kw
machine
rotor bar 117.58 148.15 169.59 186.65 201.07 213.67 224.93 235.17 244.5<
current in
A
Ikw
machine
69.51
rotor bar 87.58 100.25 110.34 118.86 126.31 132.97 139.03 144.5!
current in
A
5kw
machine
rotor bar 234.92 295.98 338.81 372.91 401.71 426.88 449,38 469.84 488.65
current in
A
Table 6.14
Ampere conductors Vs Rotor bar current

500
2.2kw
4501- Ikw
5kw
400
350
300
TO
X!
250
o
200
,.-+-
150 .+'-
100
50
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4.5
Ampere conductors 4
X 10
Fig.6.14 Ampereconductors Vs rotor bar current.
^liihmsmmMa

CONCLUSION
The main aim of the present dissertation was to optimize the design of the three
phase squirrel cage induction motor using MATLAB. In this dissertation work a program
for design of three phase induction motor was developed. By using this program the
design sheet of any rating of induction motor can be obtained. This has been successfully
achieved for a typical 3-ph, 2.2kw, 400v,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel cage
induction motor. The machine is to be started by a star delta starter. The efficiency is 0.8
and power factor is 0.825 at full load.
A 3-phase, Ikw, 400v,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1500 r.p.m. squirrel cage induction motor.

The machine is to be started by a star delta starter. The efficiency is 0.8 and power factor
is 0.825 at full load.
A 5kw, 440v ,3-phase, 50 Hz , 1000 r.p.m. squirrel cage induction motor having a
full load efficiency of 0.86 and a power factor is 0.86 at full load.
In this dissertation work, the optimum values of variables are taken by using
genetic algorithm where the objective function is efficiency. Further, for different rating
of machines(i.e lkw,2.2k,5kw) by varying the airgap flux density the changes in
efficiency, stator turns per phase, stator conductors per slot, flux density in stator teeth,
rotor bar current and end ring current has been observed. Similarly, for different rating of
machines(i.e lkw,2.2k,5kw) by varying the ampere conductors the changes in efficiency,
stator turns per phase, stator conductors per slot, area of slot and rotor bar current has
been observed.
Results of this investigation have clearly demonstrated that the constraints can
easily be incorporated in the optimization design of the induction motor. This will make
the design easily acceptable to the manufacturer. This will, in fact, result in reduced cost
of manufacturing the machine. However, it is clear that this will, indeed, make the
optimized design more acceptable to the manufacturers.

REFERENCES
[ 1 ]. A.K.Sawheny, " A Course in Electrical machine design", Dhanpat Rai & Co.(p)
Ltd, 5"^ edition 2001.
[2J. R. Ong, J. H. Dymond, and R. Findlay, ''Stray load loss test methods in
induction machine: challenges to manufacturers," international conference on
electrical machines, pp 1507-1511,2000.
[3]. C. N. Glew, "Stray load losses in induction motors: a challenge to academia,

" Power Engineering Journal, pp. 27-32, February 1998.
[4]. Hemindez-Millian R,"Design Principles For Recycling Induction Motors",IEEE on

Electrical Machines and Drives conference, pages:782-788, 2001.
[5]. Feyzi M R, Kalankesh H V "optimization of induction motor design by using the finite
element method " Electrical and Computer Engineering. Canadian conference on
vol-2, pages(s):845-850,2001.
[5]. Dong-Hyeok Cho "Induction motor design for electrc vehicle using a niching genetic
algorithm " Industry Applications,IEEE transaction on vol-37,pages:994-999,2001.
Nationallnstitute of Technology, kurukshetra. Page 80

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DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Department of Electrical Engineering

Place: Kurukshetra (Vasanth Reddy Jekha)

Place: Kurukshetra (Mrs.Shelly Vadhera)

I wish to express my gratitude to my guide, Mrs. Shelly Vadhera, Lecturer,

The submission of this dissertation gives me an opportunity to convey my

Place: Kurukshetra, (VASANTH REDDY JEKHA)

L DESIGN OF INDUCTION MOTOR 1

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page i

3.1 Length of air gap 14

3.2 Design of squirrel cage rotor 17

3.3 Design of wound rotor 24

3.4 No load current 27

4.1 What Is the Genetic Algorithm? 33

4.2. Overview of the Genetic Algorithm Tool 35

4.3. Genetic Algorithm Tool Options 38

5.1 The optimization problem 40

5.2 Optimization using Genetic Algorithm Toolbox 42

5.3 2.2 Kw Induction motor results 43

5.4 1 Kw Induction motor results 49

5.5 5 Kw Induction motor results 57

^fational Institute of Technology, kurukshetra.

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page iii

Sk = Area of each end ring

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page iv

k - Air gap length.

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. Page v

LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES

FIGURE 1.1: Flow chart of design calculations program

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra Page vi

CHAPTER 1 DESIGN OF INDUCTION MOTOR

1.2 The major considerations for a good design:

An electromagnetic rotating electrical machine consists of the following parts:

National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 1

1.3 Limitations in design: Apart from availability of suitable materials,

i. Saturation: Electromagnetic machines use ferro-magnetic materials. The

National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 2

viii. Consumers specifications: the limitations imposed by the consumer's

National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 3

CHAPTER 2 STATOR DESIGN

Output co-efficient Q = 1. IK^B^^ac x 10"^ (2)

FromEqn.l D^L = - ^ (3)

2.2 Choice of average flux density in air gap

National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 4

2.3 Choice of ampere conductors per metre

National Institute of Technology, kurukshetra Page 5

resulting in reduced value of overload capacity. Therefore, higher the value of

2.4 Efficiency a n d p o w e r factor: Table2.1 gives the usual values of

Efficiency Power factor

0.75 0.72 0.75

2.20 0.81 0.75 0.82 0.66

3.70 0.83 0.81 0.84 0.69

7.50 0.86 0.82 0.87 0.78

15.00 0.88 0.85 0.89 0.83

37.00 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.85

75.00 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.89

7.50 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.70