Analytical Geometry

Main Points:
♦ The slope of X-axis is zero and the slope of Y-axis is undefined.
y 2 − y1
♦ The slope of a line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) i.e m =
x 2 − x1

♦ Distance between two points (or) length of the line segment = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y2 
♦ Mid point of a line segment =  , 
 2 2 

 mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 

♦ Internally dividing point =  2 , 
 m+n m+n 

 mx 2 − nx1 my2 − ny1 

♦ Externally dividing point =  m − n , m − n 
 

 x1 + x 2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
♦ Centroid G(x, y) =  3
,
3


1
♦ Arc of triangle ∆ = 2 x1 (y2 − y3 )+ x2 (y3 − y1 )+ x3 (y1 − y2 ) sq.units

♦ Slope form of a line is y = mx

♦ Slope intercept form of a line is y = mx + c
♦ Slope point form of a line is y–y1 = m(x–x1)
y 2 − y1
♦ Two-points form of a line is y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

x y
♦ Two intercepts form of a line is + =1
a b

4 Marks Questions

1. If the triangle formed with A (8, –10) B (7, –3) and C (O, P) is right angled with right
angle at B, find 'P'.
Sol:
A (8, –10), B (7, –3), C (O, P)
A

A (8, –10) B (7, –3)

AB = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= (7 − 8 )2 + (− 3 + 10 )2 B C

= (−1)2 + 7 2
 = 50 units
B (7, –3) C (O, P)
BC = (0 − 7 )2 + (P + 3 )2

= 49 + (P + 3 )
2

A (8, –10) C (O, P)

AC = (0 − 8 )2 + (P + 10 )2

= 64 + (P + 10 )
2

Since ∆ABC is right angled at B,

AC2 = AB2 + BC2
2 2
 64 + P + 10 2  =
( 50 ) +  49 + (P + 3 ) 
2
 ( ) 2

  

64 + P 2 + 20P + 100 = 50 + 49 + P 2 + 6P + 9
20P – 6P = 108 –164
14P = –56
P = −4

2. Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of a segment joining A(–3, 2), B(9, 5).

Sol: A (–3, 2) B (9, 5)

Trisecting points divide the line segment in the ratio of 1:2 and 2:1

Case (i): m:n = 1:2, A(–3, 2), B(9, 5)

 mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 
Internally dividing point =  2 , 
 m+n m+n 

 1(9 ) + 2 (−3) 1(5 ) + 2 (2 )

= , 
 1+ 2 1+ 2 

 9−6 5+4 
= , 
 3 3 

3 9
= , 
3 3
= (1, 3)

Case (ii): m:n = 2:1, A(–3, 2) B(9, 5)

 2 (9 ) + 1(−3 ) 2 (5 ) + 1 (2 ) 
Internally dividing point =  , 
 2 +1 2 +1 
  18 − 3 10 + 2 
= , 
 3 3 

 15 12 
= , 
 3 3
= (5, 4)
∴ Required trisecting points are (1, 3) and (5, 4)

3. If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices (t, 2t), (–2, 6), (3, 1) is 5 sq. units then
find 't'.

Sol: (t, 2t), (–2, 6), (3, 1), ∆ = 5 sq. units

1
Area of triangle ∆ = 2 x1 (y2 − y3 )+ x2 (y3 − y1 )+ x3 (y1 + y2 ) sq.units

1
5= t [6 − 1]+ (−2 )[1 − 2t ]+ 3 [2t − 6 ]
2

5 ×12 = t (5 ) + [−2 + 4t ]+ 6t − 18

10 = 5t − 2 + 4t + 6t − 18

10 = 15t − 20

⇒ 15t − 20 = 10
⇒ 15t – 20 = 10 (or) 15t – 20 = –10
⇒ 15t = 10 + 20 (or) 15t = –10 + 20
⇒ 15t = 30 (or) 15t = 10
2
⇒ t = 2 or t =
3
∴ t = 2 (or) t = 2/3

4. Find the area of a triangle enclosed between the co-ordinate axes and the line joining
(8,–3) and (–4, 12).

Sol: (8, –3), (–4, 12)

y 2 − y1
Two points form of a line is y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

12 + 3
y+3= (x − 8 )
−4 − 8
5
15
y+3= (x − 8 )
− 12
4

– 4(y+3) = 5(x–8)
– 4y–12 = 5x–40
 ⇒ 5x + 4y – 40 +12 = 0
⇒ 5x + 4y – 28 = 0
Put x = 0 Put y = 0
4y –28 = 0 5x–28 = 0
4y = 28 5x = 28
y=7 x = 28/5
28
∴ x-intercept (a ) =
∴ y-intercept (b) = 7 5

1
Area of triangle, enclosed between the co-ordinate axes = 2 ab sq.units

1 28
×7
2 5

14
1 28
= × ×7
2 5

98
= sq.units
5

5. Find the equation of a line passing through B and is perpendicular to AC if A(–1, 3),
B(2,–5) and C(4, 6)

Sol: Given line l1

Passes through (–1, 3) and (4, 6) l2
y −y 6−3 3 B(2, –5)
l1 slope ie m1 = x 2 − x1 = 4 − −1 = 5
2 1 ( )
Since l2 is perpendicular to l1
Then m1× m2 = –1
3
× m 2 = −1
5
5 l1
m 2 = −1 × C(4, 6)
3 A(–1, 3)

−5
m2 =
3
This l2 line to passing through (2, –5)
∴ Required l2 equation is
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
−5
y − (−5 ) = (x − 2 )
3
3(y + 5) = –5x + 10
 3y + 15 = –5x + 10
5x + 3y + 15 – 10 = 0
5x + 3y + 5 = 0 is required line equation.

2 Marks Questions

1. Find the point on X-axis that is equidistant from (2, 3) and (4, –2)

Sol: Let A(2, 3), B(4, –2) and P(x, 0) be the point on X-axis such that
PA = PB y
P(x, 0) A(2, 3)
A(2, 3)
PA = (2 − x ) + (3 − 0 )
2 2

PA = (2 − x )2 + 9 ------ (1)
P(x, 0)

P(x, 0) B(4, –2) x' x

PB = (4 − x )2 + (−2 − 0 )2

PB = (4 − x )2 ------- (2) y'

B(4, –2)
Given that PA = PB
⇒ (2 − x )2 + 9 = (9 − x )2 + 4
⇒ 4 + x 2 − 4x + 9 = 16 − 8x + x 2 + 4
⇒ 8x – 4x = 20 – 13
⇒ 4x = 7
⇒ x = 7/4
∴ Required point is  , 0 
7
4 

2. One end of a diameter of circle is (2, 3) and it's centre is (–2, 5) then find the
co-ordinate of other end of the diameter.

Sol: One end of diameter = (2, 3)

Centre of circle is (–2, 5)
Let the other end of diameter be (x2, y2) (2, 3) (x2, y2)
Centre of the circle is mid point of diameter. (x1, y1) (–2, 5)

 x1 + x 2 y1 + y2 
Mid point of diameter =  , 
 2 2 
 2 + x 2 3 + y2 
(−2,5 ) =  , 
 2 2 

2 + x2 3 + y2
−2 = 5=
2 2
–4 = 2 + x2 10 = 3 + y2
–4–2 = x2 10–3 = y2
–6 = x2 7 = y2

∴ Other end of the diameter is (− 6, 7 )

3. If the three points A (P, 2), B ( –3, 4) C (7, –1) are collinear then find 'P'.

Sol: A (P, 2) B (–3, 4) C (7, –1), ∆ = 0

1
∆= x1 (y 2 − y3 )+ x2 (y3 − y1 )+ x3 (y1 − y2 )
2
1
0= P [4 + 1]+ (− 3)[− 1− 2 ]+ 7 [2 − 4]
2

0 = P (5 ) + (−3)(−3 )+ 7 (−2 )

0 = 5P + 9 − 14

0 = 5P − 5

⇒ 5P − 5 = 0  x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 

⇒ 5P – 5 = 0
⇒ 5P = 5
⇒ P =1

4. If P (2, 5) Q(x, –7) find the possible values of x so that PQ = 13

Sol: P(2, 5) Q(x, –7) and PQ = 13

(x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 = 13

(x − 2 )2 + (−7 − 5 )2 = 13

S.O.B.S
(x–2)2 + (–12)2 = 132
(x–2)2 = 169–144
(x–2)2 = 25
 (x–2)2 = (5)2
x–2 = ±5

i) If x – 2 = 5
⇒x=5+2
⇒x=7

ii) If x – 2 = –5
⇒ x = –5 + 2
⇒ x = –3

∴ x = 7 (or) –3

5. Find the equation of a line passing through (3, 4) and parallel to 4x + 7y = 8

Sol: Given line l1 → 4x + 7y = 8 m1 4x+7y = 8

l1
7y = – 4x + 8
−4 8
y= x+ (3, 4)
7 7 l2
−4 m2
m1 =
7
Since l2 // l1 ⇒ = m2 = m1
⇒ m2 = –4/7, point (3, 4)
Slope point form of line is
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
−4
y−4= (x − 3 )
7
7y – 28 = –4x + 12
4x + 7y – 28 – 12 = 0
4x + 7y – 40 = 0 is required line equation.

1 Mark Questions

1. Find the point of intersection of median of triangle whose vertices are (–1, 0),(5, –2)
and (8, –2).
Sol: (–1, 0) (5, –2) (8, –2)
x1 + x 2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
Centroid G (x, y ) =  , 
 3 3 

 −1 + 5 + 8 0 − 2 − 2 
= , 
 3 3 
  12 −4 
= , 
 3 3 

(
= 4, − 4
3 )
2. Find the externally dividing point of the line joining (2, –4) and (5, 6) in the ratio of
5:3.

Sol: (2, –4), (5, 6), m:n = 5:3

x1 y1 x2 y2
 mx − nx my2 − my1 
Externally dividing point =  2 1
, 
 m−n m−n 

 5 (5 ) − 3 (2 ) 5 (6 )− 3 (−4 )
= , 
 5−3 5−3 

 25 − 6 30 + 12 
= , 
 2 2 

 19 
=  , 21
 2 

3. Find the area of triangle enclosed between the co-ordinate axes and the line joining
(4,0) and (0, 5).
Sol: Here x-intercept (a) = 4
(0, 5)
y-intercept (b) = 5
(4, 0)
1
∴ area of triangle ∆ = ab
2
1
= 4× 5
2
1
= × 20
2
= 10 sq.units.

4. Find the intercepts made by the line 2x – 6y + 7 = 0 on the co-ordinate axes.

Sol: 2x – 6y + 7 = 0
Put x = 0
–6y + 7 = 0
–6y = –7
y = 7/6
∴ y-intercept (b) = 7/6
Put y = 0
2x + 7 = 0
 2x = –7
x = –7/2

∴ x-intercept (a) = –7/2

5. Find the slope of a line joining (5, –2) and (3, 11).
Sol: (5, –2), (3, 11)
y −y
Slope (m) = x 2 − x1
2 1

11 − (−2 )
=
3−5
13 −13
= =
−2 2

Slope (m) = −13 2

Multiple Choice Questions

1. θ, 0) and (0, asinθ

The distance between the points (acosθ θ) is ––––––
a) a b) √a c) a2 d) 0

2. The line x = my + C cuts the y-axis at ––––––

 C  C m   m 
a)  0, m  b)  0, − m  c)  C , 0  d)  − C , 0 
 

3. The centroid of the triangle formed by the sides x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 6 is ––––––

a) (0, 0) b) (2, 2) c) (3, 3) d) (6, 6)

4. √3)
The slope of line joining (–a, a) and (0, a + a√

a) √3 b) 1/√3 c) 2a d) 0

5. ––––––– introduced "Analytical Geometry"

a) J.J. Sylvestor b) Cramer
c) Rene Descartes d) Newton

6. A point on X-axis is ––––––

a) (2, 3) b) (0, 2) c) (2, 0) d) (0, –3)

7. The slope of a line perpendicular to 5x – 2y + 4 = 0 is

a) 2/5 b) –2/5 c) 2 d) 5/2

8. The y-intercept of 2x + 3y – 6 = 0 is ––––––

 a) 1/3 b) 1/2 c) 3 d) 2

9. ax + by + c = 0 represents a straight line if and only if –––––

a) |a| + |b| = 0 b) |a| ≠ |b| c) |a| + |b| > 0 d) |a| + |b| ≠ 0

10. Gradient form of a line is ––––––

a) y – y1 = m(x–x1) b) y = mx + c
x x
c) + =1 d) y = mx
a b

11. The slope of a line making an angle 45° with the positive direction of X-axis is –––––
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) √3

12. The midpoint of (sin2α, sec2α) and (cos2α, –tan2α) is –––––

1 
a) (1, –1) b) (–1, 1) c) (1, 1) d)  , 1 2 
2 

13. Two lines are parallel, if their slopes are ––––––

a) Zero b) Unequal c) Equal d) Undefined

14. Which of the following is parallel to 2x – 3y = – 8

a) 3x – 2y + 8 = 0 b) 3x – 2y + 6 = 0
c) 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 d) 2x + 3y + 8 = 0

15. If two lines intersect at right angle, then the product of their slopes is ––––
a) 0 b) 1 c) –1 d) ∞

KEY

1) a 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) c
6) c 7) b 8) d 9) d 10) d
11) a 12) d 13) b 14) c 15) c

Fill in the Blanks

1. The slope of a line parallel to 3x – 2y + 1 = 0 is –––––

2. The line y = 5 is parallel to ––––– axis
3. The slope of Y-axis is ––––––
4. Centroid divides the median in the ratio of ––––– from the midpoint of opposite side.
5. ∆ = 0 ⇔ the gives points are –––––
6. Parallel lines differ only by –––––
x y
7. The slope of + = 1 is
a b
8. Two intercepts form of line is –––––
9. ax + by + c = 0 represents a ––––– if |a| + |b| ≠ 0
10. Slope of a line which makes 150° with the positive directions of X-axis is –––––

KEY

1) 3/2 2) X 3) Undefined 4) 1:2

5) Collinear 6) Constant 7) –b/a 8) x + y = 1
a b
1
9) Straight line 10) −
3