International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2018; 6(2): 515-524 

E-ISSN: 2347-5129
P-ISSN: 2394-0506
(ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 An economic analysis of the fisheries sector of Pakistan
(GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549
IJFAS 2018; 6(2): 515-524 (1950-2017): Challenges, opportunities and
© 2018 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com development strategies
Received: 05-01-2018
Accepted: 06-02-2018
Syed Babar Hussain Shah, Yongtong Mu, Ghulam Abbas, Tushar R
Syed Babar Hussain Shah
College of Fisheries, Ocean
Pavase, Muhammad Mohsin, Abdul Malik, Mumtaz Ali, Muhammad
University of China, Qingdao, Noman and Maqsood Ahmeed Soomro
China

Yongtong Mu Abstract
College of Fisheries, Ocean The research article presents an overview of the production of Pakistan fisheries sector for the period
University of China, Qingdao, 1950-2017 and the trade of fishery products from 1980-2011. The results obtained based on economic
China analysis, reveals that the fish production and export gradually increased year by year. Although, the
progress of growth rate of fish production noticed in last two decades was very low as compared to other
Ghulam Abbas developing countries. The study also depicts that inland aquaculture production is increasing rapidly
Centre of Excellence in Marine beyond marine aquaculture in Pakistan. On the contrary, there is no existence and support of marine
Biology, University of Karachi, aquaculture practices yet to increase fish production. The study describes and proposes the
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
recommendations for security of fisheries sector and the future development opportunities for coastal and
Tushar R Pavase non-coastal communities. In Pakistan, fish production through aquaculture has emerged as the utmost
College of Food Science and potential way to meet fish demand, food security, livelihood, employment and national GDP. In addition,
Engineering, Seafood Safety it is an urgency to emphasize on marine aquaculture to rehabilitate marine fishery resources, which can
Lab, Ocean University of China, create livelihood opportunities in the coastal regions. In conclusion, the fundamental concept of this
Qingdao, China article is to propose developmental strategies for authorities to develop and expand aquaculture sector,
which could render various opportunities to support livelihood in Pakistan.
Muhammad Mohsin
College of Fisheries, Ocean Keywords: fisheries, production, export, economic analysis, strategies, Pakistan
University of China, Qingdao,
China
Introduction
Abdul Malik It is a well-known fact that the fisheries productions from capture and aquaculture are the
Centre of Excellence in Marine major resources to contribute food, secure livelihood, generate employment and support
Biology, University of Karachi,
national economy [1-3]. Fish is rich in nutrition and can alleviate nutritional deficiencies by
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
supplying calcium, vitamin A, iron and zinc and help to cure various diseases [4-5]. In 2012, the
Mumtaz Ali total fish production was 185 million tons, from which 91 million tons was capture (including
College of Fisheries, Ocean 11.6 and 79.7 million tons from inland and marine captures), and other from aquaculture,
University of China, Qingdao, respectively [6]. Fish production through aquaculture uninterruptedly plays an important role in
China
increasing the fisheries production globally. In 2012, share of aquaculture was 90.4 million
Muhammad Noman tons i.e. 144.4 billion USD [7]. Livelihood of 58.27 million people in world are directly depend
College of Fisheries, Ocean upon capture fisheries, while 18.86 million people are engaged in fish/shellfish farming.
University of China, Qingdao, Noteworthy, nearly 7.2 billion of the world’s population consumes 136.2 million tons of fish
China
food with 19.2 kg/capita/year, rest 21.7 million tons of fish are utilized as reduction/raw
Maqsood Ahmeed Soomro materials for fish feed and livestock [6]. China is the world’s largest producer, processor,
College of Marine life science, consumer and exporter of seafood. In addition, 35% of the seafood production exclusively
Ocean University of China, comes from China. With overall seafood export of 4.16 million metric tons (mmt), China
Qingdao, China prospers at the top among other exporting countries. It has been reported that about 13 million
people are engaged in fisheries industry in China [8]. Fisheries sector is remarkably booming
around the globe via various opportunities and self-employment with passage of time. In Asia,
fishermen and fish farmers are totaled as 21 million and 18.9 million, respectively [9].
Correspondence However, compared to other Asian nations, contribution in fisheries sector via various factors
Yongtong Mu is gradually changing in Pakistan. Pakistan, having 1,120 km of coastline and inland water
College of Fisheries, Ocean
University of China, Qingdao, reserves are 3,102,408 ha, respectively [10]. The major fish harbors of Pakistan are Karachi
China Fisheries Harbor, Korangi Fish Harbor, Pasni Fish Harbor and Gwadar Fish, Karachi Fisheries
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Harbor it handles about 90% of fish and seafood catch with Materials and Methods
95% of its fish products exports from Pakistan [11]. In Data acquisition for Pakistani Fisheries sector
addition, the (figure 1) shows the coastal belt and some minor Data acquired in this research was collected from different
regular functioning fish harbors at Baluchistan and Sindh sources such as previously published reports, project reports,
coasts are blessed with plenty of fishery resources. scientific review and short communication articles. Project
Pakistan’s commercially important marine fish fauna consists was drafted by gathering information related to total fisheries
of about 250 demersal fish, 15 species of shrimp, 50 small, 15 production, aquaculture production and capture fisheries
medium and 20 large pelagic fish, about 12 production data in the period 1950-2017. Export and import
squid/octopus/cuttlefish and 5 lobsters species [12]. In addition, of fishery products in the period 1980-2011 in Pakistan, was
the freshwater fauna comprises of more than 200 fish species obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
including (20 commercial species) and 35 shellfish [12]. global fisheries reports, by online data processing. Data
Pakistan is the first country in north Indian Ocean region, procurement was also done by using FishStatJ – FAO Global
whose case for extension of continental shelf has been Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics Software, USA.
recently approved by UN [13]. The fisheries sector of Pakistan,
plays substantive role in order to alleviate poverty, Data preparation and construction
accomplishing food security and contribute in economy to a Total fisheries, aquaculture and capture production data for
lesser extent. Nonetheless, fisheries sector alternatively Pakistan (1950 to 2017) was divided into major groups
supporting respective sub-branches of livelihood to relevant corresponding with calculation of time and production
folks along the coast and inland areas in Pakistan. The quantity as computed for the analyses of average growth rate
national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2016-17 attained and production quantity. The results obtained were constituted
5.3%, with difference of 0.8% as compared to previous year graphically by using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Graphpad
2015-16 (4.5%) [14-15]. In 2017, the share of agriculture sector Prism 6.01 commercial scientific software (GraphPad
with the support of its four major sub-sectors viz. crops, Software, San Diego, CA). In addition, similar software were
livestock, fisheries and forestry was about 19.53% in GDP. In also utilized to calculate percentages and annual growth rates.
addition, the share of fisheries sector in agriculture was 2.12% Annual growth rates were calculated as:
and its share in GDP accounts as 0.41% respectively [16].
GR= (Pre V-Pas V)/Pas V x 100
Moreover, the employment ratio in Fisheries sector was
around 4 lacs directly and 6 lacs indirectly, making almost 1% Where, GR represents = growth rate, Pre V = present year
of national labor force [17-18]. In 2017, Pakistani fisheries value and Pas V = past year value.
sector contributed 6,58,486 MT (Metric Tons) including
1,54,757 MT from aquaculture and 5,03,728 MT from capture Results
fishery. Although, export and import were 1,04,686 MT and Total Fisheries Production (Pakistan)
1,855 MT, respectively. In addition, the value of export The total fisheries production in Pakistan reported during the
earnings was 2,77,842 (000) (thousands) USD and import period 1950-2017 was totaled as 2,43,37,449 MT, with an
expenditure 6,885 (000) USD in 2013. Furthermore, the average rate of production 3,57,903 MT year-1 (per-year),
export of seafood from Pakistan was enhanced as 16,991 tons 2,19,81,192 MT from capture and other remained 23,56,257
and value was 49.82 million USD in 2014 [19]. The exports of MT from Aquaculture see (Figure 2). The highest fish
fish and its products in the first half of Fiscal Year (FY) Dec production, 6, 77,606 MT was obtained in the year 1999. On
2016-July 2017 had earn 183.5 million USD, which depicts a the contrary, the lowest production was observed of the period
high increase of more than 10% as compared to the 166 1950-1963, where, the total fisheries production recorded in
million UDS last FY year 2015-2016 [20]. In addition, almost the consecutive fourteenth years was 8,99,319 MT, with an
30-35% of Pakistani seafood is imported by over 50 countries average production rate of 64,237 MT year-1. Initially, the
of Europe [21]. Despite, the fisheries sector in Pakistan Production step-up in the period 1964-1975, the total
growing slowly and there is an adequate need for production for consecutive (1964-1975) 12th years was 20,
improvement is highly considered. On the other hand, 47,122 MT, with an average of 17, 05,935 MT year-1, growth
overexploitation has caused extreme burden on marine fishery rate average gained in each year was calculated as 187 MT
resources. Pakistan fisheries sector lacks in proper planning year-1. Remarkably, the contribution of fisheries production
and management practices, which is a prerequisite to began to increase in the successive 20 years was observed in
overcome various issues especially for aquaculture the period 1984-2003, where total calculated production was
development [12]. Aquaculture in Pakistan has immense 1,06,18,323 MT with an average of 5,30,916 MT year-1.
potential for development of fisheries sector and in fact it is However, if we compare with initial 10th years from 1950-
gradually increasing. What is more, the government is 1959, the total production observed as 5,73,994 MT.
considering a bit more attention towards the fisheries sector Noteworthy, the production growth increased in the last
by investing substantial amount [22]. Nevertheless, there is decade (2008-2017), in which the total production was
enough work to be done for the development of aquaculture 61,72,756 MT, with an average rate of 6,17,275 MT year-1,
sector. Previously, many researchers have described Pakistani 86,359 MT year-1 higher as compared to the decade of 1984-
fisheries sector thoroughly in various ways [23-28]. However, 2003 was 5,30,916 MT year-1. Furthermore, the total fisheries
available literatures focused mainly on biology, biodiversity, production growth rate percentage from 1950-2017 calculated
toxicology etc. and is devoid of study on economic as 5.95% year-1, and the highest and the lowest growth rates
importance of this sector in Pakistan. In this study an attempt recorded in the year 1953 and 1974 was 109 % -19.6 %,
has been made to bridge the gaps and making useful respectively see (figure 3). Briefly, the highest production
suggestions for improving, advancing and expanding fisheries growth rate as 3,590 MT was observed in the year 1953,
sector with economic prospective in Pakistan. whereas, the lowest growth production rate as -46361 MT was
in the year 1974.

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Capture fishery production export of fish products calculated as 25,874 MT in the period
The Pakistan Fish production mostly comes from capture of 1980-1995. Whereas, from the period 1996-2011 the
fishery, in the initial period of our study representing from estimated average of fish export computed as 80,435 MT
1950 and it seems as from 1950-2017 capture fishery has an year-1. Whereas, the average estimation of fish products
important role in terms of contribution such as more than export from the period 1980-2013 were calculated 53,154
aquaculture. The initial numbers of fish production are MT, 78,771 (000) USD year-1. The (Figure 8) representing the
showing very low rate in 1950 the capture fishery has export percentage from the total fisheries production. The
produced After 1950, a miserable production as 24,451 MT highest and the lowest fisheries production export reported
was recorded in next year 1951, and in contrast with that in during 2009 and 1982 as 19.07% and 1.39%, respectively.
the first decade of study from 1950-1959 the total fish The year-1 consecutive average percentage of fish export of 16
captured as 5,65,994 MT, and the year-1 estimation calculated years from 1980-1995 and 1996-2011 calculated as 5.36%
as 56,599 MT. However, in the year of 1997 fish capture had and 13.70%, respectively. In addition, year-1 average export in
produce as 5, 89,795 MT about 23,801 extra than 1st decade. the period of 1980-2013 were estimated as 9.99%.
The highest capture production as 6, 54,530 MT were
recorded in the year 1999, considered as the peak capture Import fisheries
fisheries production in the history of Pakistan see (figure 4). The import fisheries is not much as compare to export in
During the period 1990-2000, there was a twice rise and fall Pakistan the (figure 9) presenting the import and its value
of the production quantity. During this decade (1990-2000), expenditure of fish and fishery products in Pakistan from
the two peak points of production growth are clearly shown in 1980-2013. Initially import of fish and fishery products in
the graph, with average production rate of 5, 61,496 MT year- Pakistan was very low. The year-1 import trade estimated in
1
. In the first part of the graph from 1950 to 1982 can be Pakistan from 1980-2002 was 24.2 MT the expenditure were
noticed it showing very low average rate of 1, 47,634 MT spend was 54.6 (000) USD and from 2003-2013 were
year-1. While, in the second part of the graph the average rate estimate as 1,468 MT 2,622 (000) USD year-1. The total
calculated was 4, 88,289 MT year-1 in the period 1983-2017. import of fish and its products in Pakistan from 1980-2013
Year-1 average production during 1950-2017 was computed as was 16,707 MT and at the same time expenditure value were
3, 20,504 MT year-1. The (figure 5) representing the use as 30,104 (000) USD. The lowest import recorded was in
percentage of capture production percentage contributed in 1984 as 1 MT value were 5 (000) USD, Remarkably in the
the total fisheries production. From 1950-1999 percentage of year 2007, the highest recorded import was 2,206 MT the
capture fisheries in total fish production estimated as 98% expenditure value was 2,141 (000) USD.
year-1. After then from 2000-2017 capture fishery contribution
was estimated as 80% year-1. The capture fishery contribution Discussion
percentage in total production was 98% in 1950 and in 2017 Fish confer health benefits for humans, as it contains various
was 76.5%. It does not mean that the participation of capture essential nutrients [29]. In correspond to these health
fisheries is being reduced, due to the rapid growth of advantages, the demand of fish is rapidly increasing all over
aquaculture the contribution percentage of capture fishery the globe. It is a clear scenario that, capture fisheries does not
seems as descended. fulfill the fish demand exclusively, rather aquaculture plays a
vital role in providing food in particularly developing
Aquaculture production countries. It has been reported that as a result of efforts in the
Aquaculture practices are not very new trend in Pakistan, the aquaculture sector, fish yield has been increased [30]. In
(figure 6) presenting the aquaculture production in Pakistan contrast to capture fisheries, aquaculture sector is vigorously
from the period 1950-2017. Insignificantly the aquaculture growing, about 6.5 percent year-1, with the passage of time. It
production contributed very low in the initial period. The is very interesting to mention that growth rate in aquaculture
highest contribution of aquaculture production recorded as 1, sector is outstanding and out of figure compared to growth
53,230 MT about 23.5% in total fisheries production in last rates of all the other food sectors [2, 29, 31-32]. Fisheries directly
year 2017. Where, the total aquaculture production in the or indirectly supports around half a billion people globally
consecutive 41 years (1950-1990) collapsed and contributed and among them 95% belong to the developing countries.
only 1, 44,208 MT. At the same time, Aquaculture production Aquaculture has become the back bone of fisheries sector and
average was estimated as 3,517 MT about 0.64% year-1 for offers quantitative and qualitative strong development
further understanding see figure 5 and after then from 1991 evidence through market-driven growth and boosts the
aquaculture has commenced standing up in term of fish circulation of cash in rural areas. Aquaculture and related
production. Furthermore, from 1991-2017 significant processing industries offers new economic opportunities
estimated growth rate were observed as 5,460 MT year-1 and especially for women's employment. Some major fish
as per decade 1991-2000, 2001-2010 and 2011-2017 were producing countries share about 10 percent of GDP from
estimated as 4,483, 8,430 and 2,050 MT year-1 respectively. fisheries (fishery and Aquaculture) sector. Fish trade is worth
around USD 100 billion a year, higher-cost fish species to
Export fisheries production developed countries from developing countries and import
(Figure 7) presenting the fisheries export products and its lower-cost fish by developing countries makes a positive trade
value in Pakistan, the fisheries export is a major earning balance [33].
source of Pakistan, the figure disclosing the year wise trend of World’s fish production is continuously increasing due to
fish export quantity from 1980-2013 and export earnings of aquaculture [7]. For example, in 2012, China produced,
same time. The lowest and highest export of fisheries 16,167,443 and 41,108,304 T (tons) by capture and
production 4,709 MT 7,619 (000) USD and 1, 13,235 MT aquaculture, revealing that aquaculture has produced
which has earn 1, 45,843 (000) USD was recorded in the year 24,940,861 T more than the capture fishery. Whereas,
1982 and 2006, respectively. The year-1 estimated average aquaculture production from Vietnam (463,300), Indonesia

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445,460 and Bangladesh (190,291) T was more than capture catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio,
fishery. Other top fish producing developing countries like Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and on
India, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Myanmar, Philippines etc. very small scale, some species such as Tilapia, some kinds of
have been engaged in regular efforts to bring additional Cat fishes, snake head and other ornamental fishes are in
development in their aquaculture sector. The growth rate of regular practices. For the aquaculture development,
aquaculture in Pakistan is increasing but as compared to other government and non-government organizations are applying
leading countries in aquaculture this production growth rate is various efforts to initiate intensive aquaculture with many
very low was recorded. Pakistan fisheries sector has been farming methods as cage, pen and cemented nurseries only to
lower in the race of fish production specifically in aquaculture demonstrate and train local fish farmers for the promotion and
fish production as compared to other fish producing countries. development of inland and costal aquaculture on the grass
On the other hand, in Pakistan according to some studies the root level. The marine environmental conditions may not suite
high commercial marine fish species had been exploited due to various aquatic species but there are also many famous
to capture fishery [25, 34-38]. However, in Pakistan there is no aqua-verities, common commercial species as, cobia, sea
any proper evidence of marine aquaculture. In addition, the bass, milkfish, finfish, pearl spot and grey mullets which can
inland aquaculture is existing in Pakistan on the extensive, be cultured in Pakistani water bodies. Moreover,
semi intensive and at some farmers practicing through commercially important species of Crustacean, Mollusks and
intensive farming. In Pakistan the cultivation of some Seaweeds can be cultured along with the above mentioned
commercially important Asian carp fish species are very fish species to enhance the scope and opportunities in
famous such as Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, Catla aquaculture.

Fig. 1: Showing Costal Belt of Pakistan

Fig 2: Representing the time scale series data of total fisheries production from 1950-2017 in Pakistan

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Fig 3: Representing the per-year growth rate of fisheries production from 1950-2017

Fig 4: Representing the capture fishery production in Pakistan from 1950-2017

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Fig 5: Showing The Percentage Of Capture And Aquaculture Fisheries In Total Production At Pakistan From 1950-2017

Fig 6: Representing the Aquaculture Production in Pakistan from 1950-2017

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Fig 7: Representing the Export and its Value of Fish and Fish Products in Pakistan from 1980-2013

Fig 8: Presenting the Percentage Ratio of Export Fish and Fish Products in Total Fisheries Production at Pakistan from 1980-2013

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Fig 9: Representing the import and value expenditure of fish and fish products in Pakistan from 1980-2013

Conclusion alternatively it can reduce the pressure upon natural resources.

In conclusion, this study has revealed that after 1999 Here, fish farming might become an important commodity
aquaculture sector in Pakistan is growing with an average that would be appropriate to commencing strategies to apply
7,230 MT year-1. The growth rate of aquaculture in Pakistan is on fisheries sector at Pakistan, further action should be taken
increasing but as compare to other leading countries in to:
aquaculture this production growth rate is very low, the 1. Economic Corridor, project between Pakistan and China
improvement of fish yield in Pakistan, need to strengthen its is the best opportunity that can be used for the
institutions and some presume rapid actions are necessary to development of Sindh and Baluchistan coast in Pakistan.
meet the demand of fish. Thus, in this way aquaculture can be A, The Ministry of Science and Technology of Pakistan
used as economic booster, through Mariculture and marine (MST) and the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) of
aquaculture promotion, sector will not only can ensure the China should establish a joint platform for marine
fish production but also can stable to enhance livelihood, food administration management and cooperation for marine
security and employment options. affairs and its development. B, MST & SOA should
establish a joint research center for the scientific research
Recommendations to control and protect natural resources. C, MST & SOA
Strategies for furthering Aquaculture and Fisheries should develop a Project with collaboration of fisheries
Development in Pakistan department to establish marine aquaculture farming in
The result and discussion clearly indicate some evidence that coastal areas to fulfill the demand of seafood and extend
Pakistan capture fishery is going decrease and in the inland the trade between each other.
aquaculture production is tardily on an on to overcome fish 2. Aquaculture Department: Pakistan fisheries department
demand. Moreover, Pakistan fisheries production and its should be make an institution under the provincial
export position can be develop from coastal region trough administration that particularly focuses on aquaculture.
cultivate some marine commercial fish, shellfish and bivalve. Aquaculture department should be jointly engaged in all
Previously, many steps have been taken by the government other departments of fisheries. The department should be
for the utilization of this opportunity, but all steps had not responsible to develop fish and shellfish hatcheries,
enough proper results to establish marine aquaculture. So, if Public farms, Training centers and transformation and
Pakistan fisheries could not succeed to spread aquaculture in implementations of latest farming technologies at specific
the past, that is not mean that it cannot run in the race of areas. Moreover, the department could pay attention
aquaculture, fisheries have to enforce some major towards adopt pen, cage, tidal-ponds and raft culture to
developmental strategies with application of modern generate fish, Prawn, shrimp, oyster and seaweed. It will
productive methods to establish marine aquaculture. Shortly be accommodative to increase fish production, fish
thereafter, the cost savings will eventually let down in farmers, public awareness, national and international
farming expenses and fish industry will stand up...year, after trade and it will create vast job opportunities in field for
year...., the enhancing strength will turn to reasonable profit literate and illiterate youth.
for next it will be more competitive. The main aims: the 3. Implementation: There is a necessarily need to support
enhancement of aquaculture, law enforcement, governmental shrimp farming in coastal region. Fisheries department
collaborations and establishment of new platforms can be jointly should work along its all Directorates like Marine,
come into sound to generate employment, produce Research & Development, Hatcheries & Trainings and
quantitative and qualitative seafood, fish export and Inland fisheries with collaboration of planning and
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development department, international organization and http://www.pakissan.com/english/allabout/fisheries/a.brie
local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), to f.on.fisheries.shtml.
promote shrimp farming. The motive should be built 12. Jarwar AMA. A status overview of fisheries and
some small shrimp hatcheries to facilitate local shrimp aquaculture development in Pakistan with context to
farmers and provide technical knowledge to public. other Asian countries, Aquaculture Asia.2008; 13(2):13-
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