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Editor-in-chief
Choirul Fuad Yusuf
Managing Editor
Fakhriati
Editorial Board
Abd. Rachman Mas’ud (Ministry of Religious Affairs, The Republic of Indonesia)
Edwin Wieringa (University of Cologne, Germany)
Annabel Teh Gallop (British Library, United Kingdom)
Nico J.G. Kaptein (Leiden University, Netherlands)
Achadiati Ikram (University of Indonesia, Indonesia)
Azyumardi Azra (State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia)
Imam Tholkhah (Ministry of Religious Affairs, The Republic of Indonesia)
Atiq Susilo (State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia)
Editors Shirley
Baker Lukmanul
Hakim Ayang
Utriza Yakin Adlin
Sila
Ridwan Bustamam
Masmedia Pinem
Reza Perwira
Arif Syibromalisi
Asistant Editors
M. Nida Fadlan
Kusnanto
Front Cover: The image is fully adopted from the image in the article of A Taqr³§ for a
Nineteenth Century Indonesian Manuscript
Abstract
In several studies related to the development of Qur'anic studies, especially in
the field of interpretation, implicit questions remain unanswered on current
connectivity and the authority of science in the Qur'anic studies as well as the
capability of a person in compiling commentary or interpretation of the Qur’an
that has an effect on Islamic society in Indonesia. Interpretations of al Quran
today seems to be affected by various sources leading to polemics. According
to scholars in Nusantara, it can be understood that there is a connection with the
network of scholars based in the Middle East making the thoughts unseparated
from the cleric network. Therefore, to uncover a network of sciences and chain
of transmission lines (sanad) in Qur'anic studies is very important, particualrly
in understanding the intersection between Huffaz clerics and tarekats in the
dissemination of teaching the Qur'an.The study highlights that there is continuity
and correlation between Huffaz and tarekat scholars network in Nusantara.
However, at this time, the development of interpretation studies in Nusantara
seems to be increasingly departed and separated by the guards of Qur’an, tarekat
and the Islam community.
Keywords: History of Quranic exegesis, Tarekat, networks of scholars,
Tradition of Tahfiz
Abstrak
Dalam beberapa penelitian terkait perkembangan kajian al Qur’an khususnya
dalam bidang tafsir, secara tersirat menyisakan pertanyaan terkait arus
ketersambungan dan otoritas keilmuan dalam kajian al Qur’an serta
kapabilitas seseorang dalam menyusun tafsir atau penafsiran al Qur’an yang
telah berpengaruh pada masyarakat Islam di Indonesia. Kecenderungan
penafsiran-penafsiran al Qur±n pada saat ini, tampak mengusung atau
terpengaruh oleh sumber-sumber yang bervariasi sehingga memunculkan
berbagai polemik. Menurut ulama-ulama Nusantara dapat dipahami bahwa
ada koneksi dengan jejaring ulama yang berpusat di Timur Tengah, sehingga
pemikiran-pemikirannya juga tidak terlepas dari jejaring ulama tersebut.
Karenanya, mendedah suatu jejaring keilmuan dan jalur sanad dalam kajian
Al Qur’an sangat penting dilakukandalam memahami persinggungan antara
ulama Huffaz dan tarekat dalam diseminasi pengajaran al Qur’an.Stdudi ini
menggarisbawahi bahwa, terdapat kesinambungan dan korelasi antara
jejaring ulama penghafal al Qur’an dengan jejaring ulama tarekat di Nusantara.
Namun, saat ini, perkembangan kajian tafsir di Nusantara terlihat semakin
menjauh dan terpisah dengan para penjaga al Qur’an, dunia tarekat dan
masyarakat Islam.
Kata Kunci: Sejarah Tafsir, Tarekat, Jaringan Ulama, Tradisi Tahfiz
Introduction
Qur'anic Studies have coloured the history of the Islamic civilization.
The spread of Islam from the beginning of its appearance cannot be
separated from the primary sources of Islam, namely Qur'an. Therefore,
the history of Qur'anic Studies in Nusantara can be traced from the
introduction of Islam to Nusantara. In Nusantara, the development of
Qur'anic Studies is somewhat different from its development in the Arab
world, which is a decline in Qur'an. The difference is mainly due to
differences in cultural background and languages. In Nusantara, the
process of understanding the Qur'an started at first with the translation of
Qur'an into a Nusantara language (formerly: Javanese and Malay), then
continued with more extensive and detailed interpretation. The process
is of course in line with the process of Islamization in Nusantara, where
historians agree that Sufism and Tarekat became one of the prime mover.
Therefore, it can be said that the history of Quranic studies cannot be
separated from the development of the Tarekat in Nusantara.
addition, the pressure and the Dutch colonization which reached its peak
in the century, so the majority of scholars fled to remote villages and
and strength of determination to learn the content of the Qur'an and teach
them. For them, teaching and practice of the Qur'an is the call
of the soul and noble task. Therefore, most of them set up a boarding
school, or have a minimum of study as a means of talaqq³ musy±fahah
with the next generation. In keeping with the tradition established since
the beginning, the process of inheritance sanad against the guards of the
Qur'an was also very tight. The mechanism chosen is talaqq³ and
musy±fahah, to ensure that every sanad should be up to the Prophet.
The process of learning directly to the teacher (talaqq³ and musy±fahah)
should take place until the student successfully memorize Qur'an, if he
wants to get a diploma to teach it to others. From this chain of illustrated
how sanad of the huffaz in Indonesia has continued close relationship with
the teachers in Saudi Arabia (Khoiron, 2010).
The study did not explore further on how Huffaz study the interaction
of the main interpretations of the Qur’an and the wider network of
scholars, but this needs to be done to get an indicator of their success in
keeping the texts of the Qur'an following its practice by people. In fact,
As-Singkili as mufassir and hafiz who have extensive networks and even
he is also an accountable expert congregation sanad. Likewise KH
Munawwir Krapyak which has a fairly extensive network of scholars and
clerics continues with tarekat at that time and had a good sanad, even
his KH Arwani Amin and KH Abdullah Salam became mursyid of
Tarekat. This is because they are Huffaz scholars and staying in tarekat,
they do not forget on Qur’an studies, especially in the field of Qur’an
Exegesis. Contemporary interpretations are, indeed, currently
widespread, but the writing commentaries and teaching
interpretation have the same role to provide understanding of the Qur'an
to the Islamic community. Indeed, the scholars have been dealing with the
ummah.
Sanad and Scientific Network
In the tradition of teaching and learning among Muslims, sanad of
science became one of the main elements. In any Islamic disciplines, the
sanad will lead to the Prophet Muhammad. The sanad is a chain of
continuous transmission to the Prophet Muhammad (Zhafar Ahmad,
200: 26; Mahmud al-Thahhan, 1991: 138; Mathar al-Zahrâniy, 1996).
Science of hadi£ is geared towards him, as well as with Tafsir, Sufism,
and so forth. Sanad in general scientific background means recitation of
roots into the footing. First, the oral tradition (dakwah bil lisan) at the time
of the Prophet until the tabi‘in has created a chain narrators
bound by the Qur'an and Hadi£. Anyone who has not learned the Qur'an
and Hadi£, or sat in front of the scholars for studying should not follow
the conduct of this Tarekat.
Rally Point Sanad and Scholars Network
Tarekat and Huffaz
The extent of Tarekat influence in Islamization of Indonesia is also
supported by the findings of opinions that Islam arrived in Nusantara
since the 7th century. However, the process of new massive Islamization
occurred in the late 14th century or early 15th century, along with the
development of Sufism of akhlaqi marked by the emergence of streams
institutes in the Middle East. Then proceed with the emergence of Sufi
teaching centres, led by such prominent Sufi Syaykh Abdul Qadir al-
Jilani (d. 1166), which became the basis of mystical teachings Tarekat
Qadiriyyah. There is also Syaykh Najmudin Kubra (d. 1221), the
Central Asian Sufi founder of Tarekat Kubrawiyyah; Syaykh Abul
Hasan Ali ash-Shadhili (d. 1258), founder of Tarekat Syaziliyyah from
Maghreb, North Africa; Ahmad Ar-Rifa'i (d. 1320) who founded
Tarekat Rifa‘iyyah. Later, in the early fourteenth century, Tarekat
Naqsyabandiyyah was also born, which was founded by Syaykh
Muhammad Bahauddin Naqshabandi (d. 1389), in Khurasan, and
Tarekat Sya¯¯ariyyah was established by Syaykh Abdullah Ash-
Syaththari (d. 1428). Tarekat are then spread throughout the world,
including to Nusantara, through the propagator of Islam, and reached its
peak in the 17-18th century, along with those Jawi pilgrimage.
One of Tarekat leaders in Nusantara, Syaykh Abdul Rauf al-
Singkili may be named as the archipelago pioneer in the interpretation
of his work marked Tarjuman al Mustaf³d. As Singkili than became an
exegete and expert in sufi order who memorized the Qur'an. Riddell is
estimated to write his commentary in 1675 based on the findings of the
oldest manuscript copies of this interpretation. As Singkili, an Acehnese
Sufi, had studied in Mecca in the age of nineteen years, then introduced
Tarekat Sya¯¯ariyyah with akhlaqi pattern. He obtained sufi knowledge
from two major Medina Sufi, Syaykh Ahmad Al-Qusyasyi (d. 1660)
and Syaykh Ibrahim Al-Kurani (d. 1691). Al Singkili had some students
following him to spread Islam and Tarekat Sya¯¯ariyyah. The most
1879) who also has a Qur’an Exegesis book, ie. Tafsir Marah Labib.
Syaykh Nawawi known as a true guru (the great scholar) of scholars in
Qur’±n, his teacher of qir±’ah sab‘ah, Syaykh Yusuf Hagar, gave him
ijazah of qir±’ah which continued until the Prophet. It was somthing
rare for students of Syaykh Yusuf. In this pedigree, Kiai Moenauwir ranks
thirty-five. There are also other sanad obtained from Syaykh Abdul
Karim bin Umar Al-Badri Ad-Dimyathi, which is a little shorter. From
Kiai Munawwir,it was then forwarded to KH. Arwani Muhammad Amin
(Kudus), KH Abdullah Salam Kajen, KH.Ahmad Umar Abdul Mannan
(Mangkuyudan, Solo), KH. Muntaha Ash'ari (Kalibeber, Wonosobo),
KH. Abdullah Omar (Semarang), KH. Nawawi Abdul Aziz (Ngrukem,
Bantul, Yogyakarta), H. Mufid Mas'ud (Sleman, Yogyakarta), KH.
Maftuh Basthul Birri (Lirboyo, Kediri).
Almost boarding or majlis tahfizul Qur’±n continued the sanad to
scholars above. Therefore, in mapping study repertoire al Qur’an in
particular in Indonesia, in addition to simply refer to the work and
results interpretation. It is important to track the scientific networks and
pathways of sanad to allow accountable knowledge. In Indonesia, the
history of Islam in Nusantara cannot be separated from the
dissemination of the Huffaz in various qira'±t of the Qur'an. Qir±’ah
difference is at first not to create differences in the understanding or
interpretation of the Qur’an. But with the spread of Islam in various
parts of the world, there are differences in interpretation, especially
between Sunni and Syi‘a traditions.
Tahfizul Qur’±n pesantren and its network with ijazah are places
teaching the Qur’an. Uniquely, almost all of The Qur’an boardings are
interconnected with students and teachers. The reason is, historically,
the whole tradition of the Quran memorization in traditional Islamic
boarding schools in this archipelago boils down to a few names.
References
Abdullah, Taufik et al. (ed.), 2005. Ensiklopedi Tematis Dunia Islam,
Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve.
al-Dzahabiy, Muhammad Husayn. 2003. al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirûn,
Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah.
al-Shâbûniy, Muhammad Aliy. 1985. al-Tibyan fi 'Ulum al-Qur'ân, Beirut:'
Alam al-Pole.
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ﺮﻳﺪﻣ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ:
ﻓﺨﺮﻳﺎﺗﻲ
اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ:
ﺪﺒﻋ دﻮﻌﺴﻣ ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا )ةرازو نو ﺆﺸﻟاا ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟا وﺪﻧﻻاﻧﻴﺴﻴﺔ(ھ ﺌﻴﺔ
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بﻮﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﻴﺗ ﻞﻴﺑﺎﻧأ )ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺒﻟا ،ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤﻟا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا(
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ﻲﺗﺎﻳدﺎﺣأ ماﺮﻛإ )ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ ،و ﺪﻧإﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ(
يدرﺎﻣﻮﻳزأ ارزأ )ﺔﻳاﺪھ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﷲا ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ(
مﺎﻣا ﺔﺤﻠﻃ )ةرازو نوﺆﺸﻟاا ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟا وﺪﻧﻻاﻧﻴﺴﻴﺔ(
ﺔﻳاﺪھ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ) ﻮﻠﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻖﺗﺎﻋ ﷲا ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳ ﻹا اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ(
نورﺮﺤﻤﻟا:
نﺎﻤﻘﻟ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ
اﺰﻳﺮﺗأ ﻘﻳﻴﻦ
آ نﺎﻤﺣرﻳﺎﻧﺞ
ﻰﻀﺗﺮﻣ أﺣﻤﺪ
م ﺎﻣﺎﺘﺳﻮﺑﻣ ﺤﻤﺪ
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اﺰﻳر
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فرﺎﻋ اﺮﺒﺷ ﻣﻠﺴﻰ
ةرﻮﺼﻟا ﻲﻓ فﻼﻐﻟا ﻲﻣﺎﻣﻷا ةذﻮﺧﺄﻣ ةرﻮﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻓ اﻟﺎﻘﻤﻟﺔ
A Taqr³§ for a Nineteenth Century Indonesian Manuscript
رﻮﺤﻣ ﻩﺬھ ﺪﻳوﺰﺗ ﻮھ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﺑ لﻮﺣ ﺔﻄﺧ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟودو تﺎﻔﻟﺆﻤﻟا ثاﺮﺘﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺪﻟا لﻼﺧ ﺮﺸﻧ تﻻﺎﻘﻤﻟا رﺎﻘﺘﻟاوﻳﺮ
ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻟا تﺎﻌﺟاﺮﻣو اﻟﻜﺘﺐ.
تﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﺞﻴﺘﻳﺮھ فوا ارﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ تﺎﻔﻟﺆﻤﻟا ءاﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟا ةﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ وأ ﺔﻤﻳﺪﻗ ،ثاﺮﺘﻟاو ﻲﻨﻳﺪﻟا بﻮﻨﺟ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗاﻮﻟا قﺮﺷ ﺎﻴﺳآ ،وﺗﺮﺣﺐ
تﺎﻤھﺎﺴﻤﺑ ﻦﻴﻔﻘﺜﻤﻟا ء ﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟاو اﺬھ ﻰﻓ ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا.
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