Neets Module

MODULE 5—INTRODUCTION TO GENERATORS AND MOTORS

Chapter 1
Direct Current Generators

Generators

• It is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Generator
by using the principle of magnetic induction.

Elementary AC
Generator

• The _______ in a dc generator replaces the slip rings of the ac

Commutator
generator. This is the main difference in their construction.
• The voltage developed across the brushes is pulsating and
unidirectional (in one direction only). It varies twice during each Ripple
revolution between zero and maximum. This variation is called _____.

• By adding more armature coils,

the ripple effect can be further
reduced. Decreasing ripple in
this way increases the effective
voltage of the output.
Effects of
Additional coils

Electromagnetic
• Consist of coils of insulated copper wire wound on soft iron cores.
Poles
Increased Field
Strength And A
Means Of
• The main advantages of using electromagnetic poles are
Controlling The
Strength Of The
Fields.
By Varying The
• How can field strength be varied in a practical dc generator? Input Voltage To
The Field Coils.

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• It is the process by which a dc voltage output is taken from an
Commutation
armature that has an ac voltage induced in it.
• ______ between the brushes and the commutator is an indication of
improper commutation. Improper brush placement is the main cause of Sparking
improper commutation.
• Takes place when armature current causes the armature to become an
electromagnet. The armature field disturbs the field from the pole
Armature Reaction
pieces. This results in a shift of the neutral plane in the direction of
rotation.

Armature Reaction

• Are used to counteract the effects of armature reaction. They are

supplied by armature current and shift the neutral plane back to its
original position.

Compensating
Windings And
Interpoles

• Windings embedded in slots in pole pieces, connected in series with

Compensating
the armature, whose magnetic field opposes the armature field and
Windings
cancels armature reaction.
• Small auxiliary poles placed between main field poles, whose magnetic
field opposes the armature field and cancels armature reaction. Interpoles
Interpoles accomplish the same thing as compensating windings.
• It is caused by the magnetic field that is set up in the armature. It tends
to oppose the rotation of the armature, due to the attraction and Motor Reaction
repulsion forces between the armature field and the main field.
• The device that provides the turning force applied to the armature is
Prime Mover
called the ________.

Armature Losses

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• The power lost in the form of heat in the armature winding of a
Copper Loss Or I2R
generator is known as
• Currents that are induced in the generator armature core are called
Eddy Currents
______.
By laminating the
• How can eddy current be reduced?
core material.
• Occur due to the rapidly changing magnetic fields in the armature,
Hysteresis Loss
resulting in heat.

The Practical Dc Generator

• The windings of a Gramme-ring armature are placed on an iron ring.

A disadvantage of this arrangement is that the windings located on
the inner side of the iron ring cut few lines of flux. Therefore, they
have little, if any, voltage induced in them. For this reason, the
Gramme ring armature is not widely used.

Gramme-Ring
Armature

Drum-Type Armature

Lap Winding and

• Two types of winding in drum-type armatures
Wave Winding
• An armature winding in which opposite ends of each coil are
connected to adjoining segments of the commutator so that the Lap Winding
windings overlap.
• An armature winding in which the two ends of each coil are
connected to commutator segments separated by the distance
Wave Winding
between poles. The winding goes successively under each main pole
before reaching the starting point again.

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Lap Winding and

Wave Winding

• The creation of a steady magnetic field within the field windings by

applying a dc voltage either from the generator itself or from an Field Excitation
external source.
Self-Excited
• A generator that supplies its own field excitation
Generator
• Self-excitation is possible only if the field pole pieces have retained a
Residual Magnetism
slight amount of permanent magnetism, called ______.
• Receive current for field coils from an outside source such, as a Separately Excited
battery or another dc generator. Generators

Classification of Generators

Series-Wound,
Shunt-Wound
• There are three general types of field connections
(Parallel), And
Compound-Wound
• Have field windings and armature windings connected in series. Series-Wound Dc
Outputs vary directly with load currents. Generators
• Have field windings and armature windings connected in parallel Shunt-Wound Dc
(shunt). The output varies inversely with load current. Generators
• Have both series field windings and shunt field windings. These
generators combine the characteristics of series and shunt Compound-Wound
generators. The output voltage remains relatively constant for all Dc Generators
values of load current within the design of the generator.

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Components of a DC
Generator

Construction of a dc
generator (cutaway
drawing)

• A measure of the ability of a generator to maintain a constant output

voltage from no-load to full-load operation. Expressed as a
Voltage Regulation
percentage of full-load voltage, the better the regulation, the lower the
percent.
• Formula for percent of regulation. Where EnL is the no-load terminal 𝑬𝒏𝒍−𝑬𝒇𝒍
= x 100
voltage and EfL is the full-load terminal voltage of the generator. 𝑬𝒇𝒍

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Example:
Calculate the percent of regulation of a generator with a no-load voltage of 462 volts and a full-load
voltage of 440 volts

Given:
No-load voltage = 462 V
Full-load voltage = 440 V

Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑙−𝐸𝑓𝑙
Percent of Regulation = x 100
𝐸𝑓𝑙

462𝑉−440𝑉
Percent of Regulation = x 100
440𝑉
22𝑉
Percent of Regulation = x 100
440𝑉
Regulation = 5%

• Is accomplished by varying the current in the field windings, much as

Voltage Control
in dc generators.
• Provides the simplest method of controlling the terminal voltage of a Manual Voltage
dc generator. Control
• May be used where load current variations exceed the built-in ability
of the generator to regulate it. It senses changes in output voltage Automatic Voltage
and causes a change in field resistance to keep output voltage Control
constant.
Parallel Operation Of
• When two or more generators are supplying a common load
Generators
• Are dc generators that are designed to act as high-gain amplifiers.
By short circuiting the brushes in a normal dc generator and adding
another set of brush perpendicular to the original ones, an amplidyne Amplidynes
is formed. Its power output may be up to 10,000 times larger than
the power input to its control windings.
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
• Formula for the gain of an amplifier. G=
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
The mechanical force
applied to turn the
• What are the two inputs to an amplidyne?
amplidyne, and the
electrical input signal.

CHAPTER 2
Direct Current Motors

• The main principle of a dc motor is that current flow through the

Principle of Operation
armature coil causes the armature to act as a magnet. The armature

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poles are attracted to field poles of opposite polarity, causing the
armature to rotate.
Direction of armature
current, and direction
• What factors determine the direction of rotation in a dc motor?
of magnetic flux in
field.
Direction of
conductor movement
• The right-hand rule for motors is used to find the relationship
(rotation), direction of
between what motor characteristics?
flux, and the direction
of current flow.
• What are the differences between the components of a dc generator There are no
and a dc motor? differences.
• The voltage generated within a coil by a moving magnetic field
cutting across the coil itself. This voltage is in opposition (counter) to
the moving field that created it. It is present in every motor, Counter EMF
generator, transformer, or other inductance winding, whenever an
alternating current flows.
• What causes counter emf in a dc motor? Generator Action
• What motor characteristic is affected by counter emf? Speed
The device to be
• What is the load on a dc motor?
driven by the motor.

Practical DC Motors

• The field is connected in series with the armature. Series Dc Motor

It must have a load
connected to avoid
• What is the main disadvantage of a series motor?
damage from excess
speed.
High torque (turning
• What is the main advantage of a series motor?
force) at low speed.
• Is connected in the same way as a shunt generator. Shunt Motor
It maintains a
• What advantage does a shunt motor have over a series motor? constant speed under
varying loads.
• One set of field windings is connected in series (series field) with the
armature, and one set is connected in parallel (shunt field). The
Compound Motor
speed and torque characteristics are a combination of the desirable
characteristics of both series and shunt motors.

Types of Armatures

Gramme-Ring
• It is constructed by winding an insulated wire around a soft-iron ring
Armature
Only outside of coils
• Why is the Gramme-ring armature not more widely used?
cut flux (inefficient).
• Consists of coils actually wound around the armature core so that all
Drum-Wound
coil surfaces are exposed to the magnetic field. Nearly all dc motors
Armature
have drum-wound armatures.
By winding the
• How is the disadvantage of the Gramme-ring armature overcome in
armature in a way
the drum-wound armature?
that places the entire

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coil where it is
exposed to maximum
Flux.
By reversing either
• In a dc motor that must be able to rotate in both directions, how is
field or armature
the direction changed?
connections.
• A motor whose speed can be controlled variable-speed motor
• What is the effect on motor speed if the field current is increased? Motor will slow down
• Armature reaction in a dc motor causes a shift of the neutral plane in
Opposite the rotation.
which direction?
• What current flows in the interpole windings? Armature current.
To limit armature
• What is the purpose of starting resistors? current until counter
emf builds up.

CHAPTER 3
Alternating Current Generators

Basic Ac Generators

• Part of a generator that produces the magnetic field Field

• That part in which the voltage is induced Armature
• Two mechanical parts of generator Rotor And Stator
• It is the part that rotates Rotor
• It is the part that remains stationary Stator
• the armature is always the rotor In A Dc Generator
• The armature may be either the rotor or stator. In Alternators
• Magnetic induction occurs when there is relative motion between A Conductor And A
what two elements? Magnetic Field.
Rotating Armature
• What are the two basic types of alternators?
And Rotating Field.
• It is similar in construction to the dc generator in that the armature Rotating-Armature
rotates in a stationary magnetic field Alternators
Rotating-Field
• It has a stationary armature winding and a rotating-field winding.
Alternators
• What is the part of an alternator in which the output voltage is
Armature
generated?
Output voltage is
taken directly from
• What is the main advantage of the rotating field alternator? the armature (not
through brushes or
slip rings).

Practical Alternators

• Are small dc generators built into alternators to provide excitation

Exciter Generators
current to field windings. These dc generators are called exciters.
• Most large alternators have a small dc generator built into them. To provide dc current
What is its purpose? for the rotating field.
• It is a dc, shunt-wound, self-excited generator. Exciter
• The source of the turning force applied to the rotor of a generator. Prime Mover

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High Speed And Low
• Two classes of prime movers
Speed
Steam And Gas
• High speed prime mover
Turbines
Low-Speed Prime
• Internal-combustion engines, water, and electric motors
Movers
Turbine-Driven And
• Two types of rotors used in rotating-field alternators
Salient-Pole Rotors
• It is used when the prime mover is a high-speed turbine. The
windings in this rotor are arranged to form two or four distinct poles.
Turbine-Driven Rotor
The windings are firmly embedded in slots to withstand the
tremendous centrifugal forces encountered at high speeds.
• It is used in low-speed alternators. This rotor often consists of
several separately wound pole pieces, bolted to the frame of the Salient-Pole Rotor
rotor.
• If you could compare the physical size of the two types of rotors with
Comparison Of
the same electrical characteristics, you would see that the salient-
Salient-Pole And
pole rotor would have a greater diameter. At the same number of
Turbine Driven
revolutions per minute, it has a greater centrifugal force than does
Rotors
the turbine-driven rotor.
Single-Phase
• A generator that produces a single, continuously alternating voltage
Alternators
• "out of phase" means "Out Of Time."
• Term that describes systems or units of a system that are activated
by or which generate separate out-of-phase voltages. Typical
polyphase systems are 2-phase and 3-phase whose voltages are Polyphase
90- and 120-degrees out of phase, respectively. This term means
the same as MULTIPHASE.
• In single-phase alternators, in order for the voltages induced in all
the armature windings to add together for a single output, how must In series.
the windings be connected?
• It is designed to produce two completely separate voltages. Each
voltage, by itself, may be considered as a single-phase voltage. Two-Phase
Each is generated completely independent of the other. Certain Alternators
advantages are gained.
• What determines the phase relationship between the voltages in a Placement of
two-phase ac generator? armature coils.
• How many voltage outputs are available from a two-phase three-wire
Three
alternator?
• Has three single-phase windings spaced such that the voltage Three-Phase
induced in any one phase is displaced by 120º from the other two. Alternator
Each phase is
• In a three-phase alternator, what is the phase relationship between
displaced 120º from
the individual output voltages?
the other two.
• What are the two methods of connecting the outputs from a three-
phase alternator to the load? Wye and Delta.

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Wye and Delta

• The output ______ of alternator voltage depends upon the speed of

Frequency
rotation of the rotor and the number of poles.
• The faster the speed, the ______ the frequency. Higher
• The frequency of any ac generator in hertz (Hz), which is the number 𝐍𝐏
of cycles per second, is related to the number of poles (N) and the F=
speed of rotation (P). 𝟏𝟐𝟎
• The variation in output voltage as the load changes is referred to as Voltage regulation.
what? How is it expressed? As a percentage

CHAPTER 4
Alternating Current Motors

Series, synchronous,
• What are the three basic types of ac motors?
induction
• Series motors are generally used to operate what type of To power small
equipment? appliances
They operate on
• Why series motors are sometimes called universal motors?
either ac or dc.
The number of
• What determines the number of field poles required to establish a
phases in the applied
rotating magnetic field in a multiphase motor stator?
voltage
• Are developed by applying multiphase voltages to stator windings,
which consist of multiple field coils. This rotating magnetic field
Rotating fields
causes the rotor to be pushed and pulled because of interaction
between it and the rotor’s own field.
• Require two pairs of field coils displaced by 90º . They must be Two-phase rotating
energized by voltages that also have a phase displacement of 90º . fields
• What is the angular displacement between field poles in a two-phase
90º
motor stator?
• Require three pairs of windings 120º apart, energized by voltages Three-phase rotating
that also have a 120-degree phase displacement. fields
• What is the major difference between a two-phase and a three- Number and location
phase stator? of field poles
• Are specifically designed to maintain constant speed, with the rotor
synchronous to the rotating field. Synchronous motors require Synchronous motors
modification (such as squirrel-cage windings) to be self-starting.
Constant speed
• What requirement is the synchronous motor specifically designed to
required by some
meet?
loads
• Are the most commonly used of all electric motors due to their
simplicity and low cost. Induction motors may be single-phase or Induction motors
multiphase. They do not require electrical rotor connection. Split-

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phase motors with special starting windings, and shaded-pole
motors, are types of single-phase induction motors.
They are simple and
• Why is the ac induction motor used more often than other types?
inexpensive to make
• The speed of the rotor is always somewhat less than the speed of
Slip
the rotating field. What is the difference called?
• What determines the amount of slip in an induction motor? Load
Single-phase
• What type of ac motor is most widely used?
induction motor
Split-Phase Induction
• One type of induction motor, which incorporates a starting device
Motors
Inductance,
• Split-phase motors are designed to use _____- to develop a starting
capacitance, or
torque.
resistance
By using
combinations of
inductance and
• How do split-phase induction motors become self-starting?
capacitance to apply
out-of phase currents
in starting windings
• It is the speed of stator field rotation. It is determined by the number
of poles and the frequency of the input voltage. Thus, for a given Synchronous speed
motor, synchronous speed is constant.
• It is the difference between actual rotor speed and the synchronous
speed in induction motors. Slip must exist for there to be torque at Slip
the rotor shaft.

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