Quit India Movement

The Quit India Movement, or the August Movement, was a

movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India
Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942,
during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of
India.[1]

The Cripps Mission had failed, and on 8 August 1942, Gandhi

made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in
Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. [2] The All-India Congress Procession in Bangalore during the
Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi Quit India Movement

called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though

it was at war, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire
leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech.
Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of
the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely
states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army,the Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian Civil
Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India
Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting
the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt
pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India
campaign was effectively crushed.[3] The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it
could happen only after the war had ended.

Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens of thousands of
leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. In terms of immediate objectives, Quit India failed because
of heavy-handed suppression, weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of action.
However, the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of
World War II, and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the
Quit India Movement.[4]

Contents
World War II and Indian involvement
Cripps' Mission
Factors contributing to the movement's launch
Resolution for immediate independence
Opposition to the Quit India Movement
Hindu Mahasabha
Princely States
 No support to the Quit India Movement
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Local violence
Suppression of the movement
See also
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links

World War II and Indian involvement

In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, had
brought India into the war without consultation with them. The Muslim League supported the war, but
Congress was divided.

At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a

resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee
in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against
fascism,[5] but were rebuffed when they asked for independence
in return.

If the war is to defend the status quo of imperialist

possessions and colonies, of vested interest and Public lecture at Basavanagudi,
privilege, then Indian can have nothing to do with it. Bengaluru with Charles Freer
Andrews
If, however, the issue is democracy and world order
based on democracy, then India is intensely
interested in it... If Great Britain fights for the
maintenance and expansion of democracy, then she
must necessarily end imperialism in her possessions
and establish full democracy in India, and the Indian
people have the right to self-determination... A free
democratic India will gladly associate herself with
other free nations for mutual defence against
aggression and for economic co-operation.[6]

Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a
committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed
even against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki Tojo). However, at the height of the Battle of
Britain, Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he
did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained
divided. The long-term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market
and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced
the British to become net contributors to India's budget, while taxes were sharply increased and the
general level of prices of doubled: although many Indian businesses benefitted from increased war
production, in general business "felt rebuffed by the government" and in particular the refusal of the
British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time
production.[7]

After the onset of the war, only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose
organised the Indian Legion in Germany, reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance,
and soliciting help from the Axis Powers, conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities.

Cripps' Mission
In March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the
war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian
troops—especially in Africa—and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British
government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the House of Commons, in
what came to be known as the Cripps mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the
Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for progressive
devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature. The
talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of definition of
the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly
unacceptable to the Indian movement.[8]

Factors contributing to the movement's launch

In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India became a party to the war by
being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working
Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities
of the Germans. At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war
unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17
October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace
in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of
1935, in accordance to the desires of the Indians.

Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. The Congress
has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the
Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces
resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and
rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He called the day of 22 December
1939 'The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was
futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential
address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland, Pakistan.

In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by
Churchill as prime minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a
sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress. In order to pacify the Indians in the
circumstance of worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands
made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the
"August Offer". However, the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.
In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the
Congress, at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha, Gandhi revealed his plan to
launch individual civil disobedience. Once again, the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as
the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the
unwavering stance assumed by the British. Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to
initiate the movement. Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis
earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavors. The
consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3
December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation
became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for
appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.

The Cripps' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India
Movement. In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford
Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A
draft declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like establishment of
Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the provinces to make separate
constitutions. However, these were to be only after the cessation of the Second World War. According to
the Congress, this declaration offered India a only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future.
Commenting on this Gandhi said, "It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that
contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the
incapacity of the British to defend India.

Resolution for immediate independence

The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (14 July 1942) passed a resolution demanding
complete independence from the British government. The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if
the British did not accede to the demands.

However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader,
Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional
level organisers. Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call, but
backed it and stuck with Gandhi's leadership until the end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and
Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did
many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan.

Allama Mashriqi (head of the Khaksar Tehrik) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India
Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working
Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti (former Speaker
of the Madras Assembly). The telegram was published in the press, and stated:

I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's letter of 8 July. My honest opinion is that Civil
Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature. The Congress should first concede
openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan, and thereafter
all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India. If the British refuse, start total
disobedience.[9]
The resolution said:

The committee, therefore, resolves to sanction for the vindication of India's inalienable right
to freedom and independence, the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the
widest possible scale, so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has
gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle...they [the people] must remember that
non-violence is the basis of the movement.

Opposition to the Quit India Movement

A 2017 stamp sheet dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Quit India Movement. It
features the Martyr's Memorial Patna (bottom-left), Gandhi delivering his "Do or Die"
speech on 8 August 1942 (3rd stamp), and a part of it: "The mantra is 'Do or Die'. We shall
either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our
slavery." (1st stamp).

Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India
Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh the Communist party of India and princely states as below:

Hindu Mahasabha
Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement
and boycotted it officially.[10] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that
time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu
Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in
the army... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any
cost.But later after requests and persuasions and realizing the importance of the bigger role of Indian
independence he chose to join the Indian independence movement.[10]

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[10]Syama Prasad
Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal
led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should
respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he
wrote:

“Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any
widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir
up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any
Government that may function for the time being”. In this way he managed to gain insights
of the british government and effectively give information of the independence
leaders.[11][12]

Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu
Mahasabha, would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of
Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:

“The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration
of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the
Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us,
especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the
Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In
some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not
for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the
maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will
function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice
of your Minister.[12]

Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:

"Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the
Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder
and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined
that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done
only by persecution.... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing
with the situation .... "[13]

[14]

Princely States
The movement had less support in the princely states, as the princes were strongly opposed and funded
the opposition.[15]

The Indian nationalists had very little international support. They knew that the United States strongly
supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill
threatened to resign if pushed too hard, the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with
propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation
annoyed the Indians.[16]

No support to the Quit India Movement

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) had kept aloof from the Congress-led anti-British Indian
independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, under M.S. Golwalkar,
it refused to join in the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by
noting that,

"the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from
taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".".[17][18][19]

The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British
movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,

"speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these
instructions were generally observed".[20]

The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not
support the Quit India Movement. Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement
also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as
certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s words,

“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the
routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is
the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered
not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks.' ”[21][22][23]

The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against
them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked.[20] The Home Department was
thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India.[17][24]
The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders
and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The same Bombay Government report
further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from
any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured the
British authorities that "it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government".[25][26]
Local violence
According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21
September 1942, the Quit India Movement:

attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations,

damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police
stations, and burned or damaged 85 other
government buildings. There were about 2,500
instances of telegraph wires being cut. The greatest
level of violence occurred in Bihar. The Government
of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to
restore order.[27]

At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to

galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local
impact in some areas. especially at Satara in Maharashtra, Talcher
in Odisha, and Midnapore.[28] In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions Picketing in front of Medical School
of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing at Bengaluru
parallel governments, which continued to function, until Gandhi
personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944.[28] A minor
uprising took place in Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district
administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own
independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special
importance in Saurashtra (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e.
going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there.[29] In rural west
Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the
forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of
1943 suspended the movement.[30]

Suppression of the movement

One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all
the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese
army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's
Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a
young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August
and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the
cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were
held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. Not all
demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire,
electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.

The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were
levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence
many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by
broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel
governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a
battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the
Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen
but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the
revolt.[31]

The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world
for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his
personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's
Play media
health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and
Video footage of the days during Quit
maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the India Movement
British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, he kept
up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress
leadership.

By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A
sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as
well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to
gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.

See also
British Raj
Government of Azad Hind
Indian Independence Movement
Indian nationalism
Kallara-Pangode Struggle
Non-Cooperation Movement

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Works cited
Noorani, A. G. (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC), LeftWord Books, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7

Further reading
Akbar, M.J. Nehru: The Making of India (Viking, 1988), popular biography
Buchanan, Andrew N. (2011). "The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December
1941 – September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma". Global War Studies. 8 (2): 5–31.
doi:10.5893/19498489.08.02.01 (https://doi.org/10.5893%2F19498489.08.02.01).
Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992). "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India
Movement in Midnapur". Modern Asian Studies. 26 (4): 791–814.
doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010076 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00010076).
JSTOR 312940 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/312940).
Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1992). "Defiance and Confrontation: The 1942 Quit India Movement in
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External links
Rejected 'Quit India' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942 (http://www.ibi
blio.org/pha/policy/1942/420427a.html)

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