Topic Wise Tests

A Self-Teaching Notes
 Questions & answers
 Theory Notes
 Numerical and Solutions
 Entry Test MCQ’s`
 More than 400 MCQ’s
 Conceptual Questions
Introduction
Q: What is Physical Quantity? Define its different types.
Ans: Physical quantity is any quantity which can be measured and compared.
– The property of matter which is related to its measurement is also called physical quantity.
All Physical quantities are divided into three types.
(i) Tensors (ii) Scalars (iii) Vectors

(i) Tensors:
– The physical quantity which is not completely specified by magnitude and direction is known as tensor quantity.
– e.g., moment of inertia, stress, permittivity etc.
– Such quantities do not have any specified direction but have different values in different directions.
– It is a physical quantity which is neither a scalar nor a vector.
(ii) Scalars: The quantity which does not change due to variation of direction is known as scalar quantity.
– Scalars are used to describe on dimensional quantities, that is, quantities which require only on number to
completely describe them.
– A scalar tells you how much of something there is.
(iii) Vectors: The quantity which has both direction and magnitude with suitable unit.

Scalars
Scalars:
Definition: The physically quantity which can be completely defined by only magnitude with suitable unit is called
scalar.
– Scalars have not any particular direction.

Representation of scalars
– Scalar quantities are denoted by letters in ordinary type.
– In Print scalars can be represented by italic letters.
i.e. A, B,C….X,Y,Z.
Properties of scalars
– Scalars changes if magnitude of quantity changes.
– Scalars do not change if direction changes.
– Scalars obey the rules of arithmetic and ordinary algebra.
– The scalar quantity, which is found by modulus of a vector, is always positive.
For example: distance, speed etc.
– The scalar quantity which is found by dot product of two vectors may be negative
For example: work, power etc.
– Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by simple arithmetical rules.

Equality of scalars
– Scalar quantities are comparable only when they have the same physical dimensions.
– Two or more than two scalar quantities measured in the same system of units are equal if they have the same
magnitude and sign.
i.e. Mass of 2 kg of iron is equal to 2 kg of cotton.
Or Volume of 1 liter of Cold drink and 1 dm3of water (1 liter = 1dm3).

Examples of scalars
Work, energy, electric flux, volume, refractive index, time, speed, electric potential, potential difference, viscosity,
density, power, mass, distance, temperature, electric charge etc.
Concept: 01
1. Which of the following scalars?
Distance, mass, time, weight, volume, density, speed, velocity, acceleration, force, temperature and energy
2. Which of the following scalars can never be negative?
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 Speed, distance, work, temperature, power, mass, time.
3. Can we add a scalar to a vector of same dimension?
4. Can we add any two scalars?
5. Which of the following scalars can be negative and also positive?
Speed, distance, work, temperature, power, energy, time.

MCQS: 01
1. _______ is the quantity which can be measured c) positive d) odd
and compared. 15. A scalar quantity never be divided by a _____
a) Scalar Quantity b) Vector Quantity quantity.
c) Physical Quantity d) Chemical Quantity a) scalar b) vector
2. Physical quantity is divided into ______. c) tensor d) new
a) Scalar Quantity b) Vector Quantity 16. The magnitude or modulus of a vector quantity
c) Tensor Quantity d) A.O.T is always a _____.
3. The physical quantity which can be completely a) scalar b) vector
defined by only magnitude with suitable unit is c) odd d) new
known as: 17. Which of the following quantities can be scalar?
a) Scalar b) Vector a) force b) work
c) Basic d) Derived c) torque d) velocity
4. The scalars can be represented by 18. Among following, scalar quantity is:
…….……letters. a) speed b) entropy
a) Greek b) ordinary type c) Calorie d) All of Them
c) special d) All of Them 19. Among following, scalar quantity is:
5. Two scalar quantities can be equal if both have: a) Mass b) Volume
a) same Units b) equal magnitude c) length d) All of Them
c) equivalent units d) All of Them 20. Identify the scalar quantity.
6. The addition, subtraction, multiplication and the a) kilogram b) force
division of scalars can be done by: c) gravitational potential d) velocity
a) Geometry b) Trigonometry 21. Identify the scalar quantity.
c) Basic Algebra d) Both (a) and (b) a) kilogram b) force
7. The number representing any scalar is known as c) frequency d) velocity
a) Unit b) Magnitude 22. The quantities such as volume, distance, speed,
c) Mass d) Vector etc are
8. The scalars can be compared only when they a) scalar b) vector
have the: c) odd d) new
a) same Units b) equal magnitude 23. Identify the scalar quantity.
c) same sign d) All of Them a) kilogram b) force
9. Magnitude of a vector is always treated as: c) temperature d) velocity
a) non-negative b) negative 24. Energy is
c) odd number d) even number a) scalar b) vector
10. Density is: c) odd d) new
a) basic b) Vector 25. Charge is
c) scalar d) None of These a) scalar b) vector
11. Which of the following is not a vector? c) odd d) new
a) electric field b) momentum 26. Specific heat is
c) kinetic energy d) velocity a) scalar b) vector
12. Identify the scalar quantity. c) odd d) new
a) kilogram b) force 27. Which of the following is not true
c) distance d) velocity a) velocity can be negative
13. The scalar quantity, which is found by modulus b) velocity is a vector
of a vector quantity is always______. c) speed is a scalar.
a) negative b) even d) speed can be negative.
c) positive d) odd 28. Which of the following is NOT a Scalar?
14. The scalar quantity, which is found by dot I. Temperature II. Power III. Speed IV. Torque
product of two vectors may be ______. a) IV only b) III only
a) negative b) even c) II & IV only d) I only
Vectors

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Vectors: Vectors are the physical quantities which are completely defined by both direction and magnitude with
suitable unit.
– Vectors must obey laws of vector addition.
– If any quantity has direction and magnitude with suitable unit but it does not obey commutative law or any law
of vector addition than it will not be consider as vector.
– The credit for inventing vectors is usually given to Irish physicist William Rowan Hamilton.

Properties of vectors
– Vector does not obey the laws of simple algebra.
– Vector obeys the laws of vector algebra.
– Vectors changes if either the magnitude or direction changes or both change.
𝐴⃗
– Vector does not obey division law (i.e. 𝐵⃗⃗ is meaningless)
– Division of a vector by a scalar or number can be possible.
– A scalar quantity can never be divided by a vector quantity.
– The angle between two vectors is always lesser or equal to 180° (i.e. 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°)
– The magnitude or modulus of a vector quantity is always a scalar quantity.
– If a vector is displaced parallel to itself, it does not change.
– If a vector Is rotated through an angle other than multiple of 2𝜋 (360°), it changes.

Representation of vectors
Vectors can be represented by two methods

(i) Graphical represented or Geometric Representation

– A vector is represented by directed line segment or an arrow head line segment (A Straight line with an arrow
head.)
– The length of the line segment gives the magnitude and arrow head gives the
direction of the vector.
– In figure the line ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB represent a vector ⃗A⃗ or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB.
– The end with the arrow head is called the tip or the head of the vector or
terminal point or terminus of vector.
– The end without the arrow is called the tail or initial point or origin of vector.

(ii) Symbolical method/ Mathematical Method

– A vector is represented by English alphabet with an small arrow over or below it
⃗⃗, B,
A ⃗⃗⃗⃗ C⃗⃗, … … … … X ⃗⃗, Y
⃗⃗, Z
⃗⃗
– Often in printed material (textbooks, etc), vectors are indicated by bold letters:
A, B, C ……… X, Y, Z
– In this method magnitude of a vector can be represented by giving modulus to vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐀|, |𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗|, |𝐂⃗|, … … … … |𝐗 ⃗⃗|, |𝐘
⃗⃗|, |𝐙
⃗⃗|
– Also magnitude of vectors can be represented by removing arrow above these vectors.
A, B, C,…………X, Y, Z
– In printed material, vectors are indicated by italic letters.
A, B, C,…………X, Y, Z

Q: What is magnitude? And how to find magnitude of a vector?

Ans: Magnitude is any number which represents any scalar.
– Modulus of a vector is called magnitude of a vector and generally it also called as scalar.
– Magnitude of a vector can never be negative. It is always non negative (positive).
– To find the magnitude of a three-dimensional vector, square each one of the coordinates, add them together,
and find the square root of the sum, which you can see in the formula below.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝐱 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 + 𝑨𝒛𝟐
|𝑨
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 ̂, then find the magnitude of vector ⃗𝑨⃗.
Example # 01: If ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌
Solution:
As 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
Here, 𝐴𝑥 = 2, 𝐴𝑦 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑧 = −1.
Then by using formula of magnitude of vector, we get
|𝐴⃗| = √(𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 ⟹ √𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟏 ⟹ √𝟗 ⟹ 𝟑
Example # 02: The x and y component of a vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ are respectively 2 and 2 and the magnitude of vector
⃗𝑨⃗ is 3 then what will be z component of vector ⃗𝑨⃗ ?
Solution:
Here x-component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 = 2
y-component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑦 = 2
z-component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑧 =?
Then by using formula of magnitude of vector, we get
|𝐴⃗| = √(2)2 + (2)2 + (Az )2
3 = √8 + (Az )2
By Squaring to the both sides, we get
9 = 8 + Az 2
Az = ±1

Self Test: 01
1. Find the magnitude of the following vectors.
̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
(i) 𝑨 ̂
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
(ii) 𝑩 (iii) 𝑪 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Ans: (i) √𝟐𝟐 (ii) √𝟏𝟏 (i) √𝟕𝟒
2. Find the following:
̂|
(i) | 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂|
(ii) | 𝒊̂| + |𝒋̂| + |𝒌 ̂|
(iii) |− 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
Ans: (i) √𝟑 (ii) 3 (i) √𝟑
3. The x and y component of a vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ are respectively 4 and 3 and the magnitude of vector 𝑨
⃗⃗ is 5 then,
⃗ ⃗
What will be z component of vector 𝑨 ? Ans: 0
4. The x and z component of a vector 𝑩 are respectively 2 and 3 and the magnitude of vector ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ is 7 then,
What will be y-component of vector ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ ? Ans: 6
Concept: 02
1. Can magnitude of a vector be negative?
2. Under what condition a vector can’t be changed?
3. Why vectors cannot be added algebraically?
4. Is A2 is a scalar or a vector?
5. A quantity has both magnitude and direction. Is it necessary a vector?
6. In a circular motion, if the angular displacement is small, it is considered as a vector, but if the angular
displacement is large, it is scalar, why?
7. Is there any physical quantity which can be scalar as well as vector?

MCQS: 02
1. The physical quantity which can be completely 3. Vector changes its effect with change in:
defined by both direction and magnitude with a) direction and magnitude
appropriate unit is called: b) unit and point
a) Scalar b) Vector c) point of application
c) Basic d) Tensor d) N.O.T
2. A vector quantity has: 4. Vector does not obey____.
a) Magnitude b) Direction a) division law
c) Unit d) All of Them b) laws of basic algebra
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 c) both (a) & (b) 18. The sum of the rectangular components vectors
d) cosine law produces the_____.
5. A physical quantity cannot be a vector if it does a) unit vectors b) original vector
not obey………. c) Null vector d) N.O.T
a) Laws of Vector Addition b) Law of Sines 19. Ax, Ay and Az are called ____ of the vector ⃗𝑨⃗
c) law of simple algebra d) All of Them a) orthogonal components
6. Vectors can be represented by b) rectangular components
a) Graphically b) symbolically c) both (a) & ((b)
c) both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T d) N.O.T
7. _____can be represented by a directed line ⃗⃗ can be represented in the rectangular
20. Vector 𝑨
segment or arrow head line segment.
components vectors.
a) Scalar b) Vector
c) Basic d) Tensor a) 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂̂+𝑨𝒚𝒋̂̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌̂
8. The length of arrow shows the ………… of b) 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂̂−𝑨𝒚𝒋̂̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌̂
vector. c) 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂̂+𝑨𝒚𝒋̂̂ − 𝑨𝒛𝒌̂
a) Direction b) Unit d) 𝑨𝒙+𝑨𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛
c) Magnitude d) All of Them 21. If 𝑨⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂̂+𝑨𝒚𝒋̂̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌̂ then magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is
9. Arrow head of line segment ⃗ ⃗
given by |𝑨| = …………….
shows……………of the vector.
a) Direction b) Unit a) √(𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2 + (𝐴𝑧)2
c) Magnitude d) All of Them b) (𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2 + (𝐴𝑧)2
10. Initial point of a vector in an arrow is c) √(𝐴𝑥)2 + (𝐴𝑦)2 − (𝐴𝑧)2
called____. d) All of Them
a) magnitude d) head 22. The force vector which has components (-2, 1, 3)
c) tail d) both (a) & (b) is
11. Terminal point of a vector in an arrow is a) 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ b) 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 ̂
called____. c) −𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ d) 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂
a) magnitude d) head
23. What is the numerical value of the vector 𝟑𝒊̂ +
c) tail d) both (a) & (b)
𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂?
12. A ………… can be represent by capital English
alphabet letters and a small arrow over it. a) 3√2 b) 5√2
a) Scalar b) Vector c) 7√2 d) 9√2
c) Derived Quantity d) Fundamental 24. The x and y components of a force are 2N and -
13. In symbolically method, the magnitude of a 3N. The force is
vector can be represented by: a) 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ b) 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂
a) Giving modulus to vector c) −𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ d) 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂
b) simply English letter ⃗ ⃗
c) both (a) and (b) 25. If 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒊̂̂+𝒋̂̂ − 𝟐𝒌̂, then its magnitude will be
d) Bold Letters a) 4 units b) 3 units
14. A vector B can be represented by c) 5 units d) 6 units
26. The x and y component of a vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ are
a) ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ b) 𝐵̅
c) B d) A.O.T respectively 4 and 3 and the magnitude of vector
15. The addition, subtraction and multiplication of ⃗𝑨⃗ is 5 then z component of vector ⃗𝑨⃗ is:
vectors can be done a) 0 b) 1
a) Geometry b) Trigonometry c) 25 d) 5
c) Elementary Math d) Both (a) and (b) 27. When a vector is multiplied by a number it
16. Modulus or absolute value of a vector is remains a ……. quantity.
called_____. a) Scalar b) Vector
a) magnitude d) head c) Basic d) New
c) tail d) direction 28. When a vector is divided by a number it remains
17. The components which are mutually a ……. quantity.
perpendicular to each other or makes angle of a) Scalar b) Vector
90o with each other known as_____. c) Basic d) New
a) orthogonal components 29. Which of the following is not a scalar?
b) rectangular components a) Density b) Distance
c) both (a) & ((b) c) Volume d) Velocity
d) N.O.T 30. Which of the following pairs contains one vector
and other scalar quantity?
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 a) Electric field, Electric flux c) tensor d) new
b) Velocity, angular momentum 34. _____ is vector quantity.
c) Work, power a) magnetic field intensity b) work
d) charge, current c) entropy d) density
31. Which of the following is not a scalar? 35. ____is not a scalar.
a) temperature b) force a) charge b) speed
c) power d) length c) volume d) shearing stress
32. Weight is 36. The quantities such as displacement,
a) scalar b) vector acceleration, velocity, etc are
c) tensor d) new a) scalar b) vector
33. Electric field intensity is c) odd d) new
a) scalar b) vector

Types of Vectors
In general vectors may be divided into three types:
1. Proper Vectors or true vectors or polar vectors:
– If the direction of a vector is independent of the coordinate system, then it is called a polar or true vector.
– Vectors which have a starting point or point of application.
– Polar vectors describe translation motion and have starting point.
– The direction of polar vector remains unchanged irrespective of the coordinate system chosen.
– Vectors such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc. in which only linear action in a particular
direction is involved and hence does not depend on the frame of reference are called polar vectors.
– These are vectors associated with linear directional effect Displacement, force momentum etc.

2. Axial Vectors or rotational Vectors:

– Vectors associated with rotation about an axis and whose direction changed when the coordinate system
changed from left to right, are called axial vectors or pseudo vectors.
– The cross product of two polar vectors ⃗A⃗×B ⃗⃗ is a pseudo vector.
– The vectors acting along X,Y or Z axes ( or) vectors parallel to any one of the Axis are called axial vectors (or)
one dimensional vectors.
– The vectors which represent rotational effect and act along axis of rotation are called “pseudo or axial
vectors”.
– For example, angular velocity, torque, angular momentum, angular acceleration are pseudo or axial vectors.

3. Inertial vectors
– The vectors used to make an on inertial frame of reference into inertial frame of reference are called inertial.

Vector may further be subdivided as:

(i) Co-initial Vectors

– If vectors have a common initial point, they are known as co-initial vectors.
– In figure 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ are Co-initial Vectors.

(ii) Co-planar Vectors

Vectors lying in the same plane are termed as “co-planar”.

(iv) Conterminal Vectors

– If vectors have a common terminal point, they are known as co-terminal vectors

(iii) Collinear Vectors

– These are those vectors which act along the same line or parallel line.
– These vectors may act either in the same direction or in opposite directions.
– Like, unlike, equal, opposite vectors may be grouped as “co-linear vectors” if they are
either in the same line or parallel.
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 – Vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ are collinear, if 𝐴⃗ = 𝑘𝐵
⃗⃗, for some non-zero scalar 𝑘.
– Two vectors are collinear if their cross product is equal to the zero vector.
– Two vectors are collinear if relations of their coordinates are equal.

Types of Collinear Vectors

(a) Parallel vectors
– If two vectors having same direction then they said to be parallel vectors.
– Two parallel vectors make angle of 0°.
– If 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ then 𝐴⃗and 𝐵
⃗⃗ are parallel vectors
because 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 2𝐴⃗, and both have same direction.
– The vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗ and 2𝐵
⃗⃗ are parallel.

(b) Antiparallel vectors

– If two vectors having opposite direction then they said to be antiparallel vectors.
– Two parallel vectors make angle of 180°.
– If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵⃗⃗ = −4𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ then 𝐴⃗and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = −4𝐴⃗, and both
⃗⃗ are antiparallel vectors because 𝐵
have opposite direction.
– The vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗ and −3𝐵 ⃗⃗ are antiparallel.

(iv) Equal Vectors

– The two vectors are said to be equal vectors if they have equal magnitude and the same direction.
– For two vectors to be equal, it is not necessary that their tail should have same starting location.
– Equal vectors may have different locations.
– Two vectors are equal if they are collinear, co-directed and have the same length:
𝐴⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗, if 𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗ and |𝐴⃗| = |𝐵
⃗⃗|.
– Vectors are equal if their coordinates are equal.
– Two parallel vectors of same magnitude can be equal vectors.
– Angle between two equal vectors is always 0°.
– Equal vectors are always parallel vectors.

(v) Negative vectors

– The two vectors are said to be negative vectors if they have equal magnitude and the opposite direction.
– Negative vector of any vector can be obtained by multiplying that vector with -1.
– If a vector‘s direction is changed by 180° then, it will be its negative vector.
– Two vectors are negative if they are collinear and have the same length:
𝐴⃗ = −𝐵⃗⃗, if 𝐴⃗||−𝐵⃗⃗ and |𝐴⃗| = |𝐵
⃗⃗|.
– Two antiparallel vectors of same magnitude can be negative vectors.
– Angle between two equal vectors is always 180°.
– Negative vectors are always antiparallel vectors.

(vi) Position vectors

– It is a vector which shows the position or location of a point with respect to origin point.
– If O is taken as reference origin and P is any arbitrary point in space then the vector 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is called as the
position vector of the point.
– Position is denoted by 𝑟⃗.
– The components of 𝑟⃗ relative to the rectangular components system are called Co-ordinates of point P and are
usually denoted by x,y,z.
– Thus, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
– The magnitude of 𝑟⃗ is given by
𝑟 = |𝑟⃗| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
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 (vi) Displacement vector
– It is the difference of two position vectors.
i.e. if there are two position vectors of point P and Q then displacement vector will be:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂
𝑃𝑄
– It is a vector which gives the position of a point with respect to a point other than the origin point.
– It is indecent of the choice of origin O.
– The displacement vector gives no information about path of moving particle between P and Q.

Example:
The position vectors of points P and Q are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 = 𝐢̂ − 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤 ̂ . Determine ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑𝐢̂ − 𝟔𝐣̂ − 𝟐𝐤 𝑷𝑸 in terms
of rectangular unit vectors i, j and k and find its magnitude.
Solution:
As 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 = (3î − 6ĵ − 2k̂) − (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ).
𝑃𝑄
= 3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ − 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Now for |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−1)2 = √21

Self Test: 02
1. The position vectors of points P and Q are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝐤 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟒𝐢̂ − 𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝟐𝐤 ̂ . Determine 𝑷𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in
terms of rectangular unit vectors i, j and k and find its magnitude. Ans: 𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 𝑘, |𝑃𝑄| = √41
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

2. The position vectors of points P and Q are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂

𝒓𝟏 = 𝟒𝐢̂ + 𝐣̂ − 𝟑𝐤, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟔𝐢̂ − 𝟒𝐣̂ − 𝟐𝐤 ̂ . Determine ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝑸 in
terms of rectangular unit vectors i, j and k and find its magnitude. Ans: 𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , |𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √30

(vi) Free vectors

– It is non-fixed or bound vector and also delocalized vector.
– A vector whose position is not fixed in space. Thus, the line of action of a free vector can be shifted parallel to
itself.
– If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is said to be a free vector.
– Uniform velocity on a straight path is example of a free vector.
(vii) Unit Vectors
– A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of exactly 1 and points in a particular direction.
– It lacks both dimension and unit.
– Its sole purpose is to point- that is, to specify a direction.
– It is often indicated by putting a “hat” of top of the vector symbol, read as a hat or a cap or a caret for
example
Unit vector = â and â = 1.
– Unit vector can be obtained by dividing a vector to its magnitude.
𝐴⃗ 𝐴𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧𝑘̂
𝑎̂ = =
|𝐴⃗| √𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑧 2
– Any vector A can be expressed in terms of its unit vector a as follows:
⃗⃗ = |𝑨
𝑨 ⃗⃗|𝒂
̂
Example: Find the unit vector of ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 ̂
Solution:
𝐴⃗ ̂
6𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −3𝑘 ̂
6𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −3𝑘 ̂
6𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −3𝑘 6 2 3
For unit vector 𝑎̂ = |𝐴| ⟹ ⟹ ⟹ ⟹ 7 𝑖̂ + 7 𝑗̂ − 7 𝑘̂
√(6)2 +(2)2 +(−3)2 √36+4+9 √49

Page | 9
 Self Test: 03
̂. 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 ̂
Find the unit vector of ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 Ans: 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
√𝟑𝟖 √𝟑𝟖 √𝟑𝟖
Find the unit vectors of the following vectors.
̂ 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 ̂ 𝟐 𝟏
(i) 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝒌 (ii) 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ Ans: (i) 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 (ii) 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂
√𝟐𝟔 √𝟐𝟔 √𝟐𝟔 √𝟓 √𝟓

– Every vector will have its own unit vector.

– If ⃗𝑨⃗ is a vector its unit vector will be 𝒂
̂ , the direction of ⃗𝑨⃗ and 𝒂
̂ will be same.
– Unit vectors are very useful for expressing other vectors.
– For example, we can express A and B as follow
⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑨𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌 ̂ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑩𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑩𝒛𝒌 ̂
Orthogonal unit vectors
– Also called as base vectors.
– These are unit vectors with respect to axis.
– These vectors shows the direction of x- axis, y-axis and z- axis.
– They are perpendicular with each others.
– 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, and 𝑘̂are the unit vectors.
– 𝑖̂ shows the direction in the x- axis.
– 𝑗̂ shows the direction in the y- axis.
– 𝑘̂ shows the direction in the z- axis.
– |𝑖̂ | = |𝑗̂ | = |𝑘̂ | = 1
– 𝑖̂2 = 𝑗̂2 = 𝑘̂ 2 = 1
Example: If 𝐀 ̂ is unit vector then, find the value of x.
⃗⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝐢̂ + 𝟎. 𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝐱𝐤
Solution:
|𝐴⃗| = √(0.1)2 + (0.3 + (𝑥)2
1 = √0.01 + 0.09 + 𝑥 2
1 = √0.10 + 𝑥 2
Squaring to the both side, we get
1 = 0.10 + 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = 1 − 0.10
𝑥 = √0.9

Self Test: 04
1. If 𝐀 ̂ is unit vector then, find the value of y.
⃗⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝐲𝐣̂ + 𝟎. 𝟑𝐤 Ans: 𝑦 = √0.87
2. If a unit vector is represented by 𝒂 ̂ = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟎. 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝒌̂, then what will be the value of c? Ans: 𝑐 = √0.48
3. If a unit vector is represented by 𝒃 ̂ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝒋̂ + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒌̂, then what will be the value of x? Ans: 𝑥 = √0.11

(viii) Null Vector

– A zero vector is a vector when the magnitude of the vector is zero.
– The unique vector having zero length. With no length, the zero vector is not pointing in any particular direction
– The direction of a null vector is arbitrary or has no direction.
– Null vector signifies that the quantity with zero magnitude in the given problem is a vector.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ the co-
– The starting point of the null vector coincides with the terminal point. In other words, for a vector 𝑨𝑩
ordinates of the point A are same as that of the point B.
– It is denoted as 𝑂 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗
– If we add O to any vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗, we get the vector 𝑨⃗⃗ back again unchanged.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
– Some examples of zero vectors are 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, etc. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
– The x, y and z all component of the zero vector (null vector) is zero.
Page | 10
 Q: What is need of a null vector?
Ans:
– If you didn't call the zero vector “a vector”, you couldn't have said “any two vectors can be added”. You'd
have to say “any two vectors can be added except if they are of equal magnitude and opposite direction”.
You couldn't have said “any vector can be multiplied by any scalar”, you'd have had to exclude the scalar 0.

Q: How to obtain a null vector?

Ans:
– Null vector is obtained by:
(i) Subtracting two equal vector.
– If 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵 ⃗⃗ then, 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑂

(ii) Adding two negative vectors.

– If 𝐴⃗ = −𝐵 ⃗⃗ then, 𝐴⃗ + (−𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗) = 𝑂

(iii) Cross product of two parallel or antiparallel vectors.

– 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑂

Q: What is the physical meaning of null vector?

Ans:
– The velocity of a stationary body is zero vector.
– The acceleration of a body in uniform motion is zero vector.
– The position of a origin of the coordinate axes is zero vector.
– Two people pulling a rope in opposite directions with equal force.
– Displacement of throwing an object upward and then again holding it at the same position.

Q: Write the properties of null vector

Ans:
– When a null vector is added to any vector 𝐴⃗, we get 𝐴⃗ only. 𝐴⃗+𝑂⃗⃗=𝐴⃗
– When a null vector is subtracted to any vector A, we get A only. 𝐴⃗ − 𝑂 ⃗⃗=𝐴⃗
⃗⃗
– When a null vector is multiplied by a scalar, we get zero vector. kO=𝑂 ⃗⃗
– When a vector is multiplied by zero vector, we get zero vector. 𝐴⃗ (𝑂 ⃗⃗) =𝑂 ⃗⃗

Concept-03
1. What is the dimension unit of a unit vector?
2. If 𝐀 ⃗⃗ + 𝐂⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ = 𝐁 ⃗⃗ = 𝐂⃗ + 𝐀⃗⃗, then what is vector 𝐂⃗?
MCQS-03
1. Two vectors can be said parallel vectors if both c) 90° d) 0°
have____. 5. Two vectors having same direction it means
a) Same magnitude b) same direction a) they have 180˚ b) they are parallel
c) opposite direction d) both (a) & (b) c) either (a) or (b) d) they are equal
2. When two vectors are parallel to each other than ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
6. Angle between 𝟑𝑩 and 7𝑩 is ____.
they make an angle of ____. a) 45° b) 180°
a) 45° b) 180° c) 90° d) 0°
c) 90° d) 0° 7. Two vectors can be said Antiparallel vectors if
3. When two vectors having same direction than both have____.
they make an angle of ____. a) Same magnitude b) same direction
a) 45° b) 180° c) opposite direction d) both (a) & (b)
c) 90° d) 0° 8. When two vectors are Antiparallel to each other
4. Angle between the vectors 𝑨 ̂ and
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 than they make an angle of ____.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟖𝒌
𝑩 ̂ is ____ a) 45° b) 180°
a) 45° b) 180° c) 90° d) 0°
Page | 11
 9. When two vectors having opposite direction than c) 60˚ d) 90˚
they make an angle of ____. 24. The minus sign in a vector indicates:
a) 45° b) 180° a) magnitude is negative
c) 90° d) 0° b) reversal of direction by 180˚
10. Angle between the vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ c) Reversal of direction by 90˚
̂ ̂ d) Reversal of direction by 120˚
= −𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 is_____.
25. In given equation ⃗𝑨⃗ +𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗, negative
a) 45° b) 180°
vector of 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ is
c) 90° d) 0°
11. A vector lies at 180˚ to another vector it means a) unit vector b) free vector
they are c) Null vector d) position vector
a) negative vectors b) Antiparallel 26. Vector whose magnitude is zero is known as:
c) either (a) or (b) d) equal a) unit vector b) free vector
⃗⃗ and −𝟒𝑪
⃗⃗ is ____. c) Null vector d) negative vector
12. Angle between 𝟑𝑪
27. A vector which is obtained in such a way 𝑨 ⃗⃗
a) 45° b) 180°
c) 90° d) 0° ⃗ ⃗
+(−𝑨 ) is known as:
13. Parallel vectors of equal magnitude are said to a) unit vector b) free vector
be: c) Null vector d) negative vector
a) negative vectors b) Equal vectors 28. A vector which is obtained in such a way (𝑨 ⃗⃗ )−
c) null vectors d) position vectors (𝑨 ⃗⃗) is known as:
14. Two vectors said be equal vectors if both have: a) unit vector b) free vector
a) Same magnitude b) same direction c) Null vector d) negative vector
c) opposite direction d) both (a) & (b) 29. The null vector has ………… direction:
15. Two vectors are equal with each other than they a) no b) specified
must be: c) parallel d) perpendicular
a) unit vectors b) negative vectors ⃗⃗⃗.
30. ____ is denoted by 𝑶
c) parallel vectors d) Antiparallel vectors
a) unit vector b) free vector
16. Angle between two equal vectors is:
c) Null vector d) negative vector
a) 45° b) 180° 31. Multiplication of a positive number with a null
c) 90° d) 0° vector is___.
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
17. If 𝑨 = 𝑩, which of the following is incorrect? a) unit vector b) free vector
⃗⃗ = 𝑎̂𝑏̂
a) 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 b) |𝐴⃗| = |𝐵 ⃗⃗| c) Null vector d) negative vector
c) |𝑎̂| = |𝑏̂| d) 𝐴⃗𝑏̂ = 𝐵⃗⃗𝑎̂ ⃗ ⃗
32. When 𝑨 is added to its negative vector, we get:
18. Antiparallel vectors of equal magnitude are said a) 2𝑨 ⃗⃗ b) Null vector
to be: c) 𝑨⃗⃗ d) −2𝑨 ⃗⃗
a) negative vectors b) Equal vectors 33. Parallelogram law of vector addition is also
c) null vectors d) position vectors valid for ____.
19. Two vectors said be negative vectors if both a) multiplication b) division
have: c) Subtraction d) N.O.T
a) Same magnitude b) same direction 34. What is the property of two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ if
c) opposite direction d) both (a) & (c)
⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ − ⃗𝑩⃗⃗.
20. Two vectors are negative with each other than
they must be: a) 𝐴⃗ is null vector ⃗⃗ is null vector
b) 𝐵
a) unit vectors b) equal vectors c) 𝐴⃗ is unit vector ⃗⃗ is unit vector
d) 𝐵
c) Antiparallel vectors d) parallel vectors 35. A vector whose magnitude is unity is known as?
21. A negative vector of a given vector can be a) Position vector b) unit vector
obtained by c) free vector d) Null vector
a) Reverse the direction with same magnitude 36. Unit vector is used to:
b) multiplying with −1 a) represent the magnitude of vector
c) Both (a) & (b) b) represent the unit of vector
d) N.O.T c) represent the direction of vector
22. Two negative vectors are also called d) represent the dimension of vector
a) Antiparallel vectors b) Parallel Vectors 37. ………… is represented by a hat or cap (^) over
c) Equal Vectors d) N.O.T a letter.
23. Two negative vectors must make angle of. ….. a) unit vector b) free vector
with each other c) Null vector d) negative vector
a) 0˚ b) 180˚
Page | 12
38. A unit vector can be obtained as dividing a a) 450 b) 900
vector by its …………. c) 60 0 d) 00
a) angle b) Unit 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
53. 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 = ________.
c) Direction d) Magnitude a) 3 b) 2
39. ____vector has neither unit nor dimension? c)1 d) 4
a) unit vector b) free vector ̂
54. |𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌| = _______.
c) displacement vector d) position vector
a) √3 b) 2
⃗ ⃗
40. Any vector 𝑨 can be expressed in terms of its c)1 d) 4
uint vector 𝒂̂ as follows 55. | − 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝒌̂| = ______.
⃗
a) 𝐴 𝑎̂ b) |𝐴⃗| 𝑎̂ a) √3 b) 2
𝐴⃗ 𝑎̂ c)1 d) 4
c) d)
𝑎̂ 𝐴⃗
̂ are called ____. 56. |𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂| = ______.
41. 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂ and 𝒌 a) 3 b) 2
a) unit vector b) free vector
c) displacement vector d) position vector c)1 d) √2
42. The unit vector 𝒊̂ denotes the direction of____. 57. |𝒊̂̂|+|𝒋̂̂|+|𝒌̂|=_____
a) x- axis b) y- axis a) 3 b) √3
c) z- axis d) N.O.T c) 1 d) 9
58. The unit vector 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒌 ̂are always ……… to
43. The unit vector 𝒋̂ denotes the direction of____.
a) x- axis b) y- axis each other:
c) z- axis d) N.O.T a) antiparallel b) parallel
̂
44. The unit vector 𝒌 denotes the direction of____. c) perpendicular d) at 270˚
a) x- axis b) y- axis 59. _____can be specified by giving its magnitude
c) z- axis d) N.O.T and any two of the angles between the vector
45. Unit vector of velocity _____. and coordinate axes.
a) shows velocity’s direction b) is not a velocity a) unit vector b) Free vector
c) has not unit d) A.O.T c) Null vector d) negative vector
60. _____vector that maintains the same magnitude
46. If 𝑨⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ are parallel vectors then
and direction regardless of its position.
a) they have same direction b) they makes 0o a) unit vector b) Free vector
c) 𝑎̂ = 𝑏̂ d) A.O.T c) Null vector d) negative vector
47. Which of the following is incorrect? 61. A vector which can be displaced parallel to itself
a) 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ b) 𝑖̂ ≠ 𝑗̂ ≠ 𝑘̂ and applied at any point, is known as
c) |𝑖̂| = |𝑗̂| = |𝑘 | ̂ d) 𝑖 2 = 𝑗 2 = 𝑘 2 a) unit vector b) Free vector
48. Find the unit vectors of the ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂. c) Null vector d) negative vector
2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 62. ………. Vector is also called delocalized vector.
𝑎) − + b) − − a) position Vector b) Free vector
3 3 3 3 3 3
2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ c) Fixed vector d) Both (a) & (c)
c) + − d) + − 63. ………. Vector is also called Non - fixed vector.
3 3 3 9 9 9
49. The unit which is parallel to vector ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + a) position Vector b) displacement vector
𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ is c) Free vector d) Both (a) & (c)
6𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ ̂
3𝑘 2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 64. The velocity of a body undergoing uniform
a) 3 − 3 + 3 b) 3 − 3 − 3 translational motion is example of ………
2𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 6𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ 3𝑘 ̂ a) unit vector b) Free vector
c) 3 + 3 − 3 d) 7 + 7 + 7 c) Null vector d) negative vector
50. The vector ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎.𝟒𝒊̂̂+𝟎.𝟖𝒋̂̂ + 𝒄𝒌̂ represents a unit 65. A vector is not changed if
vector, then what will be the value of c? a) it is displaced parallel to itself
a) 0.547 b) 0.447 b) it is rotated through and angle
c) 0.342 d) N.O.T c) it is crossed multiplied by a unit vector
⃗⃗ 2 1 d) it is multiplied by a scalar.
51. If 𝑪 = 𝒊̂̂− 𝒋̂̂+x𝒌̂ is a unit vector, then value of x
3 3 66. A vector which specify the position of point with
is: respect to origin is known as
1 2
a) 3 b) 3 a) position Vector b) Free vector
4 3 c) Fixed vector d) Both (a) & (c)
c) 3 d) 2 67. Which of the following vectors has not unit?
⃗⃗ then angle
⃗⃗⃗ is a unit vector of vector, 𝑪
52. If 𝑩 a) displacement vector b) position vector
between 𝑩 ⃗⃗ is:
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑪 c) unit vector d) A.O.T
68. The unit of position vector is____.
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 a) meter b) no unit c) √𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 d) √𝑟2 2 − 𝑟1 2
c) second d) kilogram 73. The vector joining the points (1, 1, -1) and (2, -3,
69. Only the components of the ………… vector is 4) is
known as the ordinates.
a) −𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ b) 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
a) position Vector b) Free vector
c) î − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘 ̂ d) 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
c) Fixed vector d) Both (a) & (c)
70. _____ is the vector which is the difference of two 74. The position vectors of points P and Q are given
position vectors. by ⃗𝒓⃗𝟏 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂, ⃗𝒓⃗𝟐 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂.
a) displacement vector b) Free vector Determine 𝑷𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.
c) Null vector d) negative vector a) 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ b) 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
71. The unit of displacement vector is____. c) 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ ̂
d) 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘
a) meter b) no unit 75. The position vectors of points P and Q are given
c) second d) kilogram ̂, 𝒓 ̂.
72. The position vectors of a moving object at two by 𝒓 ⃗⃗𝟏 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ⃗⃗𝟐 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
different points are 𝒓
⃗⃗𝟏 and 𝒓
⃗⃗𝟐 . The Determine |𝑷𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|.
corresponding displacement will be: a) 3 b) 5
a) 𝑟⃗1 + 𝑟⃗2 b) 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 c) 7 d) 9

Multiplication of vector by a number

A vector can be multiplied by
(i) A positive number
(ii) A negative number
(i) Multiplication with a positive number
– When a vector 𝐴⃗ is multiplied by a positive number k (i.e. k> 0), then the product will have:
(i) Magnitude becomes k times (k𝐴⃗)
(ii) Same direction as that of 𝐴⃗.
(ii) Multiplication with a negative number
– When a vector 𝐴⃗ is multiplied by a negative number k (i.e. k< 0), then the product will have:
(i) Magnitude becomes k times (k𝐴⃗)
(ii) Direction opposite as that of 𝐴⃗.

Multiplication with scalar

– When a vector 𝐴⃗ is multiplied by a scalar S, then its magnitude becomes S times, and unit is the product of
units of 𝐴⃗ and S but direction remains same as that of vector 𝐴⃗.
– when a vector A is multiplied by scalar quantity m, then the vector
(i) will be a new vector
(ii) have dimension eqaul to product of dimension of m and 𝐴⃗.

For example:
– Product of mass m and velocity 𝑣⃗ is momentum
– Product of mass m and acceleration a is force 𝐹⃗ .

Properties of a vector multiplied by the number

(i) |k 𝐴⃗| = |k| |𝐴⃗|
(ii) k 𝑂⃗⃗ = 𝑂
⃗⃗
(iii) k (-𝐴) = – k𝐴⃗ = – (k 𝐴⃗)
⃗
(iv) (-k) (-𝐴⃗) = k 𝐴⃗
(v) k (n 𝐴⃗) = kn 𝐴⃗ = n(k 𝐴⃗)
(vi) (k + n) 𝐴⃗ = k 𝐴⃗+ n 𝐴⃗
(vii) k (𝐴⃗+𝐵 ⃗⃗) = k 𝐴⃗ + k 𝐵
⃗⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗, then:𝐴⃗ || 𝐵
(viii) If the vector 𝐴 is equal to the product of a non-zero integer k and non-zero vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗
(vectors ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗ are parallel).
Page | 14
 (ix) ⃗A⃗||B
⃗⃗, if k > 0 (vectors ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗ are parallel)
(x) ⃗A⃗||−B ⃗⃗, if k < 0 (vectors ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗ is oppositely directed (antiparallel))

Example:
Suppose A= 4 units due west. What is the Vector?
a) 2 A b) -0.5A
Solution:
a) 2 𝐴⃗ = 2 ×4 units due East
= 8 units due East
b) −0.5𝐴⃗= 0.5 ×4 units due West
= 2 units due West.

Division of a vector by a number

A vector can be divided by
(i) A positive number
(ii) A negative number
(i) Division with a positive number
– When a vector ⃗A⃗ is divided by a positive number k (i.e. k> 0), then the product will have:
1 1
(i) Magnitude becomes 𝑘 times (𝑘 ⃗A⃗)
(ii) Same direction as that of A⃗⃗.
(ii) Division with a negative number
– When a vector A ⃗⃗ is divided by a negative number k (i.e. k< 0), then the product will have:
1 1
(i) Magnitude becomes times ( ⃗A⃗)
𝑘 𝑘
(ii) Direction opposite as that of ⃗A⃗.

Addition of vectors
– Vector addition or subtraction is possible only between vectors of same kind.
– If two scalars are added resulting scalar will be unique which will be equal to sum of the given two scalars.
– Scalars can be added algebraically. But vectors have both direction and magnitude so vectors are added
geometrically.
– For example: If two scalars 2 and 8 are added their sum will be always equal to 2+8 =10.
– But, the addition of vectors is different. If we add two vectors of magnitudes 2 and 8 the resultant vector’s
magnitude will be 6 or 10 or any value between 6 and 10 depending on the directions of the vectors we are
adding.
– i) If the two given vectors are acting in same direction then the magnitude of the resultant vector will be 10
units,
– ii) If the two given vectors are acting in opposite directions then the magnitude of resultant vector will be 6
units,
– iii) If the two given vectors are acting in different directions then the magnitude of the resultant vector will be
between 6 and 10.
– Parallel or antiparallel vectors are added by simple arithmetic rules.
– The process of adding two or more than two vectors is called addition of vectors.
– When two or more vectors are added, we get a single vector is called resultant vector.
– The resultant of two or more vectors is a single vector which produces the same effect as the individual vectors
together produce.
There are two methods to add the vectors.
(i) Graphical method
(ii) Symbolical method or Analytical method

Graphical method
Page | 15
 Following three laws have been evolved for the addition of vectors in graphical method.
(i) Head to tail rule
– It is graphical method to add two or more vectors.
– In this method first draw the represented lines of given vectors.
– Then, join the tail of first vector with the head of second vector, and so on.
– The resultant vector is obtained by joining the head of the last vector with the tail of the first vector.
– The direction of resultant vector is from the tail of first vector to the head of head of last vector.
– If we have to find 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗ , then draw 𝐴⃗ and then join the tail of 𝐵⃗⃗ with the head of 𝐴⃗. Then join the head of 𝐵⃗⃗
with tail of 𝐴⃗. This vector will represent resultant of 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗.
(ii) Triangle law
– This is a graphical method which is used to add only two vectors by using head to tail
rule.
– This is called as triangle law because two vectors represent the two sides of triangle
and resultant of these two vectors represents third side of a triangle, hence it makes a
triangle.
– Let there are two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ then by using triangle law draw vector 𝐴⃗ and join the tail of vector 𝐵⃗⃗ with
the head of vector 𝐴⃗.
– For resultant of vector 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗, draw a line which join the tail of vector 𝐴⃗ with the head of vector 𝐵⃗⃗.
i.e. 𝑅⃗⃗=𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗
– It follows from triangle law of vectors are represented by three sides of a triangle taken in order, then their
resultant is zero.

(iii) Parallelogram law

– If two vectors, acting simultaneously at a point, can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then the resultant is represented completely by
diagonal of parallelogram passing through that point.
– This law used for explaining the commutative law of vector addition.
– Two of the edges of the parallelogram define 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗, and the other pair of edges
⃗
⃗⃗ + 𝐴. But, both sums are equal to the same diagonal of the parallelogram.
define 𝐵

Vector subtraction
– The subtraction of a vector is equivalent to the addition of same vector with its direction reversed.
– Let A⃗⃗ and B⃗⃗ be the two vectors. Their subtraction is defined as R ⃗⃗ + (−𝐵
⃗⃗=A ⃗⃗).
– Geometrically, we can use either triangle or parallelogram law.
– Vector difference does not follow commutative and associative law but follows distributive law.
i.e. m(𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 ⃗⃗)= 𝑚𝐴⃗ − 𝑚𝐵 ⃗⃗ or (m+n) 𝐴⃗=𝑚𝐴⃗ − 𝑛𝐴⃗
Laws of vector addition
(i) Vector sum is commutative.
– This law is also called the parallelogram law.
– The commutative law, which states the order of addition doesn't matter:
i.e. 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗=𝐵 ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗.
(ii) Vector sum is associative.
– The associative law, which states that the sum of three vectors does not depend on which pair of vectors is
added first:
i.e. 𝐴⃗ +(𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐶⃗)= (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗)+ 𝐶⃗
(iii) Vector sum is distributive m(𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗)= m𝐴⃗+m𝐵⃗⃗ or (m+n) 𝐴⃗=m𝐴⃗+n𝐴⃗
(iv) The closure law, which states, addition of two vectors is also a vector.
i.e. 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗= 𝐶⃗
Analytical Method

Page | 16
 – In this we add only two vectors.
– There are two laws on for magnitude of 𝑅⃗⃗ and other for direction of 𝑅⃗⃗.
– As theta increases from 0° to 180°, the magnitude of the resulatant vector decreases from (𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗) to (𝐴⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗)
– The magnitude of the resultant of two vectors will be maximum, when the vectors act in the same direction.
– The magnitude of the resultant of two vectors will be minimum when the vectors act in the opposite direction.

Magnitude of Resultant of vectors

– This is used to find the magnitude of resultant of two vectors. (𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗), then formula will be:
2 2
𝑅 = √𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
– If 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗, difference of two vectors then the formula will be:
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃

Example:
The angle between the vector 𝐀 ⃗⃗ and ⃗𝐁⃗ is 60o. Given that |𝐀
⃗⃗|=|𝐁
⃗⃗| = 2.
Calculate (a) |𝐀⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗| (b) |𝐀⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗|
Solution:
⃗⃗|=|B
Here, |A ⃗⃗| = 2, then by using the formula of magnitude of 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ we get,
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
1
𝑅 = √(2)2 + (2)2 + 2 × 2 × 2 cos 60° = √4 + 4 + 8 × = √12
2
Now by using the formula of magnitude of 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ we get,
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
1
𝑅 = √(2)2 + (2)2 − 2 × 2 × 2 cos 60° = √4 + 4 − 8 × = √4 = 2
2
Self Test:
⃗⃗ and 𝐁
The angle between the vector 𝐀 ⃗⃗ is 60o. Given that |𝐀
⃗⃗|=|𝐁
⃗⃗| = 3.
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Calculate (a) |𝐁 − 𝑨|⃗ ⃗ ⃗
(b) |𝐁 + 𝑨|⃗ ⃗ Ans: |B⃗⃗ − 𝐴⃗| =3, |B⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗| = √27

Angle between 𝐀 ⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ 𝒊̂𝒇 𝑹 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧.

– Let magnitude of 𝑅⃗⃗ , 𝐴⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵 are R, A and B respectively and 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗. Then angle between ⃗A⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗
calculated by the following formula:
𝑅 2 − 𝐴2 − 𝐵2
𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
2𝐴𝐵
– Let magnitude of 𝑅⃗⃗ , 𝐴⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵 are R, A and B respectively and 𝑅⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 ⃗⃗. Then angle between ⃗A⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗
calculated by the following formula:
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 𝑅 2
𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
2𝐴𝐵
Example:
If the magnitudes of vectors 𝐀 ⃗⃗, ⃗𝐁⃗ and ⃗𝐑
⃗⃗ are 6, 8 and 10 units respectively and 𝐀 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗, then what will be
angle between 𝐀 ⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩⃗⃗?
Solution:
Given: |A ⃗⃗| = 6|B⃗⃗| = 8 and |R ⃗⃗| = 10 then angle between A ⃗⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ will be:
(10) 2 (6) 2 (8) 2
− − 100 − 36 − 64
𝜃 = cos−1 ( ) ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2×6×8 96
0 0
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) ⟹ 90°
96 96
Self Test:

Page | 17
 ⃗⃗, ⃗𝐁⃗ and ⃗𝐑
If the magnitudes of vectors 𝐀 ⃗⃗ are 12, 5 and 13 units respectively and 𝐀
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗, then what will be
angle between 𝐀 ⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗? Ans: 90°
Special cases:
Case 1: When the given vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ act in the same direction (i.e. 𝜃 = 0°)
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
Then |𝑅 | = |𝐴| + |𝐵|

Case 2: When the given vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵

⃗⃗ act in the opposite direction (i.e. 𝜃 = 180°)
Then |𝑅⃗⃗ | = |𝐴⃗| − |𝐵
⃗⃗|

Case 3: When the given vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵

⃗⃗ are perpendicular to each other (i.e. 𝜃 = 90°)
Then |𝑅⃗⃗ | = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2

Direction of Resultant of Vectors

(i) Sine law

𝐴 𝐵 𝑅
sin 𝛼
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾
– This law is used to find the direction of resultant of two vectors.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨
(ii) Let the resultant 𝑹 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ and makes an angle 𝜷 with the direction of 𝑨
⃗⃗. Then angle or direction of
⃗𝑹
⃗⃗ will be:
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
tan 𝛽 = 𝐴+𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

– ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨
Let the resultant 𝑹 ⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ and makes an angle 𝜷 with the direction of 𝑨
⃗⃗. Then angle or direction of
⃗⃗⃗ will be:
𝑹
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
tan 𝛽 = 𝐴−𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Example:
Given: 𝐀 ̂ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤 ⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ + 𝐣̂ + 𝟑𝐤̂ 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝑨
⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗, 𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ and |𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗|.
Solution:
⃗⃗= (3î + 2ĵ − k̂) + (î + ĵ + 3k̂) = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗= (3î + 2ĵ − k̂) − (î + ĵ + 3k̂) = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
|𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗| = √(2)2 + (1)2 + (−4)2 = √4 + 1 + 16 = √21
Self Test:
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤
Given: 𝐀 ̂ and 𝐁 ̂ , and 𝐂⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝟒𝐤
⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ + 𝐣̂ + 𝟑𝐤 ̂.
Determine: (i) 𝐀 ⃗⃗ + 𝐂⃗
⃗⃗ + 𝐁 ⃗⃗ − 𝟑𝐁
(ii) |𝟐𝐀 ⃗⃗ + 𝟐𝑪⃗⃗| ⃗⃗ − 𝐁
(iii) |𝐀 ⃗⃗|
⃗⃗ + 𝑪

Concept: 04
1. Under what condition
(i) |𝑨 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| + |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗|
(ii) |𝑨⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| − |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗|
⃗⃗ + 𝑩
(iii) |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
2. Under what condition 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗?
3. As we know that force and velocity are vectors .Can force be added to velocity?
4. Can the resultant of two different magnitudes be zero?
5. Can the resultant of two equal magnitudes be zero?
6. Can commutative or associative law be applied to vector subtraction?
7. What is minimum possible resultant of two vectors of 2 units and 1 unit?

Page | 18
8. What is minimum possible resultant of two vectors of 2 units and 3 units?
9. Under what condition the magnitude of the sum of two vectors is equal to the magnitude of difference
between them.
10. Two forces of each magnitude F are acting on body yield a resultant of magnitude F then angle between
forces is:
11. Two forces each of magnitude is F acting on a particle yield a resultant of √𝟐F then angle between forces is:
12. Two vectors have magnitudes 5 unit and 3 unit. These make angle of 60o with each other, find the magnitude
and direction of their Sum.
13. A boy walks 8m towards east and 6 m towards north. Then what will be displacement?
14. A man walks 40 m North, then 30 m East and then 40 m south. What is his displacement from starting point?
15. Two forces 8N and 10N are acting upon a body. What will be the maximum and minimum resultant force on
the body?
16. The maximum resultant of two vectors is 26 units and minimum resultant is 16 unit, what will be the
magnitude of each vector?
17. Vectors of same length, how they must be having angle, so we get resultant twice of either
18. Two forces of 6 N unit and 8 N. These make angle of 90o with each other, find the magnitude and direction of
their resultant.

MCQS: 04
1. When a null vector is added to any vector 𝐀 ⃗⃗, a) Head to Tail Rule b) Triangle Law
we get ____. c) Parallelogram Law d) All of Them
⃗⃗ only 11. Vectors can be added by
a) Null vector b) A
a) Head to Tail Rule b) Triangle Law
c) Unit vector d) Negative Vector
c) Parallelogram Law d) All of Them
2. When a null vector is subtracted to any
12. _____rule can be used to add more than two
vector 𝐀 ⃗⃗, we get ____. vectors.
a) Null vector b) ⃗A⃗ only a) Head to Tail Rule b) Triangle Law
c) Unit vector d) Negative Vector c) Parallelogram Law d) All of Them
3. When a null vector is multiplied by a non- 13. In _____ law, we only add two vectors.
zero scalar, we get ____. a) Head to Tail Rule b) polygon Law
a) Null vector b) A⃗⃗ only c) Parallelogram Law d) All of Them
c) Unit vector d) Negative Vector 14. Triangle law of vector addition is used to
4. When a null vector is multiplied by a vector add only____.
A, we get zero vectors. a) two vectors b) three vectors
⃗⃗ only c) four vectors d) more than two
a) Null vector b) A
vectors
c) Unit vector d) Negative Vector
15. Parallelogram law of vector addition is used
5. _____is the process of combining the vectors
to add only____.
a) Resolution b) Addition
a) two vectors b) three vectors
c) Multiplication d) Division
c) four vectors d) more than two
6. The addition of two or more vectors is
vectors
always equal to
16. Parallelogram law is also called____.
a) odd number b) even number
a) Commutative law b) Associative law
c) vector quantity d) scalar quantity
c) Distributive law d) A. O.T
7. Vector addition follows:
17. It follows from triangle law of vectors are
a) laws of simple algebra
represented by three sides of a triangle taken
b) laws of division
in order, and then their resultant is ____.
c) laws of vector addition
a) unit vector b) negative vector
d) N.O.T
c) null vector d) resultant vector
8. Vector addition does not follows:
18. The sum of two or more vectors is equal to a
a) laws of simple algebra
single vector which is called as:
b) laws of vector algebra
a) unit vector b) negative vector
c) laws of vector addition
c) null vector d) resultant vector
d) N.O.T
19. Vector subtraction follows
9. There are ____ methods to add the vectors.
a) Commutative law b) Associative law
a) two b) three
c) Distributive law d) A. O.T
c) Four d) Infinite
20. Vector addition follows
10. ____ are graphical law to add the vectors:
a) Commutative law b) Associative law
Page | 19
 c) Distributive law d) A. O.T 32. The resultant of two vector is maximum
21. The property 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + ⃗𝑨⃗ is known as
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ when angle between these is:
a) Commutative law b) Associative law a) 180° b) 90°
c) Distributive law d) A. O.T c) 45° d) 0°
22. ____ is the additive identity of vectors is 33. If the magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is 4 and magnitude of
a) position vector b) Unit vector ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ is 7 then maximum resultant of ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ is
c) Null vector d) N.O.T a) 11 b) 10
23. The property 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + (𝑩⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑪⃗⃗) = (𝑨⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑪 c) 5 d) 12
known as 34. The maximum and minimum magnitude of
a) Commutative law b) Associative law the resultant of two given vectors are 17
c) Distributive law d) A. O.T units and 7 units respectively. If these two
24. For finding magnitude of resultant of two vectors are at right angles to each other, the
vectors we use: magnitude of their resultant is:
a) cosine law b) sine law a) 14 b) 16
c) tangent law d) both (a) & (b) c) 18 d) 13
25. For finding direction of resultant of two ⃗ ⃗
35. If the magnitude of 𝑨 is 12 and magnitude of
vectors we use: ⃗⃗⃗ is 8 then maximum resultant of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ is
a) cosine law b) sine law 𝑩
c) tangent law d) both (a) & (b) a) 4 b) 0
26. Law of cosine is used to find: c) 20 d) 8
a) Magnitude of dot product 36. If 𝑨 ⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ are antiparallel each other, then
b) Magnitude of resultant their magnitude of Resultant vector can be
c) Direction of resultant calculated by:
d) Direction of dot product a) √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 b) A+B
27. The magnitude of the resultant vector of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ c) 𝐴−𝐵 d) All of them
and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ is determined by the formula 37. The resultant of two vector is minimum
when angle between these is:
a) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
a) 180° b) 90°
b) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 c) 45° d) 0°
c) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 38. If the magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is 4 and magnitude of
d) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗ is 7 then minimum resultant of 𝑨
𝑩 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ is
28. When two vectors, ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ of magnitudes a) 11 b) 3
“A” and “B” are added; the magnitude of c) 11 d) 12
resultant vector is: ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
39. If |𝑨 + 𝑩|=|𝑨|−|𝑩|, then angle between
a) not more than √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ will be:
b) not greater than (A+B) a) 180° b) 90°
c) equals to (A+B)
d) equals to (A-B) c) 45° d) 0°
⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ of magnitudes 40. If |𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗|=√𝑨 + 𝑩 , then angle between
𝟐 𝟐
29. When two vectors, 𝑨
“A” and “B” are added; the magnitude of ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ will be:
resultant vector is: a) 180° b) 90°
a) not more than √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 c) 45° d) 0°
b) not greater than (A-B) 41. If |𝑨 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗|=√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + √𝟐𝑨𝑩, then angle
c) equals to (A+B)
d) not less than (A-B) between ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ will be:
30. Which of following may NOT be the a) 180° b) 90°
resultant of two forces having magnitude 10 c) 45° d) 0°
N and 13N ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
42. If |𝑨 + 𝑩|=|𝑨|+|𝑩|, then angle between
a) 23 b) 15 ⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ will be:
c) 2 d) 5 a) 180° b) 90°
31. ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
If 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 are parallel each other, then their c) 45° d) 0°
magnitude of Resultant vector can be ⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗|=√𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑨𝑩, then angle
𝟐 𝟐
43. If |𝑨
calculated by:
between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ will be:
a) √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 b) A+B
a) 180° b) 90°
c) 𝐴−𝐵 d) All of them
c) 45° d) 60°
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 1 1
44. If ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ are perpendicular to each other, c) cos −1 (6) d) cos−1 (− 4)
then their magnitude of Resultant vector can
be calculated by: 55. If ⃗𝑹
⃗⃗=𝑨
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ and magnitude of R, A and B are
5,4,and 3 respectively, angle between R and
a) √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 b) A+B B is :
c) 𝐴−𝐵 d) All of them 3 4
45. Vectors of same length, how they must be a) cos−1 ( ) b) cos−1 ( )
5 5
having angle, so we get resultant twice of c) 90° d) −1 3
sin ( )
either. 4
56. There are two forces of 3N and other of 4 N
a) 180° b) 90°
at what angle the two vectors be added to
c) 45° d) 0° get resultant vector of 7 N, 1N and 5N
46. The maximum resultant of two vectors is 26 respectively.
units and minimum resultant is 16 unit, the
a) 0°, 180° and 90° b) 0°, 90° and 180°
magnitude of each vector is:
a) 21, 5 b) 13, 13 c) 0°, 180° and 60° d) 90°, 900° and 0°
c) 20, 6 d) 15, 11 57. There are two forces of 5N and other of 12 N
47. Two forces of magnitudes 3N and 4N are at what angle the two vectors be added to
acted on a body. The ratio of magnitude of get resultant vector of 17 N, 7N and 13N
minimum and maximum resultant force on respectively.
the body is a) 0°, 180° and 90° b) 0°, 90° and 180°
a) 1/7 b) 3/2 c) 0°, 180° and 60° d) 90°, 900° and 0°
c) 3/7 d) 5/4 58. Two forces of each magnitude F are acting
48. If 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟕𝒋̂̂+ 𝟕𝒌̂ and𝑨⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ = −𝒋̂̂+ 𝒌̂, then on body yield a resultant of magnitude F
then angle between forces is:
magnitude of ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ are
a) 30° b) 60°
a) 3 and 4 b) 7 and -1
c) 45° d) 120°
c) 7 and 7 d) 5 and 5 59. A body moves 3 m towards east from a
49. Vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ are such that fixed-point A and reached a point B. From B
|𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩⃗⃗⃗|=|𝑨 ⃗⃗ − 𝑩⃗⃗⃗| then angle between it covers 4m towards north and arrives at a
⃗𝑨⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ is: point C. then what will be its total
a) 180° b) 90° displacement.
c) 45° d) 0° a) 7 m b) 1m
c) 9m d) 5m
50. Vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ are such that 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩⃗⃗⃗=𝑨
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗. 60. Ahmed pulls the door by 4N force while at
Then: the same time Ali pushes the same door with
a) 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗⃗ = 0 b) 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ = 𝟎 3N, the net force acting on the door is:
c) 𝐴⃗ = 𝟎 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎
d) 𝐵 a) 7N b) 5N
51. Two forces each of magnitude is F acting on c) 1N d) 3N
a particle yield a resultant of √𝟐F then angle 61. If the boy is moving 6m towards east and
between forces is: 8m towards north the total displacement
a) 180° b) 90° covered by the boy from initial point is:
a) 7 m b) 14m
c) 45° d) 0°
c) 10m d) 50m
52. Two equal magnitude forces are acting on
62. A man lifts a body of weight 20N by
body produces a resultant is equal to
applying the force of 60N, the net force on
magnitude of either force, then angle
the body is:
between forces is
a) 60N b) 80N
a) 30° b) 90° c) 20N d) 40N
c) 45° d) 120° 63. If two forces of 20N towards north and 12N
53. The magnitude of two forces is 3N and 4N towards south are acting on an object.
and their resultant is 5N then angle between Resultant force will be
forces is a) 8N towards south b) 32N towards north
a) 30° b) 90° c) 8N towards east d) 8N towards north
c) 45° d) 120° 64. The maximum and minimum magnitude of
54. One of two forces is double the other and resultants of two vectors are in the ratio 7:3.
their resultant is equal to the greater force. The ratio of the magnitude of vectors is
the angle between them is a) 4:1 b) 5:2
1 2
a) cos−1 (2) b) cos−1 (3) c) √7: √3 d) 49:9

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 65. If the sum of two unit vectors is also a unit a) 2 N and 2 N b) 2 N and 4 N
vector, then the magnitude of their difference c) 2 N and 8 N d) 2 N and 6 N
is: 75. The vectors 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ and 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ then
a) √2 b) √3 magnitude of sum of these vectors is:
c) √5 d) √7 a) 38 b) √274
66. Which of the following sets of vectors cannot c) 560 d) 238
give zero resultant ̂ and ⃗𝑩
76. ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒊̂̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂̂ + 𝟗𝒌̂ are
a) 10, 10, 10 b) 10, 10, 20
two vectors. The angle between them
c) 10, 20, 20 d) 10, 20, 40
67. Two forces whose magnitudes are in ratio of will be:
3:5 give a resultant of 35N. If the angle of a) 30° b) 0°
inclination is 60°, calculate the magnitude of c) 180° d) 90°
each force. 77. ⃗⃗ = −𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
𝑨 ̂ and 𝑩 ̂ are two
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
a) 15N and35N b) 15N and 25N vectors. The angle between them will be:
c) 10N and 15N d) 20N and 5N a) 30° b) 0°
68. Two forces of 6N and 8N can be applied to c) 180° d) 90°
produce an effect of a single force of: 78. What is angle between 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ and 𝒋̂?
a) 1 N b) 15 N a) 60° b)45°
c) 11 N d) 20 N
c) 180° d) 90°
69. What is the resultant of 3N and 4N forces
acting at right angles 79. ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ + 𝟗𝒌 ̂ are
a) 90N b) 5N two vectors. The angle between them will
c) 7N d) 1N be:
̂
70. A force of (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂ + 𝒌) N and another force a) 30° b) 0°
̂) N are acting on a body. The
of (𝒊̂+𝒋̂+𝒌 c) 180° d) 90°
magnitude of total force acting on the body 80. Given: 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ and ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝒋̂. The
is magnitude of ⃗𝑨⃗+𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ is:
a) √3 b) √14 a) 4 b) 10
c) √29 d) √17 c) √61 d) √58
71. The resultant of two forces of magnitude 5 N 81. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 3
and 10 N can’t be units and 4 units is √𝟑𝟕. The angle between
a) 4 N b) 8 N the two vectors is:
c) 12 N d) 5 N a) 0° b) 90°
72. A force of 6 N acting perpendicular to a force c) 30° d) 60°
of 8 N will produce a force of 82. Two vectors of equal magnitude have a
a) 2 N b) 7 N resultant equal to one and half times the
c) 10 N d) 14 N magnitude of either vector. The cosine of the
73. Two equal forces (F each ) act at a point angle between the two vectors is:
inclined to each other at an angle of 120o. a) 0.125 b) 0.250
The magnitude of their resultant is c) -2.7 d)0.8
83. ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
If 𝑨 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ and 𝑩 = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ then
a) F/2 b) F/4
c) F d) 2F magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ will be
74. Which of the following pair of forces can’t a) 5 b) 5√5
have a resultant equal to 4 N? c) 10 d) 25

Resolution Of vectors
Q: What are Rectangular components system?
Ans:
– These are also called Cartesian coordinate system.
– The set of two or three mutually perpendicular lines intersecting at a point (origin) is known as rectangular
components system.
– The lines are coordinate axis.
– Horizontal line is called x- axis.
– Vertical line is called y- axis.
Page | 22
 – The line perpendicular to both x and y axis is called z- axis.

Q: Explain Resolution of vectors.

Ans:
– The process of splitting a vector into various parts or components is called "resolution of
vector"
– These parts of a vector may act in different directions and are called "components of
vector".
– These components of a vector behave like scalar quantities.
– We can resolve a vector into a number of components .Generally there are three components of vector viz.
– Component along X-axis called x-component
– Component along Y-axis called Y-component
– Component along Z-axis called Z-component
Consider a vector ⃗𝑨⃗ acting at a point making an angle 𝜽 with positive X-axis. Magnitude of these vectors are
Ax and Ay respectively.
– By the method of head to tail we notice that the sum of these vectors is equal to vector 𝐴⃗
– Thus, Ax and Ay are the rectangular components of vector 𝐴⃗.
– Horizontal component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 = Acos 𝜃.
– Vertical component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
⃗⃗ of magnitude of 10 units makes an angle of 60o with positive x-axis then, find its rectangular
Example: If a vector 𝑨
components.
Solution:
Rectangular components of 𝐴⃗ are Ax and Ay and
Horizontal component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 = Acos 𝜃 = 10 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 10 × 0.5 = 5 units.
Vertical component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 10 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 10 × 0.866 = 8.66 units

Composition of vectors
– It is the process of composing to a vector by its rectangular components.
– It is reverse process of resolution of vector.
– In this method we obtain the original vector once its components are known.
– We can obtain the magnitude and its direction from the knowledge of its components.
– To obtain magnitude of vector 𝐴⃗ we use:
2
𝐴 = √(𝐴𝑥 )2 + (𝐴𝑦 )
– To find direction or angle of 𝐴⃗, we use:
𝐴𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐴𝑥

Direction of cosines
– The direction cosines of the vector a are the cosines of angles that the vector forms with the
coordinate axes.
– If any vector 𝐴⃗ subtend angles α, β and γ with x – axis, y – axis and z – axis respectively
and its components along these axes are Ax, Ay and Az,
– Then Cos  , Cos  and Cos  are called the direction cosines of the vector 𝐴⃗ .
– They are usually denoted by 𝑙, m and n respectively.
– To find the direction cosines of the vector A is need to divided the corresponding coordinate of vector by
the magnitude of the vector.
𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
– Then, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 = ⃗⃗⃗|
, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = ⃗⃗⃗|
, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸 = ⃗⃗⃗|
|𝑨 |𝑨 |𝑨
– The sum of the squares of the direction cosines is equal to one.
Page | 23
 i.e. cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1

Example:
̂
Find the direction cosines of the vector ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
Solution:
Calculate the magnitude of vector 𝐴⃗:
|𝐴⃗| = √(2)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 =√4 + 4 + 1 = √9 = 3
Calculate the direction cosines of the vector 𝐴⃗:
𝐴 2 𝐴 2 𝐴𝑦 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = ⃗𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = ⃗𝑧 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = =3
|𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴⃗|

Concept: 05
1. What is angle between Ax and Ay?
2. At what angle Ax will be equal to Ay?
3. At what angle Ax will be half of Ay?

MCQS: 05
1. ____is the process of dividing the vector into its a) 0˚ b) 45˚
rectangular components. c) 60˚ d) 30˚
a) composition of a vector 8. A force of 100 N acting on body along the x-axis
b) Resolution of vector then y-component of force is:
c) addition of a vector a) 25 b) 50
d) N.O.T c) 0 d) 100
2. Those components which are held mutually 9. If Ax=5 and Ay=−5√𝟑 then vector ⃗𝑨⃗ makes ………
perpendicular with each other are known as: angle with +x-axis:
a) Rectangular components a) 60˚ b) 45˚
b) Cartesian co - ordinate c) 240˚ d) 300˚
c) Both (a) & (b) 10. The vertical component of a force is 5√𝟑 N if the
d) N.O.T magnitude of force is 10N then angle which force
3. The angle between rectangular components is: makes with x-axis is:
a) 0⁰ b) 90⁰ a) 30˚ b) 45˚
c) 180⁰ d) 30⁰ c) 60˚ d) 90˚
4. There are _____rectangular components of a 11. The horizontal component of a force is 5N, if the
vector in space. magnitude of force is 10 then it y component is:
a) 1 b) 2 a) 25N b) 8.66
c) 3 d) 4 c) 75N d) 5N
5. The components of vector along x-axis and y-axis 12. ⃗ ⃗
If vector 𝑨 makes 45˚ with x-axis, then vector –
are also known as:
𝟓 ⃗𝑨⃗ makes:
a) position vectors
a) 180˚ b) 225˚
b) rectangular components
c) 45˚ d) 90˚
c) Null vector
13. The rectangular components of force 10 dyne
d) free vectors
are:
6. A Vector ⃗𝑨⃗ has rectangular components Ax and a) 5 & 5 dyne b) 8 & 6 dyne
Ay the Ax=…….and Ay=……. c) 2 & 8 dyne d) 7 & 3 dyne
a) A sin𝜃, A tan𝜃 b) A cos , A tan𝜃 14. The angle between two rectangular components
c) A sin𝜃 A cos𝜃 d) A cos𝜃 , A sin𝜃 of a vector is:
7. At what angle the horizontal component will be a) 180˚ b) 0˚
equal to vertical components of a vector? c) 45˚ d) 90˚
Page | 24
15. A vector ⃗𝑨⃗ makes an angle 60˚ with the x- axis 25. Az is rectangular component of vector A whose
then which of following statements is true? direction is in ____.
a) Ax is greater than Ay a) Y - axis b) X – axis
b) Ay is greater than Ax c) Z - axis d) S - axis
c) Ay is greater than A 26. The angle between Ax and Ay is:
d) Ax is greater than A. a) 0⁰ b) 90⁰
⃗⃗ is in
16. If Ax is positive and Ay is negative, then 𝑨 c) 180⁰ d) 30⁰
quadrant: 27. ____is the horizontal component of vector A.
a) 1st b) 2nd a) Ax b) Ay
c) 3rd d) 4th c) Az d) A.O.T
⃗⃗ makes _____ 28. If 𝑨 ̂ the direction of the cosines
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
17. If Ax=-5√𝟑 and Ay=5 then vector 𝑨
angle with +x-axis: of the vector 𝑨⃗⃗ are:
2 4 −5 1 2 3
a) 150˚ b) 120˚ a) , and b) , and
√45 √45 √45 √45 √45 √45
c) 240˚ d) 60˚ 3 2 5 2 −5
c) , and c) , 0 and
18. If magnitude of a force is 10N and makes an √45 √45 √45 √45 √45
angle of 60 with x- axis the 𝑭𝒙 and 𝑭𝒚 will be. 29. ____is the vertical component of vector A.
a) 8.66N, 5N b) 5N, 8.66N a) Ax b) Ay
c) 5√𝟑N, 5N d) 10N, 5N c) Az d) A.O.T
19. If 𝑭𝒙= 3N and 𝑭𝒚= 3N then find F and Angle with 30. The X and Y components of a force F acting 𝟑𝟎°
x-axis. to x-axis are respectively:
𝐹 𝐹 √3
a)3√𝟐, 45˚ b) 2√𝟑, 45˚ a) ,F b) , 𝐹
√2 2 2
c) 3, 30˚ d) All of Them √3 𝐹 𝐹
20. There are _____rectangular components of a c) 𝐹, d) 𝐹,
2 2 √2
vector in plane. 31. The X and Y components of a force F acting 𝟔𝟎°
a) 1 b) 2 to x-axis are respectively:
c) 3 d) 4 a)
𝐹
,F
𝐹 √3
b) 2 , 𝐹
21. Rectangular components are also called: √2 2
√3 𝐹 𝐹
a) Cartesian Co – ordinate c) 2
𝐹, 2 d) 𝐹, 2
√
b) Orthogonal components 32. The X and Y components of a force F acting 𝟒𝟓°
c) Both (a) & (b) to x-axis are respectively:
d) N.O.T 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 √3
a) , b) 2 , 𝐹
22. The rectangular components of vector A would √2 √2 2
be: √3 𝐹 𝐹
c) 2
𝐹, 2 d) 𝐹, 2
√
a) 1 b) 2
33. The angle made by the vector 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ with x-axis is:
c) 3 d) 4
a) 90° b) 45°
23. Ax is rectangular component of vector A whose
c) 22.5° d) 30°
direction is in ____. ̂?
34. What are the direction cosines of 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
a) Y - axis b) X – axis
a) 1, 1, 1 b) 2, 2, 2
c) Z - axis d) S - axis 1 1 1 1 1 1
24. Ay is rectangular component of vector A whose c) 2 , 2 , 2 2 d) 3 , 3 , 3
√ √ √ √ √
direction is in ____.
a) Y - axis b) X – axis
c) Z - axis d) S - axis

Product of Vectors
Multiplication of vectors can be of two types:
(i) Scalar Multiplication
(ii) Vector Multiplication
Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors

Scalar product

Page | 25
Definition: It is product of two vectors in such a way that the resultant quantity is scalar quantity.
– The scalar product of two vectors is also called the dot product because the “.” used to indicate this kind of
multiplication. Sometimes it is also called the inner product.
– The name "dot product" is derived from the centered dot " · " that is often used to designate this operation; the
alternative name "scalar product" emphasizes that the result is a scalar.
Formula:
– Consider two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ having magnitude A and B respectively and having angle theta between them.
– Then, scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined as the product of magnitude of these vectors and the
cosine of the angle between them. Thus
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
– The quantity (𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽) is a scalar quantity, hence the name “scalar product”.

Examples:
– Work is scalar product of force and displacement
𝒘=𝑭 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒔
⃗⃗ = 𝑭𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
– Power Power is the dot product of force and velocity
𝑷 = ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒗⃗⃗ = 𝑭𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽.
– Electric flux is the dot product of electric field intensity and normal area.
∅=𝑬 ⃗⃗ ∙ ∆𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝑬∆ 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

Numerical:
(i) Scalar product in terms of rectangular components
Consider two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ where as, ⃗A⃗ = 𝐴𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧𝑘̂ and 𝐵⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧𝑘̂ . Then:
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
Example: If 𝑨 ̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗ = −𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌̂ then find 𝑨⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗.
⃗ ⃗⃗ ̂
Solution: 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = (3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘) ∙ (−2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘) ̂
= 3 × (−2) + (−1) × 4 + (−4) × (−3)
= (−6) + (−4) + 12 ⟹ −6 − 4 + 12 ⟹ 2

Self Test:
Find the work done in moving an object along a vector 𝒓 ̂, if the applied is 𝑭
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌
̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 and 𝑩
If 𝑨 ̂
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 and 𝑪 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 then:
⃗ ⃗
Find (a) 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
(b) 𝑨 ∙ 𝑪 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
(c) 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪⃗
(ii) If magnitude of 𝑨⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and angle between them is given then
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Example: If |𝑨 ⃗⃗| = 𝟒 and |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟓 and angle between them is 𝟔𝟎°, then find ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗.
Solution: 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 4 × 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60°
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 20 × 0.5
⃗
𝐴∙𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 10

Self Test:
⃗⃗| = 𝟓 and |𝑩
If |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟖 and angle between them is 𝟏𝟐𝟎°, then find ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗.
Find the work done by force 20N in moving an object through a distance of 5m when the force is in the direction
of motion.

Properties:
Consider two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗

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 (i) The dot product between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ will be maximum:
– If they are parallel vectors ( i.e. ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ have same direction and makes angle of 0°).
i.e. 𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝐀𝐁 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝟏)
⃗ ⃗
(ii) The dot product between 𝑨 and 𝑩 will be minimum ⃗⃗⃗
– If they are antiparallel vectors ( i.e. ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ have opposite direction and makes angle of 180).
i.e. 𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = −𝐀𝐁 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = −𝟏)
(iii) The dot product between 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ will be zero:
– If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are perpendicular (i.e. ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ makes angle of 𝟗𝟎°)
i.e. ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° = 𝟎 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° = 𝟎)
– One of the two vectors is a null vector. (i.e. 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎⃗⃗ 𝐨𝐫 𝑩 ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
(iv) if 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (i.e. 𝑨
⃗⃗ is parallel and equal to 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗) then:
⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ = 𝑨 ∙ 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟐
(v) Dot product of the unit vectors:
– 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 1
– 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 0
– 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 0
(vi) Commutative:
– Scalar product of two vectors does not change with the change of in the order of the vectors to be multiplied.
– Hence scalar product of two vectors obeys commutative law for dot product.
⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑨⃗
(vii) Distributive over vector addition:
⃗⃗ ∙ (𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑪 ⃗⃗) = (𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗) + (𝑨 ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑪
(viii) Not associative because the dot product between a scalar (𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩 ⃗⃗) is not defined
⃗⃗⃗) and a vector (𝑪
(ix) The dot product between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ will be positive if angle between them is (𝟎° ≤ 𝛉 < 90°)
i.e. if angle is acute (𝜃 < 90°) then dot product will be positive.
(x) The dot product between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ will be negative if the angle between is (𝟗𝟎° < 𝜃 ≤ 180°)
i.e. if angle is obtuse (𝜃 > 90°) then dot product will be negative.

Applications of dot product

(i) The angle between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ is given by:
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (| 𝐴⃗ | |𝐵⃗⃗|)

Example:
Two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ are such that | ⃗𝑨⃗ | = 𝟑, | ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ | = 𝟔 and ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟗. Find the angle between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗.
Solution:
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ 9
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
| 𝐴⃗ ||𝐵
⃗⃗| 3×6
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.5) = 60°

Example:
̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
Find the angle between 𝑨 ̂
⃗⃗⃗ = −𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) ∙ (−4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )=
| 𝐴⃗ ||𝐵
⃗⃗| (√(2)2 + (1)2 + (−2)2 ) (√(−4)2 + (−2)2 + (4)2 )
−8 − 2 − 8 −18
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
(√4 + 1 + 4)(√16 + 4 + 16) (√9)(√36)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−1) = 180°
Self Test:

Page | 27
 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩
Two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ are such that |𝑨
⃗⃗| = 𝟑, |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟒, and 𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ = −𝟔. Find the angle between 𝑨⃗⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗.
Find the angle between 𝑨 ̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂.
Two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 are such that |𝑨| = −𝟐, |𝑩| = 𝟒, and 𝑨 ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ = −𝟖. Find the angle between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩⃗⃗.
Find the angle between ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂.

(ii) Dot product is used to find that two vectors are perpendicular or not?
– If two vectors are perpendicular with each other than their dot product will be zero (i.e. 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°).
⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝟎° ⟹ 𝟎

Example:
Find that ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ and ⃗𝑩 ̂ are perpendicular or not.
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
Solution:
⃗⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) ∙ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
1+1−2=0

Find value of ‘a’, if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌̂ and ⃗𝑩 ̂ are perpendicular.

⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
Solution:
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
𝑨 ̂) ∙ (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗ = (𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂)
=𝟏+𝒂−𝟐=𝟎
=𝒂−𝟏=𝟎
=𝒂=𝟏

Self test:
̂ and ⃗𝑩
Find that ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌̂ are perpendicular or not?
̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Find value of ‘a’, if 𝑨 ̂ are perpendicular.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌

(iii) Projection of a vector on the direction of other vector.

To find the projection of vector A on to the direction of vector B:
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗𝑨⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ 𝒃̂=
𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗|
|𝑩
To find the projection of vector B on to the direction of vector A:
⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒂
̂ =
𝑨 ⃗⃗ |
|𝑨

Example:
Find the projection of ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂ onto the direction of ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋
̂+𝒌 ̂
Solution:
For projection
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗⃗
𝐴⃗𝐵⃗⃗ = 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑏̂ =
⃗⃗|
|𝐵
(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) ∙ (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗
̂ + 𝑘̂ ) 6+4−4 6
𝐴⃗𝐵⃗⃗ = = =
2 2
√(3) + (4) + (1) 2 √9 + 16 + 1 √26
Example:
Find the projection of 𝑩 ̂ onto the direction of 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Solution:
For projection
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗
⃗𝑩
⃗⃗𝐴⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑎̂ =
|𝐴⃗|

Page | 28
 ̂ + 𝑘̂ ) ∙ (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ )
(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗 6+4−4 6
⃗⃗𝐴⃗ =
𝐵 = =
√(2)2 + (1)2 + (−4)2 √4 + 1 + 16 √21

Self Test:
̂ onto the direction of 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
Find the projection of 𝑨 ̂.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌
Find the projection of ⃗𝑩 ̂onto the direction of ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌 ̂

⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
(iv) To find |𝑨 ⃗⃗| and |𝑨
⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗|

– ⃗⃗ + 𝑩
For Magnitude of |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐(𝑨
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗)

– ⃗⃗ − 𝑩
For magnitude of |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐(𝑨
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗)

Example:
Two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ are such that | ⃗𝑨⃗ | = 𝟑, | ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ | = 𝟐 and ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟔. |𝑨
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| and |𝑨
⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗|
Solution:
|𝑨 ⃗⃗| = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2(𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗ + 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = √(3)2 + (2)2 + 2 × 6 = √9 + 4 + 12 = √25 = 5

|𝑨 ⃗⃗| = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2(𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵

⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗ − 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = √(3)2 + (2)2 − 2 × 6 = √9 + 4 − 12 = √1 = 1

Self Test:
Two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ are such that | ⃗𝑨⃗ | = 𝟑, | ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ | = 𝟐 and ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = −𝟔. |𝑨
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| and |𝑨
⃗⃗ − ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗|

Concept: 06
What is condition for perpendicularity of two vectors?
The condition for perpendicularity of two vectors is that their dot product should be zero.

MCQS: 06

1. When multiplication of two given vectors is in c) A2 d) 0

such a way that the resultant product is a scalar 6. ⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑩
If 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ than 𝑨⃗⃗ · 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞
quantity, the product is known as: a) AB b) 1
a) vector product b) Dot product c) 0 d) All of them
c) cross product d) both (a) & (c)
7. If 𝑨 𝐨𝐫 𝑩 is Null Vector than ⃗𝑨⃗ · ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞
2. _____is the product of the magnitudes of the
a) AB b) 1
vectors and cosine of the angle between them.
c) 0 d) N.O.T
a) vector product b) Dot product
c) cross product d) both (a) & (c) 8. If 𝑨 is antiparallel to 𝑩 than ⃗𝑨⃗ · ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞
⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ can calculated a) AB b) 1
3. The dot product between 𝑨
c) 0 d) −AB
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
by 𝑨 · 𝑩 = ______ 9. _____obeys commutative law.
a) A Bcos𝜃 b) A Bsin𝜃 a) vector product b) Dot product
c) A Btan𝜃 d) All of them c) cross product d) both (a) & (c)
⃗⃗ is parallel to 𝑩
4. If 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ than 𝑨
⃗⃗ · 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 10. If a vector 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂̂+𝟑𝒋̂̂ + 𝟖𝒌̂ is perpendicular to
a) AB b) 1 the vector 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂̂−𝟒𝒋̂̂− 𝒙𝒌̂ then what will be the
c) 0 d) B value of x?
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
5. If 𝑨 =𝑩 than 𝑨 · 𝑩 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 a) -0.5 b) −5
a) AB b) 1 c) 0 d) 7
Page | 29
 11. The dot product of the vectors is maximum at: 21. If ⃗𝑹⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ and |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| − |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| whereas
a) 0o b)180o ⃗⃗| = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟔 then, ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ =____.
c)90 o d) 27 |𝑨
̂
12. If 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 is perpendicular to 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌 ̂, a) −18 b) 18
then the value of b is : c) 9 d) 0
a) 2 b) 4 22. Given: 𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂. The
c) 5 d) 6 magnitude of the scalar product of these vectors
13. If the resultant of two vectors having is:
magnitudes of 3 and 4 is 5, then the dot product a) 20 b) 23
of two vectors is: c) 26 d) 5√33
a) 10 b) 12 23. If angle between two vectors is acute then their
c) 0 d) -28 dot product will be?
14. If the resultant of two vectors having a) zero b) positive
magnitudes of 4 and 7 is 3, then the dot product c) negative d) N.O.T
of two vectors is: 24. If angle between two vectors is right angle then
a) 6 b) 11 their dot product will be?
c) 0 d) -28 a) zero b) positive
15. If the resultant of two vectors having c) negative d) N.O.T
magnitudes of 6 and 3 is 9, then the dot product 25. If angle between two vectors is obtuse then their
of two vectors is: dot product will be?
a) 6 b) 3 a) zero b) positive
c) 9 d) 18 c) negative d) N.O.T
16. If 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and |𝑨⃗⃗| = |𝑩⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗| then, 𝑨
⃗⃗ ∙ 26. 𝐢̂ ∙ 𝐢̂ = 𝒋̂ ∙ 𝒋̂ = 𝒌̂∙𝒌 ̂ =___.
⃗⃗⃗ =____.
𝑩 a) 1 b) 0
1 c) 2 d) 3
a) − 2 |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗|
̂ ̂
27. 𝐢̂ ∙ 𝐣̂ = 𝒋̂ ∙ 𝒌 = 𝒌 ∙ 𝒊̂ =___.
c) −|𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| d) zero a) 1 b) 0
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
17. If 𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 and |𝑨| = |𝑩| = |𝑹⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟐 then, ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ c) 2 d) 3
⃗⃗⃗ =____. 28. (𝐢̂ ∙ 𝐢̂) + (𝒋̂ ∙ 𝒋̂) + (𝒌 ̂∙𝒌 ̂) =___.
𝑩
a) 1 b) 0
a) −4 b) 4
c) 2 d) 3
c) −2 d) 2 ̂ ̂
29. (𝐢̂ ∙ 𝐢̂) − (𝒋̂ ∙ 𝒋̂) − (𝒌 ∙ 𝒌) =___.
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
18. If 𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 and |𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| + |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| then, ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙
a) 1 b) 0
⃗𝑩⃗⃗ =____. c) 2 d) -1
1 ̂) =___.
a) − |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| 30. 𝐢̂ ∙ (𝒋̂ ∙ 𝒌
2
a) 1 b) 0
c) −|𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| d) zero c) 2 d) 3
19. If 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| + |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| whereas ̂
31. 𝐢̂ ∙ (𝒋̂ + 𝒌)___.
|𝑨⃗⃗| = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟒 then, 𝑨 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ =____. a) 1 b) 0
a) −12 b) 12 c) 2 d) 3
c) 6 d) 0 32. If vectors A and B are perpendicular to each
other, then:
20. If 𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 and |𝑹| = |𝑨⃗| − |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗| then, ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙
a) 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗=1 b) 𝐴⃗×𝐵 ⃗⃗=1
⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ =____.
1 c) 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵 ⃗⃗=0 c) 𝐴⃗×𝐵 ⃗⃗=0
a) − 2 |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| ̂
33. A force of (𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌) N displaces a body
c) −|𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| d) zero through (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒌 ̂)𝒎. The work done is:
a) 12J b) 30 J
c) 42J d) 50 J

Vector product
Definition: Vector product is the product of two vectors in such a way that the resultant quantity is a vector.
– Consider two vectors ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗, the vector product of these two vectors is denoted by ⃗A⃗ × ⃗B⃗, and read as “A
⃗⃗
⃗⃗”.
cross B
Page | 30
 – The cross product of ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗, is new vector ⃗C⃗ = ⃗A⃗ × ⃗B⃗, by definition the vector ⃗C⃗ is perpendicular to the plane
containing ⃗A⃗ and ⃗B⃗.

Direction of Vector Cross Product

– When C ⃗⃗ = A
⃗⃗ × B ⃗⃗ is at right angles to the plane containing the vectors A
⃗⃗, the direction of C ⃗⃗ and B
⃗⃗. The direction is
determined by the right hand screw rule and right hand thumb rule.

(i) Right Hand Screw Rule: Rotate a right handed screw from first
⃗⃗) towards second vector (B
vector (A ⃗⃗). The direction in which the right
handed screw moves gives the direction of vector (C ⃗⃗).

(ii) Right Hand Thumb Rule: Curl the fingers of your right hand from
⃗⃗ to ⃗B⃗. Then, the direction of the erect thumb will point in the
𝐀
direction of 𝐂⃗.
Formula:
(i) General Formula
– The cross product between 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗⃗ will be 𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑛̂.
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
– The magnitude of |𝐶 | = |𝐴 × 𝐵| = 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
(ii) Consider two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑨𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌 ̂ and ⃗𝑩 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑩𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑩𝒛𝒌
Then the cross product can be calculated using the following formulas:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦
𝐴 𝐴𝑧
⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐴 × 𝐵 = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 | = 𝑖̂ | | − 𝑗̂ | 𝑥 | + 𝑘̂ | |
𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
= 𝑖̂(𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 ) − 𝑗̂(𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 ) + 𝑘̂ (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑥 )

⃗⃗ and 𝑩
(iii) Consider two vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑨 ̂ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑨𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑩𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑩𝒛𝒌 ̂. Then:
The cross product can be calculated using the following formulas:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 | 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦
= (𝑖̂ × 𝐴𝑦 × 𝐵𝑧 ) + (𝑗̂ × 𝐴𝑧 × 𝐵𝑥 ) + (𝑘̂ × 𝐴𝑥 × 𝐵𝑦 ) − (𝑗̂ × 𝐴𝑥 × 𝐵𝑧 ) − (𝑖̂ × 𝐴𝑧 × 𝐵𝑦 ) − (𝑘̂ × 𝐴𝑦 × 𝐵𝑥 )

(iii) Consider two vectors ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ̂ and ⃗𝑩

⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝑨𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝑨𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑨𝒛𝒌 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝐱𝒊̂ + 𝑩𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝑩𝒛𝒌
Then the cross product can be calculated using the following formulas:

Example:
⃗⃗| = 𝟕 units and |𝑩
If |𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟒 units and angle between then is 𝟑𝟎° then find magnitude of vector product.
Solution:
By using the formula |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗| = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

|𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗| = 7 × 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 28 × 0.5 = 14 units

Example:
If 𝒓
⃗⃗𝟏 and 𝒓
⃗⃗𝟐 are the position vectors( both lie in xy plane) making angle 𝜽𝟏 and 𝜽𝟐 with the positive x-axis
measured counter clockwise, find the vector product when
|𝒓
⃗⃗𝟏 | = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 𝜽𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎°
|𝒓
⃗⃗𝟐 | = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎°
Solution :
Page | 31
 The angle between two position vectors is 𝜃 = 𝜃2 −𝜃1 = 30° the magnitude of the cross product of position vectors 𝑟⃗1
and 𝑟⃗2 𝑖𝑠
|𝑟⃗1 × 𝑟⃗2 | = |𝑟⃗1 | × |𝑟⃗2 | 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
|𝑟⃗1 × 𝑟⃗2 | = 3 × 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° = 15 × 0.5 = 7.5𝑐𝑚2

Properties:
(i) The cross product will be maximum
– If A and B are perpendicular to each other ( i.e. makes angle of 90 )
(ii) The cross product between A and B will be zero
– A and B are collinear (parallel or antiparallel).
– A or B is null vector
– A is equal to B
– A negative vector of B.
(iii) the cross product of a vector with itself gives a null vector.
i.e. A*A= AAsin0=O
(iv) cross product of two vectors is anticommutative.
i.e. A*=-B*A
(v) the cross product obeys distributive law

Applications:
(i) Cross product of two vectors is used to find the Area of parallelogram.
– The magnitude of the cross product of two vectors A and B is equal to the area of the parallelogram constructed
on these vectors:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 || = |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗|

Example:
Find the area of parallelogram if 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗ = |2 2 3| = 𝑖̂ |2 3| − 𝑗̂ |2 3| + 𝑘̂ |2 2|
𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 𝑖̂(2 − 3) − 𝑗̂(2 − 3) + 𝑘̂ (2 − 2)
𝐶⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
As area of parallelogram = |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗| = √(−1)2 + (−1)2 = √1 + 1 = √2

(ii) Cross product of two vectors is used to find the Area of triangle.
– The area of the triangle constructed on the vectors a and a is equal to half the magnitude of the cross product of
this vectors:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆= 2 |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗|
Example:
̂ and ⃗𝑩
Find the area of triangle if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂.
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗ = |1 2 3| = 𝑖̂ |2 3| − 𝑗̂ |1 3| + 𝑘̂ |1 2|
𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
1 5 1 5 1 1
1 1 5
= 𝑖̂(10 − 3) − 𝑗̂(5 − 3) + 𝑘̂ (1 − 2)
𝐶⃗ = 7𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
1
As area of triangle = 2 |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗| = 1 √(7)2 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 1 √49 + 4 + 1 = 1 √54
2 2 2

(iii) The cross product between two vectors is used to check that two vectors are collinear (parallel or antiparallel)
or not.
Page | 32
 – Cross product of two non-zero vectors a and b is equal to zero if and only if the vectors are collinear.

Example:
If 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , then find they are parallel or not?

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 2 2 2 2 2 2
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |2 2 2| = 𝑖̂ | | − 𝑗̂ | | + 𝑘̂ | |
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 𝑖̂(2 − 2) − 𝑗̂(2 − 2) + 𝑘̂ (2 − 2)
𝐶⃗ = 0
Hence vectors are parallel with each other.

(iv )The cross product between two vectors is used to find a unit vector which is perpendicular to the plane
containing A and B vectors

Example:
Determine the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ .
Solution: First find 𝐶⃗, because 𝐶⃗ is perpendicular to both 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗, and 𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘 ̂
𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ = |1 2 3| = 𝑖̂ |2 3| − 𝑗̂ |1 3| + 𝑘̂ |1 2|
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 𝑖̂(2 − 3) − 𝑗̂(1 − 3) + 𝑘̂ (1 − 2)
𝐶⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
For unit vector parallel to ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶.
𝐶 ⃗ −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ −𝑖̂ 2𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝐶̂ = = ⟹ ⟹ + −
|𝐶⃗| √(−1)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2 √6 √6 √6 √6
Self Test:
Calculate Area of parallelogram when adjacent sides are given by the vectors: 𝐀 ⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝐣̂ + 𝟑𝐤̂, 𝐁 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝐢̂ − 𝟑𝐣̂ + 𝐤
Ans: 13.96
Given: 𝐀⃗⃗ = −𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝟒𝐤 ̂ , ⃗𝐁⃗ = 𝟑𝐢̂ − 𝟒𝐣̂ + 𝟓𝐤
̂ . Calculate 𝐀⃗⃗ × ⃗𝐁⃗. Ans: −𝐢̂ − 𝟐𝐣̂ − 𝐤 ̂

Concept: 07
1. Why cross product is not commutative?
2. What is condition for two vectors to be parallel with each other?
3. The angle between two vectors aa and bb is 60°. What is the ratio of a⋅b and a×b?
4. If dot product of two vectors is 8 and the magnitude of the cross product is √8×3, then what is the angle
between them?
5. The scalar product of two vectors is 2√3 and the magnitude of their vector product is 2. What is the angle
between them?
6. The resultant of two vectors having magnitude 2 and 3 is 1. What is their cross product?
7. If the scalar product of two vector is equal to magnitude of their vector product, find angle between them?
8. The resultant of the scalar product and the magnitude of vector product of two given vectors is zero. If one
vector is 𝒊̂, what is the other vector?
9. Why are we taking sin in cross product but not cos?

MCQS: 07
1.When multiplication of two given vectors is in 2.The cross product is also known as:
such a way that the resultant product is a vector a) vector product b) Dot product
quantity, the product is known as: c) scalar product d) both (a) & (c)
a) vector product b) Dot product
c) cross product d) both (a) & (c)
Page | 33
3.The Cross product between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ can 18. ⃗𝑨⃗=𝑨 ⃗⃗×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗, then the direction of vector ⃗𝑨⃗ can be
calculated by ⃗𝑨⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = ……… determine by:
a) 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑛̂ b) 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ a) Head to tail rule b) Right hand rule c) dropping
c) 𝐴𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ d) All of them projections d) triangle law
4.If 𝑨 is parallel to 𝑩 than 𝑨 × ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ will be 19. The angle between ⃗𝑨⃗×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ ×𝑨
⃗⃗ is:
a) AB b) 1 a) 0° b) 45°
c) 0 d) All of them c) 180° d) 90°
⃗⃗ =𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ than 𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ will be 20. Two vectors are such that the magnitude of
5.If 𝑨
a) AB b) 1 their cross product is 𝟏√𝟑 times the scalar product.
c) A2 d) 0 The angle between vectors is:
⃗⃗ or 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ null vector than 𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ will be a) 30° b) 45°
6.If 𝑨
c) 180° d) 60°
a) AB b) 1
21. What must the angle between two vectors so
c) 0 d) −AB that the magnitude of their cross product equal to
7.If 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is antiparallel to 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ than 𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ will be dot product:
a) AB b) 1 a) 0° b) 45°
c) A2 d) 0 c) 180° d) 90°
8.Which one of the following is/are the example of 22. The resultant of two vectors of magnitude 8
cross product? and 6 unit is 10 what is the magnitude of their
I. Angular momentum cross product will be:
II. Force experience by moving charge in B a) 24 b) 48
III. Torque produce by force IV. Electric flux c) 0 d) 14
a) I b) II 23. Which of the following is/are true?
c) III d) I, II&III I. 𝒋̂̂×𝒊̂̂=−𝒌̂ II. 𝒊̂̂×𝒋̂̂=𝒌̂
9.𝑪 = 𝑨 × 𝑩, then the direction of vector ⃗𝑪⃗ is:
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ III. 𝒌̂×𝒋̂̂=𝒊̂̂ IV. 𝒊̂̂×𝒌̂=𝒋̂̂
a) Along the vector a) I only b) only II c) III & IV only d) I & II only.
b) Along the vector 𝐵 ⃗⃗ 24. 𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ =0, where the magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ is
c) Along the plane of vector 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ not zero, then:
d) Normal to the plane of vector 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . a) 𝐴⃗ is unit vector b) 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is unit vector c) 𝐴⃗ is normal to 𝐵 ⃗⃗
10. The value of 𝒋̂ × (𝒊̂ × 𝒌) is ̂ ⃗
d) 𝐴 is parallel to 𝐵 ⃗⃗
a) 0 b) 1 25. Which of the following is NOT property of
c) 2 d) √2 vector product?
11. 𝒌 × 𝒌 =̂ ̂ a) (𝐴⃗ +𝐵 ⃗⃗ )× 𝐶⃗ = (𝐴⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗⃗ )+( 𝐴⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗⃗)
a) 𝑖̂ b) 1 b) 𝐴⃗ ×(𝐵 ⃗⃗ +⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶 )= (𝐴⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗⃗ )+( 𝐴⃗ ×𝐶⃗ )
c) – 𝑖̂ d) 0 c) 𝐴⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗⃗ =𝐵 ⃗⃗ ×𝐴⃗
12. 𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂ = d) (a) & (b)
a) 𝑘̂ b) 1 26. ⃗𝑹 ⃗⃗𝟏 & ⃗𝑹 ⃗⃗𝟐 are position vector, having
c) – 𝑘̂ d) 0 magnitudes 4 and 3 units making angle 30° and
13. 𝒌 ̂ × 𝒋̂ = 60° with +x-axis then magnitude of their cross
a) 𝑖̂ b) 1 product is:
c) – 𝑖̂ d) 0 a) 12 b) 5
14. 𝒋̂ × 𝒌 ̂= c) 0 d) 6
a) 𝑖 b) 1 27. The magnitude of cross product of two vectors
c) – 𝑖̂ d) 0 is 10, if the magnitude of vectors is 5 & 4 then
15. 𝒊̂ × 𝒊̂ = angle vectors is:
a) 𝑗̂ b) 1 a) 30° b) 60°
c) 45° d) 90°
c) – 𝑘̂ d) 0
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
28. Vector 𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩 are the two sides of triangle,
16. 𝒋̂ × 𝒊̂ =
a) 𝑘̂ b) 1 magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ are 10 and 8 unit, if the
c) – 𝑘 ̂ d) 0 angle between A and B is 30° then area of
⃗⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ is equal to: triangle is:
17. The magnitude of 𝑨 a) 40 b) 15 c) 20 d) 80
a) Area of triangle b) Area of parallelogram
29. The magnitude of 𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ is 20 then the area of
c) normal vector d) both (a) & (b)
triangle is:
Page | 34
 a) 20 b) 40 c) 5 d) 10 37. If ⃗𝑹 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ and |𝑨⃗⃗| = |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟐 then,
30. If ⃗𝑨⃗ × ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ =0 , ⃗𝑨⃗ · ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ =0 then which of the ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗| =____.
following is/are correct?
a) 2√3 b) √3
I. 𝑨⃗ is Parallel to ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗⃗ II. ⃗𝑨⃗ is normal to ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ III. ⃗𝑨⃗ is null
c) −2 d) 0
vector IV. 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ is null vector
38. If ⃗𝑹 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ and |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨⃗⃗| + |𝑩⃗⃗⃗| then,
a) I only b) II only c) III & IV d) I & II
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗| =____.
31. If magnitude of ⃗𝑨⃗ =4 and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ =8 and angle
1
between these is 30 then the magnitude of
o a) − |𝐴⃗||𝐵 2
⃗⃗| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵⃗⃗|
magnitude of cross product_________ Dot c) −|𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| d) zero
product:
39. If 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨⃗⃗| + |𝑩⃗⃗⃗| whereas
a) is equal to b) 𝟏𝟐 times c) √𝟑 times d) 𝟏√𝟑 times
32. For two vectors A and B, which of the ⃗⃗| = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟒 then, |𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩⃗⃗⃗| =____.
following relations are not commutative a) −12 b) 12
a) 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗ b) 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵⃗⃗ c) 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ d) N.O.T c) 6 d) 0
33. What is angle between 𝒊̂̂+𝒋̂̂+𝒌̂ and 𝒋̂̂? ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
40. If 𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 and |𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨⃗⃗| − |𝑩⃗⃗⃗| then,
a) 0° b) 45° ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗| =____.
c) 60° d) N.O.T 1
⃗⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑨⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ is a) − |𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵⃗⃗|
34. Angle between 𝑨 2
a) 0° b) 45° c) −|𝐴⃗||𝐵 ⃗⃗| d) zero
c) 180° d) 90° 41. If 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨
⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ and |𝑹
⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑨
⃗⃗| − |𝑩⃗⃗⃗| whereas
35. Vector product of a vector by itself is: ⃗⃗| = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗| = 𝟔 then, |𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩⃗⃗⃗| =____.
a) AB b) 1 c) 0 d) −AB
a) −18 b) 18
36. If ⃗𝑹 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ and |𝑨 ⃗⃗| = |𝑩
⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑹⃗⃗⃗| then,
c) 9 d) 0
|𝑨⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| =____.
√3 ⃗ ⃗⃗ 42. When vectors are in a plane then their vector
a) − 2
|𝐴||𝐵| b) |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗|
product products so formed is
c)
√3 ⃗ ⃗⃗
|𝐴||𝐵| d) zero a) Perpendicular b) Parallel c) antiparallel d) –AB
2

Mixed Mcqs
1. If ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟏, then |𝑨
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| = 𝟎, then ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ 7. If angle between A and B is 270, then A.B is :
are a) zero b) 6
a) perpendicular unit vectors c) 12 d) 15
b) parallel unit vectors 8. If 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝟎, then |𝑨 × 𝑩| = 𝟏, then ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
c) parallel are
d) perpendicular a) perpendicular unit vectors
2. The dot product is commutative because: b) parallel unit vectors
a) cos 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) b) cos 𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) c) parallel
c) cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) d) sin 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) d) perpendicular
9. Given: ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂. Which of
3. The component of 9i+17k along z-axis has the the following is correct?
magnitude : ⃗
a) 𝐴 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 0 b) 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 26
a) 17 b) 3 |𝐴⃗| 2
c) 9 d) 5 c) ⃗⃗|
=1 d) A.O.T
|𝐵
4. What is component of 2i+3j-4k along z-axis. ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎, then |𝑨
⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗| is
a) 2 b) 3 10. If 𝑨
c) -4 d) 5 a) |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| b) zero
5. Which of the following is neither scalar nor c) 1 d) √𝐴𝐵
vector? 11. If |𝑨 × 𝑩| = 𝟒 and ⃗𝑨⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ = 𝟒√𝟑. Then angle
a) torque b) force
c) momentum d) dielectric constant between ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ is :
6. The magnitude of A-B is A+B, the angle a) 30° b) 60°
between A and B is : c) 45° d) 90°
a) 0° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 180°
Page | 35
 12. The magnitude of the vector product of two B) Drag force and weight of droplet
vectors is √𝟑 times their scalar product. The C) A x B and BXA
angle between vectors is D) All are correct
a) 45° b) 0° 14. A physical quantity which has both magnitude
c) 30° d) 60° and direction but does not satisfies
parallelogram law of addition:
A) must be a vector
13. Which of the given pair has angle 180 degree B) may be a vector
with each other? C) may be both scalar and vector
A) Centripetal and Centrifugal force D) scalar
Past Papers Mcqs
1. Which of the following quantities are vectors? c) energy d) torque
a) density b) velocity 12. ⃗ ⃗
If 𝑨 = 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ and ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ = 𝟖𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂,
c) distance d) Speed ⃗⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗will be:
then the angle between 𝑨
2. Dot product of force and displacement is:
a) 0o b) 90o
a) energy b) power
c) 180o d) 30o
c) momentum d) work
13. Two forces, one of 6N and the other of 8N, act
3. 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) = (𝑨 + 𝑩) + ⃗𝑪⃗ is
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ on a point at right angle to each other. The
a) commutative law b) Closure Law resultant of these forces is:
c) Associative law d) N.O.T a) 8N b) 5N
4. The vectors of magnitude 3 and 4 are such c) 10N d) 12 N
placed that their magnitude resultant vector is 5 14. A vector such as the velocity of body
then angle between them is: undergoing uniform translation motion, which
a) 00 b) 900 can be displaced parallel to itself and applied at
c) 1800 d) 300 any point, is said to be:
5. Vector which can be displaced parallel to itself: a) free vector b) Null vector
a) Null vector b) free vector c) Unit Vector d) Position Vector
c) Unit vector d) equal vector 15. The scalar product of (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂) and(𝟑𝒊̂ +
6. Addition of vectors obeys: 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌) ̂.
a) commutative law b) Closure Law a) 1 b) 3
c) Associative law d) A.O.T c) -3 d) 4
7. If A x B = BXA, then the angle ⃗⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗⃗ can
between A and B is: 16. The scalar product of two vectors 𝑨
a) 00 b) 900 be written as:
c) 1800 d) 300 a) Abcos b) Absin
8. What is the minimum number of vector s which c) Abtan d) A.O.T
can give zero resultant:: 17. If ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒌̂ and ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟎𝒌 ̂,
a) 2 b) 3 then the angle between ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩 ⃗⃗will be:
c) 4 d) Infinite a) 0 o b) 90 o
9. Which of the given quantity is a vector? c) 180o d) 30o
a) Pressure b) Kinetic energy 18. Identify which of the following is scalar?
c) Momentum d) Volume a) density b) force
10. if A . B = |AXB|,then angle theta between c) velocity d) torque
vector A and B is: 19. Which pair includes a scalar quantity and a
a) 0o b)45o vector quantity?
c)300 d) 180o a) velocity, speed b) force, displacement
11. Which of the following quantities is /are not c) time, acceleration d) A.O.T
vectors?
a) force b) momentum

Mixed Concepts
1. ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ are two vectors, can ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ be zero?
2. What is difference between Ax And 𝑨 ⃗⃗x?
3. What is necessary condition for adding vectors?
4. Give an example of a physical quantity (i) which has neither unit nor direction (ii) has a direction but not a
vector (iii) can be either a vector or scalar.
Page | 36
 5. When can three vectors be added to give null vector?
6. How can a vector be tripled?
7. Why A × A = 0?
8. Can any of the two rectangular components of a given vector have a magnitude greater than the vector itself?
KEYS

MCQS-01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
C D A B D C B D A C C C C A
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
B A B D D C C A C A A A D A

MCQS-02
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B D A C A C B C A C D B C D D A C B
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
C A A C B A B A B B D A B B A A D B

MCQS-03
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
B D D D B D C B B B B B B D C D A A D
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
C C A B B C C C C A C C B C B B C A D
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
A B A A B C D D A C D B B D A A A D A
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
C B B B C C B A A C A A A A B B B C

MCQS-04
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
B B A A B C C A A D D A C A A A C
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 32 33 34
D B D A C D A B A A B D C B D A D
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
C C A B A B C D D A D A A D B A B
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
D B D C A A D D C C D D B B D B C
69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
B D A C C C B B C B D D D A B

MCQS-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
B C B C B D B C C C B B B D B B C
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
B A B C C B A C B A A B C B A D D

Page | 37
MCQS-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
B A A A C C C D D A A A C D D A C
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
B B C A C B A C A B D D B B C B

MCQS-7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
D A B C D C D D D A D A C A D C C B C A B
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
B C D C D A C D C D C D D C C A D D D D A

MCQS-Mixed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
B A A C D D A A D A A D D D
MCQS-Past Papers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
B D A B B D C C B B C A C A A A B A C

ANSWERS
Concept-01
1. Which of the following scalars?
Distance, mass, time, volume, density, speed, temperature and energy are scalars.
2. Which of the following scalars can never be negative?
Speed, distance, mass, time can never be negative.
3. Can we add a scalar to a vector of same dimension?
No, because a scalar cannot be added to a vector.
4. Can we add any two scalars?
No. because only scalars of same of same dimensions can be added.
5. Which of the following scalars can be negative and also positive?
Work, temperature, power, energy can be both negative and positive.

Concept-02
1. Can magnitude of a vector be negative?
– Magnitude cannot be negative. It is the length of the vector which does not have a direction (positive
or negative).
– In the formula, the values inside the summation are squared, which makes them positive.
2. Under what condition a vector can’t be changed?
– When a vector is displaced parallel to itself.
– When a vector is translated in the same orientation anywhere on the plane, it doesn't change.
– When the frame of reference is moved horizontally or vertically, that too doesn't make any difference as we
can visualize that the vector itself is being moved around.
3. Why vectors cannot be added algebraically?
Vectors possess magnitude as well as direction. In scalar addition, we have to add magnitude of scalars. But
vector addition requires the use of vector algebra.
4. Is ⃗𝑨⃗𝟐 is a scalar or a vector?
It will be scalar.
5. A quantity has both magnitude and direction. Is it necessary a vector?
– A vector quantity is one which has both magnitude and direction. The direction of current is opposite to the flow
of electrons.

Page | 38
 – Electric current has both magnitude and direction so ideally it 'should' be a vector. But all sources say it's
a scalar just because it does not follow vector addition.
6. In a circular motion, if the angular displacement is small, it is considered as a vector, but if the angular
displacement is large, it is scalar, why?
– Angular displacements (having finite values) cannot be added commutatively at large angles so they fail the
basic test for vectors, hence they fail to classify as vector. (They may be called as scalars).
– But very small displacements (extremely small) can be added commutatively so they can be called as vectors.
7. Is there any physical quantity which can be scalar as well as vector?
Yes, area can be considered as scalar or vector.
Concept-03
1. What is the dimension unit of a unit vector?
Unit vector is unit less and dimensionless.
2. If 𝐀 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝐁⃗ + 𝐂⃗ and ⃗𝐁⃗ = 𝐂⃗ + 𝐀 ⃗⃗, then what is vector 𝐂⃗?
⃗⃗ is Null vector.
C
3. Under what condition
(i) |𝑨 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| = |𝑨⃗⃗| + |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗|
When 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗⃗ are parallel.
(ii) |𝑨⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗| = |𝑨⃗⃗| − |𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗|
When 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗⃗ are antiparallel.
⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
(iii) |𝑨 ⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
When 𝐴⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗⃗ are perpendicular.
4. Under what condition 𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨⃗⃗ − 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗?
When 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is Null vector.
5. As we know that force and velocity are vectors .Can force be added to velocity?
No, because vectors of same nature can be added.
6. Can the resultant of two different magnitudes be zero?
No, two vectors with different magnitude can never give a zero resultant. This is because the effect of vectors
cancels out only when they act in the opposite direction and have the same magnitude.
7. Can the resultant of two equal magnitudes be zero?
If Vectors are of equal magnitudes then two vectors can give zero resultant, if they works in opposite direction.
8. Can commutative or associative law be applied to vector subtraction?
So associative law does not work in vector subtraction . This is because subtracting a vector is equal to just
adding the negative of that vector. Vector subtraction does not obey commutative and associative laws but
it does obey the law of distribution.
9. What is minimum possible resultant of two vectors of 2 units and 1 unit?
It will be 1units.
10. What is minimum possible resultant of two vectors of 2 units and 3 units?
It will be 1 units
11. Under what condition the magnitude of the sum of two vectors is equal to the magnitude of difference
between them.
When both vectors are perpendicular with each others.
12. Two forces of each magnitude F are acting on body yield a resultant of magnitude F then angle between
forces is:
It will be 120o.
13. Two forces each of magnitude is F acting on a particle yield a resultant of √𝟐F then angle between forces
is:
It will be 90o.
14. Two vectors have magnitudes 5 unit and 3 unit. These make angle of 60o with each other, find the
magnitude and direction of their Sum.
It will be 7 unit at 22o with larger vector
15. A boy walks 8m towards east and 6 m towards north. Then what will be displacement?
It will be 10 m
16. A man walks 40 m North, then 30 m East and then 40 m south. What is his displacement from starting
point?
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 It will be 30m to East.
17. Two forces 8N and 10N are acting upon a body. What will be the maximum and minimum resultant force
on the body?
Maximum resultant will be 18N and minimum resultant will be 2N.
18. The maximum resultant of two vectors is 26 units and minimum resultant is 16 unit, what will be the
magnitude of each vector?
Their magnitude will be 21 units and 5 units.
19. Vectors of same length, how they must be having angle, so we get resultant twice of either
The angle will be 0o.
20. Two forces of 6 N unit and 8 N. These make angle of 90o with each other, find the magnitude and direction
of their resultant.
10 N, 53o with 6 N
Concept: 05
1. What is angle between Ax and Ay?
It is 900.
2. At what angle Ax will be equal to Ay?
When angle is 450.

Concept: 06
1. What is condition for perpendicularity of two vectors?
The condition for perpendicularity of two vectors is that their dot product should be zero.

Concept: 07
1. Why cross product is not commutative?
– The cross product does not follow the commutative property because the direction of the unit vector becomes
opposite when the vector product occurs in a reverse manner.
– Hence, both the cross products of both the vectors in both the possible ways.
i.e. AxB and BxA are additive inverse of each other.
2. What is condition for two vectors to be parallel with each other?
Two vectors said to be parallel if their cross product should be zero.
3. The angle between two vectors A and B is 60°. What is the ratio of a⋅b and a×b?
The ratio of A⋅B and A×B will be √3.
4. If dot product of two vectors is 8 and the magnitude of the cross product is 8×√3, then what is the angle
between them?
The angle between them will be 60o.
5. The scalar product of two vectors is 2√3 and the magnitude of their vector product is 2. What is the angle
between them?
The angle between them will be 30o.
6. The resultant of two vectors having magnitude 2 and 3 is 1. What is their cross product?
Their cross product will be zero because they makes angle of 0o.
7. If the scalar product of two vector is equal to magnitude of their vector product, find angle between them?
The angle between will be 45o.
8. The resultant of the scalar product and the magnitude of vector product of two given vectors is zero. If one
vector is 𝒊̂, what is the other vector?
The other vector must be a null vector .
9. Why are we taking sin𝛉 in cross product but not cos𝛉?
– In dot product we use cosθ theta because in this type of product i) One vector is the projection over the
other. ii) The distance is covered along one axis or in the direction of force and there is no need of
perpendicular axis or sinθ.
– In cross product the angle between must be greater than 0o and less than 1800 degree it is max at 90o
degree. let take the example of torque if the angle between applied force and moment arm is 90 degree
than torque will be max. That's why we use cosθ for dot product and sin theta for cross product.
– An intuitive explanation is that the dot product uses cosθ to measure “how parallel” two vectors are
(cos0=1),
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 – while the cross product uses sinθ to measure “how perpendicular” they are (sin90∘=1).

Mixed Concepts
1. ⃗𝑨⃗ and ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ are two vectors, can ⃗𝑨⃗ + ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ be zero?
𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗⃗ will be zero if A and B have same magn itude but are opposite in direction.
2. What is difference between Ax And 𝑨 ⃗⃗x?
Ax means the scalar component of vector A along x-axis. 𝐴⃗x is the vector component of A along X-axis.
3. What is necessary condition for adding vectors?
The necessary condition for adding vectors is that the vectors must be of same kind.
4. Give an example of a physical quantity (i) which has neither unit nor direction (ii) has a direction but not
a vector (iii) can be either a vector or scalar.
(i) Specific gravity (ii) electric current (iii) Area
5. When can three vectors be added to give null vector?
When the three vectors are lying in the same plane and are represented in magnitude and direction by three
sides of a triangle taken in the same order.
6. How can a vector be tripled?
By multiplying the vector by 3 or by adding two similar vectors to the given vector.
7. Why ⃗𝑨⃗ × ⃗𝑨⃗ = ⃗𝑶 ⃗⃗?
The angle between two similar vectors is zero. Therefore , 𝑨⃗⃗ × 𝑨
⃗⃗ =AAsin0=𝑶 ⃗⃗⃗
8. Can any of the two rectangular components of a given vector have a magnitude greater than the vector
itself?
No, the rectangular components of a given vectors can not be greater than vector itself.

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