Islamic Spain and Portugal

Muslim Spain and
Portugal
A Political History of al-Andalus
HUGH KENNEDY
Longman
London and New York
Addison Wesley Longman Limited
Edinburgh Cate.
Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE.,
United Kingdom
and Associated Companies throughotct 11"' Wf)r/,d
Published ;,. the United Staus of America

by Addison WtsU, Longman Inc., New York
©Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1996
All rights reseived; no pan or the publical.ion may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or rransmitted in any form or by any means. electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwis.e, without either the prior
written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Lt.cl., 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London WlP 9HE.
First published 1996
ISBN 0 582 49515 6 PPR

ISBN 0 582 299683 CSD
British library Cataloguing ;,, P1tblication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Li/1tary of Congress Cataloging-in-Pttlilicalion Data

Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.)
Muslim Spain and Portugal : a political history of Al·Andalus /
Hugh Kennedy.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0- 582- 49515- 6 (PPR). - ISBN 0- 582-29968- 3 (CSD)
1. Spain- History-711-1516. 2. Muslims-Spain-History.
3. Portugal-History-To 1385. 4. Muslims-Portugal-History.
I. Title.
DPl02.K46 1996
946'.02- dc20 96-22764
CIP
Set by 35 in Baskerville 10/12pt

Produced by Longman Singapore Pub~ishcrs (Pte) Ltd.
Printed in Singapore
Contents
List of Maps viii

Acknowl.edgements x
Note on Names and Dates x1
Gl,ossary xii
Introduction xiv
1. The Conquest and the Age of the Amirs, 711- 56 l

The Iberian background l
The Muslim conquest, 711- 16 3
The settlement of the Muslims 16
The early governors, 714-41 18
The coming of the S}Tians, 741-56 23
2. The Umayyad Amirate, 756-852 30

'Abd al-Ral).man I and the establishment of the
Umayyads, 755-88 30
The reigns of Hisham I and al-l:Iakam I, 788-822 38
The reign of 'Abd al-RaJ:iman II, 822-52 44
The adminiso-ation of the early Umayyad amirate 49
:;J! The lands of the northern frontier, 788- 852 54
The Iberian peninsula in the ninth century 59
3. Muly,ammad, al-Mundhir and 'Abd

Alliih: the Slide into Anarchy, 852-912 63
The accession and early years of the Amir
Mul)ammad 63
The growing crisis of the Umayyad amirate, 852- 86 67
The reign of 'Abd Allah and the decay of
the amirate, 888-912 73
4. The Golden Age of the Umayyad Caliphate,

~2- % ~
VI Muslim Spain and Portugal
The policies and strategies of 'Abd al-Ral:lman III 82

The years of expansion, 912- 29 87
Umayyad intervention in North Africa 95
The later years of 'Abd al-RaJ:iman Ill, 939-61 97
The reign of al-l:lakam II al-Mustan~ir, 961- 76 99
The caliphate in Mediterranean society 106
5. The 'Amirids and the Collapse of the Caliphate

of Cordoba 109
The rise of al-Man~ur, 976-81 109
Al-Man~ur in power, 981- 1002 115
The rule of al-Mu~affar, 1002- 8 122
The collapse of the Cordovan state, 1008_:31 124
6. The Taifa Kingdoms 130

The emergence of the Taifa kingdoms 130
Arab patrician Taifas: Seville, Zaragoza and Cordoba 134
The 'old' Berber Taifas: Badajoz, Toledo and
Albarracin 138
The $aqiiliba Taifas of the Levante 140
The Zirids of Granada and other 'new' Berber
Taifas 141
Taifa politics 143
f The Christian advance, 1057- 86 149
7. The Empire of the Almoravids 154

The origins of the Almoravid movement, c. 1050-86 154
The Almoravid conquest of al-Andalus, 1086-1102 161
The establishment of the Almoravid regime in
al-Andalus 166
The reign of 'Ali b. Yusuf b. Tashfin: the years of
victory, 1106- 17 172
The structure of Almoravid government in
al-Andalus 174
The reign of 'Ali b. YUsuf b. Tashfin: the years of
decline, 1118-42 · 179
8. The Second Taifas 189
9. The Early Almohad Caliphate 196

The origins of the Almohad movement, c. 1100- 30 196
Contents vii
'Abd al-Mu'min and the construction of the

Almohad caliphate, 1130-63 200
The caliphate of Abu Ya'qub YUsuf: the early years,
1163- 72 216
The Huete campaign, 1172 223
Abu Ya'qub YUsuf: the later years, ll73-84 231
10. The Later Almohad Caliphate 237

The .caliphate of Abu YUsuf Ya'qub
al-Man~iir, 1184-99 237
The caliphate of al-Na~ir , 1199-1213 249
The collapse of Almohad rule in al-Andalus, 1213-28 256
The twilight of al-Andalus, 1228-4S 266
11. The Nasrids of Granada 273

lbn aJ-AlJ.mar and the foundation of me Nasrid
kingdom, 1232-73 273
Nasrids, Merinids and Castilians, 1273- 1333 280
The golden years of the Nasrid kingdom:
Yusuf I and Mul:lammad V, 1333-91 288
Internal .didsions and external threats, 1391-1464 292
The decline and fall of the Kingdom of Granada,
1464-92 299
Farewell to al-Aridalus 305

Appendix I: Governors of al-Andalus and
Taifa Kings 309
Appendix 2: Family Trees of the Ruling
Dynasties of al-Andalus 312
Bibliography 316
Maps 325
Index 329

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Muslim Spain and

Published ;,. the United Staus of America

©Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1996

All rights reseived; no pan or the publical.ion may be reproduced, stored in a

First published 1996

ISBN 0 582 49515 6 PPR

British library Cataloguing ;,, P1tblication Data

Li/1tary of Congress Cataloging-in-Pttlilicalion Data

Set by 35 in Baskerville 10/12pt

List of Maps viii

1. The Conquest and the Age of the Amirs, 711- 56 l

2. The Umayyad Amirate, 756-852 30

3. Muly,ammad, al-Mundhir and 'Abd

4. The Golden Age of the Umayyad Caliphate,

The policies and strategies of 'Abd al-Ral:lman III 82

5. The 'Amirids and the Collapse of the Caliphate

6. The Taifa Kingdoms 130

7. The Empire of the Almoravids 154

8. The Second Taifas 189

9. The Early Almohad Caliphate 196

'Abd al-Mu'min and the construction of the

10. The Later Almohad Caliphate 237

11. The Nasrids of Granada 273

Farewell to al-Aridalus 305

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