CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Parking is main role for the building or place because the function of parking is make
the user can stop for moment to they do their activity. Meanwhile, demand for parking spaces
in urban areas due to many factors including the increase in the number of private vehicle
ownership among the urban population, the increased function of the city center, the poor
service of public transport, there are many parking spaces with low rates and free and more.
Recently at UiTM Shah Alam ,all staff and students had be provides by university campus a
place for their working, studying and even living.

UiTM was familiar as a public university in Malaysia which is based in Shah Alam .
UiTM has developed into a well-known institutions of higher learning in Malaysia in terms of
physical infrastructure, organization staff (academic and non-academic), and student
enrollment which was originally initiated as a Dewan Latehan RIDA since its establishment in
1956 with intake of less than 50 students now the university consists of one main campus and
35 campuses across Malaysia with an estimated 17617 staff and 170514 local students,
bumiputera and international students, who are involved in full time and part-time.

Within a year, UiTM had two session of student intake which first intake and second
intake . students who had called first intake was on september meanwhile for the second intake
students was on march. The participation of student will be increase by time to time for each
programmes had offered by UiTM. The increase amount of student will be affected the facilities
provied by UiTM and the facilities become limited for user of the other students. For example
of facilities that will be affected by increase amount student is cafeteria , library book and
parking lot.

Malaysia’s higher education has developed rapidly, which has led to a dramatic
increase of students educated on campuses .For providing students enough space for residential
college will be limited and they will move out stay outside campus. They have to buy private
cars and motorcycles used for commuting between their living places and the campus. As a
result, the number of private cars and motorcycle owned by them has increased significantly.
 increasing size of the University population mostly related due to transportation management
that major issues face by the University.

Parking amenity can be considered as critical nodes in traffic networks with a major
impact on the overall performance of each urban transportion system. In recent years, due to
the increase in the use of sufficient private cars, providing adequate parking space for increasing
demand has been a challenging issue. The high cost of construction of new parking facilities,
as well as some land use restrictions, has enforced policy makers to find ways to utilize existing
facilities as efficiently as possible (Yesserie, 2015)

The parking system is part of the engineering field. This is one of the tasks of Traffic
Engineers. Parking is important for learning, to know whether it is adequate or not. Parking is
an area where cars or other vehicles may be temporarily abandoned. It is a facility for drivers
to park or store vehicles to run their business. Density parking can be measured in vehicles or
vehicles by extending the length of the road. The main issues faced by the University are mostly
related to transport management due to the increasing number of population of the University
by years. The purpose of parking management may be to serve a variety, complex, and
potentially contradictory. Parking supply management is a balancing act: Too much parking,
especially if it is provided in the surface lot, use of valuable land resources and will often result
in extensive development pattern and disconnected. Parking is too small or parking a poorly
designed or located can cause lumping space of parking adjacent to the area, leading travelers
to choose alternative destinations, and / or prevent development.(Zainurulaini Zainal Abidin,
1900)

1.2 OBJECTIVE

To achieve the goal of the study, several objectives are set up to be guided by the goals
to be achieved. Among the objectives of the study are as follows:

i) To identify suitable zone for each vehicle owned by staff ,student and guest.

ii) To determine the number of parking required for staff and student.

iii) To propose for additional parking in campus UiTM Shah Alam.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Generally, UiTM Shah Alam is a main campus for an estimated 35000 to 40000 people
daily. In 2017, it was estimated that the number of visitors who visiting UiTM Shah Alam is
around 11000 visitors each year. from the previous survey , there is limited parking space for
user,facilities that are not suitable for disabled users. limited pedestrian walkway provided
around UiTM Shah Alam. The number of parking needed can- influence by utilization of
vehicle This includes vehicles used by staff, students and visitors in the campus As a result, it
brings many problems to the campus society as well as to the environment such as congestion,
high accident rate; shortage of parking spaces, low air quality and high maintenance cost to
maintain the transportation infrastructure and facilities. now is the best time to make an
assessment of the traffic on the road network that connects the road of UiTM Shah alam to
suggest features most convenient and safe for staff, students and visitors. This will provide
good value to UiTM road network and at the same time be able to attract more visitors who
come to visit UiTM. it is important to provide a more comfortable and safe facility and can be
improved. In addition, the design space geometry of the road and parking is sufficient to connect
each road network also needs to consider by UiTM.

The parking study is important for determine parking pattern and trend demand for
campus environment. It also essential to implement parking policy equate the demand and
supply parking system in selected parking area in UiTM campus. From the observation, parking
can be utilized more efficiently by the users.

Among these problems is the illegal car park comfortable of public was disturbing by
too many vehicles that hovering around to find a parking space especially pedestrians in the
Dataran Cendekiawan . Some standards may be allowed too long, where standards when it
comes to the use of private car ownership rates is low and the total floor space in areas of urban
is also miniature . This is definitely the applicable standard, not suitable for use in current
circumstances (Abdul Malek, A.A. 2011).

In addition, a problem that occurs here is the lack of parking spaces during peak hours.
This peak time occurs when students start to class to start their daily routine ie to attend the
daily lesson classes early in the morning. Not only that, early in the morning also many staff
and lecturers came in to perform their duties according to their respective jobs. The congestion
 caused by those who want to find parking that takes a long time and not enough parking. Thus,
traffics in the area will be congested at this time.

The rules are carried out on a parking space is intended to ensure the effectiveness of
the parking space and also to get the number of car parking spaces required. Provision of
parking spaces depends on the economic and social factors. Most requests are usually the
management cannot full fill the requests (Abdul Malek, A.A. 2011).

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

In executing the research, the scope boundary needs to be defined and a few limitations
need to be drawn to avoid a very wide scope of research and an unfocused study. The scope
and limitation for this research are:

i) The number of vehicles in and out of UiTM that can influence the parking
space provide by UiTM.

ii) Comparison between the numbers of parking provided in UiTM and parking spaces
used during peak hour whether in Campus and Academic.

iii) This study depends very much on survey method. The survey method is during the
opening hours only (one week: 7.00am to 7.00pm).

1.5 LIMITION

This study has some limitations. There is a limited amount of information available,
especially with regard to Malaysia's experience in planning. There is not much information or
research that has been published and article on this topic. There may be some new and up-to-
date information on topics, kept by private agencies or governments. Unfortunately the
information is confidential and therefore can not be made public. Therefore, it is not practical
to obtain direct information. The study was conducted by general survey, the absence of the
geographical area under study, plus the time and financial constraints. Therefore, this study
should be provided within this limitation
1.6 SIGNIFICANT STUDY

A campus accommodates buildings such as student centers, offices, halls, shops, clinic
and sports arena. It also has a distinctive community with green spaces such as small gardens,
squares, courtyards and streets. The activities carried out around these buildings , socially and
physically occur throughout the day and consequently the campus tends to suffer from the
pressure of development in order to manage with the rapid emergence of communities demand
for their facilities.

Studies conducted in ensuring that not enough parking problems can be reduced from
time to time. This can create an organized parking area as well as a user-friendly but can save
space by using the latest technology. This situation will effect the problem of parking which is
related to the facilities that provided in the campus. The significance of this study will determine
the reliability of parking for students, staff, guests and lecturer demand. The development of
campus infrastructure should be provided or maintained without be a danger to the quality of
campus environment.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Parking is an necessary component of the system of transportation. Every destination

should have parking for vehicle to stop at the moment. Every person starts and ends each trip
as pedestrian. With the exception of drive- through facilities now present at such varied
destinations as banks and fast-food restaurans , travelers generally leave from their origins as
pedestrians and enter ther destinations as pedestrians .In term of trips using private automobiles
, the pedestrian portion of the trip starts or ends at a parking space. An ordinary of automobile
uses parked 23 hours each day, and few space of parking each week. Facilities of parking is
affects the ease of arriving destinations and therefore affects overall accessibility. Parking
convenience are a main cost to society, and conflicts of parking are among the most common
problems facing designers, planners, operators and other profession. Such problems can be
often defined either in terms of supply (too few spaces are available, somebody must build
more) or in terms of management available facilities are used inefficiently and should be better
managed).(Litman, 2018)

At the residential trip end , private vehicle are accessed in private driveways and
garages , in on-street parking space , or in nearby off – street lots or garages . at the other end
of the trip, the location and nature of parking opportunities depends heavily on the land use
function and density as well as on a wide variety of public policy and planning issues . For land
to be productively used , it must be accessilble . while public transportation can be a major part
of providing accesibility in dense urban area , for the most part , accessibility is dependent on
the supply , convenience , and cost of parking facilities . Major activity centers , from regional
shopping malls to sports faclities to airports , rely on significant parking supply to provide site
accessibility. Without such supply, these facilities could not operate profitably over a sustantial
period of time (Awang, 2003) .One of the main problems that are constituted by the increment
road traffic is parking space. It is the impact on the development of transport . The availability
factor is less like the lack of parking on city has increased the demand for car parking especially
in areas like UiTM Shah Alam. This affects the mode choice also. This has a great economic
impact (Ferilli, 2008).

The economic survival of most activity centers , therefore , is directly related to parking
and other forms of access. Parking supply must be balanced with other forms of access(public
transportation) , the traffic conditions created by such access , and the general environment of
the activity center . While economic viability is most directly related to the availability of
parking , environmental impacts of generated traffic may have negative affect as well. (Yass,
Yasin, Zaidan, & Zaidan, 2011) Therefore,planning the development of an area requires a deep
and thorough appraisal of the comfort of the area and make certain the environment is
unaffected by traffic congestion on the roads. Every design created should be able to control
population growth and future progress. One of the visible developments is the enhancement of
vehicles on the road and indirectly raising the parking lot. This situation is due to the increased
needs of individuals other than that caused by the development and reform of vehicle design
(Ferilli, 2008).

Every location has its own one-of-a-kind characteristics and environmental. Therefore,
a construction planning and convenience in the surrounding UiTM Shah Alam should be put in
action. Therefore, a careful evaluation should be done to meet the comfort of all road users.
The need for parking is caused by socio-economic factors that are more advanced. This
contingently reason more people to use the car in any daily business. Therefore, planning should
be made including all aspects , especially in the comfort of the car park (Ferilli, 2008). Two
important aspects in the design of the car park is

a) A Ease of vehicles includes such things as a good road network to facilitate vehicle is
heading to a destination and also facilities for car parking.

b) b. The issue of the environment is the process of vehicle maintenance such as noise,
smoke and vehicle accident hazards.

This research attemps to provide anoverview of issues realted to parking. The coverage
is not intended to be exhaustive , end the reader is encouraged to consult the available literature
for more complete and detailed treament of the subject

Before making a plan for placement of parking in an area, building codes and zoning
may be used as a guide. It is useful because in this code has been specified parking minimum
and maximum. In conclusion, before making traffic planning important thing to note is the road
system in the area able to accommodate the number of vehicles, parking available and there are
problems in that area.
 To enable us to understand the behavior of the parking , there are a lot of parking survey
method that has been developed, each aiming to measure something a little different. Each
technique includes surveys, interviews and a manually-classified count (MCC).

To know whether the quantity of vehicles is suitable and good enough for parking
services provide in UMP, manually-classified count (MCC) were used. It can determine the
flow of traffic in .UMP during peak hour such as between 6.00 am. - 8.00 am. and 4.00 p.m. -
6.00 p.m. At this peak hour we can see the number of vehicles in and out of UMP and compare
this with the number of parking lots provided in LIMP either in campus or academic.

The data below shows the quantity of vehicles that have been registered to Information
Computer and Technology (ICT) department in UMP for staff and students from the year 2007
- 2010. [28]

ENROLMEN PELAJAR UiTM SHAH ALAM BAGI SESI I 2018/2019 MENGIKUT FAKULTI DAN MOD
PENGAJIAN
Fakulti Sepenuh Masa Separuh Masa Jumlah
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK 2,088 133 2,221
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL 2,034 107 2,141
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM 1,607 223 1,830
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA 1,473 24 1,497
FAKULTI SAINS KOMPUTER DAN MATEMATIK 3,042 303 3,345
FAKULTI SENIBINA PERANCANGAN DAN UKUR 4,155 353 4,508
FAKULTI SAINS GUNAAN 3,302 173 3,475
FAKULTI PERLADANGAN DAN AGROTEKNOLOGI 99 61 160
FAKULTI SAINS KESIHATAN 123 127 250
FAKULTI SAINS SUKAN DAN REKREASI 665 281 946
FAKULTI FARMASI 75 34 109
FAKULTI PERUBATAN 179 7 186
FAKULTI PERGIGIAN 27 1 28
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN DAN PERNIAGAAN 386 3,608 3,994
FAKULTI PERAKAUNAN 824 1,566 2,390
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN HOTEL DAN PELANCONGAN 117 207 324
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN MAKLUMAT 171 525 696
ARSHAD AYUB GRADUATE BUSINESS SCHOOL 219 326 545
INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERAKAUNAN 35 7 42
INSTITUT PENGANGKUTAN MALAYSIA 32 12 44
FAKULTI KOMUNIKASI DAN PENGAJIAN MEDIA 1,945 334 2,279
FAKULTI SENI LUKIS DAN SENI REKA 1,588 232 1,820
FAKULTI UNDANG-UNDANG 1,715 449 2,164
FAKULTI SAINS PENTADBIRAN DAN PENGAJIAN POLISI 228 838 1,066
FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN 106 113 219
FAKULTI FILEM, TEATER DAN ANIMASI 15 4 19
FAKULTI MUZIK 177 6 183
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN BAHASA 1,268 46 1,314
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM KONTEMPORARI 822 53 875
Jumlah 28,517 10,153 38,670

PENGAMBILAN PELAJAR BARU UiTM SHAH ALAM BAGI SESI I 2018/2019 MENGIKUT FAKULTI
DAN MOD PENGAJIAN
Fakulti Sepenuh Masa Separuh Masa Jumlah
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK 287 20 307
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL 570 18 588
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM 523 42 565
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA 490 2 492
FAKULTI SAINS KOMPUTER DAN MATEMATIK 769 52 821
FAKULTI SENIBINA PERANCANGAN DAN UKUR 955 71 1026
FAKULTI SAINS GUNAAN 915 3 918
FAKULTI PERLADANGAN DAN AGROTEKNOLOGI 20 20
FAKULTI SAINS KESIHATAN 42 58 100
FAKULTI SAINS SUKAN DAN REKREASI 144 51 195
FAKULTI FARMASI 16 1 17
FAKULTI PERUBATAN 36 36
FAKULTI PERGIGIAN 8 8
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN DAN PERNIAGAAN 131 605 736
FAKULTI PERAKAUNAN 278 206 484
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN HOTEL DAN PELANCONGAN 36 58 94
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN MAKLUMAT 70 73 143
ARSHAD AYUB GRADUATE BUSINESS SCHOOL 74 72 146
INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERAKAUNAN 12 2 14
INSTITUT PENGANGKUTAN MALAYSIA 1 1
FAKULTI KOMUNIKASI DAN PENGAJIAN MEDIA 509 60 569
FAKULTI SENI LUKIS DAN SENI REKA 335 52 387
FAKULTI UNDANG-UNDANG 342 78 420
FAKULTI SAINS PENTADBIRAN DAN PENGAJIAN
POLISI 36 136 172
FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN 32 23 55
FAKULTI MUZIK 141 2 143
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN BAHASA 375 7 382
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM KONTEMPORARI 184 24 208
Grand Total 7331 1716 9047

STAF KAMPUS SHAH ALAM

JABATAN HAKIKI JUMLAH

ACCOUNTING RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ARI) 9
AKADEMI KEPOLISAN UITM-PDRM 3
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN BAHASA 244
AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM KONTEMPORARI 122
ARSHAD AYUB GRADUATE BUSINESS SCHOOL 35
BAHAGIAN AUDIT DALAM 32
BAHAGIAN HAL EHWAL AKADEMIK 35
BAHAGIAN HAL EHWAL PELAJAR 211
BAHAGIAN PENGAMBILAN PELAJAR 24
BAHAGIAN PENILAIAN AKADEMIK 28
CANSELERI 15
FAK. PERLADANGAN & AGROTEKNOLOGI, JASIN 8
FAK.PENG.HOTEL&PELANCONGAN,KAMPUS S.ALAM 3
FAK.SAINS P'BIRAN & P'JIAN POLISI,SRMBN3 26
FAKULTI FILEM, TEATER DAN ANIMASI 1
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM 169
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK 248
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA 156
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL 180
FAKULTI KOMUNIKASI & PENGAJIAN MEDIA 120
FAKULTI MUZIK 61
FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN 10
FAKULTI PENG.PERNIAGAAN,KAMPUS SHAH ALAM 1
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN HOTEL & PELANCONGAN 80
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN MAKLUMAT 4
FAKULTI PENGURUSAN PERNIAGAAN 75
FAKULTI PERAKAUNAN 61
FAKULTI PERGIGIAN 1
FAKULTI PERUBATAN 2
FAKULTI SAINS GUNAAN 309
FAKULTI SAINS KESIHATAN 4
FAKULTI SAINS KOMPUTER & MATEMATIK(FSKM) 275
FAKULTI SAINS SUKAN DAN REKREASI 75
FAKULTI SENI LUKIS & SENI REKA 176
FAKULTI SENIBINA PERANCANGAN DAN UKUR 224
FAKULTI UNDANG-UNDANG 105
HAB MEDIA KREATIF (CREATIVE MEDIA HUB) 6
IBU PEJABAT POLIS BANTUAN UITM 137
INST.KEJ. I'STRUKTUR & PENGURUSAN MAMPAN 1
INST.PENG.PENYELIDIKAN & INOVASI (IRMI) 23
INSTITUT KUALITI & PENGEMBANGAN ILMU 23
INSTITUT PEMIKIRAN DAN KEPIMPINAN MELAYU 6
INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN NEO (iNED) 38
INSTITUT PENGAJIAN SISWAZAH (IPSIS) 20
INSTITUT PENGANGKUTAN MALAYSIA (MITRANS) 10
INSTITUT SAINS 21
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS EXCELLENCE (IBE) 2
JABATAN KOMUNIKASI KORPORAT 46
KOLEJ ANGGERIK 3
KOLEJ DELIMA 4
KOLEJ KRISTAL 2
KOLEJ MAWAR 5
KOLEJ MELATI 7
KOLEJ MERANTI 1
KOLEJ PERINDU 1
KOLEJ SEROJA 3
KOLEJ TERATAI 4
MALAY ACADEMY OF SME & E'PRENEURSHIP DEV 17
MENGUBAH DESTINI ANAK BANGSA (MDAB) 5
MICROWAVE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (MRI) 3
NATIONAL DESIGN CENTRE (NDC), FSSR 6
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (OIA) 15
PEJ. JARINGAN IND. MASYARAKAT & ALUMNI 25
PEJ.PEMB.INFRASTRUKTUR & INFOSTRUKTUR 354
PEJABAT BENDAHARI 244
 PEJABAT PENASIHAT UNDANG-UNDANG 11
PEJABAT PENDAFTAR 154
PENERBIT UITM (UITM PRESS) 27
PERPUSTAKAAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK 172
PUSAT KEBUDAYAAN 10
PUSAT KERJAYA & KAUNSELING 24
PUSAT KESIHATAN UITM 90
PUSAT PERANCANGAN DAN MAKLUMAT STRATEGIK 30
PUSAT SUKAN 46
UNIT INTEGRITI 13
UNIT KESATRIA 13
UNIT PENGURUSAN RISIKO UITM 8
JUMLAH KESELURUHAN 4762

2.2 PARKING PARAMETERS

The things that need to exist in analyses of parking parameters are:

a) Rate of arrival and departure

b) Average parking duration

c) Parking turn-over

d) Average occupancy

e) Parking accumulation

2.2.1 RATE OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

Arrivals and departure rates involve determining the extent to which space of parking
is used, including the counting of vehicles parked, at regular intervals within a certain period
of time. The parking beat survey method was used where data on parking demands are obtained
by recording the registration number of the vehicle registration that is triggered at each parking
lot for a period of 15 minutes interval to meet the accuracy of the research precision. The data
on parking demands is important in understanding the parking space used in which this method
is used to study travel and time of departure and parking users. However, this method was
applied to collect data pertaining only to vehicle arrival at the parking areas (Mathew, 2014).

2.2.2 AVERAGE PARKING DURATION

Duration of parking is the time period of a vehicle parked at a space. When the duration
of parking is given in the average, it clarify how frequent a parking space becomes available.
Besides that, the average parking duration also helps to identify whether a parking facility is
used as a short-term or long-term. Duration is calculated by dividing the total vehicle-minutes
parked (time period of vehicles occupying parking spaces at the facility) by the total number of
vehicles parked (Mathew, 2014).

2.2.3 PARKING ACCUMULATION

Parking accumulation refers from total number of arriving vehicles minus total number
of departing vehicles, accumulated from the start of the observation The time interval should
be short for greater accuracy, maximum 15 minutes (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014). Eq. (2.1)

2.2.4 AVERAGE OCCUPANCY

Parking occupancy is the percentage of occupied parking spaces during a specific

period of time. It refers to the utilization rate of the parking facility, and is expressed in
percentages (%). It relates parking demand with the existing parking supply. Furthermore, the
parking occupancy also indicates the peak-hour demand. From the parking occupancy method,
the data is analysed by calculating the number of available parking that actually used in the
facility. The formula for parking occupancy is (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014)Eq. (2.2)

2.2.5 PARKING TURN-OVER

 Parking turnover is the number of vehicles utilizing the same stall over a given period
of time. In short, it is known as the rate of usage of parking space. The parking turnover for
individual parking spaces can be determined by counting the number of different cars using a
particular parking space throughout the 14 hour study period. This is to determine the utilization
rate of individual parking spaces. As for the average parking turnover for the parking lots, it is
computed by dividing the total number of cars parked throughout the study period with the total
number of parking spaces (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014).Eq. (2.3)

2.3 PARKING PLACE

Placement car park is an important thing in planing the construction of an area. The
traffic study process and the use of land parking studies can provide guidelines for us to provide
the required parking for either short term or long term .

Car parking provision is based on the height of the car and also the number of cars on
the road . Provision of adequate parking will prevent the occurrence of congestion in the parking
lot and also can prevent motorists parking their car in a ban. Traffic congestion in the UiTM
Shah Alam is increasing as development progressed . Therefore , the necessary control measure
to ensure the car park area is sufficient to accommodate the number of vehicles in increasing (
Khisty C.J & Lall, B.K 2005).

Thus the placement of parking must be made by looking at things that affect vehicle to
an area of focus is to ensure that the facility is functioning and effective to the public , so it will
be able to avoid traffic congestion and environmental pollution.

2.4 EFFECTS OF PARKING TO TRAFFIC

Parking areas to some extent affect the vehicles on the road. This can be seen in the
placement of parking on the street “on-street parking” will reduce the load of vehicles on the
road. In addition , the number , type of vehicle and the size of the room on the street side of the
road or will affect the number of vehicle . Next placement parking are will impact on the travel
and movement of vehicle ( Khisty C.J& Lall , B.K 2005).

Without proper control , placement of parking in the street will be difficult for other
car entering and leaving the car park. This could be a danger to road users and pederstrians .
Each of the focus area for public should be in prefect control of the car park. In this way , it
 will provide comfort to the driver and can save time . Proper control can accommodate the
number of cars a lot in a short time . Therefore, the main principle of parking policy is to provide
adequate parking for cars heading to an area ( Khisty C.J& Lall , B.K 2005).

2.5 TYPLE OF PARKING

There are various types of car parks that can be obtained in the traffic system. Type of
car parks can be classified into two types

a) Parking on street

b) Parking outside the road

2.5.1 Parking on street

On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This
will be usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking
are as listed below. This classification is based on the angle in which the vehicle are parked
with respect to the road alignment. As per IRC the standard dimension of a car is taken as 5 x
2.5 meters (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014).(Idris, Leng, Tamil, Noor, & Razak, 2009)

a) Parallel parking is the vehicles are parked along the length of the road. here there is
no backward movement involved while parking or unparking the vehicle. Hence, it is
the safest parking from the accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum
curb length and therefore only a minimum number of vehicle can be parked for a
given kerb length. This method of parking produces least obstruction to the on going
traffic on the road since least road width is used. Parallel parking of cars is shown in
figure 2.5.1(a). The length available to park N number of vehicles, L = N/5.9.

b) 30 degree parking: in thirty degree parking, the vehicle are parked at 30 degree with
respect to the road alignment. In this case, more vehicle can be parked compared to
paraller parking.
 c) 45 degree parking as the angle of parking increase, more number of vehicles can be
parked. Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number
of vehicle can accommodated in this type of parking. From figure 2.5.1 (c) length of
parking space available for parking N number of vehicles in a given kerb is L=3.54 N
+ 1.77.

d) 60 degree parking is the vehicles are parked at 60 degree to the direction of road.
More number of vehicles can be accommodated in this parking type. From the figure
2.5.1 (d) length availbe for parking N vehicles =2.89N + 2.16.

e) Right angle parking is in right angle parking or 90 degree parking, the vehicles are
parked perpendicular to the direction of the road. although it consumes maximum
width kerb length required is very little. In this type of parking, the vehicle need
complex manoeuvring and this may cause severe accidents. The arrangement causes
obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the road with is less. However, it can
accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a given kerb length. An example is
shown in figure 2.5.1 ( c) . Length available for parking N number of vehicles is
L=2.5N .

2.5.2 Parking outside the road

Provision of off-street parking can focus minimizes driver to park the car on the road.
In this way it can reduce traffic congestion on the roads. Placement must be appropriate and
convenient for the public to carry on their business (Khisty C.J & Lall B.K 2003).

To facilitate entry and exit of vehicles, lane entry and exit lane should be well designed
so that it can provide comfort to the users of the car park. Maintenance and management are
usually run by local authorities or private companies.

In many urban centres, some areas are exclusively allotted for parking which wll be at
some distande away from the main stream of traffic. Such a parking is refer as off street parking.
They may be operated by either public agencies or private forms. A typical layout of an off-
street parking is shown in figure 2.2.2(a). (mathew (Ramli, Hassan, & Hainin, 2017)

i) Open parking
 This type is the most famous among types of- road parking. Open parking space is an
area that been used as a parking space with a good design and layout, it is appropriate for
suburbs because land values are lower than the central urban and manage using the payment
system that requires attendant or ticket vending machine or using a car parking meter (
papacostas , 2005)

ii) Multi storey parking

This type is popular in urban areas. This type of parking can reduce the use of land
Usually this type of parking is available near the office , hotel and shopping centre owning a
concentrated urban centers and are usually run by private companies when have the building.
Payment will be charged to drivers who park their vehicles on the sis of duration of parking

iii) Basement parking

Most parking is usually available at the bottom of the hotel buildings, shopping centres,
under roads, public parks or community centres. Its construction is expensive and probably this
type is the most expensive parking. Therefore , in most underground parking part of the initial
cost will be offset because it represents cost that would otherwise be significant even though
parking is not built (Papacostas , 2005 ) .

Driver who park in this area will normally be charged and remind them not to park too
long. This method is a method of controlled parking to reduce congestion in the affected areas
.

iv) Roof Top Parking

Rooftop car park provides parking at a reasonable cost. The main trip was to ram the
Shopping is increased by the height of the building. In some cases it is posible to connect two
or more to allow the ram in and out for the entire region (Kadar Hamsa, Syed Adnan, & Khalid,
2014)

v) Parking system RAM

 This type of parking is one of a kind car park outside the road . Parking management
include strategies that more efficient use of existing parking facilities which is to improve the
quality of services provided. Parking management can reduces transport problems. It is
normally located in the area shopping centres , markets and hotel buildings (Kadar Hamsa et
al., 2014)

2.6 STANDARD PARKING REQUIREMENTS

Car parking provide in development planing carried out by the authorities must be
based on certain standard in order of importance in certain area. This mean they must provide
parking space to driver can operate without control over them (Awang, 2003).

In residential area and rural areas, the policy should be implemented so that drivers get
parking facilities comfortable. This mean that, proper planning should be make to harmonize
the parking area and the number of cars at peak times . Therefore, controlling the car park
should be made by the authority which manages the areas involved (Kadar Hamsa et al., 2014)

Parking should be used by the ublic if there is demand for it . The policy is to allow
people to paek , especially in certain areas.

2.7 OBJECTIVES OF STANDARD PARKING

To ensure thath the car park provided adequate for the number od resignations car
collector found in an area.

To avoid road congestion due to an excessive number of cars by provide parking

facilities more regularly. It will be able to maintain the environmental conditions.

Standard car parks are different from one place to another. Thes is due to the different
demands of the car park between the areas involved. In addition, these standards are based on
the number of cars thath are in the area. The area has the status and progress of different
interests. The differences seen in the car park need demand for operation and non-operational
(Awang, 2003).

2.8 EFFFECT OF PARKING

 Parking has some ill effects like congestion, accidents, pollution , obstruction to fire
fighting operations etc. (Mathew,2014)

i) Congestion : parking takes considerable street space leading to the lowering of road
capacity. Hence , speed will be reduced journey time and delay will also subsequently
increase. The operational cost of the vehicle increases leading to great economical
loss to community.

ii) Accidents : careless manocurving of parking and un-parking lead to accidents which
are referred to as parking accidents. Common type of parking acccidents occur while
driving out a car from the parking area, careless opening of the doors of parked cars,
and while bringing in the vehicle to the parking lot for parking.

iii) Environmental pollution : They also cause pollution to the environment because
stopping and starting of vehicles while parking and unparking results in noise and
fumes. They also affect aesthetic beauty of the bulding because car parked at every
available space creates a feeling that building rise from a plinth of cars.

iv) Obstruction to fire fighting operations : parked vehicles may obstruct the movement
of fire fighting vehicles. Sometimes they block access to hydrant and access to
buildings
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

For the purpose of this study, parking study is to find out whether it is sufficient or
not. Parking is a key element in providing planning and control traffic and provides a foundation
in basic transport facility providing basic transport facilities in the area. Developments and
progress in the area will result in a traffic system will also increase. Indirectly, it will cause
parking requirements will also increase.

In a study of parking, we need to analyse the actual problem, the existing facilities are
appropriate or not. In addition, we also need to study the impact of traffic and the impact on the
environment should be considered in evaluating the placement of the car. The study of vehicle
stops is also very important. Once the vehicle reaches the destination, respectively, the driver
will be driving slowly to find a place to park.

In the Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan is selected as the study area. The number of
residents in the area Kuantan is 224016 people. Therefore, I want to conduct a study of parking
at Klinik Kesihatan to ensure that the number of car parking spaces sufficient to the population.
This is because, a health clinic is provided for residents to concern about their health. Health is
an important to us.

The process of completing this study involves a series of steps, which could be
categorized into three basic approaches namely data collection, survey and analysis. This
chapter will discuss in sequence regarding the detail methodology and procedures applied in
achieving the objectives of this study.
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