INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2019-2020

PHYSICS

The effect of temperature on the strength of magnets.

S.A.Muhammad jasoor
XII-A ROLL NO:24
K.V.2 KALPAKKAM
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that S.A.Muhammad jasoor of

class XII-A has successfully completed the
investigatory project on the topic “The effect of
temperature on the strength of magnets” under
the guidance of Mr.Venugopal rao (PGT Physics)
during the academic year 2019-2020 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by Central Board of Secondary
Education.

Signature of Signature of
examiner principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my physics teacher “Mr.Venugopal
rao” for his able guidance and support in
completing my project successfully .
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
principal “Mr.Harilal” sir for providing me with
all facilities that were required.

S.A.Muhammad jasoor
 INDEX
1. Introduction

2. Objective

3. Materials required

4. Theory

5. Procedure

6. Observation

7. Conclusion

8. Reference
 INTRODUCTION
It is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger the magnetic
force. Graphically, the results will resemble an exponential curve ,
with magnetic force decreasing as temperature increases . Our
independent variable is magnetism. This will be calculated using
the amount of paper clips that the magnet is able to collect at each
measured temperature.
A magnet is any object that produces magnetic field. Some
magnets referred to as permanent , hold their magnetism without
an external electric current. A magnet of this nature can be created
by exposing a piece of metal containing iron to a number of
situations (i.e repeatedly jarring the metal, heating to high
temperature).Soft magnets ,on the other hand , are those that lose
their magnetic charge properties over time . Additionally ,
paramagnetic objects are those that can become magnetic only
when in the presence of an external magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which
magnetic force is exerted .The motion of negatively charged
electrons in the magnet determines not only the polarity , but also
the strength of the magnet( Cold magnet). Magnets are filled with
magnetic lines of force .These lines originate at the north pole of
the magnet and continue to the south pole .The north pole is
positive .Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one another.
Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within a
specific set of metal .These domains function as all atoms do , thus
the temperature affects the movement .The higher the heat , the
greater the energy, and as such the movements of the particle. In
contrast , cold temperature slows the movement (magnetic field
strength and low temperatures ). Slower movement leads to more
fixed directions in terms of the domains.

In the 1800’s , Pierre Curie that there exists a temperature at which

objects that were previously permanents magnetic lose this
characteristic. The temperature at which this demagnetisaton
occurs is called the “Curie point”. As the temperature of the
magnet approaches this point , the alignment of each domain
decreases. As such , the magnetism decreases until the curie point
is reached , at which time the material becomes paramagnetic.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to determine the
effect of the temperature on the strength of a magnet.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Safety glasses
 3-4 permanent bar magnets
 Tongs for magnet
 Ice
 Water
 Insulating container
 Three strong bowls
 Small pot
 Burner for heating water or oven
 Paper clips

THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the
most notable property of a magnet : a force that
pulls on other ferromagnetic materials , such as
iron , and attracts or repels other magnets. A
permanent magnet is an object made from a
material that is magnetized an creates its own
persistent magnetic field .An everyday example is a
refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized
, which are also the ones that are strongly to a
magnet , are called ferromagnetic (or
ferromagnetic).These include iron , nickel , cobalt,
some alloys of rare earth metals , and some
naturally occurring minerals such as iodestone.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into
magnetically “soft” materials like annealed iron,
which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay
magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized ,
magnetically “hard” materials , which do.
Permanent magnets are made from “hard”
ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite
that are subjected to special processing in a
powerful magnetic field during manufacture , to
align their internal microcrystalline structure ,
making them very hard to demagnetize . “hard”
materials have high coercivity , whereas “soft”
materials have low coercivity. The overall strength
of a magnet is determined by its magnetic moment
or, alternatively , the total magnetic flux it produces
. The local strength pf magnetism in a material
measured by its magnetization.

PROCEDURE

Cold process
1. Place paperclips in a bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet and thermometer in freezer set
to lowest temperature possible.
5. Wait aprox. 20 min for the magnet to reach the
temperature of the freezer.
 6. Record temperature read by thermometer.
7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and
place on scale.
9. Record temperature of magnet and grams
attracted.
10. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the
weight of the magnet and the paper clips
combined.
11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.
12. Set freezer to 5 Celsius degrees higher than
previous temperature.(Note: freezer accuracy
is dubious . use temperature read by freezer
thermometer)
13. Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet
have reached zero degrees Celsius.

Hot process
1. Place paperclips in a bowl.
2. Situate scale near bowl.
3. Weigh magnet and record.
4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature
possible.
5. Wait aprox. 20 min for the magnet to reach the
temperature of the oven
6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.
7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place
on scale.
8. Record temperature of magnet and grams
attracted.
9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight
of the magnet and the paper clips combined.
10. Removed paperclips and place back in bowl.
11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.
12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room
temperature.
OBSERVATION

Magnets under extreme heat

Time after removal from Weight attracted (in
oven (minutes) grams)

0 200
5 200
20 210

25 230
30 220
35 206
40 204
45 200
50 185
Magnets under extreme cold

Temperature Weight attracted

(degree Celsius) (in grams)

-21.3 275
-19.4 275
-18.1 265
-15.3 270
-13.7 260
-6.7 245
-4.6 220
-1.7 200
0 225
CONCLUSION
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between
temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms
inclination to spin in a certain direction) When exposed to
extreme temperatures, however, this balance is
destabilized; magnetic properties are then affected. While
cold strengthens magnets, heat can result in the loss of
magnetic properties. In other words, too much heat can
completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to
move more rapidly, disturbing the magnetic domains. As
the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic
domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This
lack of cohesion weakens the magnetic force and
eventually demagnetizes it entirely
In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold,
the atoms slow down so the magnetic domains are aligned
and, in turn, strengthened Ferromagnetism
The way in which specific materials for permanent
magnets or interact strongly with magnets. Most everyday
magnets are a product of ferromagnetism.
Paramagnetism A type of magnetism that occurs only in
the presence of an external magnetic field. They are
attracted to magnetic fields, but they are not magnetized
when the external field is removed. That's because the
atoms spin in random directions, the spins aren't aligned,
and the total magnetization is zero. Aluminum and oxygen
are two examples of materials that are paramagnetic at
room temperature. Curie Temperature
Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie
Temperature is the temperature at which no magnetic
domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to
maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Even if
you cool the magnet, once it has become demagnetized,
it will not become magnetized again. Different magnetic
materials have different Curie Temperatures, but the
average is about 600 to 800 degrees Celsius.
Reference
 www.icbse.com
 www.sciencebuddies.com
 www.technopedia.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 Physics NCERT book.

“THANK YOU”