Highway Engineering
Highway Engineering
Highway Engineering
3) What is the usage of road statistics? And what basis it is presented? (Apr/May. 2011)
The road statistics give an idea of the stage of road development of a country. The road
statistics may be presented on the basis of area of the country or the population. The road
network of this country has to be considerably increased during the development plans.
4) Give some reasons for the poor state of road development in India? (May/June 2012)
The poor state of road development in India in the past may be due to the following reasons:
There was no planned development of roads in the country up to the
initiation of Nagpur Road plan in the year 1943.Only during the five-year
plans since 1951; the development works were speeded up.
The investment even today on the road development programme is much
lower than the revenue from the road transport.
Poor economic conditions of the vast majority of the population in villages
prohibit the owing of private vehicles and discourage the use of transport.
9) Write short notes or Nagpur plan (or) its 20-year Road plan. (Nov/Dec 2012)
The first attempt for proper Scientific planning of roads in India, Was made in chief Engineers
conference held at Nagpur in 1943. Nagpur conference finalized at 20 years (1943-1963) road
development plan.
10) What are the two important principles of good road construction given by John
Macadam construction? (Nov/Dec.2006)
The principles of good road construction are:
It is the native soil that supports the traffic load ultimately, and when the soil is maintained
in a dry state it can carry heavy loads without settlement.
Stones which are broken to small angulr pieces and compacted can interlock with each
other and form a hard surface.
12) What are the various committees and sub committees in IRC?
IRC has many committees and sub committees:
Committee:
Bituminous committee
Cement concrete committee
Road Transport Development committee
Research organization committee
Transport operation cost committee
Specification standard committee
Sub Committee:
Cement road concrete surfacing
Education of road engineers
Soil research
Traffic engineering
15) Write short notes on Second twenty year road plan (1961-81)
A Second road development programmer (1961-81) was finalized by the chief engineers
connected with road development, both at centre and State in a meeting held at Hyderabad in
1959.
26) What are the urban applications of remote sensing & GIS?
The urban application of remote Sensing and GIS are:
In creating construction material Inventions
Engineering soil mapping
Slope stability studies
Highway planning and highway engineering
Power line location
Pipe line location
Site surveys for town planning
1. Compare the construction methods of Telford and Macadam; bring out the points of
difference?
2. What are the significant recommendations of Jayakar Committee report? Briefly explain
how the recommendations of the Jayakar committee was realized?
5. What is meant by highway alignment? Briefly explain the factors which control the
highway alignment?
6. Explain the various surveys to be carried out for the alignment of a highway project?
7. What is the necessity of realignment of existing roads? List the steps involved in the
realignment Project? (P - 64 Khanna book)
8. Discuss how modern methods such a GIS and GPS may be used for the reconnaissance
survey for highway alignment?
9. Explain the salient features of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd twenty year old development plans in
India?
10. What are the various methods of classifying the roads? Briefly outline the classification
based on location and function as suggested in the Nagpur Road Plan?
11. Compare the Nagpur road plan and the second twenty year plan; discuss the merits of each?
12. Explain how the master plan is prepared and the road development programme is
phased?
13. Explain the various types of Rural and Urban roads with typical cross sections?
14. Briefly outline the main features of various road Patterns commonly in use? Explain with
sketches the star and grid pattern?
Categories:
a) Summit curves (or) crests curves with convexity upwards.
b) Valley (or) sag curves with concavity upwards.
PART B
1. Derive an expression for stopping sight distance (SSD) at plains and at slopes?
2. Explain the factors influencing overtaking sight distance? Derive the equation for
calculating overtaking sight distance in level surface?
3. What is meant by Intermediate sight distance? What are the factors affecting sight
distance? Explain PIEV theory?
4. Why is super elevation provided for pavements in curves? Explain the factors influencing
it?
6. Under what circumstances summit curves are provided? Derive the expression for
calculating the length of summit curve?
7. Mention the factors considered in design of valley curves? Explain the procedure for
calculating the length of valley curve?
8. Enumerate the factors governing the length of valley and summit curves with necessary
equations for computing lengths?
9. Explain the reasons for widening of pavement on horizontal curves? Derive an expression
for extra widening? Explain the methods of introducing extra widening?
10. What is the need for transition curve? How its length is determined?
11. Explain the factors influencing the geometric design of hill roads? Outline the design
elements of hill roads?
12. The speed of overtaking and over taken vehicles are70 and 40 kmph, respectively on a two
way traffic road. If the acceleration of overtaking vehicle is 0.99m/sec2
a. Calculate safe overtaking sight distance
b. Mention the minimum length of overtaking zone.
c. Draw a neat-sketch of the overtaking zone and show position of sign posts.
14. Calculate the stopping sight required to avoid head on collision of two cars approaching from
opposite directions at a speed of 75 kmph and 85 kmph. Assume the reaction time of drivers be
2.5 secs. And the coefficient of friction between road surface and tyres is 0.4.
15. Calculate the minimum set back distance required on a two lane highway curve radius 400 m
so as to provide an intermediate sight distance 180 m , assuming the length of the curve to be
greater than SD (200 m).
16. A valley curve is formed due to two gradients +2.5% and –1.75%. If the design speed of this
highway is 80 kmph, determine the stopping sight distance and design the valley curve to fulfill
both comfort and head light sight distance conditions.
17.Calculate the SSD for design speed of 70 kmph for two way traffic and one way traffic road.
Take reaction time = 2.5 seconds and coefficient of friction = 0.35.
18. Calculate the stopping sight distance required to avoid head on collision of two cars
approaching from opposite directions at a speed of 75 kmph and 80 kmph. Assume that the
reaction time of divers be 2.5 secs and coefficient between road surface and tyres be 0.4.
19. What is the super elevation to be provided on a horizontal curve on a National Highway in
plain terrain (Hint: Design speed =100 kph), if the curve has a radius of 310 m?
20.Calculate the stopping sight distance for the design speed of 60 kmph for a twoway traffic
road and an one-way traffic road, Take the reaction time of driver as 2.5 seconds and the
coefficient of friction as 0.36. (ii) Under what circumstances summit curves are provided. Also
calculate the stopping sight distance to avoid head on collision of two cars approaching from
opposite directions at 100k/hr and 80 k/hr. Make suitable assumptions.
12) Calculate ESWL of a dual wheel assembly carrying 2004 kg each for pavement
thickness of 15,20 and 25 cm. Centre to center tyre spacing 27cm and distance between
the walls of the tyres=11 cm.
Solution:
Here=2044 kg 2P= 4088kg D= 11cm S=27cm
X and Y points are plotted on a log graph between ESWL and pavement thickness
X has coordinates (P, d/2) = (2044, 5.5)
Y has coordinates (2P, 2S) = (4088, 54)
PART B
1.Briefly suggest the methodology suggested by IRC for the design of rigid pavement?
2.What are the objectives of joints in cement concrete pavements? Explain the various types
of joints provided in rigid pavement?
3. With neat sketches, explain the functions of components of rigid and flexible pavements?
4. Describe the IRC guidelines for the design of dowel bars and tie bars in rigid pavement?
Explain the necessary for providing joints in rigid pavements?
5. Differentiate between rigid and flexible pavements? Explain the concept of Equivalent
Single Wheel load?
6. Explain the CBR method of pavement design. How will you determine the thickness of
component layers?
7. State the limitations of CBR method? Define ESWL and lane distribution factor and
explain their significance?
8. Explain the factors to be considered in the design of pavements? State how variations in
climatic conditions affect the design of pavements?
9. List the different stresses induced in cement concrete pavements. Discuss the critical
combination of these stresses?
10. Explain in detail about the IRC method of flexible pavement design? Discuss the
limitation of this method.
12. Design a flexible pavement in a hilly area with the following data
Present traffic intensity = 350 vehicles / day
Design period = 8 years
Traffic growth rate = 7.5%
Lane distribution factor = 0.75
Vehicle damage factor = 2.5
CBR Value = 10%
13. Using the following data, design the flexible pavements layers CBR of the sub-grade soil =
5% CBR of poorly graded gravel sub-base = 15% CBR of WBM = 80%
Design life = 15 years Annual rate of increase in the heavy vehicles = 7.5% No. of heavy
vehicles per day during last count = 200 No. of years between the year of completion and year of
last count = 3 years. Assume any other data found required
14. Design the flexible pavement for construction of new Highway with the following data.
Number of commercial vehicles as per last count = 1000 Period of construction = 3 years Annual
traffic growth rate = 8% Category of road = NH, two lane single carriageway Design life = 10
years.
.
2. What are the requirements of good aggregates used in bituminous construction? How do
the aggregate properties affect the service behaviour of bituminous surfacing?
6. What is the importance of providing surface and sub-surface drainage? Enumerate the
methods of providing surface and sub-surface drainage?
8. Explain the following tests for aggregate to be used for road construction:
(i) Impact test
(ii) Crushing test
(iii) Abrasion test - (a) Los Angeles (b) Deval
(iv) Stone Polishing value test
(v) Flakiness Index test
(vi) Elongation Index test
(vii) Specific gravity and Water absorption test
1. Discuss the various types of failure in Flexible pavement? Explain the causes.
(or) Classify the different types of failures in flexible pavement and mention the
important causes of each. (or) Discuss with the help of sketches the different types
of failures in flexible pavements.
3. List the causes of failure in cement concrete pavements. What are the effects of
different types of failure?
6. Describe the symptoms, causes and remedial measures for the different types of
failures in flexible pavements.
9. Explain any two commonly employed methods for the structural evaluation of
flexible pavements.
11. What is meant by rutting? Explain the symptoms, causes and treatment.
13.What is International Roughness Index (IRI)? Explain its significance for the following
failures in six lane expressway. (i) Scaling (ii) Spalling
14. Explain the causes and remedial measures for surface rut? Explain how resealing of cracks
may be carried out in rigid pavements?
15.Discuss the following pavement failures, their causes and repair in rigid pavements:
(i) Scaling
(ii) Shrinkage cracking
(iii) Buckling (Blow-up)
(iv) Faulting
(iv) Spalling
(v) Mud Pumping
(vi) D cracking
(vii) Panel cracking(Linear)
(viii) Joint load transfer system deterioration
(ix) Patching
(x) Popouts
(xi) Punchout
(xii) Polished Aggregate
(xiii) Reactive aggregate distress
(xiv) Corner break
16.. Discuss the following pavement failures, their causes and repair in flexible pavements:
(i) Alligator cracking
(ii) Block cracking
(iii) Linear, transverse and edge cracking
(iv) Thermal cracking
(v) Joint reflection cracking
(vi) Bleeding
(vii) Pot holes
(viii) Slippage cracks
(ix) Rutting
(x) Ravelling
(xi) Shoving
(xii) Upheaval
(xiii) Depression (bird baths)
17. Explain the step by step procedure for Pothole repair technique in flexible pavement.