Physics Investigatory Project

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
MAKING OF A TRANSFORMER
Index
 Student profile
 Acknowledgnment
 Introduction
 Uses and applications
 Principle
 Experiment
 Observation
 Calculation
 Bibliography
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE SOUTH
CERTIFICATE
NAME: Pranav Jagtiani
CLASS: XII - B
SCHOOL: Delhi Public School Bangalore South
ROLL NUMBER:
This is certified to be bona fide work of the student in

the PHYSICS PROJECT during the academic year 2019 –
20.
Teacher In charge:
Examiner’s Signature: Principal’s
Signature:_____________________
School Seal:
Date:
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my physics teacher Mrs.

Sunitha ma’am for her constant guidance,
motivation, moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude towards the completion
of this project.
I also thank the lab teachers and the

institution for providing the necessary
materials.
I would like to express my gratitude towards

my parents and my classmates for their
encouragement which helped me in the
completion of this project.
I would like to express my special gratitude

and thank the Central Board of Secondary
Education for giving me this opportunity to
undertake this project
- Pranav Jagtiani
Introduction:
The transformer is an electrostatic device which is used
to transfer electrical energy (voltage or current) from
one circuit to another by mutual of 2 electric circuits
without change in frequency, which is working under
the principle of electromagnetic induction
Principle:
Transformer work on the principle of “Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction”. Mutual induction between
the windings is responsible for transmission action in a
transformer.
Faraday’s law states that “when the magnetic flux
linking a circuit changes, an electromotive force is
induced in the circuit proportional to the rate of change
of the flux linkage”.
The emf (Electro Motive Force) induced between the

two windings is determined by the number of turns in
primary and secondary winding respectively. This ratio
is called as Turns Ratio.
Uses and applications:
 It can raise or lower the level of voltage or
current (when voltage increases, current decreases
and vice versa because power is same) in an AC
circuit.
 It can increase or decrease the value of
capacitor, an inductor or resistance in an AC circuit.
It can thus act as an impedance transferring device.
 It can be used to prevent DC from passing
from one circuit to the other.
 Transformer is the main reason to transmit
and distribute power in AC instead of DC, because
a transformer does not work on DC, there are too
many difficulties to transmit power in DC
Efficiency of transformer
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a
transformer can be defined as the output power
divided by the input power. That is
efficiency = output / input .
Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical

devices. Most of the transformers have full load
efficiency between 95% to 98.5% . As a transformer
being highly efficient, output and input are having
nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to
measure the efficiency of transformer by using output /
input. A better method to find efficiency of a
transformer is using,
efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1 - (losses / input).
Factors affecting efficiency:

 Copper loss: This happens due to the heating
of the mild steel plate and of the connecting wires.
This increases the resistance of the system and
hence reduces efficiency of the transformer.
 Metal loss: also called hysteresis, works in the
same way as copper loss.
 Eddy current: these are currents that oppose
the change in flux in a conductor. It reduces the
efficiency of the transformer
Methods to increase efficiency:

 Using of metal plates having less surface area,
that is having slits is ideal to reduce eddy currents.
 Using low resistance materials for reducing the
heat generated and power loss due to resistance
Note: Here we made a step down transformer
Working of a Step Down Transformer:

When an alternating EMF is supplied to the primary
coil, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The
alternating current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage in the
primary as well as the secondary coil.
Step Down Transformer Equation:

The formula used to design a Step Down Transformer is
Where,
 Ns = number of turns in secondary
 Np = number of turns in primary
 Vs = Voltage in secondary
 Vp = Voltage in primary
The number of turns in secondary winding should
always be less than the number of turns in the primary
winding of the transformer i.e., Np>Ns to work
transformer as “Step-Down Transformer”.
As the number of turns will be less in secondary

winding, so will be total induced emf and hence the
output voltage in the secondary will also be less than
the primary input voltage.
Experiment
Objective:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:-
 Input and output voltage
 Number of turns in the secondary and primary
coil of a self-designed transformer
Apparatus required:
Soft iron core (I took multiple metals spokes as core
here), insulated copper wire for secondary and primary
coils, 2 micro ammeters, 2 multi-meters, resistance box
and battery eliminator.
Procedure:
1. Take the soft iron core and wind it with primary
coil. (I used electric winding for tight consistent
winding)
2. Wind the secondary coil parallel to this.
3. Ensure primary coil windings are greater in number
than secondary coil to make a step down
transformer>
4. Connect the secondary coil to a resistance box and
an ammeter in series and a voltmeter in parallel.
5. Note down your readings in observation table.
Setup:
Observation:
1. All instruments were electronical.

2. Least count of AC ammeter = 0.1
3. Least count of multi-meter = 0.1
4. Zero error of AC ammeter = 0
5. Zero error of Multi-meter = 0
Observation table
Sl no. Input Input Output Output Primary Secondary

voltage(Vp) current(Ip) voltage(Vs) current(Is) no of no of
V A V A turns(Np) turns(Ns)
1 3.1 11.1 1.3 22.3 600 250
2 4.5 16.0 1.6 35.8 600 250
3 6.0 20.5 2.3 45.9 600 250
4 7.2 25.1 2.8 55.3 600 250
5 7.8 26.7 3.0 60.1 600 250
6 8.0 27.0 3.2 62.0 600 250
Calculations:
Efficiency of transformer(μ)=
Calculation table:
Sl no. Vp.Ip Vs.Is efficiency (μ)

1 34.41 28.99 0.84
2 72 57.28 0.79
3 123 105.57 0.85
4 180.72 154.84 0.85
5 208.76 180.3 0.71
6 216 198.4 0.81
Average efficiency = 0.808
Percentage efficiency = 80.8%

Result:
1. The ratio of voltage of transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Np/Ns) and
(Ip/Is) with respect to input.
2. There is power loss between the input and output
coils of the transformer.
Precautions:
1. Keep yourself and others from high voltage
2. Ensure connections are neat, clean and tight.
3. Ensure windings are done neatly and consistently
in one direction.
Sources of error:
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating of
the circuit.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
Bibliography:
1. NCERT textbook
2. NCERT lab manual
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
4. https://electricalfundablog.com/step-down-
transformer/
5.https://www.britannica.com/science/transformer
s

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

 Uses and applications

NAME: Pranav Jagtiani

SCHOOL: Delhi Public School Bangalore South

This is certified to be bona fide work of the student in

Examiner’s Signature: Principal’s

I would like to thank my physics teacher Mrs.

I also thank the lab teachers and the

I would like to express my gratitude towards

I would like to express my special gratitude

The emf (Electro Motive Force) induced between the

Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical

Factors affecting efficiency:

Methods to increase efficiency:

Note: Here we made a step down transformer

Working of a Step Down Transformer:

Step Down Transformer Equation:

As the number of turns will be less in secondary

1. All instruments were electronical.

Sl no. Input Input Output Output Primary Secondary

Sl no. Vp.Ip Vs.Is efficiency (μ)

Average efficiency = 0.808

Percentage efficiency = 80.8%

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