Strain Life

CHAPTER 2 : STRAIN-LIFE
2.1 Introduction
• Stress-life approach  low stress  high cycle fatigue : stress-
strain has linear relationship
• If stresses are high such as in the vicinity of a notch  plastic
strains develop  low cycle fatigue
• Strain-life approach  low cycle fatigue
• Strain-life approach : smooth specimens tested under strain control
can simulate fatigue damage at the notch root
2.2 Material Behaviour

Monotonic Stress-Strain Behaviour
• S = Engineering stress = P  = true stress = P
Ao A



d 
e = engineering strain =  = true strain =  ln
o o
o
•  = ln (1 + e)
 = S (1 + e)
1
Stress-Strain Relationship
• Total true strain = t = e + p
• Relation of true stress and true plastic strain : 1n


 = K (p)n or p   
 
K
K = Strength coefficient
n = Strain hardening exponent
•  
1n
t   
E K
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behaviour

• Total strain range   a =  
2
• Total stress range   a =  
2
•  = e + p      e  p
 
2 2 2
     p
 
2 2E 2
• The area within the loop is the energy per
unit volume dissipated during a cycle
Bauschinger Effect
2
Transient Behaviour Cyclic Strain Hardening and Softening
Cyclic hardening  u Cylic softening  u 1.2

1.4 y
y
• Transient behavior (strain hardening/softening)  only during early fatigue life

• Cyclicly stable condition is achieved after approximately 20% - 40% fatigue life
Methods for Determining The Cyclic Stress Strain Curve
3
Cyclic Stress Strain Curves and Trends
Cyclic Stress Strain Curves and Trends (cont’)
4
Hysteresis Loop Curve Shapes
• Use Massing hypothesis (valid for material that exhibits symmetric
behaviour in tension and compression)
• Stabilized hysteresis loop may be obtained by doubling the cyclic
stress- strain curve
Hysteresis Loop Curve Shapes (cont’)
Ellyin, Fernand; Fatigue Damage, Crack Growth & Prediction; fig. 2-18 & 2-19
5
Stress-Plastic Strain Power Law Relation
 
  K ' p n'  = cyclically stable stress amplitude
p = cyclically stable plastic strain amplitude
K’ = cyclic strength coefficient
n’ = cyclic strain hardening exponent
1/ n '

p      = e + p
 K' 
1/ n '
 
  
E  K' 
Equation of the Hysteresis Loop
1
Point P1  1 and 1 Point P1’  1 and 1 where 1 = 2 1  1 
2
1/ n ' 1/ n '
   1 1  1  1
1  1   1     1 = 2 1  1 
E  K'  2 2E  2K '  2
1/ n'
  
    2  
E  2K ' 
6
Strain-Life Curve
• for stress-life Basquin observed linear relation of the stress amplitude-life on

log-log scale
 = true stress amplitude

 f ' 2 N f b 2
2 2Nf = reversals to failure (1 rev = 1/2 cycle)
f’ = fatigue strength coefficient  true fracture strength
b = fatigue strength exponent (Basquin’s exponent)
• for strain-life Coffin and Manson found also linear relation of the strain-life on
log-log scale
p = plastic strain amplitude

2
 p
  f ' 2 N f c 2Nf = reversals to failure
2 f ’ = fatigue ductility coofficient  true fracture ductility
c = fatigue ductility exponent
7
Strain-Life Curve (cont’)
  e p
 
2 2 2
 p
 
2E 2
  f '
 2 N f b  f ' 2 N f c Strain-life relation
2 E
Elastic Plastic
Strain-Life Curve (cont’)
• At transition fatigue life 2Nt   e  p


2 2
f '
2 N f b  f ' 2 N f c at N f  N t
E
1
  ' E  b c
2 N t   f 
 f ' 
8
Determination of Fatigue Properties
• Four empirical constants : b, c, f ’, f ’

- Not all materials may be represented by four-parameter
- The four constants obtained from a curve fit to a limited number of data
- Constants are determined from a range of data can not be extrapolated
- Power law relationship have no physical basis
• Estimates
- f ’  f
- f ’  f
- b varies from - 0.05 to - 0.12 (average - 0.085)
- Morrow found c to be varied between - 0.5 and - 0.7
Mean Stress Effect
• Cyclic fatigue properties obtained from reversed CA strain-controlled tests

• While components usually experience loading with mean stress or mean strain
• Mean stress  significant effect on fatigue life
• Mean strain  negligible effect on fatigue life
9
Mean Stress Effect (cont’)
Morrow suggested modification to strain-life equation in the elastic

term
e  f '  o
  2Nf b
2 2E E
 f '  o
thus
 2Nf b  f ' 2Nf c
2 2E

Manson and Halford : elastic and plastic term
cb
 f '  o  
 2 Nf b  f '  f '  o  2 Nf c
2 E   f ' 
10
Smith, Watson, and Topper : Multiply strain-life equation with max

for completely reversed loading

max   f ' 2 N f b
2
  f '2
max  2Nf 2b  f ' f ' 2Nf b  c
2 E
where

 max   o
2
11

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CHAPTER 2 : STRAIN-LIFE

2.2 Material Behaviour

• Relation of true stress and true plastic strain : 1n

Cyclic Stress-Strain Behaviour

Cyclic hardening  u Cylic softening  u 1.2

• Transient behavior (strain hardening/softening)  only during early fatigue life

Methods for Determining The Cyclic Stress Strain Curve

Cyclic Stress Strain Curves and Trends (cont’)

Hysteresis Loop Curve Shapes (cont’)

Equation of the Hysteresis Loop

• for stress-life Basquin observed linear relation of the stress amplitude-life on

p = plastic strain amplitude

Strain-Life Curve (cont’)

• At transition fatigue life 2Nt   e  p

• Four empirical constants : b, c, f ’, f ’

Mean Stress Effect

• Cyclic fatigue properties obtained from reversed CA strain-controlled tests

Morrow suggested modification to strain-life equation in the elastic

Mean Stress Effect (cont’)

Smith, Watson, and Topper : Multiply strain-life equation with max

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