Aluminium Towers Manual
Aluminium Towers Manual
Aluminium Towers Manual
For safe and efficient erection, alteration and dismantling of scaffolding, you must:
Be able to understand the suppliers information, general site plans and specifications for scaffolds. (An ability
to make simple calculations of dead load and live load is often needed.)
Have a thorough knowledge of the construction methods and design requirements associated with the
equipment.
Be able to recognise hazards at the worksite and implement appropriate controls to avoid risks to health and
safety
Visually inspect scaffolding for faults, safety and compliance with design and statutory requirements, codes of
practice and guidelines.
Have the physical skills needed for scaffolding construction.
DO NOT erect, alter, dismantle or access a scaffold if you are tired or under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Carefulness, common-sense and caution are factors that cannot be built into scaffolding. These must
be provided by the user of the equipment.
ALWAYS ENSURE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND AND CAN COMPLY WITH THE REGULATIONS
THAT APPLY TO THE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING IN THE AREA THAT YOU
INTEND USING THIS EQUIPMENT.
Check all Diagonal, Horizontal and Plan braces are installed, and that the
whole configuration is deviate, and use only original components.
Ensure the Scaffold is never used for purposes that it was not designed to be used
for.
Ensure there are no persons or objects on the Scaffold whilst it is being moved.
Always reapply all Castor Brakes and re-level the Scaffold after moving.
Do not overload / exceed the specified safe working load of the Scaffold. –Refer to
Maximum Load ratings (page46)
Never use ladders or any sort of device to gain additional height above a Scaffold
platform.
Never use or attach Hoisting equipment to the Scaffold
Do not allow any part of the Scaffold to come within 4.0m of overhead power
lines. Some lines may require up to 8m clearance, check with the appropriate
power authority before approaching the wires.
Do not use the Scaffold if you are tired, suffering any medical condition, or under
the influence of alcohol or drugs which may cause lethargy or danger to yourself
or others.
Ensure the mobile scaffold is protected against impact from moving plant/ vehicles
Ensure unattended scaffold is secure and access by unauthorised persons is
prevented
Do not use the Scaffold in extreme weather, or high winds. Scaffold should be
anchored/secured to resist winds that are above 32kph.
If in exposed or elevated area, secure the scaffold to a fixed structure (to prevent
overturning), and tie down platforms, (to prevent dislodgement).
Be aware of situations where winds are magnified by funnelling effects e.g. at corners of
buildings or between tall buildings.
Never attach tarpaulins or other coverings to the scaffold as this may seriously increase its
susceptibility to wind force.
Simple wind chart below, for identifying wind hazard, as a guideline only. Not to overwrite
site safety procedures.
Fresh breeze 30 - 39 Small trees in leaf begin to sway. Ensure that the tower is tied to a
rigid structure & has outriggers
fitted
Strong breeze 40 - 50 Large branches in motion, umbrella’s use Cease to work on tower and
with difficulty, telegraph wires whistle. ensure any loose platforms are
tied down.
Gale Force 60+ Twigs break off tree, progress generally Dismantle tower if storms forecast.
impeded.
Take good care of the scaffold, components should fit together easily
without using force. Keep equipment, specially joints and moving parts
clean.
Only persons authorized by the supplier are permitted to carry out repairs.
Only original parts are to be used when replacing any parts of any Waco
Kwikform Scaffold components.
Make sure the horizontals braces (yellow) are always clipped to the INSIDE of the standards.
Misuse by dropping from height or throwing onto the back of vehicles for example can damage the ends of
graspers. Fittings should be regularly inspected and any damaged fitting should be replaced.
Further, if the grasper becomes closed or extended in any way for any reason it is to be discarded.
Do not use scaffold with damaged or missing component. Contact your Scaffold supplier for a replacement.
Transportation
All loads must be securely fastened as slippage occurs with aluminium components.
Storage
Stack equipment securely to prevent falling.
If stored indoors stack one on top of each other and outdoors store upright to allow moisture to run off.
Avoid leaving plywood components (Platforms and Toe boards) in long term storage exposed to all weathers,
as excessive moisture and sunlight/heat can cause ply deterioration.
Step 1
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into 1st Base Frame. Attach 2 Horizontal Braces (yellow ends) to INSIDE
(diagram 1b) of standards (vertical member) above bottom Rung (horizontal member). See Diagram 1a below.
1a 1b
Step 2
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into second Base Frame. Attach Horizontal Braces to INSIDE of standards,
use threaded adjuster to approximately level scaffold. See diagram 2a
2a
3a
Diagonal Brace (silver
ends) fitted from base
rung to 3rd.
Step 4
Install 2 Horizontal Braces to the top rung of Base Frame, as a temporary guardrail.
4a
Horizontal Braces
(acting as temporary
guardrail)
5a
Access Platform
Step 6
Standing on temporary platform
Upper Frames with
Install 2 Upper Frames male spigots facing
down. Inserts into
frame below
6a
Horizontal Braces
(acting as temporary
guardrail)
Fit 4 x Horizontal Braces as guardrails and Midrails for next deck (Diagram 7a.)
Fit Diagonal Brace, fit in opposite direction to Diagonal brace below (diagram 7b)
Fit Outriggers as required (Diagram 7c .Note: 0.7m wide towers require Outriggers for platform heights of
1.4m or more)
Temporary platform
(standing position)
8a 8b
Remove Horizontal
temporary guardrail
Move
Temporary
platform up
to form full
deck.
From here
Remove
To this level
8c
Install ladder to the top rung of the Base Frame at the end of the access hatch.
Ladder placed in
line with Access
Hatch
Steps 10.You have now completed a full working platform. Repeat steps 4-9 for each additional
platform level, as follows.
Install 2nd Access Platform in temporary position, 2 rungs above the working platform you’re standing on
Ensure Access Hatch is at opposite end, of tower to the one below.
Hint: Open hatch and stand through the platform for ergonomic handling (diagram10.5)
10.4 .5
Fit 4 x Horizontal Braces as guardrails and Midrails for next deck (diagram 10.7a)
Fit Diagonal Brace, fit in opposite direction to Diagonal brace below (diagram 10.7b)
10.6
2nd Temporary
platform
(standing Horizontal Braces
position)* (acting as temporary
guardrail)
10.7a
4 x Horizontal Diagonal Brace
Braces as 10.7b fitted in opposite
guardrails and direction from
midrails top rung of
frame below
10.8a
Removing Horizontal
Braces acting as
temporary guardrail.
Step 1.
10d. Standing on 1st working platform* through access hatch of 2nd temporary platform
Remove Horizontal braces acting as a temporary guardrail from 2nd rung above temporary platform.(diagram
10.8b) Hint: if this is the final or top platform position, place the Horizontal Braces down one rung to store, ready to be
used for dismantling the tower.
Move temporary platform up to form full deck on 4th rung above existing working platform. (diagram 10.8b)
Install ladder at the end of the access hatch (diagram 10.8c)
10.8b
Move
Temporary
platform up to
form full deck.
From here
To this level
Standing position to
remove temporary
guardrails and move up
access platform
Ladder placed in
line with Access
Hatch
*Ensure the access Hatch is closed at all times when standing/working on any access platform
Carefulness, common-sense and caution are factors that cannot be built into scaffolding. These must
be provided by the user of the equipment.
8. Do not remove diagonal braces until it is necessary to remove the frames to which they are
attached.
9. If the scaffold is stabilised with outriggers or tied to a supporting structure, removal of any
outriggers or ties should not be done until the dismantling is down to that level which they
are attached.
Step 1
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into 1st Base Frame. Attach 2 Horizontal Braces (yellow ends) to INSIDE
(diagram 1b) of standards (vertical member) above bottom Rung (horizontal member). See Diagram 1a below.
1a
Step 2
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into second Base Frame. Attach Horizontal Braces to INSIDE of standards,
use threaded adjuster to approximately level scaffold. See diagram 2a
3a
Plan bracing should be incorporated at the base of a mobile scaffold to provide stability.
Alternatively the base of the mobile may be fully decked out.
Step 4
Install 2 Diagonal Braces (silver) from bottom Rung, to third Rung up (2 spaces). These should be fitted in
opposite directions as close as practical to each side of the frame. Check scaffold is level in each direction,
and adjust using height adjustable Castors.
4a
Diagonal Brace (silver
ends) fitted in opposite
directions.
5a
Horizontal Brace (acting
as temporary guardrail)
Step 6
Add an Access Platform to top rung of Base Frame on opposite side to Horizontal Brace. Install ladder to the
top rung of the Base Frame at the end of the access hatch.
Access Platform
Ladder placed in
line with Access
Hatch
Horizontal Brace
(acting as temporary
guardrail)
Temporary platform
Install 2 Upper Frames, 4 x Horizontal Braces as guardrails and Midrails for next deck (Diagram 8a.)
Fit Outriggers as required (Diagram 8c .Note: 1.3m wide towers require Outriggers for platform heights of
3.4m or more)
8a
Temporary platform
(standing position)
2 x Diagonal Braces
fitted in opposite
directions from top rung
of frame below
9b
as temporary
Move
Temporary
platform up
to form full
deck.
To this level
9c
Temporary Platform
(standing position for steps
10d,10e and 10f ,protected by
Horizontal Brace and upper
Access Platform as
temporary guardrails.
temporary guardrail.
(Hint) if this is the final or top
platform position; place the
Horizontal Brace down one rung to
store, ready to be used for
dismantling the tower.
Lift Standard
platform from
temporary position,
up 2 rungs to form
a full working
platform
From here
To this level
Carefulness, common-sense and caution are factors that cannot be built into scaffolding. These must
be provided by the user of the equipment.
Step 1
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into 1st Base Frame. Attach 2 Horizontal Braces (yellow ends) to INSIDE
(diagram 1b) of standards (vertical member) above bottom Rung (horizontal member). See Diagram 1a below.
Horizontal Brace
(yellow ends)
attached to INSIDE of
standard
Step 2
Lock brakes on Castors and insert into second Base Frame. Attach Horizontal Braces to INSIDE of standards,
use threaded adjuster to approximately level scaffold. See diagram 2a
2a
Plan bracing should be incorporated at the base of a mobile scaffold to provide stability.
Alternatively the base of the mobile may be fully decked out.
Step 4
Install 2 Diagonal Braces (silver) from bottom Rung, to third Rung up (2 spaces). These should be fitted in
opposite directions as close as practical to each side of the frame. Check scaffold is level in each direction,
and adjust using height adjustable Castors.
5a
Standard Platform
(acting as temporary
guardrail)
Step 6
Add an Access Platform to top rung of Base Frame on opposite side to Standard Platform. Install ladder to the
top rung of the Base Frame at the end of the access hatch.
6a
Access Platform
Ladder placed in
line with Access
Hatch
Standard Platform
7a (acting as temporary Access Platform (acting
guardrail) as temporary guardrail)
Standard platform in
temporary position for
next assembly steps
Install 2 Upper Frames, 4 x Horizontal Braces as guardrails and Midrails for next deck (Diagram 8a.)
Fit Outriggers if required *(Not shown for this 4m high tower example)
8a
Upper Frames with
male spigots facing
down. Inserts into
frame below
Temporary platform
(standing position)
8b
2 x Diagonal Braces
fitted in opposite
directions from top rung
of frame below
Move
Temporary
platform up
to form full
deck.
From here
To this level
9b
Temporary Platform
(standing position for steps
10d,10e and 10f ,protected by
Horizontal Brace and upper
Access Platform as
temporary guardrails.
Lift Standard
platform from
temporary position,
up 2 rungs to form
a full working
platform
From here
To this level
Carefulness, common-sense and caution are factors that cannot be built into scaffolding. These must
be provided by the user of the equipment.
Fig 1
Fig 2
Or top of ladder two rungs above the platform (fig 3).
Fig 3
See illustration below. If there is any doubt contact the supplier for advice.
Side Toeboards.
End Toeboards.
The supporting surface for the Outriggers must give adequate support. Outriggers must then be adjusted to
provide firm pressure on the supporting surface. Sole plates must be used under the Outriggers feet when on
soft surfaces.
When moving mobile scaffolds with Outriggers Props fitted, it is good practice to lift the Outriggers feet the
minimum required space to achieve mobility. Care is needed because of the reduced base size when feet
are clear of the supporting surface.
ALSO USE OUTRIGGERS and tie to solid structure… REGARDLESS of tower height,
for the following situations
Where there is a possibility of adverse weather conditions, winds exceeding
32kph
Where the scaffold is located in a wind funneling location, between large
buildings, or open exposed buildings
Where the nature of work is applying horizontal forces at the working deck, e.g.
drilling.
It must also be remembered that just because you have Outriggers fitted to the base of a tower does not
mean you can build it up endlessly.
Care must be taken to observe maximum heights allowed with outriggers fitted…
0.7m wide towers (single width) needs outriggers from 1.4m platform height and can be taken to a maximum
platform height of 5.0m with 3m Outriggers fitted.
1.3m wide towers (double width) needs outriggers from 3.5m platform height and can be taken to a
maximum platform height of 6.5m with 3m Outriggers fitted.
2.0m wide towers (triple width) needs outriggers from 5.5m platform height and can be taken to a maximum
platform height of 8.5m with 3m Outriggers fitted.
Refer to Maximum Height Table (below) for guidance on maximum top working platform heights.
NB Also refer to Risk Assessment Table (pg. 4) for additional requirements in adverse wind or loading
conditions.
Maximum Height Table (Height to top working Platform – overall tower heights are 1.0m higher; including edge protection)
Light Duty: 225kg (2.2kN) per bay single width, including up to 120kg (1.2kN) point load.
Typically used by painters or maintenance staff with light hand tools only
Medium Duty: 450kg (4.4kN) per bay double width or multi platform width scaffold, including up to
150kg (1.5kN) point load
Typically used by plasterers or builders with equipment or materials.
Heavy Duty: 675kg (6.6kN) per bay Aluminium scaffolding CANNOT be used
Typically used by bricklayers with heavy materials
Working platform level* Single width (0.7m wide) towers -Light Duty eg 225kg (2.2kN)
(One, two or three uniformly distributed load
adjacent platforms)
Double width (1.3m wide) -Medium Duty eg 450kg (4.4kN)
Or Triple width (2.0m wide) towers uniformly distributed load
Single bay scaffold tower Single width (0.7mwide) towers -up to 5 x Light duty platform levels
Double width (1.3m wide) either -up to 5 x Light duty platform levels
Or Triple width (2.0m wide) towers or -up to 2 Medium duty platform levels
* NB. A typical working level consists of one scaffold platform for single width towers, two scaffold platforms
for double width towers and three scaffold platforms for triple width towers.
FOR ANY SCAFFOLD CONFIGURATIONS OR LOADINGS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT CONTACT THE
SUPPLIER
All heights in chart(with the exception of the doorway packs) are fitted with 300207 Adjustable wheels, and at lowest
adjustment. See below for alternatives affect on actual heights. Actual heights are rounded "up" to the nearest 10mm.
Extra adjustment to raise tower or level up on uneven ground of 280mm with this wheel
(~)(300211) Change from a wheel to this adjustable Baseplate Lowers all heights by 220mm. Extra adjustment of 500mm
with these baseplates.
Note (1) Outriggers require 4 if freestanding or 2 if against a wall.See instruction manual or document for
outrigger requirements.
Note (2) Ladders Default size with tower in list. Another alternative In taller towers is to remove lower Access
Platform/s and fit longer ladder once tower is safely assembled.
Note (3) Toeboard set consists of 2 end boards and 2 side boards, per working platfom.
1,3 and 5m high towers all have a platform at the 1m height, 2nd rung on base frame. By default these 1m
high platforms has no midrails or toeboard set to allow practical and safe access onto th platform. Due
diligence must be taken, if a risk assessment shows the midrals and toeboards are needed at 1m then thy
can be fitted once standing on the platform.
Single 2/25
Platform Height: 2.0m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 0.7m
2.5m Horizontal Brace 6
2.5m Diagonal Brace 3
Outrigger Prop - 2.0m 4
0.7m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
0.7m x 1.9m Upper Frame 2
2.5m Access Platform 1
1.8m Ladder 1
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
0.7m End Toeboard 2
2.5m Side Toeboard 2
Single 3/25
Platform Height: 2.9m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 0.7m
2.5m Horizontal Brace 8
2.5m Diagonal Brace 3
Outrigger Prop - 3.0m 4
0.7m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
0.7m x 1.9m Upper Frame 2
2.5m Access Platform 2
1.8m Ladder 1
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
0.7m End Toeboard 2
2.5m Side Toeboard 2
Single 5/25
Platform Height: 4.8m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 0.7m
2.5m Horizontal Brace 12
2.5m Diagonal Brace 5
Outrigger Prop - 3.0m 4
0.7m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
0.7m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
0.7m x 1.9m Upper Frame 3
2.5m Access Platform 3
1.8m Ladder 2
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
0.7m End Toeboard 4
2.5m Side Toeboard 4
Plan Brace 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Horizontal Brace 6 6 8 10 12 14 16
Diagonal Brace 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
1.3m x 1.4m (3 Rung) Base Frame
101414 1.3m x 1.9m (4 Rung) Base Frame 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
101411 1.3m x 0.9m (2 Rung) Upper Frame 2 2 2 2 2
101413 1.3m x 1.4m (3 Rung) Upper Frame
101415 1.3m x 1.9m (4 Rung) Upper Frame 2 2 3 4 5
Standard Platform 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
Access Platform 1 1 1 2 2 3 3
151450 Outrigger Prop 3.0m (See Note: (1)) 4 4 4 4
LADDERS, SEE Note (2)
251401 1.8m Ladder 1 2 2 3 3 4
251402 2.4m Ladder
251403 3.0m Ladder
251404 3.6m Ladder
251405 4.2m Ladder
251406 4.8m Ladder
300207 200mm Castor/Screwjack (Taiwan) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Toe Board Set, See note (3) If requi red 1 1 2 2 3 3
Optional Equipment
All heights in chart are fitted with 300207 Adjustable wheels, and at lowest adjustment. See below for alternatives affect
on actual heights. Actual heights are rounded "up" to the nearest 10mm. Extra adjustment to raise tower or level up on
uneven ground of 280mm with this wheel
(~)(300211) Change from a wheel to this adjustable Baseplate Lowers all heights by 220mm. Extra adjustment of 500mm
with these baseplates.
Note (1) Outrigger Props require 4 if freestanding or 2 if against a wall. 3:1 ratio applies to all towers
(Platforms height no more than 3 times the narrowest width of tower) Outrigger fitted from this point
and the same rule then applies from top of Outrigger.
Note (2) Ladders Default size with tower in list. Another alternative In taller towers is to remove lower
Access Platform/s and fit longer ladder once tower is safely assembled.
Note (3) Toeboard set consists of 2 end boards and 2 side boards, per working platfom.
1,3,5 and 7m high towers all have a platform at the 1m height, 2nd rung on base frame. By default these
1m high platformsare a single standard platform and have no midrails or toeboard set to allow
practical and safe access onto the platform. A ladder is placed in the space beside the platform to
allow safer access onto the 1m high, and at the oppostie end to the next ladder up. Due diligence must
be taken, if a risk assessment shows the midrals and toeboards are needed at 1m then thy can be fitted
Single 3/25
Platform Height: 2.9m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 1.3m
2.5m x 1.3m Plan Brace 1
2.5m Horizontal Brace 8
2.5m Diagonal Brace 4
1.3m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
1.3m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
2.5m Standard Platform 2
2.5m Access Platform 1
1.8m Ladder 1
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
1.3m End Toeboard 2
Single 4/25 2.5m Side Toeboard 2
Platform Height: 3.9m
Platform Length: 2.5m
Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 1.3m
2.5m x 1.3m Plan Brace 1
2.5m Horizontal Brace 10
2.5m Diagonal Brace 5
Outrigger Prop - 3.0m 4
1.3m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
1.3m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
1.3m x 1.9m Upper Frame 2
2.5m Standard Platform 2
2.5m Access Platform 2
1.8m Ladder 2
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
1.3m End Toeboard 4
2.5m Side Toeboard 4
Single 2/25
Platform Height: 4.8m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 1.3m
2.5m x 1.3m Plan Brace 1
2.5m Horizontal Brace 14
2.5m Diagonal Brace 8
Outrigger Prop - 3.0m 4
1.3m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
1.3m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
1.3m x 1.9m Upper Frame 4
2.5m Standard Platform 3
2.5m Access Platform 3
1.8m Ladder 3
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
1.3m End Toeboard 6
2.5m Side Toeboard 6
All heights in chart are fitted with 300207 Adjustable wheels, and at lowest adjustment. See below for alternatives affect
on actual heights. Actual heights are rounded "up" to the nearest 10mm. Extra adjustment to raise tower or level up on
uneven ground of 280mm with this wheel
(~)(300211) Change from a wheel to this adjustable Baseplate Lowers all heights by 220mm. Extra adjustment of 500mm
with these baseplates.
Note (1) Outrigger Props require 4 if freestanding or 2 if against a wall. 3:1 ratio applies to all towers
(Platforms height no more than 3 times the narrowest width of tower) Outrigger fitted from this point and the
same rule then applies from top of Outrigger.
Note (2) Ladders Default size with tower in list. Another alternative In taller towers is to remove lower Access
Platform/s and fit longer ladder once tower is safely assembled.
Note (3) Toeboard set consists of 2 end boards and 2 side boards, per working platfom.
1,3,5 and 7m high towers all have a platform at the 1m height, 2nd rung on base frame. By default these 1m
high platformsare a single standard platform and have no midrails or toeboard set to allow practical and
safe access onto the platform. A ladder is placed in the space beside the platform to allow safer access onto
the 1m high, and at the oppostie end to the next ladder up. Due diligence must be taken, if a risk assessment
shows the midrals and toeboards are needed at 1m then thy can be fitted once standing on the platform.
Single 4/25
Platform Height: 3.9m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 1.9m
2.5m x 1.9m Plan Brace 1
2.5m Horizontal Brace 10
2.5m Diagonal Brace 5
1.9m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
1.9m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
1.9m x 1.9m Upper Frame 2
2.5m Standard Platform 4
2.5m Access Platform 2
1.8m Ladder 2
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
1.9m End Toeboard 4
2.5m Side Toeboard 4
Single 6/25
Platform Height: 4.8m
Platform Length: 2.5m Component Description Qty Required
Nominal Width: 1.9m
2.5m x 1.9m Plan Brace 1
2.5m Horizontal Brace 14
2.5m Diagonal Brace 8
Outrigger Prop - 3.0m 4
1.9m x 0.9m Upper Frame 2
1.9m x 1.9m Base Frame 2
1.9m x 1.9m Upper Frame 4
2.5m Standard Platform 6
2.5m Access Platform 3
1.8m Ladder 3
200mm Adjustable Castor 4
1.9m End Toeboard 6
2.5m Side Toeboard 6
Horizontal Braces with Yellow ends are also used as Midrails and Guardrails.
Repair kits are available for the grasper ends, if they should become bent seized or missing.
OUTRIGGERS
Used to increase the base width of a scaffold and thereby increase stability
Nom. Dimension
Product Code Weight
(length top to base)
151452 2.0m 4.8kg
151450 3.0m 6.3kg
SCAFFOLD LADDERS
TOEBOARDS
Scaffold lengths are exactly the same i.e. 2.0m long x 2.0m wide scaffold is 1913mm centres both ways. This
can be a big advantage on awkward jobs e.g. when steel pipe work passes through a scaffold, the direction
of frames and braces can be reversed partway up.
All rung centres on all frames are 465mm apart. This means two rung spaces (930mm) exceeds the
Australian Standard minimum hand rail height, of 900mm. AS/NZS 1576.1 -2010
Standard base frames with 200mm castors installed at minimum extension = 2,130mm actual height.
Screw jacks have up to 500mm of threaded adjustment available for uneven surfaces.