APPENDIX

1
CGS AND SI
PREFIXES FOR
MULTIPLES AND
SUBMULTIPLES

Factor Prefix Abbreviation Factor Prefix Abbreviation

10 12 tera T to-I deci d

10' giga G 10- 2 centj c
10' mega M 10- 3 milli m
10' kilo k 10- 6 micro !'
10' hecto h 10- 9 nano n
10' deka da 10- 12 pica p
10- 15 femto f
10- 18 atto a
 APPENDIX

3
CONVERSION
FACTORS AND
CONSTANTS
OF NATURE

To convert from To Multiply byt

acre ft' 43,560*

m' 4046.85
atm N/m' 1.01325* x 10 s
Ibf /in. 2 14.696
Avogadro number particles!g mol 6.022169 x 1023
barrel (petroleum) ft' 5.6146
gal (U.S.) 42-
m' 0.15899
bar N/m' h x lO s
Ibf /in. 2 14.504
Boltzmann constant JIK 1.380622 x 10-"
Btu cal rr 251.996
ft-lb J 778.17
J 1055.06
kWh 2.9307 x 10-'
Btufib calrr /g 0.55556
Btufib-OF calrr/g-OC h
Btu/ft'-h W/m' 3.1546
Btu/ft'-VF Wjm2_0C 5.6783
kcalfm'-h-K 4.882
Btu-ft/ft'-h_oF W-m/m2_oC 1.73073
kcalfm-h-K 1.488
(Continued)
1082 APPENDIX 3 CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS OF NATURE

To convert from To Multiply byt

callT Btu 3.9683 x 10 -,

ft-Ib J 3.0873
J 4.1868.
cal J 4.184*
cm in. 0.39370
ft 0.0328084
cm' ft' 3.531467 x 10-'
gal (U.S) 2.64172 x 10- 4
cP (centipoise) kg/m-s h x 10- 3
Ib/ft-h 2.4191
Ib/ft-s 6.7197 x 10- 4
eSt (centistoke) m 2 /s h x 10- 6
faraday Cfg mol 9.648670 x J04
ft m 0.3048.
ft-Ib J Btu 1.2851 X 10- 3
callT 0.32383
J 1.35582
ft-lbJ /s Btu/h 4.6262
hp 1.81818 x 10- 3
ft'/h ml/s 2.581 x 10- 5
cm 2 js 0.2581
ft' cm' 2.8316839 x 10 4
gal (U.s.) 7.48052
L 28.31684
ftl-atm Btu 2.71948
caIIT 685.29
J 2.8692 x JO'
ft3js gal (U.S)fmin 448.83
gal (U.S.) ft' 0.13368
in. 3 23h
gravitational constant N_m 2jkg 2 6.673 x 10- 11
gravity acceleration, standard m/5 2 9.80665.
h min 60.
s 3600*
hp Btu/h 2544.43
kW 0.74624
hp/1000 gal kW/m' 0.197
in. cm 2.54*
in. 3 cm' 16.3871
J erg h x 10 7
ft-IbJ 0.73756
kg Ib 2.20462
kWh Btu 3412.1
L m' h x 10- 3
Ib kg 0.45359237.
Ib/ft' kg/m' 16.018
gJcm J 0.016018
Ib f /in. 2 N/m 2 6.89473 x JO'
Ib mOl/ft 2-h kg mOI/m 2 _s 1.3562 x 10-'
g mOl/cm 2-s 1.3562 x 10- 4
light, speed of m/s 2.997925 x 10'
(Continued)
 APPENDIX 3 CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS OF NATURE 1083

To convert from To Multiply byt

m It 3.280840
in. 393701
rn' ft' 35.3147
gal (U.S.) 264.17
N dyn h x 105
Ibf 0.22481
N/m 2 Ibj /in. 2 1.4498 x 10- 4
Planck constant J-s 6.626196 x 10-"
proof (U.S.) percent alcohol by volume 0.5
ton (long) kg 1016
Ib 2240*
ton (short) Ib 2000.
ton (metric) kg 1000*
Ib 2204.6
yd ft 3.
m 0.9144.

t Values that end in an asterisk are exact, by definition.

 APPENDIX

10
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITIES
OF METALSt

Thermal conductivity kt

Metal 3ZOF 64°F 21ZOF

Aluminum 117 119

Antimony 10.6 9.7
Brass (70 copper, 30 zinc) 56 60
Cadmium 53.7 52.2
Copper (pure) 224 218
Gold 169.0 170.0
Iron (cast) 32 30
Iron (wrought) 34.9 34.6
Lead 20 19
Magnesium 92 92 92
Mercury (liquid) 4.8
Nickel 36 34
Platinum 40.2 41.9
Silver 242 238
Sodium (liquid) 49
Steel (mild) 26
Steel (1 % carbon) 26.2 259
Stee1 (stainless, type 304) 9.4
Steel (stainless, type 316) 9.4
Steel (stainless, type 347) 9.3
Tanta1um 32
Tin 36 34
Zinc 65 64

t Based on W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill

Book Company. New York. 1954, pp. 445-447.
1: k = Btu/ft-h-oF.
APPENDIX

11
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITIES
OF VARIOUS
SOLIDS AND
INSULATING
MATERIALSt

Apparent Thermal
density Temperature conductivity k,
Material p, Ib/f!' T, °c Btu/b-ft'-CF/ft)

Asbestos 29 -200 0.043

36 0 0.087
36 400 0.129
Bricks
Alumina 1315 2.7
Building brick work 20 0.4
Carbon 96.7 3.0
Fire clay (Missouri) 200 0.58
1000 0.95
1400 1.02
Kaolin insulating firebrick 19 200 0.050
19 760 0.113
(Continued)
 APPENDIX 11 THERMAL CONDUCfIVITIES OF VARIOUS SOLIDS AND INSULATING MATERIALS 1099

Apparent Thermal
density Temperature conductivity k,
Material p, Ib/f" T, QC Btu/h-ft'-CF/ft)

Silicon carbide, recrystallized 129 600 10.7

129 1000 8.0
129 1400 6.3
Cardboard, corrugated 0.37
Concrete
Clinker 0.20
Stone 0.54
1:4dry 0.44
Cork, ground 9.4 30 0.025
Glass
Borosilicate 139 30-75 0.63
Window 0.3-0.61
Granite 1.0-2.3
Ice 57.5 0 1.3
Insulating materials
Fiberglass batts:J: 6 20 0.019
6 150 0.027
6 200 0.035
9 20 0.018
9 150 0.023
Kapok 0.88 20 0.020
Polystyrene foam§ 20 0.023
2-5 20 0.020
Polyurethane foam§ (made 1.3-3.0 0.014
fluorocarbon gas) 4-8 0.018
Polyurethane foam§ (made 1.3--3.0 0.018
with CO,)
Wall board 14.8 21 0.028
Magnesia, powdered 49.7 47 0.35
Paper 0.75
Porcelain 200 0.88
Rubber, soft 21 0.075-0.092
Snow 34.7 0 0.27
Wood (across grain)
Oak 51.5 15 0.12
Maple 44.7 50 0.11
Pine, white 34.0 15 0.087
Wood (parallel to grain)
Pine 34.4 21 0.20

t From 1. H. Perry (ed.), Chemical Engineers' 6th ed., McGraw-HiII, New York, p. 3-260, except
as noted.
t From Heat Trallsfer alld Fluid Data Book, vol. 1, Genium Publishing Corp., Schenectady, NY,
1984, sect. 515.24. p. 1.
§ From Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, vol. 65. no. 11, McGraw-HiII Book Co., New York, 1988.
p.657.