COMBI
COMBI
COMBI
INTRODUCTION
contributes 11% to the country’s GDP as of 2014. Aside from its contribution on
employment and economy, agricultural products are the main, if not the only source of
our food. The Philippines has plenty of arable lands and the climate is conducive for
After rice, corn is the second most productive crop of the Philippines, reaching 7
770 metric tons on 2.61 million hectares in 2014 after a nearly constant increasing
increase was also observed in the Bukidnon province which was the second most
productive province in 2014, after Isabela, generating respectively more than 10 and 15
% of the total production of the country. In 2014, white corn constituted less than a third
This traditional corn variety (Tinigib) was mainly used for home consumption as
2013). It also provides interesting nutrients and requires few inputs but also low
production costs. OPV corn is more easily digested, contains more proteins, fibres,
minerals and antioxidants than rice. Moreover, OPV growth is asynchronous which avoid
harvesting the all field at once and storing the entire production. The consumption can
Hybrid variety has been introduced in the Philippines in the 1980’s and is mostly
growth by farmers as cash income crop and as cattle feed because of its better yields
when using the proper amount of inputs (Ocampo et al., 2013). Since its implementation,
hybrid corn areas have spread all over the country, replacing other crops such as OPV
The traditional corn known also as Tinigib is now getting replaced by other kind
of corns because of its low cost and sensitive growth which affect the income of farmers
because of its low production. It seems that the production of white corn which is the best
alternative and common consumed food after rice on many places is getting little. In
result, we tend to import some on the other countries, acquiring their idea. We forgot to
preserve our own corn, losing our sense of originality. Together with the rise of the hybrid
corn that is costly to sell, and more easy to produced farmers are now getting focused on
Thus, the researchers are concerned studying the production acceleration of the
traditional tinigib corn, or known as white corn using different soil media was done. They
measure the different agronomic parameters of corn such as the height, leaves, stem
diameter and others by using different soil media. The soil media the researchers tested
are cow, goat, carabao and chicken manure by making plots with replicates. Commercial
fertilizer and the non-applied group or known as the control group were also applied for
This study aims to accelerate the productivity of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) using
1) What are the agronomic parameters of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) using
The study aims to accelerate the productivity of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) using
Specifically, it aims:
a. plant emergence
b. plant height
c. stem diameter
d. plant vigour
2.) measure the different growth performances of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) using
3) identify which of the soil media gives the best corn produce.
The result of the study will redound to the benefits of the Filipino people
considering that food and feed security plays a significant role in improving the welfare
of the populace today. Increasing demand for food and feed justifies the need for more
effective production strategies. Therefore, farmers that will apply the suggested approach
derived from the results of this study will be able to produce corn better. Extension
farmers will be made aware of what should be emphasized to farmers to improve the
production of corn. For the researchers, this study will help discover more essential areas
in the production process of corn that they were not able to explore.
corn (Zea mays) using various soil media in terms of its plant emergence, plant height,
stem diameter and plant vigour. The researchers will also include the examination of the
different growth performances of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) using various soil media and
will identify which of the soil media will give the best corn produce.
The study was conducted on July 2019 to October 2019 at Purok-9 Katipunan,
Tugaya, Valencia City, Bukidnon. The researchers established 18 plots which measures 4
x 5 meters with 1 meter distance between plots and the space between furrows measures
The literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle the different concept,
to study of the enrolment from the past up to the present and which serves as the
researchers guide in developing the project. Those that were also included in this chapter
helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.
Choices concerning ideal rates of preparation directly include fitting some sort of
model to yield information gathered when a few rates of compost are connected.
Although a few unique models are ordinarily used to portray harvest yield reaction to
manures, it is only here and there clarified why one model is chosen over others. The goal
of the work revealed here was to think about and assess a few models (direct in addition
to level, quadratic-in addition to level, quadratic, exponential, and square root) normally
utilized for depicting the reaction of corn (Zea mays L.) to N manure. The assessment
planting. Ok models fit the information similarly well when assessed by utilizing the R2
measurement. All models showed comparable most extreme yields, yet there were
checked errors among models when foreseeing financial ideal rates of preparation. Mean
(over all site-years) financial ideal rates of preparation as demonstrated by the different
models ran from 128 to 379 kg N ha−1 at a typical manure to-corn value proportion.
Accurate examinations demonstrated that the most normally utilized model, the quadratic
7
model, did not give a legitimate depiction of the yield reactions and would in general
show ideal rates of treatment that were excessively high. The quadratic-in addition to
level model best depicted the yield reactions saw in this examination. The outcomes
unmistakably demonstrate that, particularly in the midst of expanding worries about the
monetary and ecological impacts of over fertilization, the renson for choosing one model
over others merits more consideration thun it has gotten previously (Cerrato, M.E et al.,
1990).
Effect of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers on Grain Yield of Maize in Rainfed
Area
A field examination of Sial, R.A and company, 2007 was led to think about the
impacts of various rates of barnyard compost (FYM), poultry excrement (PM), sewage
ooze (SS) and synthetic manures on grain yield and NPK take-up of maize plants. The
compound composts and diverse natural excrements were fused in soil exclusively and in
blend, before planting the maize crop assortment Agaiti 85. Additionally, the examination
was done under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 rehashes. Finally,
the outcomes uncovered that PM fundamentally improved grain yield of maize when
connected alone or in blend with half of prescribed synthetic compost when contrasted
with FYM, SS and NP manures. Be that as it may, natural composts (FYM SS) performed
essentially well when connected in mix with concoction manures. The greatest increment
in NP take-up was seen with the utilization of compound manure (NP) @ 90-60 kg for
Corn generation is more than enough for the complete territorial interest. White
corn is favored as optional staple nourishment, anyway the corn industry underscores
yellow corn generation furthermore, the greater part of this goes to crude materials for
animals and poultry encourages. Coconut, sugar, pineapple and bananas fundamentally
add to agrarian fares. Coconut is prepared previously sending out which can offer work in
the country territories. Sugarcane, pineapple and bananas have made an adjustment in the
land use and subsequently contend with rice and corn. Northern Mindanao is one of the
main makers of tomatoes, carrots also; potatoes, yet ranchers have experienced
dissuading factors in achieving potential pay from these items. In spite of the fact that
Bukidnon territory is the top rural maker in the district, neediness in the region stays high
Projected Climate and Agronomic Implications for Corn Production in the Northeastern
United States
Corn has been a mainstay of American agribusiness for quite a long time and
keeps on getting much consideration from established researchers for its capability to
meet the sustenance, feed and fuel needs of a developing human populace in an evolving
2°C where nearby impacts on warmth, cold and precipitation limits will fluctuate. This
investigation shows that corn close to the part of the arrangement century will encounter
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less spring and fall solidifies, quicker pace of developing degree day collection with a
day high temperature ≥ 35°C during key development stages, for example, silking-
anthesis and more prominent water shortage during regenerative (R1-R6) stages. Overall,
these agronomic peculiarities contrast between the three areas, representing fluctuating
effects of environmental change in the more northern locales versus the southern locales
of the Northeast. The executives systems, for example, moving the planting dates
dependent on the previous spring stop and water system during the best water shortage
stages (R1-R6) will incompletely counterbalance the anticipated increment in warmth and
dry spell pressure. Future research should concentrate on understanding the impacts of an
Precipitation was better than expected while air temperatures were beneath
normal during the developing season in the two years. Grain yield demonstrated a
crossover reaction in one of two years (fixed ear more noteworthy than semiflex ear)
while yields expanded as plant populaces expanded. Test loads were less with the fixed
ear half and half and the impact of plant populaces was conflicting with expanded
populaces bringing about more prominent test weight in one of two years. Moreover,
cabin expanded as plant populaces expanded with the fixed ear half and half bringing
about more prominent hotel in one of two years. There was a half breed by plant populace
collaboration for ear stature and seed weight. Therefore, the impact of plant populaces is
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a significant factor for corn yield; in any case, yield additions related with higher plant
populaces might be reliant on the hereditary inclination of corn cross breeds (paying little
mind to the regenerative versatility) to endure different natural conditions and stresses
Populaces of creepy crawly bugs and related predaceous arthropods were tested
by direct perception and other relative techniques in basic and differentiated corn living
spaces at two locales in north Florida during 1978 and 1979. Through different social
controls, trademark weed networks were set up specifically in substitute lines inside corn
plots.Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) rate was reliably higher in the
without weed territories than in the corn living spaces containing normal weed edifices or
chose weed affiliations. Corn earworm (Heliothis zea Boddie) harm was comparable in
all without weed and weedy medications, proposing that this bug isn't influenced
extraordinarily by weed decent variety. Just the expansion of corn with a piece of
In one site, separation between plots was decreased. Since predators moved
in the creation of predator networks. In the other site, expanded separations between plots
limited such relocations, bringing about more prominent populace densities and decent
frameworks than in the sans weed plots. Trophic connections in the weedy living spaces
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at., 2010).
Predators decent variety (estimated as mean number of species per territory) and
predator thickness was higher in com plots encompassed by develop complex vegetation
than at those encompassed by yearly yields. This proposes different nearby zones to
mays L.) generation, a significant part will be to recognize the scale at which these
gauge individual corn plant biomass and N take-up. A 3-yr study was led at three areas in
and plant tallness estimations were gathered on individual corn plants at different
development stages extending from V8 (neckline of eighth leaf unfurled) to VT (last part
of the tuft is totally noticeable) and related with individual plant biomass, search yield per
unit territory involved by the plant, and N take-up of that plant. Individual plant tallness
biomass over the six site long stretches of the examination (r 2 = 0.81). The list of NDVI
× plant tallness furnished the most noteworthy relationship with by-plant search yield on
a region premise. Optical sensor and plant tallness estimations gathered at the V8 to V10
12
(neckline of tenth leaf unfurled) development stage can recognize individual plants and
give data as to their biomass amassing and N take-up. This exploration shows that by-
plant data can be gathered and used to coordinate high goals N applications. The file,
NDVI × plant stature, might be utilized to refine middle of the season compost N rates
low. We considered the impacts of P insufficiency on the rate of appearance and number
of unusual nodal foundations of field-developed maize plants (Zea mays L.). Analyses
were directed in 1995, 1996, and 1997 on a long haul P preparation preliminary with
development were diminished, particularly during the principal periods of the harvest
cycle (between the 7-and 14-obvious leaf organize). The rise of extrinsic roots was
postponed for P-lacking plants, however the synchrony among root and leaf development
was not irritated. The last number of roots was essentially lower for P-insufficient plants
for phytomers 4 to 7. These phytomers were those for which root separation happened
when the PAR consumed by the shelter was most seriously diminished in respect to the
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prepared P medicines. A remarkable relationship was found for all years and P
medications between the combined measure of PAR consumed by the plant and the
quantity of rose extrinsic roots. We inferred that the diminished number of unusual roots
for phytomers 4 to 7 on P-lacking plants might be brought about by the negative impact
of P inadequacy on LAI and its ensuing impact on PAR assimilation and C nourishment
of plants during the time of root rising up out of explicit phytomers (Pillerin S, et al.,
2000).
contributes 11% to the country’s GDP as of 2014. Aside from its contribution on
employment and economy, agricultural products are the main, if not the only source of
our food. The Philippines has plenty of arable lands and the climate is conducive for
agricultural activities. While industrialization is good and important for the economy, the
government and every Filipino should still prioritize agriculture. Because, again,
agricultural products are the main, if not the only source of our food (A., 2019). The
country's major agricultural crops are rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, banana, cassava,
2005, around 16.4% (164,000 ha) of the province is devoted to agriculture, the largest of
which is corn (7.3% or roughly 66,400 ha), making it the second largest corn producing
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province in the Philippines. Most corn is planted in the rolling to hilly upland areas since
prime agricultural land is normally planted to rice and other high value crops.
In 2009, the incidence of poverty among agricultural households was 57%, which
was thrice (17%) that of non-agricultural households. Households with heads that were
primarily engaged in corn growing had the highest comparative poverty incidence at 64%
compared to other crop growers. In addition to this, it was also in the corn sector where
being food poor (or subsistence poor) was highest at 37%. It then followed that
households with corn as their main source of livelihood had the greatest deprivation from
basic amenities such as potable water and electricity. What these figures basically show is
that farmers engaged in corn production are among the poorest in the agriculture sector
With the steady growth of corn sector nationwide since the early 2000s, the high
poverty incidence of farmers engaged in this crop seems to contradict the high
productivity being enjoyed by the corn industry as a whole. Apparently those who are
gaining from this agricultural activity are not the smallholder farmers themselves — a
phenomenon that has been observed by ESSC for more than 2 decades in the Upper
Pulangi valley in Eastern Bukidnon. Through the years, high yield variety (HYV) corn
has dominated much of the marginal uplands of Bukidnon and these varieties, particularly
the genetically modified (GM) ones, boast high yields of up to 8 tons/ha that are a sure
manual weeding has been eliminated thanks to the introduction of herbicide tolerance for
the corn. In Bukidnon, corn is planted in every available patch of marginal uplands. But
there is a catch — GM technology does not come cheap. The normal cost of planting one
hectare of GMO corn ranges from Php33,000 to Php35,000 depending on the quality of
the seeds used. This includes all necessary inputs and related costs for a successful
harvest such as seeds, fertilizers, herbicide, and labor for planting, applications of
fertilizers, and spraying. The potential profit from a very successful harvest coupled with
a good market price for corn is almost thrice the initial investment. This is enough to
entice any corn farmer, though a poor farmer with access to only 1-2 hectares of land will
normally not be able to afford such a hefty investment. The promise of high profits is
enough to attract the farmer to take out loans to finance this endeavor [ CITATION The19
\l 1033 ].
After rice, corn is the second most productive crop of the Philippines, reaching 7
770 kmetric tons on 2.61 million hectares in 2014 after a nearly constant increasing
increase was also observed in the Bukidnon province which was the second most
productive province in 2014, after Isabela, generating respectively more than 10 and 15
% of the total production of the country. The major part of this increasing corn production
mentioning that the results of Philippine Statistics Authority still have to be validated.
low and inefficient compared to other major corn-producing countries like Thailand or
droughts, etc.), insect pests (corn borer, corn plant hopper) or diseases (corn rust, corn
downy mildew, corn leaf spot, etc.) are such origins of corn production damages. The
rusticity of Philippine corn sector takes also a part in this difference of productivity
because of a lack of adoption of new technologies, high harvest losses and inadequate
Sustainable production of a corn (Zea mays L.) crop as grain corn for feed, food
and biofuels, as sweet corn for fresh market or processing, and as silage of high energy
source, requires scientific management of nutrients along with several other crop
management practices such as proper plant population density (PPD), timely seeding and
There are numerous building blocks of life that plants need for healthy and
optimum growth. Without these nutrients, plants cannot grow to their full potential, will
provide lower yields, and be more susceptible to disease. The three most important
nutrients, without any one of which plants could not survive, are referred to as the
primary macronutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Soils often
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environmental factors. In cases where soils are lacking, nutrients must be put back into
the soil in order to create the ideal environment for optimal plant growth. Each of the
primary nutrients is essential in plant nutrition, serving a critical role in the growth,
About half of the world’s population is alive today because of increased food
production fuelled by mineral fertilizers. But most of the present suite of fertilizer
products was developed more than 50 years ago. Over the past 35 years, no “new” more
affordable for use on food crops by farmers in less developed countries. New and
improved fertilizers are critical to help feed the world’s growing population, provide
sustainable global food security and protect the environment [ CITATION Fer18 \l
1033 ].
intensive agriculture, and constitutes the main biomass resource available for biogas
age old agricultural practice. But, its relevance in modern day agriculture is proven
beyond doubt in the context of their multiple roles, including as nutrient source and
properties, with the result, crop performance is holistically improved [ CITATION Ano15
18
production, maintain soil fertility, and recycle locally available nutrients in cold humid
temperate regions, consistent with the principles of sustainable agriculture. Manure may
demands. Also on the study of Bossissi (2015) shows that using fertilizers can increase
the yield at any rate. They also show that NPK when used alone is the best fertilizer for
increasing the yield and the farmer’s income. But the mixture of both NPK and manure
was the best way of increasing the investment capacity and so allow them to apply the
In addition, the effects of manure on the soil are beneficial as well. As the soil
absorbs manure, nutrients are released. This enriches the soil, which in turn, helps the
plants. The most important benefit of using manure in the garden is its ability to condition
the soil. For instance, mixing manure with sandy soils helps to retain moisture levels.
Adding manure to compacted soil helps loosen the soil. Manure produces increased soil
carbon, which is an important source of energy that makes nutrients available to plants.
Other benefits of manure include reduced runoff and leaching of nitrates in the soil
(Tilley,2019).
application with chemical fertilizers can increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of
rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly.
19
Saying that it could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises
On a study conducted by Usman (2015) the use of cow dung, goat and poultry
manure on the growth of tomato reveal that cow dung, goat and poultry manure had
various effects. The finding reveal that poultry manure is more effective, followed by
goat manura and last is cow dung. But all of the independent variables give valuable
change to the growth of tomato compare to the non-applied at all area or known as the
controlled group.
Yellow corn and white corn are the two main types of maize that are cultivated in
the Philippines (Lanthier, 2013). The white corn variety mainly corresponds to the open
pollinated variety (OPV) corn and yellow corn is represented by hybrid and GMO
varieties (Gerpacio et al., 2004). Each of them is used for different purpose. Moreover,
GMO and hybrid corn are also designated as high yield variety (HYV) corns.
Open pollinated variety (OPV) is the traditional white corn variety providing
seeds which can be reused for every next planting cycle (Ocampo et al., 2013). Thanks to
this characteristic, this variety has been adapted many times to the different Philippine
environments. In 2014, white corn constituted less than a third of the total production of
the country (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). This traditional variety was mainly
used for home consumption as a carbohydrate substitute for rice in periods of shortage in
Mindanao (Ocampo et al., 2013). It also provides interesting nutrients and requires few
20
inputs but also low production costs. OPV corn is more easily digested, contains more
proteins, fibres, minerals and antioxidants than rice. Moreover, OPV growth is
asynchronous which avoid harvesting the all field at once and storing the entire
production. The consumption can then being spread during a long period (Baldo, 2017).
Hybrid variety has been introduced in the Philippines in the 1980’s and is mostly
growth by farmers as cash income crop and as cattle feed because of its better yields
when using the proper amount of inputs (Ocampo et al., 2013). Moreover, this high yield
variety uses to have a better resistance to pests, diseases and other stresses, but also
seems to have a low germination. However, their seed cost is more expensive than OPV’s
(hybrid seeds have to be bought every new cropping season) and require more inputs.
Since its implementation, hybrid corn areas have spread all over the country, replacing
other crops such as OPV corn, sugarcane and vegetables (Gerpacio et al., 2004).
Genetically modified (GM) corn is another type of high yield corn variety that has
been commercialized in the Philippines from 2002 and reaches now more than a third of
the total corn produced in the country (Luces, 2014). This corn gradually replaced the
hybrid and the OPV lines on the market, and is currently widespread in the country.
Indeed, good quality seeds of hybrid corn are not sold anymore and since a few years, the
availability of OPVs became lower and lower (Jamago, 2017). Many companies provide
farmers in GM corn seeds such as Pioneer, Monsanto or Syngenta but Pioneer is currently
The main advantage of GM corn is its resistance to pests but this line requires
generation are fertile but produce low yields, forcing farmers to buy new seeds for each
crop cycle (Jamago, 2017). Two single traits of GM corn were introduced in Philippines
at first: insect resistant varieties using Bacillus thurigiensis (Bt corn) and herbicide
tolerant varieties called Roundup Ready (RR corn) (Luces, 2014). But currently, the
major GM cultivated corn is a combination of five different traits, each one targeting a
specific pest (Jamago, 2017). This 5 pest resistant GMO is called a stacked trait GM corn
(Ocampo et al., 2013). To avoid pest mutation due to omnipresence of highly resistant
corn crops, government restricted to 90 % the number of GM plants into the same field
farmers have been interbreeding Bt and RR varieties with hybrid and OPVs, creating a
cheap and new white corn variety (Mora, 2016). This so called sigue-sigue variety is
resistant to Roundup herbicide and its seeds can be reused for successive crop cycles
(Capistrano, 2015). However, it generates lower yields than other GM corn varieties.
Sigue-sigue seeds are easily obtained through cross-pollination between GM corn and
traditional variety or hybrid variety (Masipag, 2015). This white variety and other GMO
varieties also replaced little by little OPV corn for the household consumption.
challenge, even for corn experts (Baldo, 2017). Indeed, because the only difference
between hybrid and GMO corn is one single gene, distinguishing these two lines only but
HYV is easier, mainly during the flowering, grain filling and maturity stages (). Unlike
HYV corn, OPV has an asynchronous growing. Therefore, OPV flowers and ears are
appearing at different period into the same field. OPV plants are also reaching the
METHODOLOGY
This section deals with materials and equipment, research design and treatments,
standard protocol consultation, securing of seeds, soil analysis, land preparation, plot
The materials and equipment that the researchers used during the conduct
of the study are the following: inorganic fertilizer (46-0-0), seeds of Tinigib corn
(Zea mays), soil, animal manures which are the cow manure, chicken dung, goat
manure and carabao manure, plow and shovel as land preparation tools, tape
measure, plastic straw rope, scissors, sticks, sacks and sign boards. Data notebook
and a pen to record the data gathered throughout the conduct of the study and a
Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replications. The dimension of the
experimental plot measures 4 x 5 meters with 1 meter distance between plots, the
space between furrows measures 0.75 meters and 0.25 meters between seeds. The
T1 control
T3 cow manure
T4 chicken dung
T5 goat manure
T6 carabao manure
25
the study.
D. Securing of Seeds
The Tinigib corn (Zea mays) seeds was provided by the Northern
E. Soil Analysis
The researchers randomly collected soil samples from the study area in a
zigzag pattern or Z pattern covering the whole experimental area before the first
plowing. The collected soil samples was placed in a plain sheet wherein it was
mixed and were divided into four (4) and then the two (2) parts were disregarded.
The process was repeated until one (1) kilogram of the mixed soil was left. The
one (1) kilogram sample was submitted to the College of Agriculture, Soil and
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F. Manure Analysis
The researchers gathered the four (4) different manures which are the cow
manure, chicken dung, goat manure and carabao manure. The researchers
separated samples for the manure analysis that was submitted to the College of
G. Land Preparation
The study area was cleared out and was plowed 2-3 times using the
carabao-drawn moldboard plow. Six (6) furrows per plot was established with a
measurement of 4 x 5 meters with 1 meter distance between plots and the space
between furrows measures 0.75 meters and 0.25 meters between seeds. This was
H. Plot Layoutting
27
R1 R2 R3
5m
4m T1 T1 T1
1m
1m
T2 T2 T2
T3 T3 T3
25 m
T4 T4 T4
T5 T5 T5
T6 T6 T6
I. Planting of Seeds 17 m
Planting of Tinigib corn (Zea mays) was done using hill method. Row
Inorganic fertilizer (46-0-0) was applied two (2) times. First application
was applied ten (10) days after planting and last application was applied thirty-
K. Pest Management
The presence of pests will be controlled using organic pesticides and will
L. Weeding
The researchers kept the study area weed-free through weeding. It was
done so that the performance of the corn plants will not be affected.
The data were collected through the agronomic parameters which includes
the plant emergence, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and plant
vigour. Plant selection for sampling of these agronomic parameters was done by
emerged after two (2) weeks of planting. All emerged plants were counted.
the upper leaf with developed leaf sheaf using tape measure.
planting. The circumference (c) was measured at 2/3 of the plant height.
Poor (1), Average (3), and Good (5). Plant vigour measurement were made on the
first month after planting. This was assessed and the average per treatment was
recorded. Categorization of the corn stem was made based on its stem borer,
N. Statistical Analysis
The researchers will a utilize One Way ANOVA to analyse the gathered
data.
which soil media gives the best corn produce. It will be given to those people who
P. Photo documentation
The researchers used a digital camera in order for the data to be properly
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Ocampo, D. M., Cotter, J., Pelegrina, W., Llorin, V. B., Soriano, Z., & Baconguis, B.
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APPENDICES
35
Appendix 3.
Planting of Seeds
36