UKSCA Journal 44 Tactical Athlete
UKSCA Journal 44 Tactical Athlete
UKSCA Journal 44 Tactical Athlete
net/publication/323254278
CITATIONS READS
0 1,159
1 author:
Jonpaul Nevin
Buckinghamshire New University
3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Jonpaul Nevin on 18 February 2018.
INTRODUCTION
Modern military operations place unique and intense physiological and
psychological demands upon the soldier. In order to help adapt to and cope
with such demands, a high level of physical preparedness must be seen as a
fundamental requirement of all military personnel.3 Indeed, the modern soldier
needs to be more agile, more capable, more able to survive and more resilient than
the enemy in order to ensure victory on the battlefield. Soldiers who are physically
fit can be seen as a critical force multiplier. Not only do they demonstrate improved
mission performance, but they may also be more resilient for both the physical
and psychological demands of sustained military operations.25,61 Furthermore,
physically fit soldiers may be less susceptible to injury and demonstrate better
physical and mental health over the long term than less fit individuals.8,17
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K 25
TACTICAL ATHLETE ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017
sustained patrolling at relatively slow impair both short- and long-term physical
speeds, over varying terrain, while carrying and cognitive performance, including the
loads ranging from 48-57 kg.12,15,29,48 Contact following: heavy load carriage, exertional
with enemy forces can result in sudden and fatigue, sleep deprivation, poor nutrition,
sustained physical demands such as rapid high calorific energy expenditure,
movement over short distances, negotiating inadequate recovery, exposure to intense
obstacles, engagement of the enemy in psychological stressors and environmental
close quarters combat, ammunition re- extremes.9,24,39,40,41,44,57
supplies and – potentially – the extraction
of casualties while under fire. This may then Castellani et al9 observed that 72–84 hours
be followed by a period of recuperation of sustained military operations resulted
in the field before being tasked to do the in decreases in body mass, combat-specific
same again repeatedly over an extended task performance, and cognitive ability, as
period.12,14,15,16,45,48 well as impaired thermoregulatory function.
These findings are supported by Nindl et
al,44 who demonstrated that eight weeks
Negative impact of combat on physical of intensive military training designed to
and mental health replicate the demands of combat resulted
in a significant reduction in maximal lifting
The very nature of sustained combat strength, lower limb power and body mass.
operations often involves soldiers being Furthermore, Lieberman et al39,40 established
exposed to a multitude of stressors, which that sustained combat operation can result
can negatively impact not only on their in a substantial degradation in cognitive
operational effectiveness, but also on their performance, including vigilance, reaction
long term physical and mental health. times, marksmanship, mood states, memory
Many factors have been demonstrated to and logical reasoning.
Movement skills Mobility Range of motion achieved at a joint Freedom to move over, under or
or series of joints through varying obstacles
Stability Maintenance of equilibrium while Maintenance of stable firing position
stationary or moving
Motor control Ability to use the senses, such as Bringing a weapon system to bear and
sight or hearing, together with the accurately engaging targets
body parts in performing motor tasks
smoothly and accurately
Speed Ability to perform movements in any Rapid movement between fire positions
given direction as quickly as possible
Agility Ability to change the position of the Repeatedly negotiating obstacles
entire body in space with speed and
accuracy
Quickness The ability to react to visual, auditory Reacting to effective enemy fire
and kinaesthesic stimuli
Strength Muscular endurance Ability to exert sub-maximal external Repetitive manual handling tasks
forces for a short period of time
Maximal strength Ability to generate a maximal Standing from kneeling with heavy
external force loads
Endurance Power Ability to exert maximal external Breaking down compound doors
force in the shortest period of time
Aerobic capacity Ability to maintain sub-maximal Sustained patrolling with heavy loads
efforts for a sustained period of time
Anaerobic capacity Ability to sustain maximal efforts for 500m casualty extraction
a short period of time
26 P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017 TACTICAL ATHLETE
Anecdotal reports from recent conflicts death. The British Army defines military
suggest that soldiers frequently exhibited physical fitness as: ‘The ability to respond
negative alterations in body mass and instantly and effectively to the physical
physical performance as a result of sustained and psychological demands of combat
combat operations.12,15 However, to date only over prolonged periods with the minimum
two studies have investigated the long-term of distress, and return to a normal healthy
effects of sustained military operations on state once the demand ceases.’3 Similarly,
soldier physical characteristics. Sharp et the US Army defines physical readiness as:
al59 reported that a nine-month operational ‘The ability to meet the physical demands of
deployment of US Army personnel to any combat or duty position, accomplish the
Afghanistan resulted in a significant mission, and continue to fight and win.’16
reduction in aerobic capacity, upper body
power, body mass and fat-free mass. Given the nature of these definitions, it is
Interestingly, lifting strength and vertical clear that the modern soldier requires a broad
jump performance was maintained over the spectrum of physical capabilities in order
period of the deployment. to ensure optimal combat effectiveness.
Table 1 gives the reader a brief overview of ‘The very
Conversely, Lester et al41 demonstrated that the various movement skills, strength, and
after a 13-month deployment to Iraq, soldiers’
body mass and strength increased, while
endurance fitness components required by
the tactical athlete, with practical examples
nature of
aerobic capacity declined substantially. The
authors suggested that the lack of change
of their application within the context of
military specific tasks.
sustained
observed may have been due to the fact
that the soldiers used in this study were In addition to a high level of physical combat
not frequently involved in combat due to preparedness, the modern soldier must also
their unit’s operational role. As such, these be resilient to the psychological demands of operations
findings must be interpreted with caution. combat. This requires a view of performance
which encompasses the optimisation of the often involves
Although future military operations remain physical, cognitive and emotional traits
relatively unknown, success will most likely
be influenced by the physical capability
of the soldier to create a more dominant
warrior.8
soldiers being
and performance of the individual soldier.
Therefore, it is clear that optimising the Within this holistic view, resilience can be
exposed to a
physical preparedness of the soldier is
essential in order to enhance their overall
defined as the mental, physical, emotional
and behavioural ability to face and cope multitude of
operational effectiveness and minimise with adversity, adapt to change, recover,
the likelihood of injury, defeat or even learn and grow from setbacks.8,13,17 Without stressors’
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K 27
TACTICAL ATHLETE ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017
28 P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017 TACTICAL ATHLETE
performance.43,61 Finally, it has also been development of maximal strength and power
suggested that the nutritional, recovery can be seen as an acceptable trade-off due
and sleep hygiene behaviour of military to the significant enhancement in military
personnel is at best inadequate, negatively task specific performance observed as a
impacting upon not only physical result of concurrent training.1,19,23,31,34,35,55,59,65
preparedness, but also long-term health and Furthermore, careful and balanced
well-being.8 programme design may help to minimise
the impact of any potential interference
effect.18
New direction for training required
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K 29
TACTICAL ATHLETE ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017
block model incorporating DUP could or a loss of form due to excessive fatigue.32
be developed in line with a unit’s yearly Furthermore, hybrid training has been
training plan and/or upcoming operational linked to the onset of overtraining syndrome
deployment cycle; this would help to and rhabdomyolysis.32 Nonetheless, hybrid
optimise the physical preparedness of the training modalities offer a novel training
soldier for a specific deployment. stimulus which may enhance the overall
physical and psychological preparedness of
Typically, a training block is divided into a the modern soldier for demands of combat.
series of training weeks which are defined
as being either accumulating or unloading Military occupational task-specific training
in nature. Accumulation training weeks can – commonly known as battle PT – is
be characterised by a planned increased essential in order to provide the required
in the training load in order to provide a element of specificity needed to ensure
suitable training stimulus in line with the optimal physical preparedness to meet any
overall training block objective. In contrast, likely mission requirement which may be
an unloading training week can be defined experienced during combat. To coin a British
by a marked reduction in the training Army saying: ‘train as you fight’. Battle PT
load, in order to reduce the accumulation has been demonstrated to enhance combat-
of chronic fatigue, mitigate the risk of specific fitness measures.26,31,46,60 Examples
overtraining and optimise subsequent of battle PT include sustained heavy load
physiological adaptations. From a planning carriage, material manual handling, burden
perspective, operational deployments carries, simulated casualty extractions,
can be viewed as the peaking phase of a fire and manoeuvre drills, combatives and
training programme. Therefore, based upon obstacle courses. It is important to note
identified time constraints and competing that the intensity and volume of battle PT
unit training demands, different training should be systematically increased until the
block configurations (3:1, 2:1, 1:1) can be likely demands of combat are replicated.
easily adopted in order to allow for suitable In addition, the incorporation of mission
windows of opportunity for training and essential equipment – including body
recovery. armour, helmets, load carriage equipment
and weapon systems – should be gradually
introduced so that the soldier is able to
Hybrid/extreme conditioning meet the demands of the anticipated worst
programmes case and mission-related scenarios without
excessive difficulty or exhaustion.
Hybrid training or extreme conditioning
programmes are extremely popular within
the military due to their inherent variation, Physical and psychological
challenging nature and efficient use of preparedness
time.10,32 In addition, hybrid training also
has strong military cultural connotations, Based upon the literature reviewed, one can
as workouts of the day (WODs) are often infer that a concurrent training programme
named in honour of fallen comrades as an act based upon a conjugated block model
of remembrance. Hybrid training typically incorporating DUP may optimise not only
blends movement skill and strength and the physical but also the psychological
endurance fitness components into a single preparedness of the soldier for the demands
training session; WODs are often based of combat. Such a programme needs to
‘Operational upon the completion of a set amount of
work or alternatively the completion of as
simultaneously develop movement skill,
strength and endurance fitness components.
much work as possible within a given time In addition, it must also include hybrid
deployments frame using consistently varied multiple training and battle PT sessions in order
joint exercises.10,32 to provide the required element of task-
can be viewed specificity indicative of any effective
Several studies have demonstrated that training programme. Furthermore, the
as the peaking hybrid training modalities can enhance
military task-specific fitness.26,49 Indeed,
development of performance-enhancing
behaviours – through appropriate edu-
phase of hybrid training has been successfully
incorporated within the physical training
cational interventions in areas such as
nutrition, mindset, movement preparation,
a training doctrines of both the Canadian and US
militaries.7,49,53 However hybrid training
recovery and sleep – may also help to
optimise the physical preparedness and
may pose an increased risk of injury due long term health and well-being of the
programme’ to potentially poor exercise technique and/ tactical athlete.8
30 P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017 TACTICAL ATHLETE
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K 31
TACTICAL ATHLETE ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017
Week 1 Muscular Aerobic training Strength: total body; 5 Anaerobic Muscular endurance: Rest Rest
endurance: lower sets of 5 reps; rec 2 mins interval training upper body; 4 sets
body; 4 sets of 8 reps; rec 1 min
of 8 reps; rec 1 min
Week 2 Strength: lower body; Movement skills/ Muscular endurance: Load Strength: upper body; Rest Rest
5 sets of 6 reps; rec hybrid training total body; 4 sets of 8 carriage training: 5 sets of 6 reps;
2 mins reps; rec 1 mins 6 km /20 kg rec 2 mins
Week 3 Muscular endurance: Aerobic training Strength: total body; Anaerobic Muscular endurance: Rest Rest
lower body; 4 sets of 5 sets of 7 reps; interval training upper body; 4 sets of
10 reps; rec 1 min rec 2 mins 10 reps; rec 1 min
Week 4 Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Rest Rest
hybrid training hybrid training
Week 1 Strength: lower Anaerobic Maximal strength/power: Movement skills/ Strength: upper body; Rest Rest
body; 5 sets of 5 interval training total body; 6 sets of 2 hybrid training 5 sets of 5 reps;
reps; rec 2 mins reps; rec 3 mins rec 2 mins
Week 2 Maximal strength/ Load Strength: total body; Anaerobic Maximal strength/ Rest Rest
power: lower body; carriage training: 5 sets of 6 reps; interval training power: upper body;
6 sets of 3 reps; 7 km / 25 kg rec 2 mins 6 sets of 3 reps;
rec 3 mins rec 3 mins
Week 3 Strength: lower body; Battle PT: Maximal strength/power: Load carriage Strength: upper body; Rest Rest
5 sets of 7 reps; obstacle course/ total body; 6 sets of training: 8 km/30kg 5 sets of 7 reps;
rec 2 mins combatives 4 reps; rec 3 mins rec 2 mins
Week 4 Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Rest Rest
hybrid training hybrid training
Week 1 Maximal strength/ Movement skills/ Strength: total body; Load carriage Maximal strength/ Rest Rest
power: lower body; hybrid training 5 sets of 5 reps; training: 9 km/35 kg power: upper body;
6 sets of 2 reps; rec 2 mins 6 sets of 3 reps;
rec 3 mins rec 3 mins
Week 2 Strength: lower body; Battle PT: fire Maximal strength/power: Movement skills/ Strength: upper body; Rest Rest
5 sets of 6 reps; & manoeuvre total body; 6 sets of 3 hybrid training 5 sets of 6 reps;
rec 2 mins drills/combatives sets; rec 3 mins rec 2 mins
Week 3 Maximal strength/ Load carriage Strength: total body; Battle PT: Maximal strength/ Rest Rest
power: lower body; training: 5 sets of 7 reps; combatives/ power: upper body;
6 sets of 4 reps; 10 km/40 kg rec 2 mins casualty extractions 6 sets of 4 reps;
rec 3 mins rec 3 mins
Week 4 Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Movement skills/ Active recovery Rest Rest
hybrid training hybrid training
32 P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017 TACTICAL ATHLETE
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
JONPAUL NEVIN,
BSC (HONS), ASCC, CSCS Physical Training Corps, working as an exercise
rehabilitation instructor. He currently specialises
Jonpaul is the lead strength and conditioning in the delivery of S&C support for disabled
(S&C) coach at Help for Heroes, delivering S&C athletes across a wide range of paralympic sports
support for wounded, injured and sick service including cycling, powerlifting, surfing, triathlon,
personnel and veterans on performance sport skiing and athletics. He is also undertaking an
pathways. He is a fully accredited member of MSc in strength and conditioning at St Mary’s
the UKSCA. Prior to joining Help for Heroes, University and has a keen interest in developing
Jonpaul served in the British Army for 15 years, physical preparedness of military populations
seven of which were spent in the Royal Army based upon his previous service experience.
References
1. Abt, J P, Oliver, J, M Nagai, T, Sell, T C, Lovalekar, 2015. 22. Harries, S K, Lubans, DR, and Callister, R.
M T, Beals, K, Wood, D E, Lephart, S M. Block- 12. Dean, C. The Modern Warriors Combat Load. Systematic review and meta-analysis of linear
periodised training improves physiological and Dismounted Operations in Afghanistan, April – and undulating periodised resistance training
tactically relevant performance in navel special May 2003. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army programs in muscular strength. Journal of
warfare operators. Journal of Strength and Centre for Army Lessons Learned. 2004. Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4):
Conditioning Research, 30(1): 39-52. 2015. 13. Dienstbier, R A. Arousal and physiological 1113-1125. 2015.
2. Army Doctrine Publication Operations. toughness: Implications for mental and 23. Hendrickson, N R, Sharp, M A, Alemany, J
Shrivenham, Wiltshire: Development, Concepts physical health. Psychological Review, 96: 84- A, Walker, LA, Harmen, E A, Spiering, B A,
and Doctrine Centre. 2010. 100. 1989. Hatfield, D L, Yamamoto, L M, Maresh, C M,
3. Army General and Administrative Instructions. 14. Eisinger, G C, Wittels, P, Enne, R, Zeilinger, Kraemer, W J and Nindl, B C. Combined
Volume 1, Chapter 7, Physical Training. DTrg(A)/ M, Rausch, W, Holzl, T, Dorner, G and resistance and endurance training improves
ITrg/PhysDev/05/09. 2014. Bachl, N. Chapter 6 – Evidence-based job physical capacity and performance on tactical
4. Blacker, S, Wilksinson, D, Bilson, J and Rayson. analysis and methodology to determine occupational tasks. European Journal of
M. Risk factors for training injuries among physical requirements of special military Applied Physiology, 109: 1197-1208. 2010.
British Army recruits. Military Medicine, 173(3): occupations. In: Optimizing Operational 24. Henning, P C, Park, B S and Kim, J S.
278-286. 2008. Physical Fitness. NATO RTO Technical Report: Physiological decrements during sustained
5. Brooks, K and Carter, J. Overtraining, exercise AC/323(HFM-080)TP/200. 2009. military operational stress. Military Medicine,
and adrenal insufficiency. Journal of Novel 15. O peration Herrick Campaign Study. 176(9): 991-997. 2011.
Physiotherapies, 16:3(125): 1-9. 2013. Warminster, Wiltshire: Directorate Land 25. Henning, P, C, Khamoui, A V, and Brown, L E.
6. Brown, P E H, Fallowfield, J L, Blacker, S D, Izard, Warfare. 2015. Preparatory strength and endurance training
RM, Wilsonson, DM and Bilzon, J L J. Physical 16. FM 7-22, Army physical readiness training. for U.S. army basic combat training. Strength
and physiological adaptations to British Army Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of and Conditioning Journal, 33(5): 48-57. 2011.
recruit training. Medicine and Science in Sports the Army. 2012. 26. Heinrich, K, M, Spencer, V, Fehl, N, Walker,
and Exercise, 40(5): S159. 2008. 17. Flanagan, S C, Kotwal, R S, and Forsten, R D. S and Poston, C. Mission essential fitness:
7.
Canadian Army Fitness Manual Supplement. Preparing the soldier for the stress of combat. Comparison of functional circuit training to
Combat Fitness Program. B-GL-382-003/PT-Z01. Journal of Special Operations Medicine, 12(2): traditional army physical training for active
2008. 33-41. 2011. duty military. Military Medicine, 177(10): 1125-
8. Caravalho, J. Improving soldier health and 18. Garcia-Pallares, J and Izquierdo, M. Strategies 1130. 2012.
performance by moving army medicine toward to optimise concurrent training of strength and 27.
Issurin, V, B. Block periodisation versus
a system for health. Journal of Strength and aerobic fitness of rowing and canoeing. Sports traditional training theory: A Review. The
Conditioning Research, 29(11): S4-S9. 2015. Medicine, 41(4): 329-343. 2011. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
9. Castellani, J W, Nindl, B C, Lieberman, H 19. Harmen, E A, Gutekunst, D J, Frykman, PN, Fitness, 48: 65-75. 2008.
R, and Montain, S J. Decrements in human Nindl, BC, Alemany, J A, Mello, R P and Sharp, 28. Issurin, V, B. New horizons for the methodology
performance during 72-84 hours of sustained M A. Effects of two different eight-week training and physiology of training periodization.
operations. Natick, MA: Army Research Institute programs on military physical performance. Sports Medicine, 40(3): 189-206. 2010.
of Environmental Medicine. 2007. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29. Knapik, J J. Soldier load carriage: Historical,
10. C rossFit Training Guide. Santa Cruz, California: 22(2): 524-534. 2008. physiological, biomechanical and medical
CrossFit Inc. 2015. 20. Haff, G G. Roundtable discussion: Periodisation aspects. Military Medicine, 169(1): 545-555.
11. Damas, F, Philips, S, Vechin, F, C and of training – Part 1. Strength and Conditioning 2004.
Urgrinowitsch, C. A review of resistance Journal, 26(1): 50-69. 2004. 30. Knapik, J J, Rieger, W, Palkoska, F, Van Camp,
training-induced changes in skeletal muscle 21. Haff, G G.Roundtable discussion: Periodisation S, and Darakjy, S. US Army physical readiness
protein synthesis and their contribution to of training – Part 2. Strength and Conditioning training: Rationale and evaluation of the
hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 45(8): 801-807. Journal, 26(2): 56-70. 2004. physical training doctrine. Journal of Strength
P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K 33
TACTICAL ATHLETE ISSUE 44 / MARCH 2017
and Conditioning Research, 23(4): 1353-1362. during high-intensity combat related tasks. 178. 1998
2009. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 37(4): 43- 56. Scofield, DE, and Kardouni, J R. The tactical
31. Knapik, J J, Harmen, E A, Steelman, R A, 52. 2015. athlete: A product of the 21st century strength
and Graham, B S. A systematic review of the 43. Nevin, JP. Is the British Army fit to fight in and conditioning. Strength and Conditioning
effects of physical training on load carriage Afghanistan? Optimising physical performance Journal, 37(4): 2-6. 2015.
performance. Journal of Strength and for dismounted close combat. Upavon, 57. Sharp, M A, Knapik, J J, Walker, LA, Burrell, L,
Conditioning Research, 26(2): 585-597. 2012. Wiltshire: Headquarters Land Forces. 2009. Frykman, P N, Darakjy, S, Lester, M E, and Marin,
32. Knapik, J J. Extreme conditioning programs: 44. Nindl, B C, Barnes, B R, Alemany, JA, Frykman, R E. Physical fitness and body composition
Potential benefits and potential risks. Journal P N, Shippee, R L, and Friedl, K E. Physiological after a 9-month deployment to Afghanistan.
of Special Operations Medicine, 15(3): 108-113. consequences of US Army ranger training. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise,
2015. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(9): 1687-1692. 2008.
33. Kraemer, W J. A series of studies: The 39(8): 1380-1387. 2007. 58. Silverman, M N and Deuster, P A. Biological
physiological basis for strength training in 45. Nindl, BC, Alvar, B A, Dudley, J R, Favre, M W, mechanisms underlying the role of physical
American football: Fact over philosophy. Martin, G J, Sharp, M A, Warr, B J, Stephenson, fitness in health and resilience. Interface Focus,
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, M D and Kraemer, W J. Executive summary 4(5). 2014. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0040
11(3): 131-142. 1997. from the national strength and conditioning 59. Solberg, P A, Paulsen, G, Slaathaag, O G,
43. Kraemer, W J, Mazzetti, S A, Nindl, B C, association’s second blue ribbon panel on Skare, M, Wood, D, Huls, S and Raastad, T.
Gotshalk, L A, Volek, J S, Bush, J A, Mark, military physical readiness: Military physical Development and implementation of a new
J O, Dohi, K, Gomez, A L, Miles, M, Fleck, S performance testing. Journal of Strength and physical training concept in the Norwegian
J, Newton, R U and Hakkinen, K. Effect of Conditioning Research, 29(11): S216-220. 2015. Navy special operations command. Journal
resistance training on woman’s strength/power 46. O’Neal, E K, Hornsby, JH, and Kelleran, K of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(11):
and occupational performances. Medicine and J. High-intensity tasks with external load S204-210. 2015.
Science in Sport and Exercise, 33(6): 1011-1025. in military applications: A review. Military 60. Swain, D P, Onate, J A, Ringleb, S I, Naik, D N
2001. Medicine, 179 (9): 950-954. 2014. and DeMaio, M. Effects of training on physical
35. Kraemer, W J, Vescovi, J D, Volek, J S, Nindl, 47. Orr, R M, & Pope, R. Optimising the physical performance wearing personal protective
B C, Newton, R U, Patton, J F, Dziados, J training of military trainees. Strength and equipment. Military Medicine. 175(9): 664-670.
E, French, D N and Hakkinen, K. Effects of Conditioning Journal, 37(4): 53-59. 2015. 2010.
concurrent resistance and aerobic training 48. Orr, R M, Pope, R, Johnston, V and Coyle, 61. Szivak, T and Kraemer, W J. Physiological
on load–bearing performance and the Army J. Operational loads carried by Australian readiness and resilience: Pillars of military
physical fitness test. Military Medicine, 169(12): soldiers on military operations. Journal of preparedness. Journal of Strength and
994-999. 2004. Health, Safety and Environment, 31(1): 451-467. Conditioning Research, 29(11): S34-39. 2015.
36. Kraemer, W J and Ratamess, N A. Fundamentals 2015. 62. Taylor, M K, Markham, A E, Reis, J P, Padilla,
of resistance training: Progression and exercise 49. Paine, J, Uptgraft, J, and Wylie, R. CrossFit G A, Potterat, E G, Drummond S P and Mujica-
prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports Study. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Parodi, L R. Physical fitness influences stress
and Exercise, 36(4): 674-688. 2004. Command and General Staff College. 2010. reactions to extreme military training. Military
37. Kraemer, W J and Szivak, T K. Strength training 50. Peterson, M, D, Rhea, M R, and Alvar, B A. Medicine, 173(8): 738-742. 2008.
for the warfighter. Journal of Strength and Maximising strength development in athletes: 63. Wilkinson, D, Blacker, S, Richmond, V, Horner,
Conditioning Research, 26(7): S107-118. 2012. A meta-analysis to determine the dose- F, Rayson, P and Spiess, A. Injuries and risk
38. Legg, S and Duncan, A. The effects of basic response relationship. Journal of Strength and factors among British Army infantry soldiers
training on aerobic fitness and muscular Conditioning Research, 18(2): 377-382. 2004. during pre-deployment training. Injury
strength and endurance of British Army 51.
Peterson, M D, Rhea, M R, and Alvar, B Prevention, 17(6): 381-387. 2011.
recruits. Ergonomics, 39 (12): 1403-1418. 1996. A. Applications of the dose response for 64. Williams, A G, Rayson, M P and Jones, DA.
39. Lieberman, H R, Bathalon, G P, Falco, C M, strength development: A review of the meta- Effects of basic training on material manual
Kreamer, F M, Morgan, C A, and Niro, P. Severe analytic efficacy and reliability for designing handling ability and physical fitness of British
decrements in cognition function and mood training prescriptions. Journal of Strength and Army recruits. Ergonomics, 42(8): 1114-1124.
induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration and Conditioning Research, 19(4): 950-958. 2005. 1999.
undernutrition during simulated combat. 52. Plisk, S S, and Stone, M H. Periodisation 65. Williams, A G, Rayson, M P and Jones, D A.
Biological Psychiatry, 57(4): 422-429. 2005. strategies. Strength and Conditional Journal, Resistance training and the gains in material-
40. Lieberman, H R, Niro, P, Tharion, W J, Nindl, B 25(6): 19-37. 2003. handling ability and physical fitness of
C, Castellani, J W and Montain, S. Cognition 53. Ranger, Athlete, Warrior Program. Fort Benning, British Army recruits during basic training.
during sustained operations: Comparison of a Georgia: US Army Ranger Regiment. 2012. Ergonomics, 45(4): 267-279. 2002.
laboratory simulation to field studies. Aviation, 54. Rhea, M, R, Ball, S D, Philips, W T, and Burkett, L 66. Williams, A G. Effects of basic training in
Space and Environmental Medicine, 77(9): 929- N. A comparison of linear and daily undulating the British Army on regular and reserve
935. 2006. periodised programs with equated volume and army personnel. Journal of Strength and
41. Lester, M E, Knapik, J J, Catrambone, D, intensity for strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2): 254-259. 2005.
Antczak, A, Sharp, M A, Burrell, L, and Darakjy, Conditioning Research, 16(2): 250-255. 2002. 67. Wilson, J J, Marin, P J, Rhea, M R, Wilson, S M C,
S. Effect of a 13-month deployment to Iraq on 55. Schiotz, M K, Potteiger, J A, Huntsinger, P G Loenneke, J P and Anderson, J C. Concurrent
physical fitness and body composition. Military and Denmark, D D. The short term effects of training: A meta-analysis examining the
Medicine, 175(6): 417-423. 2010. periodised and consistent-intensity training on interference effect of aerobic and resistance
42. Mala, J, Szivak, T K and Kraemer, W J. body composition, strength and performance. exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Improving performance of heavy load carriage Strength and Conditioning Journal, 12(3): 173- Research, 26(8): 2293-2307. 2012.
34 P R O F E SS I O N A L S T R E N GT H & C O N D I T I O N I N G / W W W. U K S CA . O R G . U K
View publication stats