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    101 - Electron Theory

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    Seagullian Dave
    1. The electron theory states that electricity is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles that move within atoms. 2. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons at the center, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Electrons allow atoms to gain or lose charge through movement. 3. The movement of free electrons between atoms produces electricity, as electrons flow from one atom to another. This electron flow is known as electric current.

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    101 - Electron Theory

    Uploaded by

    Seagullian Dave
    171 views2 pages
    1. The electron theory states that electricity is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles that move within atoms. 2. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons at the center, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Electrons allow atoms to gain or lose charge through movement. 3. The movement of free electrons between atoms produces electricity, as electrons flow from one atom to another. This electron flow is known as electric current.

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    1. The electron theory states that electricity is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles that move within atoms. 2. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons at the center, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Electrons allow atoms to gain or lose charge through movement. 3. The movement of free electrons between atoms produces electricity, as electrons flow from one atom to another. This electron flow is known as electric current.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    171 views2 pages

    101 - Electron Theory

    Uploaded by

    Seagullian Dave
    1. The electron theory states that electricity is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles that move within atoms. 2. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons at the center, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Electrons allow atoms to gain or lose charge through movement. 3. The movement of free electrons between atoms produces electricity, as electrons flow from one atom to another. This electron flow is known as electric current.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The Electron Theory

    The electron theory, which is now accepted and used to explain the behavior of electricity, states that electric current
    consists of electron flow and can be defined as a moving charge. Electricity can be defined, then, as charged matter. Because an
    electron, even though smaller than the smallest known microscopic organism, has mass and occupies space, it is matter.
    J.J Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Sommerfield studied the structure of an atom in detail. Their studied showed that,
    all matter is composed of molecules which are made up of a combination of atoms. Atom has a nucleus in the center containing
    neutrons and protons. Revolving around the nucleus are the electrons. Protons carry positive charge; electrons carry negative
    charge; and neutrons are neutral carrying neither positive nor negative charge. Under normal circumstances, the number of
    electrons and protons in an atom are equal and so the atom is neutral. Within the atom, electrons are capable of moving and
    neutrons and protons are not. Their conclusion is that a number of electrons constitute a stable system when they are grouped in
    a series of concentric circular rings, very similar to Saturn’s rings, which rotate about a common axis. Stability depends upon
    two conditions, namely, (a) upon a certain minimum angular velocity rotation, and (b) upon the presence of at least f(n)
    electrons at or near the center of a ring containing electrons. Stability increases when the angular velocity increases above the
    critical value and when the number of internal particles is greater than f(n) electrons.
    Electron is discovered in 1895 by J. J. Thomson in the form of cathode rays. It was the first elementary particle to be
    identified. The charge of the electron is -e ≅ -4.8 × 10-10 esu = -1.6 × 10-19 coulomb. The sign of the electron's charge is
    negative by convention, and that of the equally charged proton is positive. This is a somewhat unfortunate convention, because
    the flow of electrons in a conductor is thus opposite to the conventional direction of the current.
    Electrons are emitted in radioactivity (as beta rays) and in many other decay processes; for instance, the ultimate decay
    products of all mesons are electrons, neutrinos, and photons, the meson's charge being carried away by the electrons. The
    electron itself is completely stable. Electrons contribute the bulk to ordinary matter; the volume of an atom is nearly all
    occupied by the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus, which occupies only about 10-13 of the atom's volume. The
    chemical properties of ordinary matter are determined by the electron cloud. See Meson, Radioactivity
    The electron obeys the Fermi-Dirac statistics, and for this reason is often called a fermion. One of the primary attributes
    of matter, impenetrability, results from the fact that the electron, being a fermion, obeys the Pauli exclusion principle; the world
    would be completely different if the lightest charged particle were a boson, that is, a particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics.
    See Bose-Einstein statistics, Exclusion principle, Fermi-Dirac statistics, Positron
    Electrons in the outer band can become free of their orbit by the application of some external force such as movement
    through a magnetic field, friction, or chemical action. These are referred to as free electrons. A free electron leaves a void
    which can be filled by am electron forced out of orbit from another atom. As free electrons move from one atom to next, an
    electron flow is produced. This is the basis of electricity.
    Electron Theory of Electrification
    1. Every atom consists of equal number of electrons in orbit which have negative charges, and equal number of protons in
    the nucleus which have positive charge.
    2. The net charge on one electron is the minimum charge on a particle fundamental charge
    e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
    3. Net charge on an atom is zero due to equal number of electrons and protons.
    4. The excess of electron makes the particle negatively charged. The deficiency of electron makes it positively charged.
    Charge Mass Relation
     Zero to positive charge is made when electron leaves the atom and mass decrease.
     Zero to negative charge is made when electron is added in the atom and mass increase.
     Mass of electron: me = 9.1 x 10-31.
    Magnetic moment
    The electron has magnetic properties by virtue of (a) its orbital motion about the nucleus of its parent atom and (b) its
    rotation about its own axis. The magnetic properties are best described through the magnetic dipole moment associated
    with 1 and 2. The classical analog of the orbital magnetic dipole moment is the dipole moment of a small current-
    carrying circuit. The electron spin magnetic dipole moment may be thought of as arising from the circulation of charge,
    that is, a current, about the electron axis; but a classical analog to this moment has much less meaning than that to the
    orbital magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic moments of the electrons in the atoms that make up a solid give rise to
    the bulk magnetism of the solid.
    Spin
    That property of an electron which gives rise to its angular momentum about an axis within the electron. Spin is one of
    the permanent and basic properties of the electron. Both the spin and the associated magnetic dipole moment of the
    electron were postulated by G. E. Uhlenbeck and S. Goudsmit in 1925 as necessary to allow the interpretation of many
    observed effects, among them the so-called anomalous Zeeman effect, the existence of doublets (pairs of closely spaced
    lines) in the spectra of the alkali atoms, and certain features of x-ray spectra. See Spin (quantum mechanics)
    The spin quantum number is s, where s is always ½. This means that the component of spin angular momentum along a
    preferred direction, such as the direction of a magnetic field, is ± ½ℏ, where ℏ is Planck's constant h
    divided by 2π. The spin angular momentum of the electron is not to be confused with the orbital angular momentum of
    the electron associated with its motion about the nucleus. In the latter case the maximum component of angular
    momentum along a preferred direction is lℏ, where l is the angular momentum quantum number and may be any
    positive integer or zero. See Quantum numbers
    The electron has a magnetic dipole moment by virtue of its spin. The approximate value of the dipole moment is the Bohr
    magneton μ0 which is equal to eh/4πmc = 9.27 × 10-21 erg/oersted, where e is the electron charge measured in
    electrostatic units, m is the mass of the electron, and c is the velocity of light. (In SI units, μ0 = 9.27 × 10-24 joule/tesla.)
    The orbital motion of the electron also gives rise to a magnetic dipole moment μl, that is equal to μ0 when l = 1.

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