HISTORY OF HEALTH EDUCATION or mutilation by paying

monetary fine. Practice

Education in Health Care Today standards were written on the
Current trends in health care clay tablets and recorded by
 Patients prepared to assume the temple schools.
responsibility for self care  Text made of clay tablet (4000 B.C)
management.  Before science enabled us to
 Demonstrate learned essentials determine pathogenic causes of
knowledge and skills for disease, spiritual explanations and
independent care. leadership prevailed.
 Friberg and colleagues (2012)
patient education is an issue in Greeks:
nursing practice and will continue to  Balance of physical, mental, and
be a significant focus in health care spiritual
environment.  Hippocrates and the “atlantic theory”
 Recorded observations between
Purpose: disease and geography, living
1. Shed light on the historical evolution conditions, climate, and diet.
of patient education in health care
and nurses role as teacher. Romans:
2. Offer a perspective on the current  Conquered the Greeks, but retained
trends in health care make the their medical knowledge
teaching of clients a highly visible  Exceptional builders of water and
and required to ensure ongoing sewage systems.
practice competencies of nursing  Attention to where they located
project. towns and drainage
3. Addresses the continuing education  Advanced study of human anatomy
efforts necessary to ensure ongoing and surgery.
practice competencies of nursing
personnel. Roman Period
o Romans observed occupational
Early History: hazard
 Trial and error (lay-referral network) o 1st civilization that build hospitals
 Medical lore passed down from o 2nd century A.D.- private
generation to generation practicing physicians also
 Throughout history people have developed
always turned to some type of o Work in the study of human
medicine man or physician for anatomy. They dissected living
counsel. human beings- procured
criminals out of reason under
Ancient cultures: royal permission- for the sake of
 Good hygiene practices knowledge and learning.
 Paved streets, drains, sewer
systems Middle Ages:
 Code of Hammurabi – 1800 BC  In order for people to be protected,
o If a physician operate on a they built fortresses around their
man for a severe wound with property and animals
a bronze lancet and cause  Overcrowding and sanitization
the man’s death, or open an  Little emphasis on cleanliness in
abscess in the eye of a man early Christianity
with a bronze lancet and  Disease was caused by sin or
destroy the man’s eye, they disobeying God
shall cut off his fingers.  Time of great epidemics- bubonic
o If a barber has excited a plague
slave’s mark without the
knowledge of his owner so Modern Period
that he cannot be traced, o Florence Nightingale was
they shall cut off that barber’s influential in the modern nursing
forehead. – first known as the Lady of the
o Penalties included burning, Lamp during Crimean war.
drowning, hanging
impalement on stake, bodily Formal Nursing Education
mutilation and monetary o 1920’s: formal nursing education
fines. But quality-of-care started
penalties were adjusted by o Late 1800’s: started the
social class with the educational program by Lucy
opportunity to escape death
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 Osbobrne (superintendent of  1849 John Snow and the Broad
nursing school under Florence Street pump
Nightingale)  Louis Pasteur- Germ theory of
o Linda Richards: first American disease
nurse trained; graduate of New  Joseph Lister- antiseptic method
England Hospital
o Mary Mahoney – 1st black Health Education and Promotion in the
American trained nurse; United States
graduate of New England  Early colonial schools
Hospital  1647- “old deluder” satan law
o Clara Maass – contract nurse  By mid 1800’s schools were tax
during Spanish-american war for supported and attendance was
patients affected with yellow required
fever; allowed herself to be bitten  1850- first mandate to teach
by mosquito affected with this physiology and hygiene in all public
disease and died. schools
o Eddie Johnson – 1st nurse to be
 1850- Shattuck report
elected in the house of
 1873- APHA stared
representative (1992) and is
responsible for the laws in  1874-1890 Women’s Crusade, later
nursing care. called the Women’s Christian
o Margaret Sanger – a nurse Temperance Union
activist; founder of planned  1890’s- medical inspections began
parenthood; important for  1901- Thomas Wood
opening the 1st birth control  1914- demonstration projects began
clinic.  1914- WWI, 1st large scale measure
of health status of Americans
Renaissance:  1920’s-1930’s many studies
 Beginning of change designed to clarify the role of health
 Disease and plague still rampant education
 Bloodletting popular  Great Depression, 1929-1941
 “water casting”  WWII, 1939-1945
 Barbers performed surgery and  1950- health education was
dentistry emerging as integral part of
 Hygiene of royalty elementary, secondary, and college
 Printing press invented to classical; curriculum
writing could be reproduced
 OK to study the human body and 1970’s: The Era of Prevention
anatomy advanced  1971- Coalition of National Health
 Leeuwenhoek discovered the Organizations Formed
microscope  1974- Lalonde Report “Health Field
 John Graunt made advancement in Concept”
epi  1974- CDC was established
 “Health Boards” began to be  1979- healthy people: The Surgeon
developed in communities. General’s Report on Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention
Age of Enlightenments: was published
 Disease and plagues still raged
1980’s
 Miasmas theory of disease took
hold- A poisonous vapor or mist  Promoting health and preventing
believed to be made up of particles disease: objectives for the nation
from decomposing material that  Initial role delineation study for
could cause disease and could be health education
identified by its foul smell. The  Examination of professional
theory of miasmas was still popular preparation programs and
in the 1800s and led to the “Bad Air professional competencies
Theory” which lasted until the 1860s  First certified health education
and 1870s specialist (CHES) recognized
 Mind and body were dependent on
one another 1990’s
 Edward Jenner discovered vaccine  National health education standards
procedure for small pox. published
 Responsibilities/competencies for
1800’s (Bacterial period of public health) entry -level health educates
 First half of the century diseases published
continued to rage  SOC designation for health
educators
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  Competencies update project (CUP) 4. Renewed focus on caring
1. Assess individual and community o There is an increasing need
needs for health education to humanize care (TLC)
2. Plan health education strategies, 5. Involvement in health Policy and
interventions, and programs Decision Making
3. Implement health education o Involves laws and legislations
strategies, interventions, and pertaining to health
programs
4. Conduct evaluation and research
related to health education
5. Administer health education
strategies, interventions, and
programs
6. Serve as a health education
resource person
7. Communicate and advocate for
health and health education

2000’s
 Unified code of ethics
 Report of joint committee on health
education and promotion
terminology
 Promotion of CHES
 Revised of national HE
competencies (3 levels) based on
CUP
 Outcome-based education and
practice

Patient protection and affordable care act

 Signed into law March 2010
 Expands health care coverage
 Should help health care coverage
o Focus on prevention and
preventive services
o Encourages and promotes
worksite wellness
o Evidence-based community
prevention and wellness
programs
o Moves prevention toward the
mainstream
 Some components of the law are
already in place
 Major components required in 2014;
not be fully implemented until 2019

Issues and Trends

 Contemporary Health and the
Promotion of Health throughout the
lifespan
1. Broadening focus on scope of
nursing practice. Before the focus
was only the ill person but now, the
focus was broadened from the
patient/ client- family-community-
society with a holistic approach; not
only the sick but also the well (health
promotion)
2. Scientific basis
o Based in experience and
observation
o Scientific-bases on research
3. Technology (study of modern
devices)
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