Aptitude PDF

Formula For Number Series-
Definition:
Number series is a sequence of numbers which is framed, using a particular system/rule, in which the
numbers are not in a specific order. All we have to do is to find out the system/rule that a particular series
is following and finding the number using that system/rule.
For example : 3, 0, 6, 0, 12, 0,24, 0, —
0
3
6
12
24
48
Here the correct answer is 48, and the system this series is following is that number 0 is followed by a
number which twice of the number preceding zero.
Hence here 48 will be coming in the blank (24+24)5
Types of number series:-

Number series can be in a variety of forms, and anybody can create it, using a good system . there are five
different types of number series that are mentioned below:
1. Perfect square series:- Consists of a set of numbers that are perfect squares.
2. Perfect cube series:- Consists of a sequential order of numbers that are
perfect cubes of the given term
3. Ration series:- This series might consist of a sequence of numbers, fractions
or integers, wherein each term will be different from the other, with a set
mathematical concept (/,*,-,+) or formula which would be applicable to
calculate the missing number.
4. Geometric series:- This series consists of numbers that are obtained by either
(/, *, +, -) the previous number with a fixed common number, It is generally
found either in an ascending or descending order.
5. Mixed series:- Consists of a set of numbers whose calculation might require
either one or more than one mathematical concept.
Number series- Tips and Tricks

Here are specific quick and easy tips to solve different types of number series:
So basically there are five different types of number series. There are mentioned below with one suitable
example:
Type 1. Perfect square series:

Consists of the perfect square of some numbers arranged in a specific order, with one number missing.
Now we’ve to find the pattern the series is following and fill up the blank accordingly by finding that
number.
Question 1.
100,121,144,===, 196
Solution:
This series consists of a perfect square of consecutive numbers 10, 11, 12, 13
Hence 169 will come in the blank.
Type 2. Perfect cube series

It consists of a cube of numbers sequenced in a particular order.
Question 1.
9,64, 125, —, 343
Solution:
This series consists of a series of numbers with perfect cubes the is (3*3*3), (4*4*4), (5*5*5), (6*6*6),
(7*7*7)
Hence 216 will be coming in the blank, as the series is following a trend of cubes of numbers in sequential
order.
Type 3. Ration Series

This type of series consists of numbers arranged in sequential order (following a particular trend, i.e.,
Either increasing or decreasing). Now, all we have to do here is to trace out this trend,(which could be *, /,
+, -) of each number of the series with a fixed number) by finding the proportional difference between the
numbers of the series.
Question 1.
3, 6, 9, 12, ==, 18, 21
Solution:
Here the series is following an increasing trend in which three is added to each number of the series.
3
6 (3+3)
9 (6+3)
12 (9+3)
15 (12+3)
18 (15+3)
21 (18+3)
Type 4. Geometric series
In this kind of sequences, each number is found by (*, /, -, +) each term by a constant number.
The formula of G S= {a, ar, ar2, ar3,….}
Where a= first term of the series
R= factor or difference between the term, also known as the common ratio.
Question 1.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
Solution:
Here a= 1 (first term of the series)
R = 2 (a standard number that is multiplied with the consecutive number of the series)
Hence we get:
1
1*2
1*22
1*23, ….)
Type 5. Mixed series

In such series, while calculating the difference, there can be two steps involved in getting the next
consecutive number of the series. So we’ve to follow the same pattern to get the perpetual number of the
series.
Question 1.
1, 5/2, 10/3, 15/4, —
Options:
A. 26/5
B. 24/5
C. 21/5
D. 5
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Here we’ve to observe the trend that this series is following, as each term is divided by a specific number,
i.e., 1 then 2 then3 then 4 and so on. Hence we can make out that the denominator must be 5.
Now comes the numerator, where the 1’st number is 1.
Then comes 5, now how can we get 5 from the term number 2. It can come by 22+1/2. Next comes 10
(32+1)/3, (42+1)/4, (52+1)/5
Hence option A is the correct one.
HOW TO SOLVE NUMBER SERIES-
Number series:
A series of different numbers following some logical pattern of various mathematical concepts. One has to
analyze the concept used and accordingly find out the missing number of the series.
Generally, there are 5 different types of series, which are explained below with examples:
Type 1.Perfect Square questions

Question 1.
Find the missing numbers from the series?
225, 256, 289, —, 361—, 441
Options:
A. 324, 400
B. 325, 450
C. 320, 392
D. None of the above
Correct option: A
Explanation:
(15)2= 15*15= 225
(16)2= 16*16= 256
(17)2= 17*17= 289
(18)2= 18*18= 324
(19)2= 19*19= 361
(20)2= 20*20= 400
(21)2= 21*21= 441
Question 2.
Find the missing number from the series?
4, 16, 36, –, 100, —, 196
Options:
A. 49, 121
B. 64, 144
C. 81, 169
Correct option: B
Explanation:
Here the series contains a perfect square of ever alternate even number like
2*2= 4
4*4= 16
6*6= 36
8*8= 64
10*10= 100
12*12= 144
Question 3.
Find the wrong number in the series?
50, 75, 111, 160, 225
Options:
A. 181
B. 224
C. 225
D. None of the above.
Correct option: C
Explanation:
Here the first number is 50 which is not a perfect square, the next number is 75, which again is not a
perfect square. Hence this is evident that the series is not a perfect square series, but the difference between
the two perpetual numbers of the series is 25 (75-50), 36 (111-75), 49 (160-111) and all these numbers are
perfect squares, Hence the next number shall be 160+64= 224 But here its 225, Hence Option C is the
correct One.
Type 2. Perfect cube series

Such series consists of numbers that perfect cubes. Some of its examples are mentioned below:
Question 1.
Fill in the blank with a number that will follow the below-mentioned series?
343, 729, —-, 2197, 3375
Options:
A. 1331
B. 1000
C. 4096
Correct option: A
Explanation:
This series consists of perfect cubes of perpetual odd numbers beginning from 7. Like 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and
so on.
343 (7*7*7)
729 (9*9*9)
1331 (11*11*11)
2197 (13*13*13)
3375 (15*15*15)
Question 2.
There is one wrong number which is not following the pattern of the series. Find out that number
from the options given below?
2197, 5832, 12168, 21952, 35937
Options:
A. 12168
B. 2197
C. 21952
D. 35973
Correct option: A
Explanation:
133= 2197
183= 5832
233= 12167
283= 21952
333= 35952
In this series 5 is added to each cube digit to get the next cube number. Like (13+5)= 18; (18+5)= 23….
Question 3.
9261, 32768,——– , 157464, 274625,———
Options:
A. 79507, 438976
B. 81454, 398676
C. 68921, 45887 6
Correct option: A
Explanation:
213 = 9261
323 = 32768
433 = 79507
543 = 157464
653 = 274625
763 = 438976
Here 11 is added to each cube digit to get the next cube number like 21+11= 32
31+11= 43 and so on.
Type 3. Ration Series

This series contains numbers arranged in a particular order, and there is a set pattern of variance between
each digit of the series. Now we have to analyze that pattern and accordingly calculate the next missing
number of the series.
This is explained with a couple of examples mentioned below:
Question 1.
12, 24, —, 96, —, 384
Options:
A. 48, 192
B. 36, 108
C. 72, 288
Correct option: A
Explanation:
In this series, it is evident that 2 is multiplied to each consecutive number to get the next number. Which is
mentioned below:
6*6= 12
112*2= 24
24*2= 48
48*2= 96
96*2= 192
192*2= 384
Therefore option A is the correct one.
Question 2.
Which one is/are the wrong number which is not following the series trend?
12, 24, 48, 816, 16214, 32424
Options:
A. 16214
B. 12, 24
C. 48, 816
D. 32424
Correct option: A
If we separate each digit of the number:
(1+1= 2; 2+2= 4)= 24
(2+2= 4; 4+4= 8)= 48
(4+4= 8; 8+8= 16)= 816
(81+81= 162; 6+6= 12)= 16212
(162+162= 324; 12+12= 24)= 32424
Hence option A is the correct one.
Question 3.
Find the missing numbers from the series below?
3, 21, 147, —, 7203, —-
Options:
A. 2209
B. 1029
C. 6172
Correct option: B
Explanation:
This series consists of a sequence where each number is multiplied by 7:
3
3*7= 21
21*7= 147
147*7= 1029
1029*7= 7203
7203*7= 50421
Type 4. Geometric series

Geometric series is a formula based series wherein the missing number is calculated by either adding,
multiplying, subtracting or dividing the consecutive term with a constant number.
Its formula is mentioned below:
G S= {a, ar, ar2, ar3,….}
Where the a= first term of the series
R= factor or difference between the term, also known as the common ratio.
Question 1.
Find the missing numbers from the below-mentioned series?
1, 3, 9, –, 243, —
Options:
A. 81, 729
B. 27, 729
C. 81, 486
Correct option: A
Explanation:
Here a= 1 (first term of the series)
R = 3 ( common number that is multiplied with the consecutive number of the series)
Hence we get:
1
1*3
1*32 = 9
1*33 = 27
1*34 = 81
1*35 = 243
1*36 = 729
Question 2.
Find the wrong number which does not follow the series pattern?
5, 7, 15, 35, 112, 455
Options:
A. 15
B. 5
C. 7
D. 35
E. 112
F. 455
Correct option: A
Explanation:
5*0+7= 7
7*1+7= 14
14*2+7= 35
35*2+7= 112
112*2+7= 231
Question 3.
Find the missing number from the below series?
9, 81, —, 6561, 59049

Options:
A. 648
B. 729
C. 3281
Correct option: B
Explanation:
9
9*9= 81
81*9= 729
729*9= 6561
6561*9= 59049
Type 5. Mixed series

Here the series is formulated by using more than one arithmetic logic.
Question 1.
Find out the missing numbers from the below series?
81, 80, 84, –, 91, 66, —, 53
Options:
A.) 88, 76
B.) 75, 102
C.) 76, 95
D.) None of the above
Correct option: B
Explanation:
81+ 02= 81
81- 12= 80
80+ 22= 84
84- 32= 75
75+ 42= 91
91- 52= 66
66+ 62= 102
102- 72= 53
Question 2.
There is one wrong number in the below series which is not following the series pattern. Find out
that number?
39, 120, 365, 1092
Options:
A. 39
B. 365
C. 120
D. 1092
Correct option: B
Explanation:
12
12*3+3= 39
39*3+3= 120
120*3+3= 363
363*3+3= 1092
Question 3.
Below series contains a wrong number, find the one which does not follow the series trend?
12, 61, 307, 7656, 38281
Options:
A. 12
B. 307
C. 61
D. 7656
E. 38281
Correct Option: B
Explanation:
12+12*5+1= 61
61*5+1= 306
306*5+1= 1531
1531*5+1= 7656
7656*5+1= 38281
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Formula & Definition of Permutation and

Combination
Permutation: The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are
called permutations. This is denoted by nPr.
• Permutations are studied in almost every branch of mathematics, and in many

other fields of science. In computer science, they are used for
analyzing sorting algorithms.
Combination: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects is called a combination. This is denoted by ncr.
Tips and Tricks & Shortcuts for Permutation
& Combination
• Permutation: The different arrangements of a given number of things by
taking some or all at a time, are called permutations. This is denoted by nP r.
• Combination: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed

by taking some or all of a number of objects is called a combination. This is
denoted by ncr
.
Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Permutation and Combination questions quickly,
easily, and efficiently in competitive exams and recruitment exams.
Definition & How to Solve Quickly

Permutation is an arrangement of objects in a definite order.
• Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by

nP = n!/(n-r)!
r
Combination is selection of objects where order does not matter.
• Number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by

nC = n!/(r!) (n-r)!
r
Here we can easily understand how to solve permutation and combination easy.
Formulas to Solve Number System

Number system is a writing system for presenting number on the number line. A number system
is a system of writing or expressing numbers.
There are generally two type of Number (i) Whole Number (ii) Natural Number.
Definition & Formula

Natural Numbers
All positive integers are called natural numbers. All counting numbers from 1 to infinity are
natural numbers.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6……….∞}
Whole Numbers
The set of numbers that includes all natural numbers and the number zero are called whole
numbers. They are also called as Non-negative integers.
W = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,…………..∞}
Integers
All numbers that do not have the decimal places in them are called integers.
Z = {∞…….-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3………∞}
a. Positive Integers: 1, 2, 3, 4….. is the set of all positive integers.
b. Negative Integers: −1, −2, −3….. is the set of all negative integers.
c. Non-Positive and Non-Negative Integers: 0 is neither positive nor negative.
Real Numbers
All numbers that can be represented on the number line are called real numbers.
Rational Numbers
A rational number is defined as a number of the form a/b where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers and b ≠ 0.
The rational numbers that are not integers will have decimal values. These values can be of two
types
a. Terminating decimal fractions: For example: 1/5 = 0.5, 125/4 = 31.25
b. Non-Terminating decimal fractions: For example: 19/6 = 3.1666666, 21/9 = 2.33333
Irrational Numbers
It is a number that cannot be written as a ratio x/y form (or fraction). An Irrational numbers are
non-terminating and non-periodic fractions. For example: √2 = 1.414
Complex Numbers
The complex numbers are the set {a+bi}, where, a and b are real numbers and ‘i’ is the imaginary
unit.
Imaginary Numbers
A number does not exist on the number line is called imaginary number. For example square root
of negative numbers are imaginary numbers. It is denoted by ‘i’ or ‘j.
Even Numbers
A number divisible by 2 is called an even number. For example: 2, 6, 8, 14, 18, 246, etc.
Odd Numbers
A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. For example: 3, 7, 9, 15, 17, 373, etc.
Prime numbers
A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if it has exactly two factors, namely 1 and the
number itself. For example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, etc.
Composite numbers
Numbers greater than 1 which are not prime, are known as composite numbers. For example: 4,
6, 8, 10, etc.
Basic Formula
• (a + b)(a – b) = (a² – b²)
• (a + b)² = (a² + b² + 2ab)
• (a – b)² = (a² + b² – 2ab)
• (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)
• (a³ + b³) = (a + b)(a² – ab + b²)
• (a³ – b³) = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)
• (a³ + b³ + c³ – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² – ab – bc – ac)
• When a + b + c = 0, then a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc.
Tips and Tricks & Shortcuts to Solve

Number System question
Tips and Tricks help to solve the number system quickly and effectively.
Whole Number , Natural number and Integers are some common example of
number system.
Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Number System questions
quickly, easily, and efficiently in competitive exams.
For example
Ques – π is rational number or irrational
Solution- Yes, π is rational number as it can be written in p/q form.
Type 1: General questions
Question 1
Which one of the following is not a prime number?
Options
A. 51
B. 23
C. 17
D. 11
Solution:
51 is divisible by 17. So, it is not a prime number.

Correct option: A
Question 2.
How many prime numbers are there from 1 to 50?
Options
A. 20
B. 15
C. 21
D. 25
Solution:
Prime numbers less than 50 are:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
Correct option: B
Question 3
1198 * 1198 = ?
Options
A. 1435204
B. 1432504
C. 1453204
D. 1435024
Solution:
(1198)²
(1200 – 2)²
We can use the identity: (a-b)²= a² + b² – 2ab
(1200)² + 2² – 2 * 1200 * 2
1440000 + 4 – 4800
1435204
Correct option: A
Question 4.
The sum of first five prime numbers is:
Options
A. 20
B. 28
C. 30
D. 25
Solution:
Sum of first five prime numbers is = 2+3+5+7+11 = 28

Correct option: B
Question 5.
If x and y are odd numbers, then which of the following is even numbers?
Options
A. x + y
B. xy
C. x – y
D. xy + 2
Solution:
The sum of two odd number is always even. So, x + y is even.

Correct option: A
How to Solve Number System Questions

Quickly
Number system is a technique to represent number and present number in discrete
manner.
Whole Number, Rational Number, Natural Number, Odd Number, Even Number,
Irrational Number etc are general type of Number System.

Question 1.
34567 * 9999 =?
Options.
A. 345635432
B. 345634533
C. 345635433
D. 345635343
Solution:
34567 * 9999 = 34567 * (10000 – 1)

34567 * 9999 = 34567 * (10000) – 34567 * 1
34567 * 9999 = 345670000 – 34567
34567 * 9999 = 345635433
Correct option: C
Question 2.
The smallest 3 digit prime number is:
Options
A. 100
B. 103
C. 105
D. 101
Solution:
The smallest three digit number is 100 but it is not a prime number. The next number
is 101 and it is a prime number. Therefore, 101 is the smallest 3 digit prime number.
Correct option: D
Question 3.
Choose the terminating decimal
Options
A. 99.5555
B. 3.777
C. 0.6
D. 0.454545454545
Solution:
A terminating decimal is a decimal that ends after few repetitions after decimal
point.
Correct option: C
Question 4.
Which of the following is not the Natural number?
Options
A. 1
B. 3
C. 0
D. 5
Solution:
All counting numbers from 1 to infinity are natural numbers.

Correct option: C
Question 5.
Choose the non- terminating decimal?
Options
A. 4/45
B. 5/8
C. 1/4
D. 9/1280
Solution:
4/45 = 0.08888…
5/8 = 0.625
1/4 = 0.25
9/1280 = 0.00703125
Correct option: A
Question 6
6596 – ? = 6459 – 3357
Options
A. 3949
B. 3494
C. 3102
D. 3499
Solution:
6596 – x = 3102
-x = 3102 – 6596
– x = – 3494
x = 3494
Correct option: B
Question 7
Which one of the following cannot be the square of natural number?
Options
A. 7225
B. 3136
C. 8100
D. 3457
Solution:
7885 = (85)2
3136 = (56)2
8100 = (90)2
3457 is not the square of any natural number as square of any natural number never
ends with 7.
Correct option: D
Question 8
What is the unit digit in the product (365 * 659 * 771)?
Options
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Solution:
Unit digit in 34 = 1
So, Unit digit in (34)16 = 1
Unit digit in 365 = 365 = (34)16 x 31 = (1 * 3) = 3
So, Unit digit in(74)17 is 1
Unit digit in 771 = (74)17 x 73 = (1 * 3) = 3
Required digit = Unit digit in (3 * 6 * 3) = 4
Correct option: D
Question 9
117 * 117 + 83 * 83 = ?
Options
A. 40578
B. 20578
C. 31090
D. 34567
Solution:
(117)² + (83)² = (100 + 17)² + (100 – 17)²

= 2 * (100)² + (17)²
= 2 * 10000 + 289
= 2 * 10289
= 20578
Correct option: B
Question 10.
The unit digit in the product (842 * 618 * 234 * 567) is:
Options
A. 4
B. 3
C. 8
D. 6
Solution:
Unit digit in the given product = Unit digit in (2 * 8 * 4 * 7) = (448) = 8

Correct option: C
Formula & Definition for Percentage

In mathematics, a percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction whose
denominator (bottom) is 100.
Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
We express x% as a fraction as x/100
• For example 10% = 10/100 = 1/10
Formula
• To calculate a % of b = (a * b)/100
• To find what percentage of a is b = b/a × 100
• To calculate percentage change in value
Percentage change = [change/(initial value)] * 100
• Percentage Increase/Decrease
Percentage increase = (R/(100 + R) * 100)%
Percentage decrease = (R/(100 – R) * 100)%
• Successive Percentage Change
If there are successive percentage increases of a % and b%, the effective percentage
increase is: {(a + b + (ab/100)}%
• Results on population
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per
annum, then:
1.Population after n years = P (1 +R/100)n
2. Population n years ago = P/(1 +R/100)n
• Results on Depreciation:
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per
annum. Then:
1. Value of the machine after n years = P (1 – R/100)n
2. Value of the machine n years ago = P/ (1 – R/100)n
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by [R/(100 + R) * 100]%
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by [R/(100 – R) * 100]%
Tips and tricks to solve Percentage question

Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks on PrepInsta page for you to solve
Percentage questions quickly, easily, and efficiently in competitive exams and other
recruitment exams.
•If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the percentage reduction/increment to
be now made to bring it back to the original point is 100x/ (100 + x) %.
•If A is x% more /less than B, then B is 100x/(100 + x) % less/more than A.
•If the price of an item goes up/down by x %, then the quantity consumed should be
reduced by 100x/ (100 + x)% so that the total expenditure remains the same.
•Percentage – Ratio Equivalence table
Fraction Percentage
Type 1: Problems based on Mixtures and

Alligation
Question 1.
A small container has 60l of milk and water mixture. It was made by mixing milk and
water in which 80% is milk. Rohan came and added some water in the mixture. Now,
find out how much water was added to the mixture that the percentage of milk
became 60%?
Options:
A. 20 litre
B. 25 litre
C. 2 litre
D. 10 litre
Solution:
Given, percentage of milk = 80%

It means, the percentage of water = 20%
In 60L of mixture, water = (60 * 20)/ 100 = 1200/100 = 12 litre
Let the water added = x
Now, {(12 + x)/(60 + x)} * 100 = 40 (it is because in the new mixture milk is 60%, 100
– 60 = 40% water)
= 1200 + 100x = 2400 + 40x
100x – 40x = 2400 – 1200
60x = 1200
x= 20 litre
Correct option: A
Type 2: Problems based on Ratios and

Fractions
Question 1.
If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 50% and the denominator is
decreased by 10%, the value of the new fraction becomes 4/5. Find the original
fraction?
Options:
A. 12/21
B. 13/20
C. 12/25
D. 25/12
Solution:
Let original numerator be x

Let original denominator be y
Let original fraction be x/y
According to the question,
Numerator of a fraction is increased by 50% = 150/100x
Denominator is decreased by 10% = 90/100y
Now, {(150/100) x / (90/100) y} = 4/5
130x/90y = 4/5
x/y = (4/5) * (90/150) = 12/25
Correct option: C
Type 3: Problems based on Income, Salary,

Expenditure
Question 1.
Ajay spends 40% of his salary and saves Rs. 480 per month. Find his monthly
salary.
Options:
A. 1000
B. 800
C. 600
D. 850
Solution:
Let the salary of Ajay be x

He spends 40% which means he saves 60% of the salary.
60% of x = 480
60/100x = 480
x = 480 * 100/60
x = 48000/60
x = 800
Therefore, his monthly salary = 800
Correct option: B
Type 4: Problems based on Population

Question 1.
Delhi has the population of 3000. In the first year, the population decreases by 4%,
and in the second year, it increases by 5%. Find the population at the end of two
years?
Options:
A. 3024
B. Remains same
C. 3120
D. 2880
Solution:
In the first year, the population decreases by 4% = 3000 * 96/100 = 2880

In the second year it increases by 5% = 2880 * 105/100 = 3024
Correct option: A
Type 5: Problems based on profit and loss

Question 1.
The cost price of 20 chairs is the same as the selling price of x tables. If the profit
is 25%, then find the value of x?
Options:
A. 15
B. 20
C. 16
D. 18
Solution:
Let the CP of each chair = 1

Therefore CP of x table = x
SP of x table = 20
Profit = Rs. 20 – x
Therefore, 20 – x/x * 100 = 25
2000 – 100x = 25x
2000 = 25x + 100x
2000 = 125x
x = 2000/125
x = 16
Correct option: C

Question 1.
If 20% of a = b, then b% of 20 is the same as:
Options:
A. 4% of a
B. 5% of a
C. 10% of a
D. 2% of a
Solution:
20% of a = b
20/100 a = b
b% of 20 = b/100 * 20
Now, 20/100 a * b/100 * 20
= 4% of a
Correct option: A
How to Solve Percentage Questions &

Definition
A percentage is a ratio expressed as a fraction whose denominator (bottom) is 100.
Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
A percentage is a fraction of an amount expressed as a particular number of
hundredths of that amount.
What is P percent of X?
• Written as an equation: Y = P% * X.
• The ‘what’ is Y that we want to solve for
• Remember to first convert percentage to decimal, dividing by 100
• Solution: Solve for Y using the percentage formula
Y = P% * X.
Type 1: Problems based on Mixtures and

Alligation
Question 1.
A general store shopkeeper sells black pepper at some cost price but he mixes it
with papaya’s seed and thereby gains 25%. Find the percentage of papaya’s seed
mixed with black pepper?
Options:
A. 25%
B. 30%
C. 20%
D. 10%
Solution:
Let the CP of 1 kg black pepper = Re. 1

The SP of I Kg mixture = Re 1
Gain = 25%
Therefore, CP of 1 Kg mixture = 100/125 * 1 = 4/5
Ratio of black pepper: papaya seed = 4/5: 1/5
Hence, percentage of papaya seed in the mixture = 1/5 * 100 = 20%
Correct option: C
Question 2.
A bar tender served a jar full of vodka containing 50% alcohol to a customer. After
few minutes, the customer asked the bar tender to replace the vodka by another
drink containing 19% alcohol and now the percentage of alcohol was found to be
25%. Find out the quantity of vodka replaced?
Options:
A. 25/31
B. 20/31
C. 1/2
D. 31/20
Solution:
By the rule of alligation, we have:

Ratio of 1st and 2nd quantities = 6: 25
By the rule of ratio, if x:y is the ratio, to get the quantity of x, the formula is
x/(x+y),and to get the quantity of y, the formula is y/(x+y)
Therefore, required quantity replaced = 25/25 + 6 = 25/31
Correct option: A
Question 3.
There is one liquid A which contains 25% of water, the liquid B contains 30% of
water. A vessel is filled with 6 parts of the liquid A and 4 parts of the liquid B. Find
out the percentage of water in the mixture?
Options:
A. 27%
B. 25%
C. 20%
D. 30%
Solution:
Let the capacity of the vessel be 10

So, water from liquid A = 6 * 25/100 = 1.5
And, water from liquid B = 4 * 30/100 = 1.2
Total water = 1.5 + 1.2 = 2.7
In terms of percentage = 2.7/10 *100 = 27%
Correct option: A
Type 2: Problems based on Ratios and

Fractions
Question 1.
If 40% of a number is equal to 2/3rd of another number, what is the ratio of first
number to the second number?
Options:
A. 1: 2
B. 2: 3
C. 3: 5
D. 5: 3
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and y

40% of x = 2/3y
Then, 40x/100 = 2/3y
2/5x = 2/3y
x/y = 2/3 * 5/2 = 5/3
Therefore the ratio = 5: 3
Correct option: D
Question 2:
In a box of 8 donuts 2 donuts have Choco chip sprinkle on them. Find out how many
percent of the donuts in the box has Choco chip sprinkle?
Options:
A. 20%
B. 40%
C. 25%
D. 10%
Solution:
2/8 = x/100
8x = 200
x = 200/8
x = 25%
Correct option: C
Question 3:
Two numbers are respectively 40% and 80% more than a third number. The ratio of
the two numbers is:
Options:
A. 6: 5
B. 7: 9
C. 2:5
D. 1:2
Solution:
Let the third number x

First number = 40 % more than x = 140/100 x = 7/5 x
Second number = 80% more than x = 180/100x = 9/5 x
Therefore their ratio = 7/5 x : 9/5 x = 7: 9
Correct option: B
Type 3: Problems based on Income, Salary,

Expenditure
Question 1.
Luaa spends her monthly salary in the following manner: 20% on house rent, 20%
on food, 5 % on transportation, 10% on the education, and 20% on other household
expenses. She saves the remaining amount of ₨. 5000 at the end of the month.
Find out her monthly salary?
Options:
A. Rs. 35000
B. Rs. 25000
C. Rs. 20000
D. Rs. 30000
Solution:
Let the Monthly Salary = 100%

Monthly Expenditure = 20% + 20% + 5% + 10% + 20% = 75%
Monthly Savings = 100% – 75% = 25%
Now, 25% of salary saved = 5000
Let’s take 100% salary as x
25% of x = 5000
x = 5000 * 100/25
x = 500000/25
x = 20000
Therefore, her monthly salary = Rs. 20000
Correct option: C
Question 2.
Aman spends 60% of his income. Suppose his income is increased by 21% and his
expenditure increases by 5%, then what is the increase in his savings (in
percentage)?
Options:
A. 60%
B. 18%
C. 40%
D. 45%
Solution:
Let Aman’s income = 100

Expenditure = 60 and Savings = 40 (We get 40 by subtracting, 100 – 60)
New Income is increased by 21% = 100 + 21 = 121
Expenditure Increased by 5% = 5% more than 60 = 105% of 60 = 63
New Savings = 121 – 63 = 58
Therefore, increase in savings = 58 – 40 = 18
Increase in % = (18/40) *100 = 45%
Correct option: D
Question 3.
Saloni’s salary was decreased by 30% and subsequently increased by 40%. How
much percent does she loose?
Options:
A. 16%
B. 15%
C. 12%
D. 13%
Solution:
Let the salary be 100

100 * – 30/100 * 40/100 = -12%
It means she lost 12%
Correct option: C
Type 4: Problems based on Population

Question 1.
The population of Udaipur increased from 100000 to 250000 in 10 years. The
average percent increase of population per year is:
Options:
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 40%
Solution:
Increase of population in 10 years = 250000 – 100000 = 150000

Increase % = 150000/100000 * 100 = 150%
Required average = 150/10 % = 15%
Correct option: B
Question 2.
Population of a town increases by 10% in 1st year. Again, it increased by 20% in
next year. Calculate the equivalent net % increase?
Options:
A. 35%
B. 25%
C. 23%
D. 32%
Solution:
Final Population= Initial Population * increase in first Year * increase in second Year
= Initial Population * 1+10/100 * 1+20/100
Final Population= Initial Population * 1.1 * 1.2
Final Population= Initial Population * 1.32
So, here net Multiplying Factor =1.32 = which means 32% increase
Correct option: D
Question 3.
The current population of a village is 12000. If it increases at the rate of 5% p.a. then
at the end of 2 years, it will be:
Options:
A. 13230
B. 13320
C. 13200
D. 13323
Solution:
Current population of the village = 12000

Increase rate = R = 5%
We know that,
The population after 2 years = P *(1 + R/100)n = 12000 * (1 + 5/100)²
= 12000 * (105/100)²
= 12000 * (105/100) * (105/100)
= 13230
Correct option: A
Type 5: Problems based on profit and loss

Question 1.
A fruit seller had some oranges. He sells 40% oranges and still has 540 oranges.
Find out the total oranges he had?
Options:
A. 1000
B. 420
C. 460
D. 900
Solution:
Let the total oranges be x

So, 1(00- 40)% of x = 540
= 60/100 of x = 540
x = 540 * 100/ 60 = 900
Correct option: D
Question 2.
Rakesh brought 100 apples at the rate of Rs. 250. He sold them at the rate of Rs. 50
per dozen. Find the percentage of profit or loss?
Options:
A. 66.4% gain
B. 66.4% loss
C. 60.4% gain
D. 66.4% loss
Solution:
CP of one apple = 250/100 = Rs. 2.50

SP of one apple = 50/12 = Rs 4.16
It is clear, that S.P. > C. P, therefore, there is gain.
Gain % = SP – CP/ CP * 100
Gain % = 1.66/2.50 * 100
Gain % = 66.4%
Correct option: D
Question 3.
A fruit seller mixes 25 kg apples of Rs. 20 per kg with 35 kg apples of other variety
at Rs. 25 per kg and sells the mixture of apples at Rs. 30 per kg. Find his profit
percentage
Options:
A. 39.9%
B. 30.9%
C. 32.9%
D. 31.9%
Solution:
CP of 60 kg apples = Rs. (25 * 20 + 35 * 25) = Rs. (500 + 875) = Rs. 1375

S.P. of 60 kg apple = Rs. (60 x 30) = Rs. 1800.
Gain% = (1800 – 1375/1375) * 100 = 425/1375 * 100 = 30.9%
Correct option: B

Question 1.
Ram was multiplying a number. By mistake he multiplied 2/5 instead of 5/2. What is
the percentage error in the calculation?
Options:
A. 64%
B. 74%
C. 54%
D. 84%
Solution:
Let the number be x

Error = 5/2x – 2/5x = 21x/10
Error% = 21x/10 * 2/5x * 100 = 84%
Correct option: D
Question 2.
If P = x% of y and Q = y% of x, then which of the following is true?
Options:
A. P is smaller than Q
B. P is greater than Q
C. P is equal to Q
D. Cannot be determined
Solution:
= P = x% of y = x/100* y
Q = y% of x = y/100 * x
x/100* y = y/100 * x
xy/100 = yx/100
Therefore, P = Q
Correct option: C
Question 3.
What percentage of numbers from 1 to 50 have 0 or 5 in the unit’s digit?
Options:
A. 50%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 25%
Solution:
Clearly, the numbers which have 0 or 5 in the unit’s digit from 1 to 50 are 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50
Total numbers are = 10
Required percentage = 10/50 * 100 = 20%
Correct option: B
Formulas to Solve Allegations and Mixtures

questions:-
What is an Allegation?
When two ingredients X and Y of price p and q respectively are mixed together, such that the price of the
resultant mixture is M (mean price), then the ratio (R) in which ingredients are mixed is given by, the rule
of the allegation:
(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d – m) : (m – c)
What is a Mixture?
In a mixture two or more ingredients are mixed together to get a desired quantity. The quantity can be
expressed as ratio or percentage.
For example: When two varieties of sugar are mixed to form a new variety of sugar then it is called as a
mixture.
What is a Mean Price?
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Formula to Solve Mixture and Allegations

Formula 1 for Allegations and Mixtures
When two commodities are mixed then ,

Quantity of cheaper C.P. of dearer(d) – Mean Price(m)
=
Quantity of dearer Mean price(m) – C.P. of cheaper(c)
Formula 2 Allegations and Mixtures
Consider a container contain x unit of liquid A from which y units are taken out and replaced by water.
This operation is repeated n number of times, then the quantity of pure liquid will be given by the formula:
Quantity = [x (1-y/x)^n] units.
Therefore, (Cheaper Commodity) : (Dearer Commodity) = (d – m) : (m-c)

Formula 3 Mixtures and Allegations
Calculate quantity of pure Liquid after ‘n’ successive operations:

If a container contains ‘x’ units of pure liquid , and we replace the liquid with ‘y’ units of water :
Then after ‘n’ successive operations, the units of pure liquid left is :
y n
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid = x 1 – units.
X
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts Allegations and

Mixtures:-
Type 1.
In most of these questions , you are supposed to find the ratio , or any one of the values either
M(mean price) , or C(C.P of cheaper) or D(C.P of dearer) where the other two values and the ratio
is given.
To find that , we have the best trick for you.
When two commodities are mixed then ,
=
This equation can also be developed using the pictorial diagram.
Question 1
Two varieties of wheat are mixed in the ratio of 4:5. The price of the mixture is ₹15 per Kg. The
price of the variety having lesser weight is ₹12 per Kg. Calculate the price of the other variety.
Solution:
First of all we will identify and substitute the values in the diagram
Now substituting this in the formula

=
4 N – 15
=
5 15 – 12
4 = N – 15
5 3
So , 5N – 75 = 12
N = Rs. 17.4 per Kg
Type 2.
Calculate quantity of pure Liquid after ‘n’ successive operations:
If a Container contains ‘x’ units of pure liquid , and we replace the liquid with ‘y’ units of water :
Then after ‘n’ successive operations, the units of pure liquid left is
y n
= x 1– units.
x
Below is an example to explain this concept.
Question 1
A vessel contains 60L of milk, out of which 15L litres of milk is taken out and replaced by water.
This process is repeated two times. Find the amount of milk left in the container.
Solution
From the question we have ,
Total Milk (x) = 60L
Milk taken out in one round (y) = 15L
No. of rounds (N) = 2
So , Using the above formula ,
Amount of milk left in the container
y n
= x 1– units.
x
15 2
= 60 1 – units.
60
3 2
= 60 units.
4
Solving this we get the answer as 33.75L

How to solve Allegation and Mixtures
Questions Quickly:-
Defination of Allegation?
The rule of allegation help to find the ratio in which two or more variety of ingredients of a given price
must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
It is a rule for the solution of problems concerning the compounding or mixing of ingredients
Defination of Mixture?
A mixture contains two or more commodities of certain quantity mixed together to get the desired quantity.
What is called Mean Price?
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Type 1 : When two quantities are mixed

then
=
Therefore, (Cheaper Quantity) : (Dearer Quantity) = (d – m) : (m-c)
Question 1.
Calculate the average price of the resulting mixture when two variety of sugar at ₹12 per Kg and ₹15
per Kg are mixed in the ratio of 2:3.
Solution:
2/3 = (15-Aw)/(Aw-12)
2Aw-24 = 45-3Aw
5Aw = 69
Aw = 69/5 = ₹13.8 per Kg
Question 2.
Two varieties of rice are in the ratio of 3:2 such that the average price of the resulting mixture is ₹15
per Kg. The price of one of the varieties is ₹10 per Kg. Find the price of the other variety of rice.
Solution:
3/2= (A2-15)/ (15-10)
15 = 2A2-30
45/2 = A2
A2 = ₹22.5 per Kg
Question 3.
Two varieties of tea are mixed in some ratio. The cost of the first variety is ₹20 per Kg and that of
second variety is ₹30 per Kg. If the average cost of the resulting mixture is ₹25 per Kg, find the
ratio.
Solution:
x/y= (30-25)/ (25-20)
x/y= 5/5 = 1:1
Type 2
If a container has x unit of liquid A from which y units are taken out and replaced by water. This process is
repeated n number of time, then the quantity of pure liquid will be given by:
y n
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid = x 1 – units.
x
Question 1.
A 420L of the mixture contains pure milk and water in the ratio of 2:5. Now 80 L of water is added
to the mixture. Calculate the ratio of milk and water in the resulting mixture.
Solution:
The quantity of milk in initial mixture =2/7* 420 = 120 L
Quantity of water = 420-120 = 300L
Water added = 80L
Concentration of water in the resulting mixture = 300 + 80 = 380L
The ratio of the resulting mixture 120/380 = 6:19.
Question 2.
A milkman mixes 30L of water in 90L of milk. He then sells 1/4th of this mixture. Now he adds water
to replenish the quantity of milk sold. Find the current proportion of milk and water.
Solution:
The initial ratio of milk and water = 90:30 = 3:1
Now, 1/4th of the mixture is sold, that is the total volume of the mixture is reduced by 25%.
In other words, both water and milk are reduced by 25%.
So, the volume of milk and water is 67.5L and 22.5 respectively.
Now, 30L (25% of the total mixture volume) of water is added to the mixture.
The volume of milk = 67.5L
Volume of water = 22.5+30= 52.5L
Current ratio = 67.5/52.5 = 9:7
Question 3.
A 20 litres mixture of milk and water contains milk and water in the ratio 3 : 2. 10 litres of the
mixture is removed and replaced with pure milk and the operation is repeated once more. At the end
of the two removal and replacement, what is the ratio of milk and water in the resultant mixture?
Solution:
Wr/Wo= (1- (R/M)^n
Wr/Wo= (1- (10/20)^2
(1/2)^2= 1/4
Wr= 2 litres
Formula & Definition for Probability

Probability is a number that reflects the chance or possibility of a particular event will
occur.
Probability refers to the extent of occurrence of events. When an event occurs like
throwing a ball, picking a card from deck, etc ., then the must be some probability
associated with that event.
In terms of mathematics, probability refers to the ratio of wanted outcomes to the
total number of possible outcomes. There are three approaches to the theory of
probability, namely:
The Number Of Ways Event A Can Occur
P(A) =
The total number Of Possible Outcomes
Basic Definition and Formula
• Random Event :- If the repetition of an experiment occurs several times under similar
conditions, if it does not produce the same outcome everytime but the outcome in a
trial is one of the several possible outcomes, then such an experiment is called
random event or a probabilistic event.
• Elementary Event – The elementary event refers to the outcome of each random
event performed. Whenever the random event is performed, each associated
outcome is known as elementary event.
• Sample Space – Sample Space refers tho the set of all possible outcomes of a
random event.Example, when a coin is tossed, the possible outcomes are head and
tail.
• Event – An event refers to the subset of the sample space associated with a random
event.
• Occurrence of an Event – An event associated with a random event is said to occur if
any one of the elementary event belonging to it is an outcome.
Basic Probability Formulas

(i) Probability Range – 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
(ii) Rule of Complementary Events – P(AC) + P(A) =1
(iii) Rule of Addition – P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
(iv) Disjoint Events – Events A and B are disjoint if P(A∩B) = 0
(v) Conditional Probability – P(A | B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)
(vi) Bayes Formula –P(A | B) = P(B | A) ⋅ P(A) / P(B)
(vii) Independent Events – Events A and B are independent if. P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B).
Tips and Tricks to Solve Questions for
Probability and there solution
Question 1
A die is rolled, find the probability that an even number is obtained ?
Options
(a) 3/4
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/4
(d) None of these
Solutions
Let us first write the sample space, S of the experiment.
S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let E be the event “an even number is obtained” and write down.
E= {2,4,6}
We can use the formula of the classical probability.
P(E)= n(E)/n(S) = 3/6 =1/2.
Correct Options (b)
Question 2
Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are obtained.
Note: Each coin has two possible outcomes H (heads) and T (Tails).
Options
(a) 1/4
(b) 1/2
(c) 3/2
(d) None of these
Solutions
The sample space S is given by.
S = {(H,T),(H,H),(T,H),(T,T)}
Let E be the event “two heads are obtained”.
E = {(H,H)}
We use the formula of the classical probability.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 1 / 4
Correct Options (a)
Question 3
Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
a) equal to 1
b) equal to 4
c) less than 13
Solution
a) The sample space S of two dice is shown below.
S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) }
Let E be the event “sum equal to 1”. There are no outcomes which correspond to a
sum equal to 1, hence
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 0 / 36 = 0
b) Three possible outcomes give a sum equal to 4: E = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 36 = 1 / 12
c) All possible outcomes, E = S, give a sum less than 13, hence.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 36 / 36 = 1
Correct Options (a)
How to Solve Quickly Probability questions

You can solve many simple probability problems just by knowing two simple rules:
• The probability of any sample point can range from 0 to 1.

• The sum of probabilities of all sample points in a sample space is equal to 1.
• The probability of event A is denoted by P(A).
Types 1- Random ticket drawn questions.

Question 1
Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is
the probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
Options
(a) 1/2
(b) 2/5
(c) 8/15
(d) 9/20
Explanation:
Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, …., 19, 20}.
Let E = event of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = {3, 6 , 9, 12, 15, 18, 5, 10, 20}.
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 9/20
Correct Options (D).
Question 2
A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What
is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
Options
(a) 10/21
(b) 11/21
(c) 2/7
(d) 5/7
Explanation:
Total number of balls = (2 + 3 + 2) = 7.
Let S be the sample space.
Then, n(S)= Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7
= 7C2 `
(7 x 6)
=
(2 x 1)
= 21.
Let E = Event of drawing 2 balls, none of which is blue.

n(E)= Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls.
= 5C2
(5*4)/(2*1)
= 10.
P(E) =n(E)/n(S) = 10/21.

Correct Options (A)
Questions 3
A bag contains 1100 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, … 1100. If a ticket is drawn out of it at
random, what is the probability that the ticket drawn has the digit 2 appearing on it?
(a) 291/1100
(b) 292/1100
(c) 290/1100
(d) 301/1100
Solution:
within 1 to 100 there are 19 numbers containing digit 2.2 first is 20 to 29 there are 10
numbers and 2 12,32,-,- ——92.
and 200 to 299 there are 100 numbers. so 1100 contain 290 numbers containing
digit 2.(100—19 so 100 contain 190 ,excluding 200 to 299) 190+100=290.
so 290/1100 is answer.
Correct Options (c)
Type 2- Probability questions on boys and

girls
Question 4
In a class there are 60% of girls of which 25% poor. What is the probability that a
poor girl is selected is leader?
Options
(a) 20%
(b) 15%
(c) 10%
(d) 25%
Explanations:
Assume total students in the class = 100
Then Girls = 60% (100) = 60
Poor girls = 25% (60) = 15
So probability that a poor girls is selected leader = Poor girls / Total students =
15/100 = 15%
Correct Options (b)
Questions 5
What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9, given that the
first die is a 5?
Options
(a) 1/3
(b) 1/6
(c) 1/9
(d) None of these
Let A = first die is 5
Let B = total of two dice is greater than 9
P(A) =
Possible outcomes for A and B: (5, 5), (5, 6)
P(A and B) = 2/36 = 1/18
P(B|A) = P(A and B)/P(A) = 1/18 ÷ 1/6 = 1/3.
Correct Options (A)
Questions 6
If six cards are selected at random (without replacement) from a standard deck of
52 cards, what is the probability there will be no pairs? (two cards of the same
denomination)
Options
Explanations
Let Ei be the event that the first i cards have no pair among them. Then we want to
compute P(E6), which is actually the
same as P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ · · · ∩ E6), since E6 ⊂ E5 ⊂ · · · ⊂ E1, implying that E1 ∩ E2 ∩ · · · ∩
E6 = E6. We get
P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ · · · ∩ E6) = P(E1)P(E2|E1)· · · = 52/52 48/51 44/50 40/49 36/48 32/47
Alternatively, one can solve the problem directly using counting techniques: Define
the sample space to be (equally likely)
ordered sequences of 6 cards; then, |S| = 52 · 51 · 50 · · · 47, and the event E6 has 52 ·
48 · 44 · · · 32 elements
Questions 7
A group of 5 friends-Archie, Betty, Jerry, Moose, and Veronica-arrived at the movie
theater to see a movie. Because they arrived late, their only seating option consists
of 3 middle seats in the front row, an aisle seat in the front row, and an adjoining seat
in the third row. If Archie, Jerry, or Moose must sit in the aisle seat while Betty and
Veronica refuse to sit next to each other, how many possible seating arrangements
are there?
Options
(a) 32
(b) 36
(c) 48
(d) 72
(e) 120
Good = Total – Bad.
Total = arrangements with Archie, Jerry or Moose in the aisle seat:

Number of options for the aisle seat = 3. (Archie, Jughead, or Moose)
Number of ways to arrange the 4 other people = 4*3*2*1.
To combine these options, we multiply:
3*4*3*2 = 72.
Bad = arrangements with Archie, Jerry or Moose in the aisle seat BUT with Betty next
to Veronica:
Number of options for the aisle seat = 3. (Archie, Jughead, Moose).
Number of options for the third row seat = 2. (Anyone but Betty and Veronica, since
in a bad arrangement they sit next to each other.)
Number of options for the middle of the 3 remaining seats = 2. (Must be Betty or
Veronica so that they sit next to each other).
Number of ways to arrange the 2 remaining people = 2*1.
To combine these options, we multiply:
3*2*2*2 = 24.
Good arrangements = 72-24 = 48.
The correct answer is C.

Probability is an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favourable cases to the whole number
of cases possible
• In terms of mathematics, probability refers to the ratio of wanted outcomes to the total
number of possible outcomes. There are three approaches to the theory of probability,
namely:
Total Number of event occur

P(A) =
The total number of Outcomes
Formulas for Ratio and Proportion:-

Definitions:
Ratio:-
The ratio of two quantities in the same units is the fraction that one quantity is of the other. It is a
relationship between two numbers by the division of the same kind. Therefore, the ratio of 2 to 3 is 2/3 or
can be written as 2 : 3. The first term of a ratio is known as antecedent and the second term is called
consequent. Furthermore, it may be noted that 10: 15 equals to 10/15 or 2/3 is equals to 2 : 3. Therefore,
multiplication of each term of a ratio by the same number does not affect the ratio.
Proportion
The equality of two ratios is known as proportion. It is used to find out the quantity of one class over the
total. In other words, the proportion is a part that describes the comparative relation with the overall part.
Subsequently, 2 : 3 equals to 4 : 6, we will write 2 : 3 :: 4 : 6 and we can say that 2, 3, 4, and 6 are in
proportion. Consequently, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are called 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th proportional respectively. The first and
the fourth proportional are called the extreme terms while the second and the third proportional are called
mean terms.
The product of the means equals the product of the extremes.
Fourth proportional
If x : y = z: a, then a is called the fourth proportional to x, y, z.
Third proportional
If x: y = y: z, then z is called the third proportional to x and y.
Mean proportional
Mean proportional between x and y is √xy
Comparison of ratios
We say that (x: y) > (z: a), then (x/y) > (z /a).
Compounded ratio
The compounded ratio of the ratios (x: y), (z: a), (b : c) is (xzb: yac)
Properties of Ratio
• The ratio of two people a and b is denoted as a : b.

• a : b = ma : mb, where m is a constant.
• x : y : z = X : Y : Z is equivalent to x/X=y/Y=z/Z
• If x/y = z/a then, x+y/x-y = z+a/z-a
Property of Proportion
• x/y=z/a , this means x : y ::z:a

Tips and Tricks to solve Ratio And Proportion
The problems on Ratio and Proportion can be easily solved using some simple tips and tricks. Given below
are some quick tips to solve these questions:
1. If x : y and z : a, then it can be solved as (x*z)/(y*a).

2. If x/y=z/a=b/c, then each of these ratios is equal to (x+z+e) ⁄(y+a+f)
3. If x/y=z/a, then y/x=a/z (Invertenao)
4. If x/y=z/a, then x/z=y/a (Alterenao)
5. If x/y=z/a, then (x+y)/y=(z+a)/a (Componendo)
6. If x/y=z/a, then (x-y)/y=(z-a)/a (Dividenao)
7. If x/y=z/a, then (x+y)/(x-y)=(z+a)/(z-a) (Componendo and Dividendo)
8. Four numbers x, y, z ana a are said to be in proportion if x : y = z : a. If on the other
hand, x : y = y : z = z : a, then the four numbers are said to be in continued proportion.
9. Let us consider the ratios, x : y = y : z. Here y is called the mean proportional and is
equal to the square root of the product of x and z i.e. y2 = x *z ⇒ y = √xz
10. If the three ratios, x : y, y : z, z : a is known, we can find x : a by the multiplying these
three ratios x/a = x/y * y/z * z/a
11. If x, y, z, and a are four terms and the ratios x : y, y : z, z : a are known, then one can
find the ratio x : y : z : a.
There are four types of Ratio and Proportion problems.
Type 1: Compound Ratio Based On Individual

Ratios
Question1.
Find the combined ratio of (5 : 6), (7 : 9), (10 : 11).
A. 56/157
B. 65/99
C. 21/31
D. 1/5
Correct answer B
Solution:
If we compound two or more ratio, then, a : b and c : d will become ac:bd.
Therefore, (5 : 6), (7 : 9), (10 : 11) = 5/6 * 7/9 * 10/11 = 350/594
= 65/99
Type 2: Distributing Any Quantity Based On

Ratios
Question2.
Rupees 812.5 is divided among Suhas, Ragini, and Gautam in such a way that 3-times Vivek’s share,
2-times Manisha’s share and 4 times Sarah’s share is equal. Calculate their individual share.
A. 246, 369, 184.5
B. 224, 350, 180.5
C. 250, 375, 187.5
D. 285, 384, 195.5
Correct answer C
Solution:
Let the Suhas, Ragini, and Gautam share be x, y, and z
Given, 2x = 3y = 4z.
Given, x + y + z = 812.5
Therefore, x + 3x/2 + 3x/4 = 812.5
13x = 812.5*4
13x = 3250
x = 250
y = 375
z = 187.5
Type 3: Coins Based Ratio Problems

Question3.
Geeta has 1800 rupees in the denomination of 5 paisa, 25 paisa, and 75 paisa in ratio 6 : 3 : 1.
Calculate how many 25 paisa coins he has.
A. 2800
B. 2000
C. 3500
D. 3000
Correct answer D
Solution:
Let the number of 5 paisa coins be 6x
Let the number of 75 paisa coins be x
Then, 5*6x/100 + 25*3x/100 + 75x/100 = 180x/100
Given, 180x/100 = 1800
Therefore, 1800*100/180 = x
x = 1000
Hence, 25 paisa coins = 3*1000 = 3000
Type 4: Mixtures & Addition Based Ratio

Problems
Question 4.
A mixture of sugar and water is in the ratio 3 : 2. A man adds 9 liters of water, and the mixture
comes in the ratio of 3 : 5. Find the quantity of sugar in the new mixture.
A. 20
B. 15
C. 24
D. 34
Correct answer B
Solution:
Let water be 2x, and sugar is 3x.
Given, 3x/2x+9 = 3/5
15x + 45 = 6x
9x = 45
x=5
Therefore, quantity of sugar = 5 * 3 = 15 liters
How To Solve Ratio And Proportion

Ratio
In some situations, the comparison by a division process makes good sense when compared to performing
their difference. Therefore, the comparison of two quantities by the process of division method is called as
‘Ratio’ between two numbers. The two numbers in a ratio can only be compared when they have the same
unit. We make use of ratios to compare two things. The sign used to denote a ratio is ‘:’.
Proportion
Ratio and proportions are said to be faces of the same coin. When two ratios are equal in value, then they
are said to be in proportion. In simple words, it compares two ratios. Proportions are denoted by the
symbol ‘::’ or ‘=’.
Type 1: Compound Ratio Based On

Individual Ratios
Question 1.
Find the compound ratio of (9 : 10), (11 : 13), (15 : 19).
A. 156:157
B. 297:494
C. 221:431
D. 1:5
Correct answer B
Solution:
Therefore, (9 : 10), (11 : 13), (15 : 19) = 9/10 * 11/13 * 15/19 = 1485/2470
= 297/494
Question 2.
Find the composite ratio of 2 : 3, 3 : 5, 5 : 7.
A. 11 : 24
B. 2 : 7
C. 14 : 23
D. 24 : 97
Correct answer B
Solution:
The composite ratio is intended by 2/3 * 3/5 * 5/7 = 30/105
= 2/7
Question 3.
Find the compounded ratio of (3 : 7), (9:5), and (11:21)
A. 99:245
B. 13:17
C. 114:221
D. 305:711
Correct answer A
Solution:
Therefore, (3 : 7), (9:5), and (11:21)= 3/7 * 9/5 * 11/21 = 297/735 = 99/245
Type 2: Distributing Any Quantity Based On

Ratios
Question 4.
If Rs. 450 is divided among three people in the ratio 1/3 : 3/5 : 5/7, then find how much the second
person will get?
A. 150
B. 126
C. 50
D. 180
Correct answer B
Solution:
Given ration = 1/3 : 3/5 : 5/7 = 35 : 21 : 15
Therefore, the second person will get, 21/75 * 450 = 126
Question 5.
Rs. 27440 is divided among 5 females, 3 men, and 1 child. The ratio of each woman, man, and kid,
are 9 : 3 : 2. What is the child’s share?
A. 550
B. 760
C. 980
D. 952
Correct answer C
Solution:
Given, the ratio of females, males, and toddlers = 9 : 3 : 2
No. of females, men, and child are 5, 3, 1
Thus actual ratio of females, men, and child = 9 * 5 : 3 * 3 : 2 * 1 = 45 : 9 : 2
Therefore, part of child = (2/56) * 27440 = Rs. 980
Question 6.
An amount of Rs. 58666 is divided among three employees in the ratio of 1/17, 1/19, and 1/21. Find
the smallest share.
A. 17561.7
B. 17200.49
C. 17000
D. 11760.50
Correct answer A
Solution:
Given, three shares = 1/17, 1/19, 1/21.
Therefore, the ratio will be 399/6783, 357/6783, 323/6783
Thus, the ratio is 399 : 357 : 323
The smallest share = 58666*323/1079
= 17561.7
Type 3: Coins Based Ratio Problems

Question 7.
Sahil got old currencies from his cupboard worth Rs. 450 in the denomination of 2 paisa, 5 paisa,
and 50 paisa in ratio 5 : 4 : 3. How many 2 paisa coins he got.
A. 1200
B. 1250
C. 1100
D. 1220
Correct answer B
Solution:
Then, 2*5x/100 + 5*4x/100 + 50*3x/100 = 180x/100
Given, 180x/100 = 450
Therefore, 450*100/180 = x
x = 250
Hence, 2paisa coins = 5 * 250 = 1250
Question 8.
A person has 180 rupees in the denomination of 5paisa, 10paisa, and 25paisa in ratio 5 : 3 : 1.
A. 225
B. 200
C. 350
D. 300
Correct answer A
Solution:
Let the number of 25 paisa coins be x
Then, 5*5x/100 + 10*3x/100 + 25x/100 = 80x/100
Given, 80x/100 = 180
Therefore, 180*100/80 = x
x = 225
Hence, 25 paisa coins = 1*225 = 225 coins
Question 9.
Harish has 1500 rupees in the denomination of 5 paisa, 25 paisa, and 50 paisa in ratio 5 : 3 : 2.
A.2800
B.2000
C.2500
D.2250
Correct answer D
Solution:
Let the number of 1 rupee coins be 2x
Then, 5*5x/100 + 25*3x/100 + 50 * 2x/100 = 200x/100
Given, 200x/100 = 1500
Therefore, 1500*100/200 = x
x = 750
Hence, 25 paisa coins = 3*750 = 2250
Type 4: Mixtures & Addition Based Ratio

Problems
Question 10.
Chetan and Shaheen’s salaries are in the ratio 5 : 9. If both of their salaries are raised by Rs. 4200,
then the proportion changes to 22 : 27. Find Shaheen’s salary.
A. 9250.95
B. 8058.32
C. 7199.97
D. 13580.45
Correct answer C
Solution:
Let Chetan and Shaheen’s salaries be 5x and 9x
Given, 5x + 4200 / 9x + 4200 = 22/27
135x + 113400 = 198x + 92400
63x = 21000
x = 333.33
Therefore, Shaheen’s salary = 333.33 * 9 + 4200 = 7199.97
Question 11.
Salaries of Preeti and Bina are in the ratio 14 : 15. If both get an increment of Rs. 5300, the new ratio
becomes 33 : 35. What is Preeti’s salary?
A. 24000
B. 34980
C. 30100
D. 10200
Correct answer B
Solution:
Let Preeti’s salary be 14x, and Bina’s salary be 15x
Given, 14x + 5300 = 33
Given, 15x + 5300 = 35
= 14x + 5300/15x + 5300 = 33/35
= 490x + 185500 = 495x + 174900
5x = 10600
x = 2120
Therefore, Preeti’s salary = 14 * 2120 + 5300 = 34980
Question 12.
400 g of 25% sugar syrup was added to 600 g of 40% sugar syrup. Find the percentage of the syrup
in the mixture.
A. 22%
B. 34%
C. 31%
D. 38%
Correct answer B
Solution:
Amount of sugar syrup in mixture 1 = 25/100*400= 100
Amount of sugar syrup in mixture 2 = 40/100*600 = 240
The total amount of sugar syrup = 340
Percentage of sugar syrup in the mixture = 340 * 100/ 1000 = 34%
VISUAL REASONING
Definition:
Visual reasoning is the course which comes under non-verbal intelligence part. It mainly includes an
analysis of visual information and the ability to solve related problems. An individual’s visual reasoning
skills are connected with his IQ level. For answering visual reasoning questions you need not require any
language as solutions can be drawn by analyzing the pictures or specific patterns.
Further, the visual reasoning question comes under those examinations which tries to measure the overall
intelligence of a person. The examiner may provide a set of shapes or patterns and may frame a question
for the next coming patterns. There could also be a question on two or three-dimensional objects. In this
you need to identify the object from a different angle. Answering this type of question requires a lot of
concentration and skills to understand and analyze the visual information.
What is more for understanding the Visual reasoning problems effectively, we have divided the topic into
6 parts mainly:
1. Series Problems (Non-Verbal): The questions under non-verbal series will be asked
in a box on various patterns such as signs, codes, patterns, shapes and different
images.
2. Classification Problems: Under classification problems few figures will be given to
you and you need to identify the one which is different from the group. Identification
of various patterns is the most important part of this problem.
3. Mirror Images: Mirror image is an image which we see in a mirror. These are the
objects which are similar to another, but with the reversed arrangement. Further
mirror images are divided into 5 parts such as:
o Number Mirror Images
o Letter Mirror Images
o Geometric Mirror Images
o Shape Images
o Mixed Mirror Images
4. Water Images:Water image is the reversed object which we get by turning the image
an upside down. In this type the important thing which needs to remember is that the
left side of the real image will be there at left side only and the right side of the real
image will be at right only. There will not be any changes in the position of the main
image but the image will change upside down.
5. Spotting out the embedded figure: An embedded figure is the image which
hides them in some other images. In this a single image will be given which
will be followed by 4 other images and similar image needs to be recognized.
6. Completion of Incomplete Pattern: This type of problems is also called as
analogy problems. Under this all you need to do is comparison between two
images. Few related figures will be given to you and you need to develop a
new relationship chemistry based on the given figures.
Tips And Tricks for Visual Reasoning

Under this page we will provide you many tips and tricks to clear your doubts about the topic and for
solving visual reasoning questions in a quick and simple manner.
There are mainly six types of questions which come under the examination. Details of the same are given
below.
TYPE 1: SERIES PROBLEMS UNDER VISUAL
REASONING (NON-VERBAL)
The questions under non-verbal series will be asked in a box on various patterns such as signs, codes,
patterns, shapes and different images. For example a same figure x will come again and again but there
will be a change in the position of x. These types of problems contain four or five figure series. The
examiner may ask to find out the incorrect pattern or missing series. What all you need to do is
identification of the changes in the figures and based on that answer the same. Let’s understand the
problem by below given sample.
Question 1.
Out of the Problem Figure find out the right solution from the five choices given in the solution
figure.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: D
Explanation:
The 2 semi circles revere their directions alternatively one after the other. The lower short line rotates 90’o
anti clock wise in each step while the upper short line rotates 90’o clock wise in alternate steps.
TYPE 2: CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS

Under classification problems, few figures will be given to you and you need to identify the one which is
different from the group. Identification of various patterns is the most important part of this problem. Try
to practice the different-2 patterns so that you can crack the questions easily.
Question 1.
Five figures are given below. Four out of these five are alike in some way; however one figure is
different from other. Find out that one?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer: C
Explanation:
In all the figures except figure c two lines are parallel to each other. Hence option C is correct.
TYPE 3: MIRROR IMAGES

Mirror image is an image which we see in a mirror. These are the objects which are similar to another, but
with the reversed arrangement. In other words the image of an objects change its side such as left side of
an object will show right side and right side of an object will show left side.
Further mirror images are divided into 5 parts mainly:
1. NUMBER MIRROR IMAGES: In number mirror image problem number will change its
side such as left side of a number will come in right side and right side of a number
will come in left side. The below mentioned picture will help you to understand more
about the number images.
Question 1.
Select the option which closely looks like the mirror image of the specified combination?
33222
Answer: D
Explanation:
Option D clearly follows the above given number chart arrangement.
2. LETTER MIRROR IMAGES: In letter mirror image problem letter image will change its
side such as left side of a letter will come in right side and right side of a letter will
come in left side. The below mentioned picture will help you to understand the topic
properly.
In this if you observe carefully there are some letters which are having same mirror images. By
remembering these letters you can easily solve the questions without putting an extra effort. List of these
letters are: A, H, I M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y. let’s understand the same by an example.
Question 2.
RIO
Answer: B
Explanation:
Option B clearly follows the above given image chart arrangement.
3. SHAPE MIRROR IMAGES: In shape mirror image problem various types of shape
problems will be there. In this shapes will change its side such as left side of a shape
will come in right side and right side of a shape will come in the left side. The below
mentioned sample will help you to understand the same much better.
Question 3.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Answer: C
Explanation:
As per shape mirror image rule the left side of a shape will come in right side and right side of a shape will
come in the left side. The actual mirror image of a real image is C as per this rule.
4. GEOMETRICAL IMAGES: Under geometrical mirror image rules clock and time
questions are asked. If we put a clock in front of a mirror then its image will be total
different then the real one. Few tips are there to understand the clock and time
problems easily.
Tip 1: If a clock time is between 1.01 to 10.59 then subtract the time by 11.60.
Tip 2: If a clock time is between 11.01 to 12.59 then subtract the time by 23.60.
Tip 3: If you want to find out the timings based on hour then subtract by 12.
Question 4.
If the time in a clock is 6.10 then what will be its mirror image?
A. 6.10
B. 5.50
C. 6.30
D. 5.55
Answer: B
Explanation:
As per geometric mirror image rule for clock time between 1.01 to 10.59, clock time needs to be subtracted
by 11.60. Hence 11.60-6.10= 5.50. Refer the below image for more clarification.
5. MIX MIRROR IMAGES: Under mix mirror image rules questions are asked containing
mixed type such as alphabets and numbers. For solving these problems we need to
first understand the rule of letters and numbers. Let’s understand quickly with the
help of an example.
Question 5.
Pick the option which strictly looks like the mirror image of the given combinations.
KAL1NGA231B
Answer: D
Explanation:
Option D clearly follows the rule of letter and number mirror images. Hence D is correct.
TYPE 4: WATER IMAGES

In the water how an objective reflects is known as its water image. In other words it is the reversed object
which we get by turning the image an upside down. In this type the main thing which needs to remember is
that the left side of the real image will be there at left side only and the right side of the real image will be
at right only. There will not be any changes in the position of the main image but the image will change
upside down. The below mentioned picture will help you to understand the topic properly.
Looking at the above mentioned water image samples it is very clear now that these images are totally
different from the mirror images because it does not changes the position but turns upside down
horizontally. Let’s do a sample to know the subject more clearly.
Question 1.
Pick the option which strictly looks like the water image of the given combinations.
HARD
Answer: A
Explanation:
Look at the explanation picture above. As water image rule says the image does not change the position
but it turns upside down. Option A clearly follows the rule.
TYPE 5: SPOTTING OUT THE EMBEDDED

FIGURE
An embedded figure is the image which hides them in some other image. In this an individual image will
be given which will be followed by 4 other images. The question will be asked to find the similar image
out of the given options.
Question 1.
Select the option which closely looks like the embedded figure of the given figure.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Answer: D
Explanation:
Looking to the option D we can find that the main image hides itself under the influence of new image
which is not the case for A, B and C. hence option D is correct.
TYPE 6: COMPLETION OF INCOMPLETE

PATTERN
This type of problems under nonverbal reasoning is also called as Analogy problems. In this all you need
to do is comparison between images. Few related figures will be given to you and you need to develop a
new relationship chemistry based on the given data. Let’s quickly solve an example.
Question 1.
Below mentioned figure contains a specific relationship among each other. A,B,C and D contains a
problem set while 1,2,3,4 and 5 contains a solution set. There is a connection between figures A and
B. you need to develop a same connection between figure C & D by choosing a right option.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: D
Explanation:
Looking to the problem set we can see that the figure gets rotated 90 degree anticlockwise.
How To Solve Visual Reasoning

Definition:
Visual reasoning contains the skills to recognize and analyze visual data and answer questions using visual
reasoning. For instance: recognizing relationships, connections and dissimilarities between shapes and
designs, knowing visual arrangements and connections among objects.
This enables you to analyze and crack difficult questions without trusting upon language skills. Below
mentioned are the questions provided with the solutions to more understand the topic.
TYPE 1: SERIES PROBLEMS UNDER VISUAL

REASONING (NON-VERBAL)
Question 1.
figure.
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. V
Answer: B
Explanation:
The shading part is rotating first 2 steps and then 3 steps in clockwise direction. Hence option 2 is correct.
Question 2.
figure.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer: D
Explanation:
Half leaves are added to the upper and lower part of the figure alternately, hence D is correct.
Question 3.
figure.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer: B
Explanation:
The figure rotates 90’o clock wise in each step and half and quarter circle are added to it on the inside
alternately. Hence B is correct.
TYPE 2: CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS

Question 1.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: E
Explanation:
All the figures contain 3 lines, only W has four lines. Hence option E is correct.
Question 2.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer: C
Explanation:
The zig zag figure point downward in all the options except C. In C it faces upwards.
Question 3.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Answer: C
Explanation:
In all the kite figures the dot appears in the opposite side of the line which is outside. The rule is not same
for option C. Hence it is correct.
TYPE 3: MIRROR IMAGES

Question 1.
INDIA
Answer: B
Explanation:
Option B clearly follows the rules of alphabets or letter mirror image. Hence option 2 is correct.
Question 2.
556699
Answer: C
Explanation:
Option C clearly follows the rules of NUMBER mirror image. Hence option 3 is correct.
Question 3.
If the time in a clock is 11.25 then what will be its mirror image?
A. 11.25
B. 12.25
C. 12.35
D. 17.50
Answer: C
Explanation:
As per geometric mirror image rule for clock time between 11.01 to 12.59, clock time needs to be
subtracted by 23.60. Hence 23.60-11.25= 12.35
Type 4: Water images

Question 1.
WATER
Answer: B
Explanation:
As per the water image rule, the image does not change its position but it turns upside down. Option B
clearly follows the rule.
Question 2.
123456
Answer: B
Explanation:
As per the water image rule, the image does not change its position but it turns upside down. Option B
Question 3.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Answer: C
Explanation:
As per the water image rule, the image does not change its position but it turns upside down. Option C
TYPE 5: SPOTTING OUT THE EMBEDDED
FIGURE
Question 1.
Select the option which closely looks like the embedded figure of the main figure.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Answer: A
Explanation:
Looking to the option A we can see that the main image hides itself under the influence of new image
which is not the case for B, C and D. hence option A is correct.
Question 2.
Select the option which closely looks like the embedded figure of the main figure
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Looking to the option B we can see that the main image hides itself under the influence of new image
which is not the case for A, C and D. hence option B is correct.
Question 3.
In the below question one main figure is embedded in any of the four option figures. Find the option
which contains main figure.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer: D
Explanation:
As we can in the explanatory image below, the triangle has one curved line inside it over the base and one
curved line outside the right line. Rest all images don’t have these specific features like the main figure.
TYPE 6: COMPLETION OF INCOMPLETE

PATTERN
Question 1.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: A
Explanation:
Looking to the problem set we can see that the figure rotates 90 degree clockwise and by one less number
of sides to the new figure.
Question 2.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: A
Explanation:
Looking to the problem set we can see that the black shape is rotating 90 degree anticlockwise direction
and black shape is rotating 135 degree anticlockwise direction.
Question 3.
In the below question one main figure is embedded in any of the four option figures. Find the option
which contains main figure.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer: C
Explanation:
As seen in the descriptive image below, the main figure is hidden in image C. A horizontal line originates
from the meeting point of two lines which is not present in any of the remaining images.
Formula for Work And Time

Definition
• Work: In terms of mathematics work is defined as the amount of job assigned or the
amount of job actually done.
• Time: Time is defined as the number of days or hours required to complete the task.
Formula
1. Work from Days:
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s one day work = 1/n
2. Days from work:
If A’s one day work = 1/n, then A can finish the work in n days
3. Work Done by A and B
A and B can do a piece of work in ‘a’ days and ‘b’ days respectively.
When working together they will take (ab/a+b) days to finish the work
In one day, they will finish (a+b/ab)th part of work.
4. Ratio:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3: 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1: 3
5. Efficiency:
Efficiency is inversely proportional to the Time taken when the amount of work done is
constant.
Efficiency α 1/time taken
Basic Rules
• Rule 1:
If A completes a piece of work in x days
B completes same piece of work in y days
Then,
One day work of A = 1/x
One day work of B = 1/y
Work done by A + B = 1/x + 1/y = x+y/xy
Total time = xy/x+y
• Rule 2:
If A completes a piece of work in x days
B completes same piece of work in y days
C completes same piece of work in z days
Then,
One day work of A = 1/x
One day work of B = 1/y
One day work of C = 1/z
Work done by A + B + C = 1/x + 1/y + 1/z= x+y+z/xyz
Total time = xy/xy + yz + zx
• Rule 3:
If M1 men can complete a work W1 in D1 days and M2 men can complete a work W2 in
D2 days then,
M1D1/W1 = M2D2/W2
If Time required by Both M1 and M2 is T1 and T2 respectively, then relation is
M1D1T1/W1 = M2D2T2/W2
• Rule 4:
If A alone can complete a certain work in ‘x’ days and A and B together can do the same
amount of work in ‘y’ days, then B alone can do the same work in
xy/x-y
• Rule 5:
If A and B can do work in ‘x’ days.
If B and C can do work in ‘y’ days.
If C and A can do work in ‘z’ days.
Total time taken when A, B, and C work together
2xyz/xy + yz + zx
• Rule 6:
Work of one day = Total work/Total number of working days
Total work = one day work * Total number of working days
Remaining work = 1 – work done
Work done by A = A’s one day work * Total number of working days of A
• Rule 7:
If A can finish m/n part of the work in D days. Then total time taken to finish the work by
A = D/(m/n) = n/m*D days
• Rule 8:
If A can do a work in ‘x’ days
B can do the same work in ‘y’ days
When they started working together, B left the work ‘m’ days before completion then
total time taken to complete the work = (y+m)x/x+y
• Rule 9:
A and B finish work in a days.
They work together for ‘b days and then
A or B left the work. B or A finished the rest of the work in ‘d’ days.
Total time taken by A or B alone to complete the work = ad/a-b or bd/a-b
Three Universal Rules

1. If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days and M2 persons can do W2 works in D2 days then
the formula
M1D1/W1 = M2D2/W2
It can be written as M1D1W2 = M2D2W1
2. If the persons work T1 and T2 hours per day respectively
M1D1T1/W1 = M2D2 T2/W2
It can be written as, M1D1 T1W2 = M2D2 T2W1
3. If the persons has efficiency of E1 and E2 respectively then
M1D1T1E1/ W1 = M2D2T2E2/ W2
Therefore, M1D1T1E1W2 = M2D2T2E2W1
In all the above formula,
M = Number of workers
D = Number of days
T = Time required
W = Units of work
E = Efficiency of workers
Work and Time-Tips and Tricks

Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Work and Time questions quickly, easily, and
efficiently in competitive exams.
Tips and tricks to solve the Work and Time questions
• Understand the relation between Man, work, and Time
1. More men can do more work. Similarly, less men will do less work
2. More work takes more time. Similarly, less work takes less time
3. More man can do work in less time, Similarly, less men can do work in more time
Type 1: Calculate time taken or work

completed by one, two or more workers
Question 1.
Somya can do a piece of work in 50 days. How much part of the work she can do in
20 days?
Options:
A. 1/5
B.3/8
C.2/5
D.1/4
Correct option: C
Solution: 1 day work of Somya = 1/50
Therefore, in 20 days she can do 20 × 1/50 = 20/50 = 2/5th part of the work
Type 2: Calculate time/work when efficiency

is given in percentage
Question 1.
Positive efficiency of a Neha is 5%. Negative efficiency of Shreya is 2.5%. Find out the net
efficiency.
Options:
A. 2.5 %
B. -2 %
C. 1.2 %
D.-2.5 %
Correct option: A
Solution:
Positive efficiency = 5%
Negative efficiency = 2.5%
Therefore the Net efficiency = (5 – 2.5) = 2.5%
Type 3: Calculate time/work when workers

leave in between
Question 1.
Karan can do a piece of work in 50 days. He works for 15 days and then leaves. Tarun comes and finishes
the remaining work in 35 days. In how many days Tarun alone can finish the work?
Options:
A. 50 days
B. 10 days
C. 60 days
D. 45 days
Correct option: A
Solution: Karan’s 1 day work = 1/50.
Work done by Karan in 15 days = 15 * 1/ 50 = 3/10
Therefore, remaining work = 1 – 3/10 = 7/10
Tarun finishes this remaining 7/10 work in 35 days.
Therefore, Tarun can finish the work in 35/7/10 = 50
Type 4: Share of salary based on work
Question 1.
Hetal’s one day work is 1/20 and Avnika’s one day work is 1/30 days but with the help of
Yasha they finished the work in 10 days. For that work they got total of Rs. 5000. Find
the share of Yasha?
Options:
A. Rs. 833.33
B. Rs. 800
C. Rs.235
D. Rs. 338.3
Correct option: A
Solution: Hetal’s total work done = 10/20 = 1/2
Avnika’s total work = 10/30 = 1/3
The work together completed in ½ + 1/3 = 5/6
Remaining work = 1 – 5/6 = 1/6
Therefore, Yasha’s share = 5000*1/6 = 5000/6 = Rs 833.33
How to solve Work And Time questions

Definition
• Work: It is defined as the amount of job assigned or the amount of job actually done.
• Time: Time is defined as the number of days or hours required to complete the task.
Type 1: Calculate time taken or work completed by one, two or more workers
Question 1.
Rohan and Mohan can paint a wall in 12 days together, Mohan and Sohan can paint the
same wall in 15 days together and Rohan and Soham can paint that wall in 20 days together.
In how many days Rohan alone can paint the wall?
Options
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 25
Correct option: B
Solution: Rohan + Mohan + Soham one day work = ½ (1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20)
Rohan + Mohan + Soham one day work =1/10
Now, Rohan’s one day work = 1/10 – 1/15 = 1/30
Therefore, Rohan alone will paint the wall in 30 days.
Question 2.
Mamta can alone complete a part of assignment in 8 days. Work done by Sunil alone in
one day is half of the work done by Mamta alone in one day. In how many days can the
assignment be completed, if Mamta and Sunil work together?
Options:
A. 5.33 days
B. 16 days
C. 24 days
D. 4 days
Correct option: A
Solution: Mamta can finish part of assignment in one day = 1/8
Sunil can finish part of assignment in one day = 1/16
Mamta + Sunil together finish part of assignment in one day = 1/8 + 1/16 = 3/16
Therefore, together they will take 16/3 days = 5.33 days
Question 3.
Husband H and wife W can do a work in 24 days together. Husband can do the same job in
60 days alone. Then at what time wife can complete the same work alone?
Options:
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
Correct option: D
Solution: Wife’s one day work = 1/24 – 1/60 = 1/40
Therefore, she will take 40 days
Type 2: Calculate time/work when efficiency

is given in percentage
Question 1.
Jaya is twice as efficient as Maya. Jaya takes 30 days less than Maya to finish the
work. Calculate the time required to finish the work together.
Options:
A.40 days
B. 30 days
C. 20 days
D. 35 days
Correct option: C
Solution: time required to complete the job together is given by
T = m * D/ (m2 – 1)
T = 2 * 30/ (22-1)
T =60/3
T= 20 days
Question 2.
6 students and 3 professionals can complete a task in 12 days by working 8 hours every day.
In how much time will 12 professionals complete the same task by working 6 hours every
day, if the efficiency of each student is twice that of a professionals?
Options:
A. 20 days
B. 10 days
C. 25 days
D. 15 days
Correct option: A
Solution:
1 student= 2 professionals (as given in question, efficiency of each student is twice that of a
professionals)
6 students = 12 professionals
As given
(6 students + 3 professionals) * 8 * 12 = 12 professionals * 6 * D
15 professionals * 8 * 12 = 12 girls * 6 * D
D = 20
Question 3.
Rajat takes 6 days to complete the assignment whereas Jannat completes the same assignment
in 12 days. In how much time they will complete the assignment together?
Options:
A. 2.22 days
B. 3.33 days
C. 4.44 days
D. 1.25 days
Correct option: B
Solution: Efficiency of Rajat is twice of Jannat
This means Rajat efficiency to complete the assignment = 20%
Jannat’s efficiency to complete the assignment = 10%
Together their efficiency = 30%
To complete the work they will take 100/30 = 3.33 days
Type 3: Calculate time/work when workers
leave in between
Question 1.
Three friends Anmol, Balbir and Chinu can do a work together in 12, 18, and 24 days
respectively. After working 4 days Anmol and Chinu leaves the work. Find in how
many days Balbir alone can complete the remaining work?
Options:
A. 4 days
B. 5 days
C. 10 days
D. 18/5 days
Correct option: B
Solution: (Anmol + Balbir + Chinu)’s one day work = 1/12 + 1/18+ 1/24 = 13/72
4’s day work = 4 * 13/72 = 13/18
Therefore, remaining work = 1 – 13/18 = 5/18
Now, time taken by Balbir to complete the work = 5/18 * 18 = 5
Question 2.
Madhur can complete a part of task in 25 days. Her friend Divya can finish it in 20
days. They work together for 5 days and then Madhur left the work. In how many
days will Divya finish the remaining work?
Options:
A. 24 days
B. 25 days
C. 20 days
D. 11 days
Correct option: D
Solution:
Time taken by Madhur to finish the task = 25 days
hence, Madhur’s one day work = 1/25
Divya takes time to finish the work = 20 days
So, Divya’s one day’s work = 1/20
Madhur + Divya’s 1 day’s work = 1/25 + 1/20 = 9/100
Madhur + Divya’s 5 day’s work = 5 * 9/ 100 = 9/20
Therefore, remaining work (1 – 9/20) = 11/20
Now, 11/20th part of work is done by Divya in one day
Therefore, 11/20 work will be done by Divya in 20 * 11/20 = 11
Question 3.
Zubair can finish his assignment in 18 days. His brother Muneer can do the same assignment
in 15 days. Muneer worked for 10 days and left the assignment. In how many days, Zubair
alone can finish the remaining assignment?
Options:
A. 4 days
B. 5 days
C. 6 days
D. 8 days
Correct option: C
Solution:
Muneer’s one day work on assignment = 1/15 * 10 = 2/3
Remaining work = 1 – 2/3 = 1/3
According to the question, A’s one day work = 1/18
Therefore 1/3 work is done by Zubair in 1/3 * 18 = 6 days
Type 4: Share of salary based on work

Question 1.
Raj and Ram undertook a work for Rs. 4000. Raj alone can do a part of work in 6 days. Ram alone
can do a part of work in 8 days. Their friend Tony joined them and they completed the work in 3
days. What is the share of Tony?
Options:
A. Rs. 500
B. Rs. 800
C. Rs. 300
D. Rs. 120
Correct option: A
Solution:
Tony’s one day work = 1/3 – (1/6 + 1/8) = 1/24
Their ratio of one day work = 1/6: 1/8: 1/24
Tony worked for 3 days
Therefore, his share = 3 * 1/ 24 * 4000 = 500
Question 2.
Kulfi can do a work in 10 days. Another girl joined and they complete the same work in 6 days. If
they get Rs. 100 for the work, what is the share of another girl?
Options:
A. Rs. 70
B. Rs. 60
C. Rs. 50
D. Rs. 10
Correct option: B
Solution: Another girl can do the work = 10 * 6/10 – 6 = 15 days

Kulfi and another girl’s share = 15: 10 = 3: 2
Therefore, another girl’s share = 100/5 * 3 = Rs. 60
Question 3.
Arti, Ankit, and Nidhi contracted a work for Rs. 9999. Together, Arti and Ankit completed 7/11 of
the work. How much does Nidhi get?
Options:
A. Rs. 3245
B. Rs. 3663
C. Rs. 6363
D. Rs. 3636
Correct option: D
Solution: Arti + Ankit did = 7/11
Nidhi completed 1 – 7/11 = 4/11
Arti + Ankit’ share : Nidhi’s share = 7/11: 4/11
Nidhi’s share = 9999/11 * 4 = 3636
Formulas of Speed, Time and Distance:-

Speed measures of how quickly an object moves from one place to another. Speed is equal to
the distance traveled divided by the time taken.
By using speed, time and distance formulas we can easily find the three values
Distance = Speed x Time
Distance
Speed =
Time
Time = Distance
Speed
Formula for Conversion of Km/hr to m/sec where x is in Km/hr

5
Y m/sec = X x m/sec
18
Formula for Conversion of m/sec to Km/hr where x is in m/sec

18
Y km/hr = X x km/hr
5
Equal Distance at two speeds

An object covers equal distance at speed S1 and other equal distance at speed S2 then his
average speed for the distance is (2S1S2)/(S1 + S2)
Train based Formulas of Speed, Time and Distance-
• ST = Speed of Train
• SO = Speed of Object
• LT = Length of Train
• LO = Length of Object
Case 1 –
When Train Crosses a Stationary Object with no Length(e.g. Pole) in time t
• ST = \frac{L_T}{t} \ tLT
Case 2 –
When Train Crosses a Stationary Object with Length LO (e.g. Train Platform) in time t
• ST = (LT +LO) / t
Case 3 –
When Train Crosses a Moving Object with no Length (e.g. Car has negligible length) in time
t
• Objects moving in Opposite directions

o (ST + SO) = LT/ t
• Objects moving in Same directions
o (ST – SO) = LT/ t
Case 4 –
When Train Crosses a Moving Object with Length LO (e.g. Another Train treated as an object)
in time t
• Objects(Trains) moving in Opposite directions

o (ST + SO) = (LT +LO)/ t
• Objects(Trains) moving in Same directions
o (ST – SO) = (LT +LO)/ t
Note – In Case for Train 2 is treated as an object
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for speed time

and distance
Speed is measure that show how quickly an object moves from one place to another. It is equal
to the distance traveled divided by the time.
Speed = \frac{distance}{time} \timedistance
• Check out the formulas of Speed, Time and Distance here first if you have not
already.
• Tips and tricks for speed time and distance generally give all the basic idea about
what type of questions that are going to asked in different competitive exams and
recruitment exams.
• For more details please visit our official page www.prepinsta.com
When Distance is constant in the given scenario

Way to Solve type 0 Problem
We all know that Distance = Speed x Time
So, if Distance if constant then this equation will be
S1 x T1 = S2 x T2
Now, most of you will ignore this in the exam and it wouldn’t cross your mind to use
this. Even if you understand it now.
But, if you make a habit of reading question properly not just for speed time and
distance but for every topic you can solve the question in 1/4th of the time.
Same of this, we had done research on 8 engineering students solving a speed time
distance problem only 2 used this formula and both solved the question correctly in
1/4th of the time of other 6 on average.
Example of type 0 Problem
A boy walking at a speed of 15 km/hr reaches his school 20 min late. Next time he
increases his speed by 5 km/h but still he late by 5 min. Find the distance of the
school from his home.
Let time be x.
So, quick method =>
• 15(x +20) = 20(x + 5)

• 300 – 100 = 5x
• x = 40. => x +20 = 60 mins = 1hr
• Thus distance = 15(1) = 15 kms
explanation to above
S1 = 15km/h ; S2 = 5 + 15 = 20 km/h
T1 = x + 20 T2 = x + 5
Now just apply the formula
Now Same thing can be applied for Speed and Time also
So the all three formula will be –
1. S1 x T1 = S2 x T2
2. D1 / T1 = D2 / T2
3. D1 / S1 = D2 / S2
Type 1: Unit Conversion Time and Distance

Problems
Question 1.
A man rides his Bike at a speed of 36 km per hour, calculate the speed in m per
second?
A. 7.0
B. 5.5
C. 10
D. 5
Correct Answer C
Solution:
We can convert km per hour by multiplying the given value by 5/ 18.

Therefore, the converted speed = 36 * 5/18
= 10 m per second.
Type 2: Average Speed when Travelling to a

Place and Returning
Question 2.
G and H are two places. A man travels on his cycle from G to H at a speed of
15km/hr and comes back at the speed of 10km/hr. Find the average speed of his
entire journey.
A. 11 km/hr
B. 12km/hr
C. 13km/hr
D. 13.5km/hr
Correct Answer B
Solution:
Let the distance between G and H be a

Then, time taken from G to H = a/15
Then, time taken from H to G = a/10
Therefore, time taken to cover 2a = a/15+a/10 = a/6
Therefore, average speed = 2a/a/6 = 12 km/hr.
Type 3: Problems Based on Changing Time and

Changing Speed
Question 3.
If Karishma walks a certain distance, at the speed of 8mps, if she walks at a speed
of 18mps, she covers 15 miles more. Calculate her total distance.
A. 6
B. 12
C. 17
D. 29
Correct Answer B
Solution:
Let her total distance be= d

Time to cover at the speed of 8 mps.
If she walks 18mph, then she covers 15 miles more than actual distance = d + 15
Therefore, time taken = (d+15)/18.
Then, d/8 = d + 15/18
So, distance covered is 12 m
Type 4: Time and Speed Problems on Trains

Question 4.
A train 200m long is moving at a speed of 20 km/hr. How much time will the train
take to reach the station?
A. 22
B. 28
C. 36
D. 25
Correct answer C
Solution:
Speed of the train = 20 * 5/18 = 50/9 m/sec

Requisite time = 200 * 9 / 50 = 36 seconds.
Type 5: Problems on Bus with Stoppages
Question 5.
The speed of a bus excluding stoppage is 25 km per and including stoppages is 21
km per hour. Find out for how much time the bus stopped per hour.
A. 11.2
B. 9.6
C. 10
D. 25
Correct Answer B
Solution:
The bus travels 4 km less because of the stops.

Time is taken to cover 4 km = 4/25 * 60 = 9.6
The bus stopped for 9.6 minutes
Object Travelling in Opposite Direction of the Train
Way 2 Solve Type 1 Problem
If the object has negligible length then use the formula –
• Objects moving in Opposite directions

o (ST + SO) = LT/ t
• Objects moving in Same directions
o (ST – SO) = LT/ t
If the Object has significant Length then use the formula
• Objects(Trains) moving in Opposite directions

o (ST + SO) = (LT +LO)/ t
• Objects(Trains) moving in Same directions
o (ST – SO) = (LT +LO)/ t
Example –
Two trains are travelling in opposite directions at uniforms speeds of 60 kmph and 50 kmph. They take 5
seconds to cross each other.If the two trains travelled in the same directions.then a passenger sitting in the
faster moving train would have overtaken the other than in 18 seconds.what are the lengths of the trains?
Let length of faster train and slower train be x and y respectively
When they travel in opposite direction, trains cross each other in 5 sec
Relative speed = 60+50 =110 km/hr = (110×5)/18= 550/18
Distance travelled = x+y
Time taken to cross each other = 5 s
Distance = Speed x Time
(x+y) = (550/18)×5=1375/9 –(1)
When they travel in same direction, passenger sitting in the faster moving train would have overtaken the
other train in 18 sec
Relative speed = 60-50 =10 km/hr = (10×5)/18=50/18 m/s
Since the observation given is of a passenger sitting in faster train, distance travelled is equal to length of
the slower train.
i.e, distance travelled = y m
Time taken for overtaking = 18 s
y = (50/18)×18 = 50 m
From(1), x + 50 = 13759
“>1375/9
x = 102.78 m
Train A leaves at X am from Position 1 and Reaches Position 2 at Y am, other train leaves from
Position 2 at A Am and Reaches at B AM. Distance is given. When do two Trains Cross one another.
Way to Solve type 2 Problem
This is very frequently asked problem.
Let us understand this by an Example.
A train starts from Delhi at 6:00 am and reaches Ambala cantt. at 10am. The other train starts from Ambala
cantt. at 8am and reached Delhi at 11:30 am, If the distance between Delhi and Ambala cantt is 200 km,
then at what time did the two trains meet each other?
Average speed of train leaving Delhi = 2004=50
“>200/ 4 = 50
km/hr
Average speed of train leaving Ambala cantt. = 200×27=4007
“>200×2/7 =400/7
By the time the other train starts from Ambala cantt, the first train had travelled 100 km as 2
hours x 50kmph = 100 Kms
Therefore, the trains meet after:
=200−100(50+400/7)=1415
“>=(200−100)/(50+400/7)=14/15
hr
=1415×60=56
“>=(14/15)×60 = 56
minutes
Hence they meet at 8:56 am as 6 am + 2 hours + 56 mins
Had Object been Faster by a Km/hr then time taken and had it been slower then b Km/hr. What is
the Distance?
Way to solve type 3 Problem
Lets look this with an Example
A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train had been 6 km/hr faster, it would have
taken 4 hour less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower by 6 km/hr, the train would have
taken 6 hr more than the scheduled time. The length of the journey is:
Let the length of the journey be d km and the speed of train be S
“>SS
km/hr.
Then,
dS+6=t−4
“>d/(S+6) = t−4
—–(i)
dS−6=t+6
“>d/(S−6) = t+6
——(ii)
Subtracting the 1 equation from another we get:
dS−6−dS+6=10
“>[d/(S−6)] − [d/(S+6)] = 10
——(iii)
Now t=ds
“>t = d/s
Substitute in equation (i) and solve for d
“>d
and S
“>S
d = 720 km
A and B start walking towards one another at same time at given speeds and separated by a given
distance. What is the time they cross one another at?
Way 2 Solve Type 4 Problem
A will travel some distance d1 and B will travel d2. Sum of d1 and d2 will be D(given distance between
the two) solve for this equation and time will be same for both.
• d1 = s1 x t
• d2 = s2 x t
Example.A and B start walking towards each other at 10 am at speeds of 3 km/hr and 4 km/hr respectively.
They were initially 17.5 km apart. At what time do they meet?
Let after T
“>T
hours they meet
Then, 3T+4T=17.5
“>3T+4T = 17.5
T=2.5
“>T=2.5
Time = 10:00 am + 2.5 hour = 12:30 pm
How to Solve Speed Time And

Distance:-
Speed Time and Distance is a part of our study since school time but still, students get confused while
solving the questions.
This page will provide you the easiest way to solve the questions quickly along with the help of some
Solved Examples.
Before solving the question, we have to know about the exact definitions of Speed Time and Distance.
Definition:
Speed:
Speed can be defined as how quickly an object moves from one place to another.
Formula for speed = \frac{distance}{time} \timedistance

Or it can be written as, speed = \frac{d}{t} \td
Time:
Time is defined as distance divided by speed.
Formula for time = \frac{distance}{time} \timedistance
Or it can be written as, \frac{d}{s} \sd
Distance:
Area covered by an object from moving one place to another in a uniform speed and time is known as
Distance.
Formula for distance = speed x time
Or it can be written as , s × t
Question 1
A dog runs from one side of a road to the other. The road is 80.0 meters across. The dog takes 16.0
seconds to cross the road. What is the speed of the dog?
Options:
A. 2.0 meters
B. 3.5 meters
C. 5.1 meters
D. 5.0 meters
Correct Answer: D
Explanation:
S = \frac{d}{t} \td
s= \frac{80.0}{16.0} \16.080.0
⇒ 5.0 meters
Question 2
An Old man and a Young man are working together in an office and staying together in a nearby
apartment. The Old Man takes 30 minutes and the Young 20 minutes to walk from apartment to
office. If one day the old man started at 10:00 AM and the young man at 10:05 AM from the
apartment to office, when will they meet?
Options:
A. 10: 40 AM
B. 10: 15 AM
C. 10:00 AM
D. 10:05 am
Correct Answer: B
Explanation:
Ratio of old man speed to young man speed = 2:3
The distance covered by the old man in 5 min = 10
The 10 unit is covered with relative speed=\frac{10}{(3-2)} \(3−2)10 =10 min

so, they will meet at 10:15 am.
Question 3
A motor/boat covers a certain distance downstream in 30 minutes, while it comes back in 45
minutes. If the speed of the stream is 5 km/h what is the speed of the boat in still water?
Options:
A. 10 kmph
B. 5 kmph
C. 20 kmph
D. 25 kmph
Correct Answer: B
Explanation:
Speed of boat = b km/hr
Speed of stream = s km/hr
Upstream speed = b-s km/hr
Downstream speed = b+s km/hr
Let x km be the distance
Therefore, downstream = x*30/60 km/hr = 2x km/hr
upstream = x*45/60 km/hr =\frac{3x}{4} \43x km/hr

Given speed of stream s = 5km/hr
Question 4
Walking\frac{6}{7th} \7th6 of his usual speed, a man is 12 minutes too
late. What is the usual time taken by him to cover the distance?
Options:
A. 2 hrs
B. 1 hr 30 min
C. 1 hr 12 min
D. 39 min
Correct Answer: C
Explanation:
New speed of man = \frac{6}{7} \76 of usual speed
As we know speed & time are inversely proportional
Hence, new time= \frac{7}{6} \67 of usual time
Hence \frac{7}{6} \67 of usual time- usual time= 12 minutes
⇒ \frac{1}{6} \61 of usual time= 12 minutes
Therefore, usual time = 12×6 = 72 minutes
It means 1 hr 12 minutes
Question 5
A kid takes 6 hours for walking to a certain place and riding back. He would have taken 2 hours less
by riding both ways. What will be the time required by him to walk both ways? Pr
Options:
A. 6 hrs
B. 1 hr
C. 3 hrs
D. 8 hrs
Correct Answer: D
Explanation:
Time taken by the kid in walking to a certain place & riding back is 6 hrs
Time walk+ Time ride = 6
2 hrs of the time is reduced if he rides both the ways.
Time ride+ Time ride = 4
2× ride= 4
ride = \frac{4}{2} \24

ride= 2
Now by putting the value of ride, we get
time walk + 2= 6
timewalk = 6-2 =4
Here we are finding the time taken by the kid if he walk both the ways
4+4=8
Therefore, he will take 8 hrs to walk both the ways.
Formula & Definition for Geometry
Geometry is all about shapes and their properties.
• Geometry can be divided into:-

Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles … shapes that can
be drawn on a piece of paper.
Solid Geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional space, the kind of space we live
in.
• Geometry is generally to discover patterns, find areas, volumes, lengths and angles,
and better understand the world around us.
Basic formula for Geometry
1. Largest possible sphere that can be chiseled out from a cube of side “a” cm.
Diagonal of sphere is a, so radius= \frac{a}{2} \2a

Remaining empty space in the cube = a3 – \frac{π a^3}{6} \ 6π a3
2. Largest possible cube that can be chiseled out from a sphere of radius “a” cm.
Here OA= radius of the sphere. So, diameter of the sphere = 2a

Let the side of the square = x, then the diagonal of the cube = √3x
⇒√3x = 2a ⇒ x =\frac{2a}{√3} \√32a
3. The largest square that can be inscribed in a right angled triangle ABC when one of
its vertices
coincide with the vertex of right of the triangle
Side of square = \frac{ab}{a+b} \a+bab and are of the square

= (\frac{ab}{a+b})^2 \(a+bab)2
4. The largest square that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius ‘r’ units
Area of the square = \frac{3}{5} \ 53 r^2r2

5. The largest square that can be inscribed in a quadrant of radius ‘r’ cm.
Side of the square = \frac{r}{√2} \ √2r , and area of the square = \frac{r^2}{2}
\ 2r2
6. The largest square that can be inscribed in a right angled triangle ABC when one of
its vertices lies on the hypotenuse of the triangle
side of square = \frac{abc}{a^2+b^2+ab} \ a2+b2+ababc

7. The largest cube that can be chiseled out from a cone of height ‘h’ cm and radius of
‘r’ cm.
Square side = \frac{√2rh}{h+√2r} \ h+√2r√2rh
8. Find the maximum volume of cylinder that can be made out of a cone of radius ‘r’
and height ‘h
Maximum volume of the cylinder= ππ \frac{2r}{3}^2 \ 32r2 \frac{h}{3} \ 3h
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Geometry

Questions and Answers
From a given perimeter how many triangles with integral sides are possible?
We can solve this manually. But with the help of a tips and tricks and shortcut that is
discussed in this page of PrepInsta
• We can solve this question within seconds. Generally there are two cases for these
type of questions.
o
Case 1
When Perimeter is odd

Case 2
When perimeter is even
Case 1 – Details
• How many triangles with integral sides are possible for perimeter P where P is even
Solution – In this case, total number of triangles will be the nearest integer
to \frac{P^2}{48} \48P2
Case 2 – Details
• How many triangles with integral sides are possible for perimeter P where P is odd
Solution – In this case, total number of triangles will be the nearest integer
to \frac{(P+3)^2}{48} \48(P+3)2
Question 1
ABCD is a square. AD is tangent to circle with radius r and OE = ED. Then what is the
ratio of the area of circle to the area of square?
Options
a) \frac{Π}{3} \3Π
b) \frac{Πr^2}{3} \3Πr2
c) \frac{Πr^2}{4} \4Πr2
d) \frac{2Πr}{4r} \4r2Πr
Explanations
OD2 = OA2+ AD2
(2r)2 = r2 + AD2
Thus PQ, which is also the side of square, is equal to r√3. The area of square
becomes: 3r2
Hence the ratio of the area of circle to square is:
\frac{area of circle}{area of square} \area ofsquarearea ofcircle
= \frac{πr^2}{3r^2} \3r2πr2 = \frac{π}{3} \3π
Correct Option (A)
Question 2
If in a triangle ABC, \frac{cos A}{a} \acosA = \frac{cos B}{b} \bcosB = \frac{cos
c}{c} \ccosc , then what can be said about the triangle ?
Options
A) Right angled triangle
B) Isosceles triangle
C) Equilateral triangle
D) Nothing can be inferred
Explanations
From the sine rule of triangle we know, \frac{a}{sinA} \sinAa = \frac{b}{sinB}

\sinBb = \frac{c}{sinC} \sinCc = k
Therefore, a = k(sin A), b = k(Sin B) and c = k(Sin C)
Hence, we can rewrite, \frac{cos A}{a} \acosA = \frac{cos B}{b} \bcosB

= \frac{cos C}{c} \ccosC as \frac{cos A}{k Sin A} \kSinAcosA = \frac{cos A}{k
Sin B} \kSinBcosA = \frac{cos C}{k Sin C} \kSinCcosC
or Cot A= Cot B= Cot C
A = B = C, Hence the triangle is equal.
Correct Option (C)
How to Solve Geometry Questions Quickly

Geometry is all about the shapes and properties for the Plane Geometry and Solid
Geometry.
• How to solve page of PrepInsta is the best pages for preparation for Geometry.
Types 1 Question for Geometry
Question 1
In the figure above, AB = BC = CD = DE = EF = FG = GA. Then ∠DAE is approximately
Options
(a) 15°
(b) 20°
(c) 25°
(d) 30°
Explanations
Let us assume, DAE = x
Triangle ABC is isosceles as AB = BC –> BCA = CAB = x
Hence, CBD = CAB + BCA = x + x = 2x ………….. [External angle of triangle ABC]
Triangle BCD is isosceles as BC = CD –> CBD = CDB = 2x
Hence, DCE = DAE + CDA = x + 2x = 3x ………….. [External angle of triangle ACD]
Triangle CDE is isosceles as CD = DE –> DCE = DEC = AED = 3x
Similarly, ADE = EFD = AEF + DAE = EGF + DAE = (DAE + GFA) + DAE = DAE + DAE +
DAE = 3x
Hence, in triangle ADE, ADE + DAE + AED = 3x + x + 3x = 7x
Hence, 7x = 180 —> x = 180/7 = 25.7.. ≈ 25
Correct Option (C)
Question 2
In triangle DEF shown below, points A, B and C are taken on DE, DF and EF
respectively such that EC = AC and CF = BC. If ∠D=400, then ∠ACB =
Options:
(a) 140
(b) 70
(c) 100
(d) None of these
Explanations
Let the angle E be x in triangle (AEC),
then angle AEB= 180-2*x. Then in triangle DEF, angle F=180-(40+x).
Now in triangle BCF, angle BCF=2*x-100.
Now,angle ACB= 180-(180-2*x+2*x-100)=100
Questions 3
In the above figure, ACB is a right-angled triangle. CD is the altitude. Circles are
inscribed within the ΔACD and ΔBCD. P and Q are the centres of the circles. The
distance PQ is
Options
(a) 5
(b) √50
(c) 7
(d) 8
Explanations
By the pythagoras theorem we get BC= 25. Let BD = x, Triangle ABD is similar to triangle CBA
⇒\frac{AD}{15} \15AD = \frac{x}{15} \15x and also triangle ADC is similar to triangle
ACB ⇒ \frac{AD}{20} \20AD = \frac{25-x}{15} \1525−x . From the 2 equations, we get x=
9 and DC= 16.
We know that area= (semi perimeter) * inradius
For triangle ABD, Area = \frac{1}{2} \ * BD* AD = \frac{1}{2} \ * 12* 9 =54 semi perimeter = \frac{15+9+12}{2} \21 ∗BD∗AD=21
∗12∗9=54 semiperimeter= 215+9+12 = 18.
On using the above equations we get inradius, r = 3.
PQ = R+r = 7cm.
Question 4
The lateral area is twice as big as the base area of a cone. If the height of the cone is 9, what
is the entire surface area (base area plus lateral area)?
Options
(a) 81π
(b) 90π
(c) 54π
(d) 9πExplantions
ateral Area = LA = π(r)(l) where r = radius of the base and l = slant heightLA = 2B
π(r)(l) = 2π(r2)
rl = 2r2
l = 2r
From the diagram, we can see that r2 + h2 = l2. Since h = 9 and l = 2r, some
substitution yields
r2 + 92 = (2r)2
r2 + 81 = 4r2
81 = 3r2
27 = r2
B = π(r2) = 27π
LA = 2B = 2(27π) = 54π
SA = B + LA = 81π
Correct Options (A)
Questions 5
You are given a right circular cone with height 5 cm. The radius is twice the length of
the height. What is the volume?
Options
(a) 100πcm³
(b) 500πcm³
(c) 500/3 πcm³
(d) 50πcm³
Explanations
You are given a right circular cone with height 5. The radius is twice the length of the
height.
Height =5cm. The radius is twice of the height.
You are given a right circular cone with height 5. The radius is twice the height.
Radius = 2* Height
so the radius is 10 cm
Volume = πr²\frac{h}{3} \3h = π(10)²\frac{5}{3} \35 = \frac{500}{3} \3500 πr³
Definition & Formulas for Divisibility:

A divisibility rule is a shorthand method of determining whether a given number is
divisible by a fixed divisor without carrying out the division, usually by examining its
digits.
One whole number is divisible by another if, after dividing, the remainder is zero.
If the whole number is divisible by another number than the second number is factor
of 1st number.
Divisibility
When we set up a division problem in an equation using our division algorithm,
and r = 0, we have the following equation:
a = bq
When this is the case, we say that a is divisible by b. If this is a little too much
technical jargon for you, don’t worry! It’s actually fairly simple. If a number b divides
into a number a evenly, then we say that a is divisible by b.
For example, 8 is divisible by 2, because 8 / 2 = 4. However, 8 is not divisible by 3,
because 8 / 3 = 2 with a remainder of 2. We see that we can check to see if a
number, a, is divisible by another number, b, by simply performing the division and
checking to see if b divides into a evenly.
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility rule for 1
• Every number is divisible by 1.

Example: 5 is divisible by 1

• Any even number or number whose last digit is an even number (0, 2, 4, 6, 8) is
divisible by
Example: 220 is divisible by 2.

• A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Here, 3 + 1 + 5 = 9
9 is divisible by 3. It means 315 is also divisible by 3.
• A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by
4.
Example: Example: 7568 is divisible by 4
Here, 68 is divisible by 4 (68÷4 = 17)
Therefore, 7568 is divisible by 4
• A number is exactly divisible by 5 if it has the digits 0 or 5 at one’s place.

Example: 5900, 57895, 4400, 1010 are divisible by 5.
• A number is exactly divisible by 6 if that number is divisible by 2 and 3 both. It is

because 2 and 3 are prime factors of 6.
Example: 63894 is divisible by 6, the last digit is 4, so divisible by 2, and sum
6+3+8+9+4 = 30 is divisible by 3.
• Double the last digit and subtract it from the remaining leading truncated number to
check if the result is divisible by 7 until no further division is possible
Example: 1093 is divisible by 7
Remove 3 from the number and double it = 6

Remaining number is 109, now subtract 109 from 6 = 109 – 6 = 103.
Repeat the process, We have last digit as 3, double = 6
Remaining number is 10, now subtract 10 from 6 = 10 – 6 = 4.
As 4 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 1093 is not divisible by 7.
• If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the number is completely
divisible by 8.
Example: 215632 is divisible by 8, as last three digits 632 is divisible by 8.
• It is the same as of divisibility of 3. Sum of digits in the given number must be

divisible by 9.
Example: 312768 is divisible by 9, Sum of digits = 3+1+2+7+6+8 = 27 is divisible by 9.
• Any number whose last digit is 0, is divisible by 10.

Example: 10, 60, 370, 1000, etc.
• If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11, then
that number is divisible by 11.
Example: 737 is divisible by 11 as 7 + 7 = 14 and 14 – 3 = 11, 11 is divisible by 11.
416042 is divisible by 11 as 4 + 6 + 4 = 14 and 1 + 0+ 2 = 3, 14 – 3 = 11, 11 is divisible
by 11.
• A number is exactly divisible by 12 if that number is divisible by 3 and 4 both.

Example: 108 is divisible by 12. Sum of digit = 1 + 8 = 9, 9 is divisible by 3. And last
two
digits 08 is divisible by 4. Therefore, 108 is divisible by 12.
• Multiply the last digit with 4 and add it to remaining number in a given number, the
result must be divisible by 13.
Example: 208 is divisible by 13, 20 + (4*8) = 20 + 32 = 52, 52 is divisible by 13.
• A number is exactly divisible by 14 if that number is divisible by 2 and 7 both. It is

because 2 and 7 are prime factors of 14.
Example: 1246 is divisible by 14, as the last digit is even, so divisible by 2.
Now check for 7,
Remove 6 from the number and double it = 12

Remaining number is 124, now subtract 124 from 12 = 112.
Repeat the process, We have the last digit as 2, double = 4
The remaining number is, now subtract 11 from 4 = 7
e. As 7 is divisible by 7, hence the number 1246 is divisible by 7.
• If the number divisible by both 3 and 5, it is divisible by 15.

Check for 3: 2 + 3 + 5 + 0 +5 = 15, 15 is divisibly by 3.
Check for 5: It has the 5 at one’s place, therefore, divisible by 5.
• The number formed by last four digits in the given number must be divisible by 16.
Example: 152448 is divisible by 16 as last four digits (2448) are divisible by 16
• Multiply the last digit with 5 and subtract it from remaining number in a given
number, the
Example: 136 is divisible by 17. 13 – (5 * 6) = 13 – 30 = 17, 17 is divisible by 17.
• If the number is divisible by both 2 and 9, it is divisible by 18.

Check for 2: the last digit is even, therefore, it is divisible by 2.
.
Check for 9: 9 + 2 + 7 + 5 + 4 = 27, 27 is divisible by 9.
• Multiply the last digit with 2 and add it to remaining number in a given number, the
Example: 285 is divisible by 19, 28 + (2 *5) = 28 + 10 = 38, 38 is divisible by 19.
• The number formed by last two digits in the given number must be divisible by 20.
Tips & Tricks
The divisibility rule is the shorthand method of determining weather a number
divisible by fixed divisor.
• Rules for 2
The number on divisible for 2 when the number is ending with 2,4,6,8.
• Rules for 3
If the sum of digit is divisible by 3 than the number is divisible by 3.
• Rule for 4
If the last two digit is divisible by 4, than the number is divisible by 4.
• Rule for 5
Number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5.
• Rule for 6
A number is divisible by if number is divisible by 2 AND 3.
• Rule for 8
If the last 3 number is divisible by 8 than the number is divisible by 8
• Rule for 9
Same as divisibility of 3.
• Rule for 10
If the last digit is 0 than the number is divisible by 10.
Type 1:Find the largest or smallest number
Question 1.
Find the smallest 4 digit number which is exactly divisible by 41?
Options.
1. 1000
2. 1023
3. 1025
4. 1012
Correct option: 3
Solution
Smallest 4 digit number is 1000

On dividing 1000 by 41, remainder = 16
Required number = 1000 + (41 – 16) = 1025
Type 2:Which of the following numbers is/or

not divisible by given number.
Question 1.
Which of these numbers is divisible by 3?
Options.
1. 1003
2. 253
3. 1031
4. 1221
Correct option: 4
Solution
Solution: 1003 = 1 + 0 + 0 + 3 = 4, 4 is not divisible by 3

253 = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10, 10 is not divisible by 3
1031 = 1 + 0 + 3 + 1 = 5, 5 is not divisible by 3
1221 = 1 +2 + 2 + 1= 6, 6 is divisible by 3
Type 3:Find the remainder

Question 1.
Find out the remainder of 212/5
Options.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 0
4. 3
Correct option: 1
Solution
Convert the base in power

24*24*24 = 16 * 16 * 16
Now divide each number by 5
On dividing 16 by 5 we get remainder as 1
Now, multiply all the remainders 1 * 1 * 1 = 1
Definition
The capacity of a dividend to be exactly divided by a given number is termed as
divisibility.
• One whole number is divisible by another if, after dividing, the remainder is zero.
• If the whole number is divisible by another number than the second number is factor
of 1st number.
Type 1: Find the largest or smallest number

Question 1.
What smallest number should be added to 1056 so that the number is completely
divisible by 23?
Options
1. 2
2. 0
3. 1
4. 3
Correct option:1
Solution

Required number = 23 – 21 = 2
1056 + 2 = 1058
1058 is completely divisible by 23 leaving reminder as 0.
Question 2.
In the given numbers, if first digit of each number is replaced by second digit,
second digit is replaced by third digit, and third digit is replaced by first digit. Find
out the second lowest number?
456 137 564 238 625
Options
1. 238
2. 625
3. 456
4. 137
Correct option:1
Solution
456 137 564 238 625

On replacing the position as per the instructions given in the question, the number
become
564 371 645 328 256
Therefore, the second lowest number is 238
Question 3.
Find the largest 4 digit number which is exactly divisible by 88?
Options
1. 9955
2. 9988
3. 9944
4. 9088
Correct option:3
Solution
Largest 4 digit number is 9999

On dividing 9999 by 88, remainder = 55
Required number = 9999 – 55 = 9944
Type 2: Which of the following numbers is/or

not divisible by given number.
Question 1.
Which of these numbers is not divisible by 5?
Options
1. 345675
2. 234565
3. 230050
4. 345601
Correct option:4
Solution
A number is exactly divisible by 5 if it has the digits 0 or 5 at one’s place. Therefore,

only option D is not divisible.
Question 2.
Which of these numbers is not divisible by 7?
Options
1. 875
2. 4143
3. 1470
4. 5488
Correct option:2
Solution
For 4143
• Remove 3 from the number and double it = 6

• Remaining number is 414, now subtract 414 from 6 = 414 – 6 = 408.
• Repeat the process, We have last digit as 8, double = 16
• Remaining number is 40, now subtract 40 from 16 = 40 – 16 = 24.
• As 24 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 414 is not divisible by 7.
Question 3.
How many numbers between 300 and 900 are divisible by 4, 5 and 6?
Options
1. 10
2. 13
3. 14
4. 15
Correct option:1
Solution
Solution: First find the LCM of 4, 5, and 6 = 60

Now, on dividing 900 by 60 we get quotient as 15
On dividing 300 by 60 we get quotient as 5
Therefore the required number is 15 – 5 = 10
Type 3: Find the remainder

Question 1.
On dividing a number by 60, we get 159 as quotient and 0 as remainder. On dividing
the same number by 50, what will be the remainder?
Options
1. 40
2. 10
3. 20
4. 30
Correct option:1
Solution
Number = 159 * 60 + 0 = 9540

Question 2.
What is the remainder when (2p + 2)2 is divided by 4 and ‘p’ is an integer?
Options
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. None of the above
Correct option:4
Solution
On expanding (2p + 2)² = 4p² + 8p + 4

Now, take 4 common, then we get 4(p² + 2p + 1)
Let the value of p be 1
4 (12 + 2*1 + 1) = 16
Hence, 16 is divisible by 4 and the remainder will be 0
Question 3.
Find out the remainder of 99/23
Options
1. 9
2. 2
3. 3
4. 1
Correct option:4
Solution
9²* 9² * 9² *9² * 9/2³

81 * 81 * 81 * 81 * 9/8
Now divide each number by 8
Similarly, by dividing 9 by 8 we get 1 as remainder
Now, multiply all the remainders 1 * 1* 1 * 1* 1= 1
Profit and Loss Formula

Cost Price – It is basically the price at which a commodity or object is bought
at. e.g. Shopkeeper buying Sugar from Farmer to sell in his grocery store. In its short
form it is denoted as C.P.
Selling Price – The price at which the commodity is sold at. e.g. Shopkeeper selling
sugar to his customer. In its short form is denoted as S.P.
Gain or Profit – If Cost Price is lesser than Selling Price, gain is made.
Loss – If Cost price is greater than the Selling price, Loss is incurred..
Formula
1. Profit or Gain: SP – CP
2. Loss – CP – SP
3. Percentage Profit or Gain Percentage –
Gain x 100
C.P.
4. Loss Percentage –
Loss x 100
C.P.
5. C.P in Case of Gain =
(100)
x S.P.
(100 + Gain)
6. C.P in Case of Loss =

(100)
x S.P.
(100 – Loss)
7. S.P in Case of Gain =
(100 + Gain)
x C.P.
(100)
8. S.P in Case of Loss =
(100 – Loss)
x C.P.
(100)
9. If you sell two same items, first at x% profit and 2nd one at x% loss. Then a loss is
incurred always, which is given by = (x/10)2
Tips and Tricks & Shortcuts for Profit and Loss

The profit and loss concept play and important and fundamental role in realm of accounting.
Here in tips and tricks and shortcuts of profit and loss will definitely help in the solving the
questions very efficiently.
First learn the the formulas and how to find Profit and Loss on this page here.
8 out of 10 Questions in any exam will be one of the following formats –
Tips & Tricks & Shortcuts to solve type of

Profit & Loss
Type 1 Problem
Seller has two Articles for same price, but first article is sold at x% profit and other at x% loss.
Total Profit/Loss incurred by him is not 0%
Way to solve this question is –
Apply direct formula Loss = (x/10)2%
Proof with example -> Let us assume the articles were sold at Rs1200, and 20% profit in case 1
is made and 20% loss in case 2 is made.
SP in case 1(Profit) – 1200
Thus CP = (100/100 + Gain)*SP = (100/120)*1200 = (5/6)*1200 = 1000
SP in case 2(Loss) – 1200
Thus CP = (100/100 – Loss)*SP = (100/80)*1200 = (5/4)*1500 = 1000
Total SP = 1200 + 1200 = 2400
Total CP = 1000 + 1500 = 2500
Loss = ((CP – SP)/CP)* 100 = (100/2500)*100 = 100/25 = 4%
Also from direct formula above = (20/10)2
In such cases always, loss is incurred.
LOSS:
TYPE 2:
Where no CP or SP is given. But whole concept is about Percentages.
Way to Solve Type 2 Questions
Assume the CP to be 100 and then solve the whole problem.
Example. In a transaction, the profit percentage is 80% of the cost. If the cost further increases by
20% but the selling price remains the same, how much is the decrease in profit percentage?
Let us assume CP = Rs. 100.
Then Profit = Rs. 80 and selling price = Rs. 180.
The cost increases by 20% → New CP = Rs. 120, SP = Rs. 180.
Profit % = 60/120 * 100 = 50%.
Therefore, Profit decreases by 30%.
TYPE 3:
There are two Articles and you have to calculate total loss or profit.
Now these problems are generally easy. But the whole point of solving is not to even use a pen and solve
in 20 seconds.
Example. A man bought some toys at the rate of 10 for Rs. 40 and sold them at 12 for Rs. 60. Find
his gain or loss percent
Cost price of 10 toys = Rs. 40 → CP of 1 toy = Rs. 4.
Selling price of 12 toys = Rs. 48 → SP of 1 toy = Rs. 60/12 = 5
Therefore, Gain = 5 – 4 = 1.
Gain percent = (1)/4 * 100 = 25%
Now in your mind you must do value 4 and 5 and 1/4 = 25%.
TYPE 4:
CP of y items is same as SP of x items and Profit or Loss of some percentage is made.
Way to solve type 4 Question
The cost price of 10 pens is the same as the selling price of n pens. If there is a loss of 40%,
approximately what is the value of n?
Solution:
Let the price of each pen be Re. 1.
Then the cost price of n pens is Rs. n and
the selling price of n pens is Rs. 10.
Loss = n-10.
Loss of 40% → (loss/CP)*100 = 40
Therefore, [(n-10)/n]*100 = 40 → n = 17 (approx)
TYPE 5:
If the price of an item increases by r% , then the reduction in consumption so that expenditure
remains the same is
or
If the price of a commodity decreases by r% then increase in consumption , so as not to decrease
expenditure on this item is
Way to solve type 5 Questions
Just apply the following two formulas
Case 1
Case 2
TYPE 6:
A dishonest dealer claims to sell his goods at cost price ,but he uses a weight of lesser weight .Find
his gain%.
Apply the following formula directly
Gain % = ((true weight – false weight)/false weight)*100
Example. Shopkeeper bought a product for Rs1000 per kg and is selling that at the same price.
However he uses, a weighing scale that gives scale of 1kg for every 800gms. What is his profit?
Answer will be ((1000 – 800)/800)*100 = (2/8)*100 = 25% profit.
TYPE 6:
These questions will not be there for exams like AMCAT and Cocubes etc but for eLitmus.
A shopkeeper sells an item at a profit of x % and uses a weight which is y % less .find his total profit
When dealer sells goods at loss on cost price but

uses less weight .
A dishonest dealer sells goods at x % loss on cost price but uses a gms instead of b gms to measure as
standard, his profit or loss percent :-
Note :- profit or loss will be decided according to sign .if +ive it is profit ,if –ve it is loss .
Case-1: When dealer sells product at profit but alters weight
Profit% or loss% = [100+gain%][1000/altered weight ] – 100
Case-2: When dealer reduces weight in terms of percentage and earns profit
Example: A shopkeeper sells an item at a profit of 20 % and uses a weight which is 20% less. Find his
total profit.
Applying the first formula
((20+20)/100-20)*100 = 50%
Case-3: When dealer sells goods at loss on cost price but uses less weight.
Note :- profit or loss will be decided according to sign . If +ive it is profit ,if –ve it is loss.
Example: A dishonest dealer sells goods at 10% loss on cost price but uses 20% less weight. Calculate
profit or loss percent.
Solution:
Apply formula: Case 2 Formula
{(20-10)/(100-20)} x 100 = 25/2%
Here sign is positive so there is a profit of 12.5%
Case 4
Example: A dishonest dealer sells products at 10% loss on cost price but uses 2 gm instead of 4 gm . what
is his profit or loss percent?
Solution:
Apply formula :
[100-10] 4/2-100=80%
Case 4
Note :- Profit or loss will be decided according to sign. If +ive it is profit ,if –ve it is loss .
Example: A shopkeeper uses 940 gm in place of one kg. He sells it at 4% profit. What will be the overall
profit or loss?
Solve this on your own, answer is 10.6%
How to Solve Profit & Loss Question Quickly

The profit and loss concept play and important and fundamental role in realm of
accounting.
Cost Price – Cost Price is the price at which an article is purchased by the buyer. It is
abbreviated as C. P.
Selling Price – Selling Price is the price at which any material or commodity is sold
to known. For ex– Rahul is selling sugar. Here selling refers to SELLING PRICE .
Gain or Profit – If SP is greater than CP then the seller is said to have profit or gain.
Question 1.
A man sold an article at a loss of 20%. If he has sold that article for Rs. 12 more he
would have gained 10%. Find the cost price of that article :
Options:
A. Rs. 60
B. Rs. 40
C. Rs. 30
D. Rs. 22
Solution:
Let the cp be x
SP at 20% loss = Rs 0.8x
According to question
0.8x + 12 = 1.1x
=>0.3x = 12
=> x = Rs 40
Correct option: B
Question 2.
If on an item a company gives 25% discount, they earn 25% profit. If they now give
10% discount then what is the profit percentage.
Options:
A. 40%
B. 55%
C. 35%
D. 30%
Solution:
Let the cost be Rs x.

After giving 25% discount it becomes 0.75x
Selling price = 0.75x which gives 25% profit… (1)
Thus, after giving 10% discount it becomes 0.90x
Selling price = 0.90x …… (2)
From (1) and (2),
0.90x will gives = (25 * 0.90x)/ (0.75x) = 30 % profit.
Correct option: D
Question 3.
A milk man mixed 1 : 4 solution of milk and water with another 1 : 2 solution of milk
and water in the volume of ratio 3 : 2. If the profit earned by selling the first solution
was 20% and the mixture was sold at the same price, what is the profit or loss
percentage? You have to assume that water comes free of cost.
Options:
A. 5.26% profit
B. 5.25% loss
C. 6.25% loss
D. None of these
Solution:
First solution has 1L milk in 5L solution, hence 0.2L milk/ liter of sol. 2nd sol has
0.33L milk/liter of sol. Then he take 3L of first sol and 2L of second sol. so, the final
mixture has 0.2*3+0.33*2=1.26L of milk in 5L of Mixture.
Let he sold first sol in Re1 with 20% gain, means 1L milk with Re0.2 gain.
In the final mix he sold 0.26L free wich have a profit of (0.2/1)*0.26=0.052=5.2% loss
Correct option: B
Question 4.
A shopkeeper bought a watch for Rs.400 and sold it for Rs.500.What is his profit
percentage?
Options:
A. 35%
B. 25%
C. 30%
D. 20%
Solution:
cost price=400
selling price=500
profit%=total profit/cost price*100
profit=500-400=rs.100
profit%=100/400*100
=100/4
=25%
ans. 25%
Correct option: B
Question 5.
A person bought an article and sold it at a loss of 10%. If he had bought it for 20%
less and sold it for Rs.55 more he would have had a profit of 40%. The cost price of
the article is.
Options:
A. 125
B. 150.5
C. 112.5
D. None
Solution:
now x is CP
sold it at a loss of 10%=90x/100=9x/10
bought it for 20% less=80x/100=4x/5
profit 40%of 4x/5=140x/100*4x/5=56x/50
56x/50-9x/10=55rs
560x-450x/500=55rs
110x/500=55rs
x=500*55/110
x=27500/110=250
X-250
Correct option: D
Question 6.
If on an item a company gives 25% discount, they earn 25% profit. If they now give
10% discount then what is the profit percentage.
Options:
A. 40%
B. 55%
C. 45%
D. 30%
Solution:
Let the cost be Rs x.

After giving 25% discount it becomes 0.75x
Selling price = 0.75x which gives 25% profit…(1)
Thus, after giving 10% discount it becomes 0.90x
Selling price = 0.90x ……(ii)
From (1) and (2),
0.90x will gives = (25 * 0.90x)/ (0.75x)
= 30 % profit.
Correct option: D
Question 7.
A cow and a horse are bought for Rs 200000. The cow is sold at profit of 20% and
the horse at a loss of 10%.the overall gain is Rs 4000. The cost price of cow is?
Options:
A. 36000
B. 80000
C. 54000
D. 45000
Solutions:
Let, the cost price of cow be c and that of horse be h.
Then,
c+h=200000
Selling price of Cow & Horse = 6c/5 + 9h/10
=(12c + 9h)/10
now, (12c + 9h)/10=204000
12c+9h =2040000 …..(eq 1)
12c+12h=2400000 …..(eq 2)
3h = 360000
=> h= Rs.120000
c=200000-120000
=80000
Cost of cow = Rs. 80000
Cost of Horse=Rs. 36000
Correct Option B
Question 8.
A merchant buys 20 kg of wheat of Rs.30 per kg and 40 kg wheat at Rs.25 per kg.
He mixed them and sells one third of the mixture at Rs.26 per kg. The price at
which the merchant should sell the remaining mixture, So that he may earn a profit
of 25 % in his whole outlay is?
Options:
A. Rs 30
B. Rs 36
C. Rs 37
D. Rs 40
Solution:
Cost price of all the wheat=(20*30)+(40*25)=1600

if he makes 25% profit then total selling price=1600*5/4=2000
total mixture of wheat is 60kg. one third of which is 20kg.
Now selling price of 20kg of wheat=20*26=520
so 40kg of wheat =(2000-520)/40=37
Formulas For Ages

These type of Formulas are widely used in the Problem on Ages questions. These formula are beneficial
for solving the question in exams Quickly and Efficiently.
Basic Formulas on Ages

1. If the present age is x, then n times the age is nx.
2. If the present age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
3. If the present age is x, then age n years ago = x – n.
4. The ages in a ratio a : b will be ax and bx.
5. If the present age is x, then \frac{1}{2} \21 of age is \frac{x}{n} \nx
Concept on Problems on Ages

1. x years ago the age of A was n1 times the age of B, and at present A’s age is n2 times that of B, then;
A’s current = (n1 – 1) / (n1 – n2) n2*x years.
and, B’s current age = (n1 – 1) / (n1 – n2) x years.
2. The present age of A is n1 times the present age of B. After x years, age of A becomes n2 times the age
of B, then;
A’s current = (n2 – 1) / (n1 – n2) n2*x years.
and, B’s current age = (n2 – 1) / (n1 – n2) x years.
3. t1 years ago, the age of A was X times the age of B and after t2 years age of A becomes Y times the age
of B, then;
A’s present age ={ X(t1+t2) (Y-1) }/ (X-Y) + t1 years
And B’s present age = {t2(Y-1)+ t1(X-1)} / (X-Y) years
4. The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years after, the age of A becomes Y times the age of B,
then;
A’s present age = XY + t(Y-1)/ (Y+1) years
And B’s present age= X-t (Y-1)/ (Y+1) years
5. The ratio of the present ages of A and B is p: q and after t years, it becomes r: s, then;
A’s present age = pt(r-s)/(ps-qr) years.
And, B’s present age = qt(r-s)/ (ps-qr) years
6. The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years ago, the age of A was Y times the age of B, then;
Present age of A = XY+t(Y-1)/(Y-1) years
And, the present age of B = X+t(Y-1)/(Y+1) years
Tips and Tricks to solve Problem on Ages :

The problems on ages can be easily solved using some simple tips and tricks. Given below are some quick
tips to solve these questions
1. Classify the key phrases and arrange the information by assigning variables
2. Select only one variable to solve the problem.
3. If the information in the question comprises ages at different points of time, assume
the present age as ‘x’
4. If the information in the question comprises ages of different people, assume the age
of the youngest person as ‘x’
5. Read the question very carefully. The phrase ‘n time more than’ needs to be
understood correctly.
These problems can be categorized into three types.
Type 1: Problem Based on Present Age

Question 1.
In the next 6 years, C will be double the age of D 6 years back. If at present C is 5 years elder to D,
then find D’s present age.
A.) 32
B.) 25
C.) 23
D.) 20
Correct answer C
Explanation :
Let D’s present age be x
Given, (x + 5) = C’s age
Given, (x + 5) + 6 = 2(x – 6)
= x + 11 = 2x – 12
x = 23
Type 2: Problem Based on Age Before K

Years
Question 2.
Vikram said to his daughter, “I was as old as you are today when you were born.” If Vikram’s age is
45 today, then his daughter’s age 3 years ago was?
A.) 22
B.) 20
C.) 23.5
D.) 21.5
Correct answer B
Explanation :
Let Vikram’s daughter’s current age be z
Given, 46 – z = z
z = 23
Therefore, Vikram’s daughter’s age 4 years back was = 23-3 = 20
Type 3: Problem Based on Age After K Years

Question 3.
Lalita is four times the age of Om. If after 3 years, she would be three times of Om, then additional
after 3 years, how many time would be her age of Om?
A.) 2.5
B.) 3.5
C.) 2
D.) 3
Correct answer A
Explanation :
Let us assume Om’s age as s and Lalita’s age as 4s
Given, 4s + 3 = 3(s + 3)
= 4s + 3 = 3s + 9
s=6
So, Om’s age is 6 and Lalita’s age is 24.
Therefore, after 6 years Lalita’s will be 30 and Om will be 12. Lalita will be 2.5 times elder.
How To Solve Problem on Ages:

One of the most common and important topic in the Quantitative Aptitude section is Ages. Here, we are
providing you an idea about How To Solve Ages Questions Quickly.
Some people leave Age-related problem because it is too confusing to them. So, let us try to clear their
confusion and help them in solving the questions quickly.
• The important thing in Age Problem is to decide which age – either it is present or
past or future.
• After deciding the age, Consider it as X.
• In most cases, we take the present age as ‘X’, i.e., the base year works just fine.
• Past will express as (x-5) years.
• The future can be expressed as (x+5).
• But sometimes, ‘present age’ is not directly given in words. Then, take ‘x’ to be the
age you are going to find.
• Sometimes when nothing works then just look at the options and solve it through
back calculations! It also works fine.
Question 1.
A boy asks his father, ” what is the age of grandfather?”. Father replied ” He is x years old in
x^2 years”, and also said, “we are talking about the 20th century”. what is the year of birth of
grandfather?
Options
A) 1995
B) 1892
C) 1895
D) 1893
Correct Option (B)
Explanation
20th century means 1900 to 2000
as He is x years old in x2 years
only square year in the 20th century is 442=1936
so Grandfather is 44 years old in 1936
& year of birth of grandfather is =1936-44=1892.
Question 2.
Seven years ago, the combined ages of Amir and Akshay was twice that of Saif. If the sum of
the ages of Akshay and Amir, fifteen years hence, is 98 years, what is the present age of Saif?
Options
A) 27 yrs
B) 35 yrs
C) 34 yrs
D) 49 yr
Correct Option (C)
Explanation
Amir — M
Akshay ..K
Saif .. S
M+K =2S
M+K+30= 98
M+K=68
S=\frac{68}{2} \268 =34 yrs
Question 3.
Fathers age is 5 times his son’s age. 4 years back the father was 9 times older than son. Find
the fathers’ present age.
Options
A) 36 yrs
B) 40 yrs
C) 50 yrs
D) 43 yrs
Correct Option (B)
Explanation
let son age=xfathers age=5x
4 years back, so (x-4)=(5x-4)
then father was 9 times older than son so, 9(x-4)=(5x-4)…..(1)
solving eqn (1), x=8
and fathers age =8*5=40 years
Question 4.
In a shopping mall with a staff of 5 members, the average age is 45 years. After 5 years a person
joined them and the average age is again 45 years. What is the age of 6th person?
Options
A) 35
B) 23
C) 20
D) 21
Correct Option(C)
Explanation
The Average age of 5 person after 5 yrs will be 50 yrs.
so total age of 5 person = 50*5=250
and total age of 6 person = 45*6=270
so age of 6th person= 270-250= 20 yrs
Question 5.
Persons standing in the queue with different age group, after two years their average age will
be 43 and the seventh person joined with them. hence the current average age has become 45.
find the age of the seventh person?
Options
A) 69
B) 70
C) 40
D) 45
Correct Option (A)
Explanation
Let the age of 6 persons is ‘x’
ans:69
solution:after two years age will be =(x+12)
average age=43
therefore \frac{x+12}{6} \6x+12 =43 \implies⟹ x = 246

(x+7th person age)/7= (246+7th person age)/7=45(average age)
(by solving) the 7th person age is 69
Best Formulas for Clocks and Calendars

Clocks
Minute Spaces : The face or dial of clock is a circle whose circumference is divided
into 60 equal parts, named minute spaces.
Hour hand and minute hand: The smaller hand of a clock is called the hour hand or
short hand and the larger one is called minute hand or long hand.
Important Observations of Clock :
• A clock is a complete circle having 360 degrees. It is divided into 12 equal parts i.e.
each part is 360/12 = 300.
• As the minute hand takes a complete round in one hour it covers 360 degrees in 60
min. Minute Hand covers 360/60 = 6 degree/ minute.
• Also, as the hour hand covers just one part out of the given 12 parts in one hour, this
implies Hour Hand covers 300 in 60 min. i.e. 1/2 degree per minute.
• Therefore, the relative speed of the minute hand is 6 – (1/2) = 5(1/2)degrees.
• Every hour, both the hands coincide once. In 12 hours, they will coincide 11 times. It
happens due to only one such incident between 12 and 1’o clock.
• The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each
other.
• When the two hands are at a right angle, they are 15-minute spaces apart.
• In one hour, they will form two right angles and in 12 hours there are only 22 right
angles. It happens due to right angles formed by the minute and hour hand at 3’o
clock and 9’o clock.
• When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30-minute spaces apart.
• If a clock indicates 9.15, when the correct time is 9, it is said to be 15 minutes too
fast. On the other hand, if it indicates 8.45, when the correct time is 9, it is said to be
15 minutes too slow.
• If both the hour hand and minute hand move at their normal speeds, then both the
hands meet after 65(5/11) minutes.
• 22 times in a day, the hands of a clock will be in a straight line but opposite in
direction.
• 44 times in a day, the hands of a clock will be straight.
• 44 times in a day, the hands of a clock are at right angles.
• 22 times in a day, the hands of a clock coincide.
Formula 1 :
• When the minute hand is behind the hour hand, the angle between two hands at M
minutes past H ‘o clock will
be 30(H-(M/5)) + (M/2)degree.
Formula 2 :
• When the minute hand is ahead the hour hand, the angle between two hands at M
minutes past H ‘o clock will
be 30(H-(M/5)) – (M/2)degree
Clocks and Calendar- Tips and Tricks and

Shortcuts
Here we have some of the tips and tricks and shortcuts to solve problems based on clocks and calendar.
The tricks and shortcuts mentioned below will help you solve problems based on them quickly, easily, and
efficiently.
Type 1: Clocks
Question 1.
What is the angle between the minute hand the hour hand when the time is 4:30.
Options:
A. 350
B. 100
C. 200
Correct Option: A
Solution:
Tip: It is easy to calculate the angle between the minute and the hour hand by using a simple
formula,
Angle = (X*30)-((Y*11)/2)
Multiplying hours with minutes, we get = 4 x 30 = 120
Applying the formula, we get (Yx11)/2
= 30 x 11/ 2
= 165
When we subtract the two values, we get,
= 165 – 130
= 350
Type 2: Clocks
Question 2.
Calculate the time between 6 and 7 o’clock when the hands of a clock are in the same straight line
but are not together?
Options:
A. 65.45 min past 6
B. 60 minutes past 6
C. 50 minutes past 6
D. Cannot be determined
Correct Option: A
Solution:
Tip: You can use a short formula to calculate the time when the angle is given
Angle = (minutes) -30 (hours)
Using the above formula, we get
180 = (minutes) -30 (hours)
180 = (minutes) – 30 (6)
180 + 180 = minutes
Minutes = 2 x 360/ 11
= 65.45
Type 1: Calendar
Question 1.
Find the day for a given date ,What was the day on 26th May 2006?
Options:
A. Monday
B. Friday
C. Wednesday
D. Saturday
Correct Option: B
Solution:
26 May 2006 = (2005 years + time period from 1/1/2006 to 26/5/2006)
To calculate number of odd days till the year 2000, we require
Number of odd days in 1600 years = 0
In the next step, for calculating odd days in the next five years,
5 years = (4 ordinary years + 1 leap year)
= 4 +2
= 6 odd days
Now, we have to calculate the number of odd days from 1st January 2006 to 26th May 2006.
January (31 days) + February (28 days because 2006 is not a leap year) + March (31 days) + April (30
days) + May 26 days = 146 days
Total number of odd days in 146 days = (146/7) = 20 weeks + 1 odd day
Total number of odd days in the entire period = 0 (1600 years) + 0 (400 years) + 5 (5 years) + 0 (time from
1/1/2006 to 2/2/2006) = 5 odd days
According to the table, on 26th May 2006, the day was Friday.
Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Number of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
odd days
Type 2: Calendar
Question 2.
Find out a day when some other day is given ,It was Friday on 7th December 2007. What was the day
on 7thDecember 2006?
Options:
A. Tuesday
B. Monday
C. Friday
D. Thursday
Correct option: D
Solution:
2006 was not a leap year
Hence, the number of odd days is 1
Now 7th December 2007 will be 1 day beyond the day on 7th December 2006 due to one odd day.
Since, 7th December 2007 was a Friday, hence, 7th December 2006 was a Thursday.
Type 3: Calendar
Question 3.
Which year after 2005 will have the same calendar as of 2005?
Options:
A. Tuesday
B. Monday
C. Friday
D. Thursday
Solution:
The given year is 2005 which is not a leap year
We add 11 years to the given year and get (2005 + 11) = 2016 which is a leap year
Also add 6 years to the given year (2005 + 6) = 2011
Hence, the calendar for 2005 will be same as for the year 2011.
Definition of Clock and Calendar
Calendar
In general terms, calendar is a series or chart of pages showing the days, weeks, and
months of a particular year, or gives specific seasonal information. A calendar is a
system of organizing the days in a year.
Clock
A clock is an instrument to measure time. It is meeting the need to measure intervals
of time.
Type 1: Calendar questions

Question 1.
What was the day on 10th November,1581 ?
Options:
A. Thursday
B. Monday
C. Wednesday
D. Tuesday
Solution
10 November 1581 = (1580 years + Period from 1.1.1581 to 10.11.1581)

To calculate number of odd days till 1580, we need
Number of odd days in 80 years = 20 leap years + 60 ordinary years = 2 odd days
Therefore, 1580 years had 0 + 1 + 2 = 3 odd days
Now, for calculating odd days for 1.1.1581 to 10.11.1581,
January (31 days) + February (28 days) + March (31 days) + (April 30 days) + May
(31 days) + June (30 days) + July (31 days) + August (31 days) + September (30
days) + October (31 days) + November (10 days)= 314 days
Total number of odd days in 314 days = (314/7) = 6 odd days
Total Number of odd days corresponding to the given date = 3 + 6 = 9 days = 9/7 = 2
odd days
As per the table, on 10 November 1581 the day was Tuesday.
Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Th
Number of odd days 0 1 2 3 4
Correct option: D
Question 2.
Suppose today is Monday. Now find out what will be the day after 62 days?
Options:
A. Sunday
B. Monday
C. Wednesday
D. Tuesday
Solution
Each day to the week is repeated after 7 days.

Therefore, after 63 days, it will be Monday.
Which means that on 62nd day, it will be Sunday.
Correct option: A
Question 3.
Which year will have the same calendar as that of the year 2019?
Options
A. 2029
B. 2030
C. 2031
D. 2024
Solution
Count the number of odd days from the year 2019 onwards to get the sum equal to 0
odd day.
Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Number of Odd days 1 2 1 1 1 2
Sum = 14 odd days = 0 odd days

Therefore, calendar of the year 2030 will have the same calendar as that of the year
2019.
Type 2: Clock
Question 1.
Calculate the angle between the two hands of a clock when the time shown by the
clock is 5: 30 a.m?
Options
A. 100
B. 150
C. 200
Solution
According to the formula

Angle = (11/2)M – 30H, where M =30, and h =5
= (11/2) x 30 – 30 x 5
= |165 – 150|, taking the mode of the values, we get
= 15°
Correct Option: B
Question 2.
How many degrees will the minute hand move, in which the second hand moves
480 ?
Option
A. 4°
B. 8°
C. 10°
D. 12°
Solution
In 480 seconds the minute hand will cover = 480/60 = 8°

Therefore, minute hand moves for 8° when the second hand has moved 480 .
Correct Option: B
Question 3.
A clock is started in the afternoon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned
through how many degrees?
Options
A. 134°
B. 148°
C. 135°
D. 155°
Solution
Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°.

Angle traced by hour hand in 5 hrs 10 min = 5*60 + 10 = 310 = 310/60 = 31/6 hrs
= 360/12 * 31/6
= 155°
Correct Option: D
Best Formulas for A.P, G.P and H.P

Definition of Arithmetic Progressions (A.P)
A series of number is termed to be in arithmetic progression when the difference
between two consecutive numbers remain the same.
It also means that the next number can be obtained by adding or subtracting the
constant number to the previous in the sequence. Therefore, this constant number is
known as the common difference(d).
For example, 3, 6, 9, 12 is an AP as the difference between two consecutive terms is
three which is fixed.
Formulas of Arithmetic Progressions (A.P)

Suppose if, ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is a common difference, then,
• Formula to find Nth term of arithmetic progression is = a + (n -1) d
• Arithmetic mean = (Sum of every term in the series of AP / Total number of terms
in the AP)
• Formula to find Sum of ‘n’ terms of an AP =

n
•
x (first term + last term)
2
• Formula to find the sum of given terms in an AP
n(a + L)
S=
2
Where, L = a + (n – 1) d Thus,
n
S = x {2a + (n-1)d }
2
• Formula to find Number of terms of an AP
(l – a)
n= + 1 where l : last term , a : first term and d : common difference
d
• Tn = Sn – Sn-1 , where Tn = nth term: tn= a + (n – 1)d
• If a, b and c are three terms in AP then b = (a+c)/2 which is called Arithmetic

Mean
Definition of Geometric Progression (G.P)

If the ratio of any two successive terms is invariably similar, then the sequence is
termed a geometric progression.
Naturally, it can be defined as a series in which the next number in the series can be
obtained by multiplying a constant to the previous number in the series. Therefore,
this fixed term is known as the common ratio. Quantities are termed as GP if they
tend to increase and decrease by a common factor.
For example, 2, 4, 8, 16 can be a GP because the ratio between two consecutive
numbers is same, i.e. 2.
Formulas of Geometric Progression (G.P)

Suppose, if ‘a’ is the first term and ‘r’ be the common ration, then
• Formula for nth term of GP = a r n-1
Geometric mean = nth root of the product of ‘n’ terms in the GP.
• Formula to find the geometric mean between two quantities
Let the two quantities be ‘a’ and ‘b’. Then if a, G, and b are in GP
b/G = G/a
Each of the ones will be equal to the common ration,
G2 = ab
Therefore, G = √ab
• Formula to find the sum of the number of terms in a GP
Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘r’ be the common ration and ‘n’ be the number of terms
1. If r > 1 then,
a(rn-1)
Sn =
(r -1)
2. If r < 1 , then
a(1 – rn)
Sn =
(1 -r)
3. Sum of infinite terms in a GP (r < 1)

a
S=
(1 -r)
Definition of Harmonic Progression (H.P)

Harmonic progression is the series when the reciprocal of the terms are in AP.
For example, 1/a, 1/ (a + d), 1/ (a + 2d)…… are termed as a harmonic progression as
a, a + d, a + 2d are in arithmetic progression.
Formulas of Harmonic Progression (H.P)
• The nth term in HP is identified by, Tn =1/ [a + (n -1) d]
• To solve any problem in harmonic progression, a series of AP should be formed

first, and then the problem can be solved.
• For two terms ‘a’ and ‘b’,

Harmonic Mean = (2 a b) / (a + b)
Relationship Between Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean, and Geometric

Mean of Two Numbers
If GM, AM and HM are the Geometric Mean, Arithmetic Mean and Harmonic Mean
of two positive numbers respectively, then
GM2 = AM * HM
Tips and Tricks for AP, GP & HP

Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve AP, GP, and HP questions
quickly, easily, and efficiently in competitive exams.
AP
1. nth term of an AP = tn= a + (n – 1)d

2. Number of terms of an AP = n= [(l-a)/d] + 1
3. Sum of first n terms in an AP = Sn = n/2 [2a + (n − 1) d] OR n/2 (a+l)
GP
1. nth term of an GP = an= a1rn-1

2. Sum of first n terms in an GP = Sn =[a1(rn – 1)/ (r-1)]
HP
1. nth term of an HP = tn= 1/a + (n – 1)d
Type 1: AP questions
Question 1.
Find 10th term in the series 2, 5, 8, 11, 14……
Options:
1. 26
2. 29
3. 32
4. 27
Solution:
We know that,
tn = a + (n – 1)d
In the given series,
a=2
d = 3 …. (5 – 2, 8 – 5…..)
Therefore, 10th term = t10 = a + (n-1) d
t10 = 2 + (10 – 1) * 3
t10 = 2 + 9 * 3
t10 = 29
Correct option: B
Type 2: GP question
Question 1.
Find the number of terms in the series 5, 10, 20, . . ..320?
Options:
1. 5
2. 4
3. 6
4. 7
Solution:
We know that,
an= a1rn-1
a=5
r=2
an= 320
320 = 5*2n-1
64 = 2n-1
2^6 = 2n-1
n-1 = 6
n=7
Correct Option. D
Type 3: HP questions
Question 1.
Find the 15th term in the series 1/3, 1/6, 1/9, 1/12…….
Options:
1. 45
2. 1/70
3. 1/45
4. 70
Solution:
We know that,
tn = 1/a + (n – 1)d
Convert the HP series in AP
We get 3, 6, 9, 12……
a=3
d = 3…..(6 – 3)
Therefore, 15th term = a15 = a + (n-1) d
a15 = 3 + (15– 1) 3
a15 = 3 + 14 * 3
a15 = 3 + 42
a15 = 45
t15 = 1/45
Correct option: C
Definition and Solve Quickly

AP
An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term is derived
from the preceding term by adding or subtracting a fixed number called the common
difference “d”.
GP
A geometric progression is a sequence in which each term is derived by multiplying
or dividing the preceding term by a fixed number called the common ratio.
HP
A series of terms is known as a HP series when their reciprocals are in arithmetic
progression.
Type 1: AP questions
Question 1.
Find the first term of the AP series in which 10th term is 6 and 18th term is 70.
Options:
1. 76
2. – 76
3. 66
4. – 66
Solution:
10th term = (a + 9d) = 6….(1)

18th term = (a + 17d) = 70 ……. (2)
On solving equation 1 and 2
We get, d = 8
Put the value of d in equation 1
(a + 9d) = 6
a+9*8=6
a + 72 = 6
a = -66
Correct option: D
Question 2.
Find the nth term of the series 3, 8, 13, 18,…,
Options:
1. 2(2n+ 1)
2. 5n + 2
3. 5n – 2
4. 2(2n – 1)
Solution:
The given series is in the form of AP.

first term a = 3
common difference d = 5
We know that, nth term = tn = a + (n-1)d
Therefore, tn = 3 + (n-1) * 5
= 3 + 5n – 5
= 5n – 2
Correct option: C
Question 3.
The series 28, 25,……. -29 has 20 terms. Find out the sum of all 20 terms?
Options:
1. -10
2. -12
3. 10
4. 12
Solution:
a =28, d= -3 (25 – 28), l = -29, n = 20

Sum of all n-terms = Sn = n (a+l)/2
S20 = 20 (28 + (-29)) / 2
S20 = -10
Correct option: A
Type 2: GP questions
Question 1.
Find the sum of the following infinite G. P. 1/3, 1/9, 1/27, 1/81…….
Options:
1. 1/3
2. 2/3
3. 1/5
4. 1/2
Solution:
a = 3, r = 1/9/1/3 = 1/3
Required sum = a/(1-r)
= 1/3 / (1-1/3)
= 1/3 / 2/3
=½
Correct option: D
Question 2.
Find the G. M. between 4/25 and 196/25
Options:
1. 28/5
2. 28/25
3. 8/25
4. 14/5
Solution:
Geometric mean √ab

GM = √4/25 * √196/25
GM = 2/5 * 14/5
GM = 28/25
Correct option: B
Question 3.
Find the number of terms in the series 1, 3, 9 , ….19683
Options:
1. 10
2. 8
3. 6
4. 7
Solution:

a1 = 1, r = 3/1 = 3, an =19683
=
19683 = 1* (3n-1)
19683 = 3n-1
39 = 3n-1
9 = n-1
n = 10
Correct option: A
Type 3: HP questions
Question 1:
If the 6th term of H.P. is 10 and the 11th term is 18. Find the 16th term.
Options:
1. 90
2. 110
3. 85
4. 100
Solution:
6th term = a + 5d = 1/10……(1)

11th term = a + 10d = 1/18……(2)
On solving equation 1 and 2 we get, d = -2/225
Put value of d in equation 1
a + 5d = 1/10
a + 5 * -2/225 = 1/10
a = 13/90
Now, 16th term = a + 15d = 13/ 90 + 15 * – 2/55
= 13/90 – 30/225
= 1/90
Therefore 16th term = 90
Correct option: A
Question 2.
Find the Harmonic mean of 6, 12, 18
Options:
1. 10.12
2. 10.9
3. 10.06
4. 6.10
Solution:
We know that,
HM = 3/0.298
HM = 10.06
Correct option: C
Question 3.
What is the relation between AM, GM, and HM?
Options:
1. AM * HM = GM2
2. AM / HM = GM
3. AM + HM = GM2
4. AM – HM = GM2
Solution:
AM = a+b/2
GM = √ab
HM = 2ab/a+b
Therefore AM * HM = GM2
a+b/2 * 2ab/a+b = ab
Correct option: A
Definition and formula of Linear Equations

A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term has an exponent of one
and the graphing of the equation results in a straight line.
Standard form of linear equation is y = mx + b.
Where, x is the variable and y, m, and b are the constants.
Formula of Linear equation in one variable
A Linear Equation in one variable is defined as ax + b = 0
Where, a and b are constant, a ≠ 0, and x is an unknown variable
The solution of the equation ax + b = 0 is x = – b/a. We can also say that – b/a is the
root of the linear equation ax + b = 0.
Formula of Linear equation in two variable

A Linear Equation in two variables is defined as ax + by + c = 0
Where a, b, and c are constants and also, both a and b ≠ 0
Formula for Linear equation in three variable

A Linear Equation in three variables is defined as ax + by + cz = d
Where a, b, c, and d are constants and also, a, b and c ≠ 0
Formulas and Methods to solve Linear equation
Substitution Method
Step 1:
Solve one of the equations either for x or y.

Step 2:
Substitute the solution from step 1 into the other equation.

Step 3:
Now solve this equation for the second variable.
Elimination Method
Step 1:
Multiply both the equations with such numbers to make the coefficients of one of
the two unknowns numerically same.
Step 2:
Subtract the second equation from the first equation.

Step 3:
In either of the two equations, substitute the value of the unknown variable. So, by
solving the equation, the value of the other unknown variable is obtained.
Cross-Multiplication Method
Suppose there are two equation,
p1x + q1y = r1……..(1)
p2x + q2y = r2……..(2)
Multiply Equation (1) with p2
Multiply Equation (2) with p1
p₁p₂x + q₁p2y + r₁p₂ = 0
p₁p₂x + p₁q₂y + p₁r₂ = 0
Subtracting,
q₁p₂y – p₁q₂y + r₁p₂ – r₂p₁ = 0
or, y(q₁ p₂ – q₂p₁) = r₂p₁ – r₁p₂
Therefore, y = (r₂p₁ – r₁p₂)/(q₁p₂ – q₂p₁) = (r₁p₂ – r₂p₁)/(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁)
≠0
Therefore, y/(r₁p₂ – r₂p₁) = 1/(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁), …(3)
Multiply Equation (1) with q2
Multiply Equation (2) with q1
p₁q₂x + q₁q₂y + q₂r₁ = 0
p₂q₁x + q₁q₂y + q₁r₂ = 0
Subtracting,
p₁q₂x – p₂q₁x + q₂r₁ – q₁r₂ = 0
or, x(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) = (q₁r₂ – q₂r₁)
or, x = (q₁r₂ – q₂r₁)/(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁)
Therefore, x/(q₁r₂ – q₂r₁) = 1/(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) ≠ 0… (4)
From equations (3) and (4), we get,
x/(q₁r₂ – q₂r₁) = y/(r₁p₂) – r₂p₁ = 1/(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) ≠ 0
Note: Shortcut to solve this equation will be written as
x/(q1 r2 – q2 r1 ) = y/(r1 p2 – r2 p1 ) = (1)/(p1 q2 – p2 q1 )
which means,
x = (q1 r2– q2 r1)/(p1 q2 -p2 q1 )
y = (r1 p2 – r2 p1)/(p1 q2– p2 q1)
Important key points and Formula to

Remember
Suppose, there are two linear equations: a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2
Now,
• If a1/a2= b1/b2, then there will be one solution, and the graphs will have intersecting
lines.
• If a1/a2= b1/b2 = c1/c2, then there will be numerous solutions, and the graphs will have
coincident lines.
• If a1/a2= b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2, then there will be no solution, and the graphs will have parallel
lines.
Tips and tricks and Shortcuts to solve the

Linear Equation questions
Here, we have provided quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Linear
Equation questions quickly, easily, and efficiently in competitive exams as well as
other recruitment exams that must help to find a better place.
• It can be easily solved by eliminating the wrong options. It means put the given
values in equation and check which one is satisfying the equation.
• Standard form of linear equations is y= mx+b
There are 2 types of questions asked in exams.
Type 1: Find the value of x or y

Question 1.
If 3a+6 = 4a−2, then find the value of a?
Options:
1. 3
2. 8
3. 6
4. 7
Solution:
We can use the trick of eliminating the option

Option 1, put a = 3
3 * 3 + 6 = 15
4 * 3 -2 = 10
This means option 1 is incorrect.
Now, check for option 2, put a = 8
3 * 8 + 6 = 30
4 * 8 – 2 = 30
This means option 2 satisfies the equation. Therefore, it is the correct option.
Correct option: B
Type 2: Word problems

Question 2.
The cost of 5 blankets and 6 bedsheets is Rs.1500. The cost of 6 blankets and 5
bedsheets is Rs.1300. Find out the total cost of one blanket and one bedsheet.
Options:
1. Rs. 255
2. Rs. 250
3. Rs. 81.81
4. Rs. 254.545
Solution:
Let the cost of blankets be x and the cost of bedsheets be y.

According to the question:
5x+ 6y= 1500…(1)
6x+ 5y=1300…(2)
Multiply Eq 1 by 5 and Eq 2 by 6,
we get.
25x+30y = 7500…(3)
36x+30y = 7800…(4)
(4)-(3)
11x = 300
x = 300/11
5*300/11 +6y =1500
6y = 1500 – 1500/11
6y = 1500(1-1/11)
6y = 1500*10/11
y = 2500/11
Total cost = x+y
=> 300/11+2500/11
= 2800/11 = 254.545
Correct option: D
Definition & How to Solve Linear Equation
Problems Quickly
A linear equation is an equation where variable quantities are in the first power only
and whose graph is a straight line.
• To solve questions quickly

y= mx + b
Type 1: Find the value of x or y

Question 1.
If 3a + 7b = 75 and 5a – 5b = 25, what is the value of a + b?
Options:
1. 11
2. 6
3. 5
4. 17
Solution:
3a + 7b = 75 ……(1)
5a – 5b = 25 (divide the equation by 5)
we get, a – b = 5 …….(2)
Now multiplying eq. (2) by 7 and add to eq. (1), we get
3a + 7b = 75
7a – 7b = 35
On solving
10a = 110
a = 110/10
a = 11
Now put the value of a in eq (2)
11 – b = 5
b = 11 – 5
b=6
Therefore, a = 11 and b = 6
The value of a + b = 6 + 11 = 17
Correct option: D
Question 2.
If 2x + y = 16 and 16x – y = 2, then find the value of x?
Options:
1. 1/4
2. 17/4
3. 17/8
4. 4
Solution:
Given, 2x + y = 16
2x + y = 24
x + y = 4….(1)
Now, 16x – y = 2
(24) x – y = 2¹
x – y = 1/4 ….(2)
On solving equation 1 and 2
We get,
2x = 17/4
x = 17/(4 * 2) = 17/8
Correct option: C
Question 3.
The system of equations 3a + 5b = 6 and 6a + 10y = 6 has
Options:
1. No solution
2. One solution
3. Two solution
4. Infinite solution
Solution:
a1/a2 = 3/6 = 1/2

b1/b2= 5/10 = 1/2
c1/c2 = 6/6 = 1
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, there is no solution
Correct option: A
Type 2: Word problems

Question 1.
The difference between the two numbers is 45. The ratio of the two numbers is 8:3.
Find the two numbers?
Options:
1. 72 and 27
2. 90 and 45
3. 81 and 36
4. 60 and 15
Solution:
Let the first number be 8x

Let the second number be 3x
Now, the difference between the two numbers is 45
Therefore, 8x – 3x = 45
5x = 45
x = 45/5
x=9
Now, put the value of x in
8x = 8 * 9 = 72
3x = 3 * 9 = 27
Correct option: A
Question 2.
The breadth of a rectangle is twice its length. If the perimeter of the rectangle is
84m. Then, calculate the length and breadth of the rectangle?
Options:
1. L=12 and B= 24
2. L = 14 and B = 28
3. L = 28 and B = 14
4. L = 24 and B = 12
Solution:
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (l+b)

Length of the rectangle = x
Breadth of the rectangle = 2x
Perimeter of the rectangle = 84
2 (x + 2x) = 84
2 (3x) = 84
6x = 84
x = 84/6
x = 14
Therefore, the Length of the rectangle = 14m
And Breadth of the rectangle = 14 * 2 = 28m
Correct option: B
Question 3.
Ajay bought 5 tickets for two concerts A and B and 10 tickets for concert A and C.
He paid Rs. 350. Now the total of a ticket for concert A and B and ticket of A and C
is Rs. 42, then what is the ticket price for concert A and B?
Options:
1. Rs. 10
2. Rs. 42
3. Rs. 14
4. Rs. 28
Solution:
Let the ticket price of concert A and B = a

Let the ticket price of concert A and C = b
According to the question, a + b = 42…… (1)
Ticket bought by Ajay = 5a + 10b = 350
= a + 2b = 70……(2)
Now solve equation 1 and 2
a + b = 42
a + 2b = 70
b = 70 – 42
b = 28
Now put the value of b in equation 1
a+ 28 = 42
a = 42 – 28
a = 14
Hence, the ticket price for concert A and B = Rs. 14
Correct option: C
Formulas to Calculate Mathematics

Averages:-
General Definition Averages:
An average is defined as the sum of n different units divided by n numbers of the units.
For example:–
What will be the average weight of three boy, respective weight are 46,54,52 ?
Solution– (sum of numbers/ total numbers)
46+54+53 = 153/3
= 51.
Basic Averages Formulas:

Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of summation of all the numbers to the number of units present in
the list.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 +………… xn
Average =
n
or
Sum of Numbers
Average =
Number of Units
Average Speed and Velocity Formula:

• Average Speed : It can be defined as total distance travelled by a body in definite
interval of time.
Average speed is calculated using the below formula
Total Distance
Average Speed =
Total Time
• Also , Formula to calculate Average speed when X travels at speed ‘a’ and ‘b’
for the same amount of time is
a+b
Average Speed =
2
• Average Velocity :It can be defined as total displacement divided by total time.
We calculate Average Velocity using the below formula :
Displacement
Average Velocity =
Total Time
Formula of Averages Related to Numbers:

• Average of ‘n’ consecutive Natural Numbers
n +1
• Average of the square of consecutive n natural numbers
(n +1)(2n +1)
6
• Average of cubes of consecutive n natural numbers
n(n +1)2
• Average of n consecutive even numbers = (n+1)

• Average of consecutive even numbers till n
2+1
• Average of n consecutive odd numbers = n

• Average of consecutive odd numbers till n
n +1
• Sum of 1st n even consecutive natural numbers is n(n + 1)

• Sum of 1st n odd consecutive natural numbers is n2
Tips and Tricks to Calculate Averages |

Shortcuts in Averages:-
Find below , the best Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts to Solve Averages apart from the
basic method of solving
Basic Tips and Tricks for Averages:

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 +………… xn
Average =
n
or
Sum of Numbers
Average =
Number of Units
Trick 1
If the value of each unit in a class is increased by some value x, then the average of
the class also increases by x.
For example, if the marks obtained by of Raj and Rohit increases by 20 marks each,
the average of the total marks of both also increases by 20.
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts to Calculate

average of a Series:
• Average of ‘n’ consequtive Natural Number
n +1
• Average of the square of consecutive n natural numbers
(n +1)(2n +1)
• Average of cubes of consecutive n natural numbers
n(n +1)2
• Average of n consecutive even numbers = (n+1)

• Average of consecutive even numbers till n
n
2+1
• Average of n consecutive odd numbers = n

• Average of consecutive odd numbers till n
n +1
• Sum of 1st n even consecutive natural numbers is n(n + 1)

• Sum of 1st n odd consecutive natural numbers is n2
Type 1: Tips to Solve Problems on Weights and

Ages Averages
Question 1.
The average age of 4 monkeys is 20 years. The youngest monkey is eight years old.
When he was born, the average age of the remaining monkeys was N years.
Calculate the average age of the monkeys excluding the youngest monkey?
Solution:
The average age of monkey = 20 years.
Sum of all their ages = 20×4= 80 years
Sum of their ages excluding the youngest monkey = 80 – 8 = 72 years
The average age of the remaining monkey = 72/3 = 24 years
Type 2: Tips to Solve Problems on Average

Marks and Scores
Question 1.
The average marks of 80 students of 10th standard is 40. The average marks of
students of section A is 35, and that of Section B is 60. Find the number of students
in section A.
Solution:
Let the number of students in Section A and Section B be x and y.
Total number of students including Section A and Section B = 80
=> x+y = 80…(1)
Total marks obtained by entire 10th Standard = 80*40 =3200
35x+60y =3200
=> 7x+12y=640…(2)
Multiplying (1) by 12 and subtracting from (2)
we get,
x=64
Type 3: Tips to Solve Problems on Speed

Distance Time Averages
Question 1.
The average speed of a train without stopping at any stoppages is 58 km/h, and
average speed when the train stops at different stoppages is 50 km/h. How many
minutes in an hour does the train stop on an average?
Solution:
The average speed of a train without stoppages = 58 km/h
With stoppages, the average speed reduces by (58-50) = 8 km
Therefore, the time per hour the train stops on an average
= (8/48) × 60 minutes
= 10 minutes
Type 4: Tips and Tricks to Solve Average

Problems on Numbers
Question 1.
The average of the square of N consecutive natural numbers is 20. Find out the
value of N.
Solution:
Average of square of n consecutive natural numbers is = (n+1)(2n+1)/6
20 = (n+1)(2n+1)/6
120 = 8*15
120 = (7+1)(2*7+1)
n =7
trick 2:
If the value of each unit in a class decreases by some value x, then the average of the class also
decreases by x.
For example, if the score of Raj and Rohit in a match is decreased by 20 individually, the average score of
both also decreases by 20.
Trick 3:
The average of any number series or group is always between its smallest and the largest
value.
For example- If the average test score of four children are 6,9,10,11 than the average of all four
name respectively is 9.
Trick 4:
When a person leaves the group, and replacement is made of that person then:
If the average age increases,
Age of new person = Age of separated person + (increase in the average × total number of persons).
If the average age decreases,
Age of new person = Age of separated person – (decrease in the average × total number of persons).
Trick 5:
When a person joins the group,
When the average age is increased
Age of new person = Previous average + (increase in average × total members including new member).
When the average age is decreased
Age of new person = Previous average – (decrease in average × total members including new member).
How To Solve Problems On Averages:-

Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of summation of all the data to the number of units present in the
list.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 +………… xn
Average =
n
or
Sum of Numbers
Average =
Number of Units
How to Solve Average Speed and Velocity

Problems ?
• Average Speed : Average speed is calculated using the below formula
Total Distance
Average Speed =
Total Time
• Also , Formula to calculate Average speed when X travels at speed ‘a’ and ‘b’
for the same amount of time is
a+b
Average Speed =
2
• Average Velocity : We calculate Average Velocity using the below formula :
Displacement
Average Velocity =
Total Time
Type 1: How to solve Problems on Average

Weights and Ages
Question 1.
The average age of 39 boys and a girl is are 11 years. If the age of the girl is excluded the
average age of the group is reduced by 1. What is the age of the girl?
Conventional Method : The average of 39 boys + 1 girl = 11
Sum of ages of 39 boys + 1 girl = 11x (39+1)= 440 ……………… Eqn (i)
When the girl is excluded from the average age the new average = 11- 1= 10
The sum of the ages of 39 boys= 39x 10= 390 ………………Eqn(ii)
Girl’s age= (i)- (ii)= 440- 390= 50
Alternatively,
Quickest Way : When the girl leaves the group, she takes with her 1 year (i.e the change in the
new average) from each of the 39 students along with the 11 years of her average age.
So the age of the girl will (39 x 1)+ 11 that is 50 years.
Question 2.
The average weight of 10 a group of persons increases by 10 kg when a new person replaces
one of the persons from the group who weighs 60kg. Calculate the weight of the new person.
Total increase in weight = 10*10 =100 kg
Weight of new person = 60+100 =160 kg
Question 3.
The age of Yogesh at the time of his wedding was 27 years, while the age of his wife at that
time was 25 years. Four years after their marriage the average age of Yogesh, his wife, and his
son is 30 years.
Let the current age son be 4x
Ages of Yogesh and his wife after 4 years of their marriage = 27+4 = 31 and 25+4 =29 years
respectively.
Average age of the family =30
(31+29+4x)/3 =30
4x =30
x =7.5 years
Therefore, the current age Yogesh’s son is 7.5 years.
Type 2: How to solve Problems on average

marks and scores
Question 1.
The batting average of Sachin in 15 innings is 55. The difference between the runs of his best
and worst innings is 65. Excluding the best and the worst innings the average of 13 innings
played by Sachin is 50. Calculate Sachin’s best score.
Total score of Sachin in 15 innings = 55*15 = 825
Total score of Sachin in 13 innings (excluding his best and worst inning’s scores) = 13*50 = 650
Sum of Sachin’s score in his best and worst innings = 825-650 = 175
The difference of Sachin’s score in his best and worst innings = 65
B+W = 175…(1)
B-W = 65…(2)
(1)+(2)
2B = 240
B = 120
Therefore, Sachin’s score in his best innings was 120 runs.
Question 2.
The average marks of a class gets increased by 5 when Shikha’s marks are wrongly entered as
75 instead of 55. Find the number of students in the class.
Let the total strength of class be n.
Let the average when marks of Shikha are 75 = A1= {75+x(sum of scores of rest of students)}/n
The average of class when shikha marks is 55 = A2 = (57+x)/n
A1-A2 = 5
(75+x)/n – (55+x)/n =5
20 = 5n
n =4
Therefore, the total number of students in the class is 4.
Question 3.
A team of 5 players participated in a competition. The best player of the team scored 50 points.
Had he scored 80 points, the average score of the team would have been 75. Calculate the total
points scored by the team.
Let the sum of of points scored by 4 players of the team other then the best player be x.
Actual average = (x+50)/5
Required average = 75 = (x+80)/5
x = (75*5)-80
x = 375-80
x = 295
Total points scored by the team = 295+50 = 345
Type 3: How to solve Problems on Average

speed distance time
Question 1.
Tushar travels from his home to office at the speed of 20 Kmph. While returning from office to
home his speed increases by 20%. Calculate Tushar’s average speed.
Tushar’s speed while returning home = 120*20/100 = 24Kmph
Average speed = (2ab)a+b
That is, (2*20*24)/(20+24)
960/44 = 21.81Kmph
Therefore, the average speed of Tushar will be 21.81Kmph.
Question 2.
Shikar covers the distance of 580 km partially by bus and partially by car. The average speed
for the entire journey is 50 kmph, while the speed of the car is 80 kmph. Calculate the speed of
the bus.
Lest the speed of bus be x
50 = (2*80*x)/80+x
4000+50x = 160x
4000 = 110x
x = 36.36 Kmph
Question 3.
Ravi traveled a distance of 500 km partially on a motorbike and partially in car. The speed of
the motorbike was 50 Kmph and distance covered was 200 Km. The total time taken in the
journey was 6 hours. Find the average speed for the entire journey.
Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time
Average speed = 500/6
= 83.33 Kmph
Type 4: How to solve Average Problems on

Numbers
Question 1.
The average of 5 numbers is 50. The average of the first and the second number is 40.
Similarly, the average of the fourth and the fifth number is 25. Find the third term of the series.
Let the third term be x
Average of 5 numbers =50
Therefore, the sum total of all 5 numbers = 50*5 = 250
Sum of first two numbers = 40*2 =80
Sum of fouth and fifth term = 25*2 = 50
80+x+50 = 250
x = 250-130
x = 120
Question 2.
The average of 5 consecutive numbers is 50. Find the numbers.
Let the numbers be (n-2), (n-1), (n), (n+1), (n+2)
Sum of all numbers = n-2+n-1+n+n+1+n+2 = 50*5
5n = 250
n = 50
Numbers = 48, 49 , 50, 51, 52
Question 3.
Calculate the average of 5 consecutive odd numbers greater than 15.
Odd numbers greater than 15 = 17, 19, 21, 23, 25
Average = (17+19+21+23+25)/5 = 21
Formulas For Perimeter Area Volume:-

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with different shapes and sizes. It can be divided into two
different types: Plane Geometry and Solid Geometry
Plane Geometry deals with shapes such as circles, triangles, rectangles, square.
Solid Geometry is concerned in calculating the length, perimeter, area and volume of various geometric
figures and shapes. Here are some basic formulas which can be used to calculate the length, area, volume,
and perimeter of various shapes and figures.
Formula:
Square formula
• Perimeter: 4 * s (s = side)
• Area: S2
• Diameter: s√2
Rectangle formula
• Perimeter: 2 (l + b) (l = length, b = breadth)

• Area: l * b
• Diameter: √a2 + b2
• Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) * Height
Triangle formula
• Perimeter: a + b + c
• Area: (b * h)/2 (b = base of the triangle, h = height of the triangle)
• Hero’s formula = √s (s- a) *(s-b) * (s-c)
• Area of an equilateral triangle = √3/4 * side2
Circle formula
• Area of circle = πr²

• Area of semi-circle= πr2/2
• Circumference of a circle = 2πr
• Circumference of a semi-circle = πr
• Length of arc = 2πrɵ/360
• Area of sector = 1/2 (arc*R) = πr²ɵ/360
Parallelogram formula
• Perimeter: 2(a + b)
• Area: b*h
Rhombus formula
• Perimeter: 4 * a
• Area: Base * Height
Trapezium formula
• Perimeter: a + b + c + d
• Area: 1/2 * (sum of parallel sides) * distance between them
Cube formula
• Volume: side³
• Surface area = 6s²
• Diagonal = √3s
Cuboid formula
• Volume: l * b * h
• Surface area = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
• Diagonal = √l² + b² + h²
Sphere formula
• Volume: 4/3πr³
• Surface area = 4πr²
Hemisphere formula
• Volume: 2/3πr³
• Curved Surface area = 2πr²
• Total Surface area = 3πr²
Cylinder formula
• Volume: πr²h
• Curved Surface area = 2πrh
• Total Surface area = 2πr (h + r)
Cone formula
• Volume: 1/3πr²h
• Slant height = l = √h2 + r2
• Curved Surface area = πrl
• Total Surface area = πrl +πr²
Tips And Tricks And Shortcuts To Solve

Perimeter Area Volume:-
Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Perimeter, Area, and Volume questions quickly,
easily, and efficiently in competitive exams as well as recruitment exam too.
Type 1: Find the area, perimeter, length,

breadth and some other sides of the shapes
Question 1:
The ratio between the length and the breadth of a rectangular plot is 7:3. Rahul was cycling along
the boundary of the plot at a speed of 10 km/hr. He completes one round of the plot in 6 minutes.
Find the area of the plot?
Options:
A. 52000 m²
B. 51500 m²
C. 53500 m²
D. 52500 m²
Correct option: D
Solution:
Distance covered by Rahul in 6 minutes = 10000/60 * 6 = 1000 m
Therefore, perimeter = 1000m
Length = 7x and breadth = 3x
Then 2 (l +b) = 1000
2 (7x + 3x) = 1000
2 (10x) = 1000
20x = 1000
x = 50
Length = 7x = 7*50 = 350
Breadth = 3x = 3 * 50 = 150
Therefore, Area = l * b = 350 * 150 = 52500 m²
Type 2: Find the volume and total surface

area
Question 1
What is the total surface area of a right circular cone of height 10 cm and base radius 7 cm?
Options:
A. 422.4 m²
B. 422.4 cm²
C. 422.4 cm³
D. 422.4 cm
Correct option: B
Solution:
h = 10 cm, r = 7 cm
Slant height = l = √h2 + r2
l = √100+49 = √149= 12.2
Total surface area of cone = πrl + πr²
22/7 * 7 * 12.2 + 22/ 7 * 7 * 7
268.4 + 154
422.4 cm²
Type 3: Percentage increase or decrease

Question 1:
If length of the rectangle is increased by 50% and breadth is decreased by 20%. Then what is
the percentage change in the area?
Options:
A. 70% decrease
B. 30 % increase
C. 20% increase
D. 20% decrease
Correct option: C
Solution:
Original area = l * b
New length = 50% increase = 150/100l = 3/2l
New breadth = 20% decrease = 80/100b = 4/5b
Therefore, new area = 3/2l * 4/5b
New area = 6/5lb
Change in Area = New Area – Original Area
Change in Area = 6/5lb – lb
Change in Area = 1/5lb
Percentage change in area = 1/5lb/ lb * 100
Percentage change in area = 1/5 * 100 = 100/5 = 20%
Since, the answer is positive, it means there is increase in the area.
Type 4: Find cost

Question 1
A wall of trapezium shape has height 8 m. The parallel sides of trapezium are 4 m and 6 m. If
the rate of painting per square meter is Rs.50 than find the cost painting the complete wall?
Options:
A. Rs. 400
B. Rs. 420
C. Rs. 540
D. Rs. 450
Correct option: D
Solution:
Area of trapezium = 1/2* (sum of parallel sides) * distance between them
Area of trapezium = 1/2 * (4 + 6) + 8
Area of trapezium = 1/2 * (18)
Area of trapezium = 9 square meter
Rate of painting per square meter is Rs.50
Therefore, to paint 9 square meter, total cost of painting = 9 * 50 = Rs. 450
How to Solve Perimeter, Area, and Volume

questions:-
Geometry is concerned in calculating the length, perimeter, area and volume of various
geometric figures and shapes
Type 1: Find the area, perimeter, length,

breadth and some other sides of the shapes
Question 1:
The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1/2:1/3: 1/4. Find the smallest side of the triangle, if the
perimeter of the triangle is 78 cm.
Options:
A. 20 cm
B. 24 cm
C. 36 cm
D. 18 cm
Correct option: D
Solution:
According to the question, ratio of the side of the triangle are 1/2:1/3: 1/4 = 6: 3 : 4
Perimeter of the triangle = 78 cm
Now, side will be 78 * 6/13 = 18 cm
78 * 3/13 = 18
78 * 4/13 = 24
Therefore, the smallest side of the triangle is 18 cm.
Question 2
A rope makes 120 rounds of cylinder with base radius 10 cm. How many times it can go round a
cylinder with base radius 20 cm?
Options:
A. 70
B. 60 cm
C. 45 cm
D. 50 cm
Correct option: B
Solution:
Le the round be a
If radius is more, then rounds will be less as the length of the ropes remains the same = x
x = 2*π*10*120…(1)
Similarly,
x = 2*π*20*a…(2)
From (1) and (2)
10*120 = 20*a
=> a = 60
Question 3
Find the area of a parallelogram with base 16 cm and height 7 cm.
Options:
A. 112 cm²
B. 128 cm²
C. 102 cm²
D. 212 cm²
Correct option: A
Solution:
Area of parallelogram = b* h
Area of parallelogram = 16 * 7 = 112 cm²
Type 2: Find the volume and total surface
area
Question 1:
A cube of 5 cm was cut into as many 1 cm cubes as possible. Find out the ratio of the surface
area of the larger cube to that of the surface areas of the smaller cubes?
Options:
A. 1:2
B. 2:3
C. 1:5
D. 1:3
Correct option: C
Solution:
Volume of the original cube = 53 = 125 cm3.
Volume of each smaller cubes = 1 cm3. It means there are 125 smaller cubes.
Surface area of the cube = 6a2
Surface area of the larger cube = 6a2 = 6 * 52 = 6 * 25 = 150
Surface area of one smaller cubes = 6 (1²) = 6
Now, surface area of all 125 cubes = 125 * 6 = 750
Therefore,
Required ratio = Surface area of the larger cube: Surface area of smaller cubes
= 150: 750
= 1: 5
Question 2:
The curved surface area of a cylindrical pillar is 264 m² and its volume is 924m³. Find the ratio
of its diameter to its height.
Options:
A. 7:4
B. 3:4
C. 6:5
D. 7:3
Correct option: D
Solution:
Volume of cylinder = πr2h
Curved Surface area of cylinder = 2 πrh
Volume of cylinder/ Curved Surface area of cylinder = πr2h/2πrh = 924/264
r = 924/264 * 2
r=7
Curved Surface area of cylinder = 2πrh = 264
2 * 22/ 7 * 7 * h = 264
h = 264 * 7/22* 1/2 * 1/7
h=6
Now, required ratio = 2r/h = 2 *7/6 = 14/6 = 7/3 = 7:3
Question 3:
The volumes of two cones are in the ratio 1:10. The radius of the cones are in the ratio of 1: 2.
What is the ratio of the height of the cone?
Options:
A. 3:4
B. 3:5
C. 2:5
D. 1:3
Correct option: C
Solution:
Volume of cone = 1/3 πr²h
V1/V2 = 1/10
Now the ratio of the radius of both the cone = 1: 2
V1/V2 = (1/3 πr1²h1 )/(1/3 πr2²h2) = (1)²h1 / (2)²h2
On solving we get h1/h2= 2/5
Therefore, the ratio of the height of the cone = 2:5
Type 3: Percentage increase or decrease

Question 1:
A rectangular piece of cloth when soaked in water, was found to have lost 20% of its length and
10% of its breadth. Calculate the total percentage of decrease in the area of rectangular piece of
cloth?
Options:
A. 75% decrease
B. 28 % increase
C. 28 % decrease
D. 20% decrease
Correct option: C
Solution:
Let the original length = l
Let the original breadth = b
Original Area = l * b
New length = 80/100l
New breadth = 90/100b
Decrease in the area = lb – 80/100l * 90/100b
Decrease in the area = 7/25lb
Decrease percentage = (7/25lb * 1/lb) * 100
Decrease percentage = 700/25 = 28%
Question 2
The length of a rectangle is decreased to half, while its breadth is increased 3 times. Calculate
the percentage change in area of the rectangle?
Options:
A. 25%
B. 50 %
C. 72 %
D. 20%
Correct option: B
Solution:
New length = l/2
New breadth = 3b
New area = l/2 * 3b = 3/2lb
Increase in percentage = New area – original area/original area * 100 = 3/2lb – lb/lb * 100
Increase in percentage = 100/2% = 50%
Question 3
If the length of a rectangle is increased by 25% and the width is decreased by 20%, then find the
area of the rectangle?
Options:
A. 25% increase
B. 50 % decrease
C. remains unchanged
D. 10 % increase
Correct option: C
Solution:
New length = 125/100l
New breadth = 80/100b
New area = 125/100l * 80/100b
New area = 5/4l * 4/5b = 20/20lb = lb
Therefore, original and new area are same. It means the area remains unchanged.
Type 4: Find cost

Question 1:
Calculate the cost of making a garden at one meter boundary around a rectangular plot at the
rate of Rs. 20/ sq m? The perimeter of the plot is 340 meters.
Options:
A. Rs. 6810
B. Rs. 6880
C. Rs. 6800
D. Rs. 6600
Correct option: B
Solution:
Perimeter of the rectangle = 2 (l+b)
So, 340 = 2 (l + b)
Now we have to make garden in one meter boundary
Therefore, we will add 4 to the perimeter
340 + 4 =344
Therefore, required cost = 20 * 344 = 6880
Question 2
Ajit has a plot of area equal to 361 sq ft. He thought to build a fencing around the four sides of
the plot. The cost per foot of building the fence is Rs. 50. Calculate the total cost of building a
fencing around the plot?
Options:
A. Rs. 3710
B. Rs. 3890
C. Rs. 3800
D. Rs. 3580
Correct option: C
Solution:
Area of square = a2 = 361
a = 19
Length of the fence = Perimeter of the plot = 4a = 4 * 19 = 76
Therefore, cost of building the fence = 76 * 50 = Rs. 3800.
Question 3:
A rectangular wall whose length is 10 m more than its breadth. The cost of painting the wall is
at Rs 30 per meter is Rs. 2100, what is the length of the wall in meters?
Options:
A. 22.5m
B. 17.5m
C. 30 m
D. 20 m
Correct option: A
Solution:
Breadth of the wall = x
Length of the wall = x + 10
Perimeter of the rectangular wall = 2100/30 = 70m
2 (l+b) = 70
2 (x + 10 + x) = 70
2 (2x + 10) = 70
2x + 10 = 35
2x = 25
x = 12.5
Length = x+ 10 = 12.5 + 10 = 22.5m
Breadth = 12.5m
Formulas for Decimals and Fractions

Definition
1.Decimal: A decimal number can be defined as a number whose whole number part
and the fractional part is separated by a decimal point. For example, 0.5, 2.55,… etc.
It has two parts: The integer part on the left of the decimal point, and the fractional
part on the right of the decimal point.
2.Fraction: A fraction is an expression that indicates the quotient of two quantities.

For example, 1/2, -1/4, 2/5 … etc. It has two parts: Numerator and Denominator
Types of Decimal and Fractions
1. Decimal:
There are two types of decimal
(a). Non-recurring decimal or terminating decimal: A non-recurring decimal is a non-
repeating decimal. It is terminated at some point. For example: 1/5 = 0.5, 125/4 =
31.25
(b). Recurring decimal or non-terminating decimal: A recurring decimal is a repeating
decimal. For example: 19/6 = 3.1666666, 21/9 = 2.33333
2.Fraction:
There are two types of fraction
(a)Common fraction: A common fraction is a fraction in which both numerator and
denominator are integers. For example, 2/7, 3/2….etc.
(b) Decimal fraction: A decimal fraction is a fraction in which denominator is an
integer power of ten. For example, 1/10, 4/100…etc.
Points to remember
• The denominator of a fraction cannot be zero.
• In decimal number, the fractional part’s value is always 0
• If numerator = 0 and denominator ≠ 0, the value of fraction is zero.
• If the denominator = 0, the value of fraction is infinity.
• If the numerator and denominator contain the same number of decimal places, we
can remove the decimal sign.
Decimals and Fractions – Tips and Tricks

Here, are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Decimals and Fractions
questions quickly, easily, and efficiently in competitive exams.
Tips and tricks to solve Decimals and Fractions questions

Convert Decimal to Fraction
Step 1: Write down the decimal divided by 1, in the form decimal/1
Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point. (For
example, if there are two numbers after the decimal point, then use 100, if there are three then
use 1000)
Step 3: Simplify the fraction
For example, Convert 0.75 to a fraction.

Step 1:
0.75/1
Step 2:
Multiply both top and bottom by 100 as there are two digits after decimal point. We get 75/100
Step 3:
75/100 = 3/4
Type 1: Find the greatest or smallest

fraction
Question 1
Which of the following fraction is greater 4/5 and 2/7?
Options
1. 2/7
2. 4/5
3. both are equal
4. cannot be determined
Correct option: 2
Solution
4/5 = 0.8
2/7 = 0.28
It is clear that 4/5 is greater
Type 2: Simplification
Question 1
12.45 + 45.765 + 89.02 = ?
Options
1. 147.235
2. 156.76
3. 132.67
4. 124.00
Correct option: 1
Solution:
12.450 + 45.765 + 89.020
= 147.235
How to Solve: Decimals and Fractions

Definition:
Decimals and fractions are two notations to represent a number. A decimal number is a number whose
place value is based on 10s. Also, whole numbers are actually decimal numbers which are greater than or
equal to zero. The following section describes the three examples of how decimals and fractions are
calculated.
Type 1: Find the greatest or smallest

fraction
Question 1.
Which among 5/7 and 9/2 is greater?
Options:
A. 5/7
B. 9/2
C. Both are equal
D. Cannot be Determined
Solution:
5/7 = 0.71
9/2 = 4.5
The decimal values of the above fractions clearly indicate that the value of 9/2 is more than 5/7. Therefore,
9/2 is the greater number among the two.
Correct Answer: B
Question 2.
Which among the given numbers is greater 5/8 or ½?
Options:
A. 5/8
B. 1/2
C. Both are equal
Solution:
5/8 = 0.62
½= 0.5
The decimal value of 5/8 is greater than that of ½. Therefore, it is greater than ½.
Correct Answer: B
Question 3.
Which among 4/7 and 9/7 is greater?
Options:
A. 4/7
B. 9/7
C. Both are equal
Solution:
4/7 = 0.57
9/7 = 1.28
Since the decimal value of 9/7 is greater, it is the greater number between the given two numbers.
Correct Answer: B
Type 2: Simplification
Question 1.
Simplify and calculate the result of 56.25 + 36.56+ 12.45.
Options:
A. 105.26
B. 110.23
C. 200.36
Solution:
The result can be calculated simply by adding the given numbers before and after the decimal sign.
Therefore, 56.25 + 36.56+ 12.45 = 105.26
Correct Answer: A
Question 2.
Options:
A. 210.36
B. 300.69
C. 100.92
Solution:
Therefore, 78.56 + 12.36+ 10.00= 100.92
Correct Answer: C
Question 3.
Options:
A. 1213.36
B. 2734.46
C. 500.92
Solution:
Therefore, 300.45 + 1223.89+ 1210.12= 2734.46
Correct Answer: B

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Formula For Number Series-

Types of number series:-

Number series- Tips and Tricks

Type 1. Perfect square series:

Type 2. Perfect cube series

Type 3. Ration Series

Type 5. Mixed series

Type 1.Perfect Square questions

Type 2. Perfect cube series

Type 3. Ration Series

Type 4. Geometric series

9, 81, —, 6561, 59049

Type 5. Mixed series

Formula & Definition of Permutation and

• Permutations are studied in almost every branch of mathematics, and in many

• Combination: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed

Definition & How to Solve Quickly

• Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by

Combination is selection of objects where order does not matter.

• Number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by

Formulas to Solve Number System

Definition & Formula

Tips and Tricks & Shortcuts to Solve

51 is divisible by 17. So, it is not a prime number.

Prime numbers less than 50 are:

Sum of first five prime numbers is = 2+3+5+7+11 = 28

The sum of two odd number is always even. So, x + y is even.

How to Solve Number System Questions

Type 1: General questions

34567 * 9999 = 34567 * (10000 – 1)

All counting numbers from 1 to infinity are natural numbers.

(117)² + (83)² = (100 + 17)² + (100 – 17)²

Unit digit in the given product = Unit digit in (2 * 8 * 4 * 7) = (448) = 8

Formula & Definition for Percentage

• For example 10% = 10/100 = 1/10

Tips and tricks to solve Percentage question

Type 1: Problems based on Mixtures and

Given, percentage of milk = 80%

Type 2: Problems based on Ratios and

Let original numerator be x

Type 3: Problems based on Income, Salary,

Let the salary of Ajay be x

Type 4: Problems based on Population

In the first year, the population decreases by 4% = 3000 * 96/100 = 2880

Type 5: Problems based on profit and loss

Let the CP of each chair = 1

Type 6: General questions

How to Solve Percentage Questions &

Type 1: Problems based on Mixtures and

Let the CP of 1 kg black pepper = Re. 1

By the rule of alligation, we have:

Let the capacity of the vessel be 10

Type 2: Problems based on Ratios and

Let the two numbers be x and y

Let the third number x

Type 3: Problems based on Income, Salary,

Let the Monthly Salary = 100%

Let Aman’s income = 100

Let the salary be 100

1. If x : y and z : a, then it can be solved as (xz)/(ya).