Basic Research Journal of Social and Political Science ISSN 2465-7220 Vol. 3(2) pp.

23-30 June 2015

Available online http//www.basicresearchjournals.org
Copyright ©2015 Basic Research Journal

Case Report

Assessing the prevalence of good governance in public

sectors in Gedeo Zone: Case of Yirga Cheffe town
administration, Ethiopia
Tewodros Abuhay Meretu
Department of Civics and Ethical Studies, University of Gondar: Ethiopia.

Author’s email: abtedi@gmail.com

Acceptance 03 July, 2015

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the prevalence of good governance in some selected public institutions in Yirga
Cheffe town administration, Gedeo zone, Ethiopia. The study examined the following key concepts: The
perception of public official, civil servants and service users to what extent good governance is
prevalent in public institutions both in principle and on the ground. The researcher used multiple
methods. The quantitative and qualitative data gathered from these techniques are analyzed and
interpreted. The researcher founded that frameworks and mechanisms for good governance
implementation are available. In conclusion, major core elements of good governance namely
accountability, transparency, equity and equality, effectiveness and efficiency and participation
different achievements and failures were observed. To uphold the prevalence of good governance at
grass root level, the researcher recommended the necessity of involving the society in different
government affairs, the need for arranging trainings, workshop, and seminars on good governance, and
using different mass medias.

Keywords: Good governance, Public sectors, Accountability, Transparency, Participation, Equity, Efficiency,
Effectiveness.

INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

One of the areas of consensuses reached by the world The success of development is dependent on good
leaders in September 2000 in their Millennium summit governance; therefore, it is an essential precondition to
general assembly of the United Nations conference for ensure positive changes particularly in developing
the declaration of Millennium Development Goal was nations of the world. In other words, good governance is
democracy and good Governance. That is why a requisite for promoting economic growth and reducing
governance occupies a central stage in the development poverty. Without good governance, it is assumed that the
discourse and is considered as a crucial element to be benefits of most reforms in developing countries, like
incorporated in the development strategy. It is also taken Ethiopia, will not be reached to the poor and the funds
as a mechanism in which the voices of the poorest and allocated for various developmental issues will not be
the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over used effectively. In those countries where there are lacks
the allocation of development resources (Abdellatif, 2003; of accountability, transparency, responsiveness,
Kaufmann and Kraay, 2003; Chowdhury and Skarstedt inefficiency, ineffectiveness, corruptions, poor control of
2005; Amoko, 2003; Karl, 2011). public funds and abuses of human rights, development
 Tewodros. 24

inevitably suffers. Bad governance acts as a barrier to organs of the government.

economic, social, and political development and this Based on the African governance survey conducted by
leads to the collapse of a nation state (Stella, 2008; Imran the Economic Commission for Africa for 28 countries
and Shahnawaz, 2009; Amoko, 2003). (2004), Ethiopia’s performance in all indices of measuring
According to African governance report (2004), good governance has fallen below the sample average
Ethiopia as one of the African countries trying to achieve which is 53%. According to Shimelis (2005), while the
the millennium development goals accepted the sample index of Ethiopia is 36% and the same trend
importance of good governance and striving to achieve it. persists in the country governance profile by subsequent
However, Ethiopia like any other African country has ECA’s governance survey of 2005 (ECA, 2005).This
faced a number of challenges in democratization and clearly shows that Ethiopia is still good governance
good governance building processes. In order to address African standards concerned. Moreover based on 2005
the gaps identified the government developed a multi- IFA Resource Allocation Index in the area of public sector
sectoral national capacity building strategy which management and institution Ethiopia scores 3.1 averages
advocates the principles of decentralization, regional in which 6 points is the highest and 1 is the lowest point.
autonomy, and efficiency to enhance popular Especially in transparency, accountability and corruption
participation and to promote good governance, in public sector the country score below average, 2.5
accountability and transparency. points. Mind full of these facts, PASDEP recognizes the
According to Ministry of Work and Urban Development need for more efforts to make local authorities more
(2007), the main objectives of the policy of transparent, accountable and efficient in their response to
decentralization has been to create and strengthen urban the needs of the people. Therefore, in order to know how
local government that will ensure the traits of good far good governance in the country progresses and/or
governance such as public participation, democratization, face obstacles, the activities of making regular
and enhance decentralized service delivery through assessments and measurements of governance
institutional reforms, capacity building, systems condition of the country is necessary (MoFED, 2010).
development and training. Formerly in its strategy, The aim of this research is, therefore, to examine how
Ethiopia’s Sustainable Development and Poverty good governance is prevalent in public institutions found
Reduction Program (SDPRP), the issue of good and in Yirga Cheffe town administration, Gedeo zone;
decentralized governance was considered as one of the Ethiopia.
building block in the struggle against poverty.
As clearly stated in the Ethiopia’s guiding strategic
framework for the five year period 2005/06-2009/10 MATERIALS AND METHODS
commonly known as a Plan for Accelerated and
Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), Data type and sources
programs aimed at strengthening the democratization
processes are being taken step by step in the form of The research was conducted by using descriptive survey
Civil Service Reform, Justice system Reform, Improved type in which all data relevant to the case was gathered
Democratic Governance, and Decentralization which and analyzed. This type of method was used because the
resulted significant achievements in the last few years research tried to assess the existing governance
(MoFED, 2009). conditions of the public institutions on the basis of
In general, though the government of FDRE has taken different good governance indicators. The researcher
important measures to promote good governance by used both primary and secondary data as a source of
ratifying a number of international human right information. Combinations of qualitative and quantitative
instruments, and the FDRE constitution adopted multi- data were gathered through semi structured
party government system and accepted most of the questionnaires and interviews as a primary source of
internationally recognized human rights conventions information for the study. A document analysis was also
since 1991, the process of good governance building is used as sources of secondary data.
facing serious and complex challenges. The challenges
are mainly related with that of the infancy of building good
governance in the country (Kumera, 2011). Study area and target population
According to the African governance report (2005), the
major challenges include lack of adequate awareness Study area
about human rights among the public, the limited
democratic culture and experience in the country, limited Yirga Cheffe town was selected because, after long
participation of citizens in governance, lack of adequate year’s depression and stagnation, just since the past ten
and appropriate policies and laws in some areas and years especially of the last half a decade the town is
capacity limitations of law enforcement and governance shooting up and promisingly changing in all aspects in
Published by Basic Research Journal of Social and Political Science
25. Basic Res. J Soc.Polit. Sci.

relation to the development agenda of the government. It Method of data analysis

has also become one of the potential areas of investment
in Gedeo zone. Thus, believing that the result of the The data which was collected using questionnaires,
research is important for the sustainability of its interview and document analysis were analyzed and
development the town is purposefully selected. discussed in the form of notes, tables and percentage.
The complited questionnaire was given code and entered
in to the computer software and the results was imported
Target/study population and analyzed. Finaly based on the available information
which was obtained from the analysis part, a conculsion
The study has target populations of public servants of 11 and recommendation was made by taking into account
public institutions: Municipal, Service Office, Trade and the most important points related with objectives and
Industry, SME, Justice Office, Woreda Court, the town problems of the study.
Health Station, Office of Police, Water and Sewerage
office, Office of Education, Revenues Office found in
Yirga Cheffe town. And the service users of these RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
institutions were also made to be target population.
Besides, based on the reason that they have better This section of the study focused on the major findings of
information concerning the issue under investigation, the study. Specifically, it tried to examine the existence of
public official from the above mentioned public sector good governance in public sectors by using major
offices was made to be the part of the target population. principles of good governance as major criteria for
evaluation.

Sampling size and sampling

Participation
The study was undertaken on purposively selected 11
public institutions out of 25 institutions found under the The major manifestations for the existence of good
town administration. The public sector institutions were governance in public sectors are the prevalence of
selected purposively because of the magnitude and Active community participation in decision making,
importance of institutions in serving the society and their accountability, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency
relation with diverse stakeholders. After the institutions and quality service delivery in different affairs of the
were identified, the amount (number) of public servants in government sectors. Thus, based on aforementioned
each selected institutions was included in the study as variables, data were gathered explained as follows. Table
respondents proportionally to the number of employee 1-6.
found in each institution. (20% of the employee i.e. 44
sample respondents in all institution). After the amounts
of number of respondents in each institution were Participation
proportionally decided, the sample respondents from
each institution were selected using simple lottery Good governance to be prevailed, all men and women
method. Then respondents of service users of each should have a voice in decision making either directly or
institution were selected based on convenience sampling through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent
(accidental) method. This is due to the nature of the their interests. . To check the level of participation in the
service user unavailability in fixed time and place. Thus study area, the respondents were asked to respond the
those public users found executing their activities in each following varieties of questions.
institution in different days were made to fill the As it is depicted in Table 1, 56.8 % (25) of respondents
questionnaires. disagree with the existence of institutional framework
which enables the public users to participate in their
institution while the remaining 43.2 % (19) of the
Method of data collection respondent agree with the statement. From the total
respondents, 68.12 % (30) replied as there is an
To achieve the aims and objectives of this research, it is institutional frame work which enable civil society to
vital to have a comprehensive research approach. For participate in their institution while the remaining 31.82%
this study, various techniques of data collection like witnessed the absence of the frameworks that encourage
questionnaire, interview, and document analysis were the CBOs and/or the CSOs. This at least clearly showed
employed to gather both primary and secondary data. that community based organizations, civil society

Published by Basic Research Journal of Social and Political Science

 Tewodros. 26

Table 1. Civil servant perception on participation in the institutions

Questions of participation Frequency Percentage

There is institutional framework that enables the public 19 43.2
users to participate in their institutions
There is any institutional frame work which enable civil 30 68.18
society to participate in their institution
Institution with public forum for Women, Youth and the 4 9.1
disadvantaged groups
There are mechanisms of customers’ consultation for the 26 46.82
implementation of policies and program.

Table 2. Service user respondents’ attitude on participation in the institution

Questions Frequency Percentage

The institution prepare community forum in order to 14 31.81
enable the community to discuss issues that mater them.
The institutions encourage them to participate in 23 52.27
decision making process that concerns the service
user/community
The community ever consulted by the institution before a 31 70.45
program or policy is implemented that concerns them
The service users have ever invited to evaluate the 20 45.45
service provider institution management
The service users can easily provided to give their 28 63.3
suggestions, questions, comments and complaints for
their service provider institution

Table 3. Public users’ attitude on the questions of effectiveness and efficiency

Questions of effectiveness and Efficiency Category Frequency Percentage

The amount the institution provides the services Very low(1) 5 11.4
to the customers Low(2) 4 9.1
Medium(3) 14 31.8
High(4) 13 29.5
Very high(5) 8 18.2
The satisfaction level of public users on the Very low(1) 6 13.6
service provided by the institution Low(2) 7 15.9
Medium(3) 11 25
High(4) 15 34.1
Very high(5) 5 11.4
The rate of efficiency of public users service Very low(1) 5 11.4
provider Institution Low(2) 8 18.2
Medium(3) 10 22.7
High(4) 11 25
Very high(5) 10 22.7
The degree of confidence Very low(1) 4 9.1
(trust) the public users have in their service Low(2) 6 13.6
provider Medium(3) 10 22.7
High(4) 12 27.3
Very high(5) 12 27.3

organizations and NGOs have not favored by the mandatory and it is by what institutions did to them that
institution to take part their roles in the institutions. the prevalence of good governance is measured. But as
Good governance is a mechanism by which women, shown in the Table 1, their responses were somewhat
youth, minorities and disadvantaged groups are treated in negative, that is to mean, only 9.1 % of them say yes but
a special manner and given due emphasis. In the the majority 90.9 % of them answers no. The result
process of building good governance, giving a special showed that public institutions under discussion were not
attention to the already mentioned parts of a society is totally effectively discharging their responsibility regarding
27. Basic Res. J Soc.Polit. Sci.

Table 4. Service user’s responses on questions of accountability

Questions of accountability Frequency Percentage

The service users were asked irregular payments by 17 39.6
personnel/officials of the service provider institution to
accomplish their task in the institution
The community/service users had the chance to review the 11 23.9
budget of their service provider institution
There is corruption in the service provider institutions 14 31.8

Table 5. Service user’s view on the prevalence of transparency

Questions of transparency Category Percentage

The easiness to obtain information on laws and regulations Very difficult(1) 21.1
of your service provider institution Difficult(2) 14.2
Somewhat easy(3) 32.7
Easy(4) 19.5
Very easy(5) 11.5
The transparency of their service provider Very difficult(1) 8.8
institution’s performance Difficult(2) 54.9
Somewhat easy(3) 8.8
Easy(4) 11.5
Very easy(5) 11.5

Table 6. Condition of Good Governance in the Municipalities of Gedeo Zone

No Question Items Frequency Percent

1 There is a separate department in your 0 0
municipality responsible for provision of trainings 97 91.5
on the reform issues including good governance 9 8.5
2 The present condition of good governance in 11 10.4
their municipality is adequate /satisfactory? 89 83.9
6 5.7

treating women, disadvantage groups and the youth. issues that concerned them or not and their responses’
Customers (services users) are the main stakeholder in were yes 68.19% and no 31.81%. When the result
public institutions and is due to them that institutions are triangulated with the result obtained from the response of
framed and existing. Therefore, as indicated in the Table the sample of public institution employee, the nominal
1 only 46.82 % of them says yes but the rest 53.12% the part of analyses question number one 47.7% of the
respondents make their answer no. Still workers of public respondents were said yes about the institutional
institutions included in the study as samples witnessed framework that enables the public users or the society to
that framework consultation is not available. But it must participate in the institution and the rest 52.3% said no.
be noted that the number of respondents who answered Concerning the role of institution in encouraging citizens’
yes were not that much far less than in number. But the involvement in decision making, 47.7% of service user
disparity of their response concerning the issue indicated respondents responded that institutions encouraged them
the existence of predicaments in the institutions as far as to involve in decision making process of which that
consultation of customers concerned. concerns them while the remaining 52.3% replied no. Out
As clearly based on the interview conducted with key of the total respondents 29.5% answered yes and the
officials the main reason behind the institutions low majority 70.5% of them answered no concerning
achievement in participation was the way that institutions consultation of service users or the society by institutions
mostly favored participation to be conducted through before a program or a policy is implemented. This
suggestion boxes put in the compound of most indicates institutions were not ready for pre-policy or
institutions rather than face to face discussion with program implementation consultation of the society or
customers or their representatives. customer. This implied institutions were simply
As it is depicted in Table 2, the respondents were implemented their programs and policies having not
asked whether a community forum was prepared by the asked the society to know about their interest towards the
institutions which enabled the community to discuss new programs and/or policies.
 Tewodros. 28

The respondents clearly showed that institutions did not very low, low, medium, high and very high respectively.
invite service users or customers to evaluate their As the result clearly indicated that the service users rated
managements by responding 45.5.5% no and 54.5% yes. the services provided to them medium. They also rated
According to the result observed, service users did not their satisfaction level by the service provided institutions
able to evaluate the institutions management. This is as 11.4 % and 18.2% very dissatisfying and dissatisfying.
further strengthened by the results obtained from Where as it is only 25% and 22.7 % of the respondents
employee respondents who said 73.2% no and 26.8% who replied satisfying and very satisfying. But what was
regarding institutional mechanism that enables the special in their responses was the category fairly
society to control the administration. This is even further satisfying which had 22.7% of the respondents. From this
checked by the interviews conducted with key officials as result, we can deduce that the service users are nearly to
they said the institutions were not made directly dissatisfying. The efficiency of public institutions rated
evaluated by their service users. very poor by 11.4% of the service user respondents,
In order to know their reasons for 20.5 % of them who 18.2% of the respondents said poor, 25 % and 22.7 % of
said no, we can’t easily provide our suggestions, them rated it good and very good respectively. From the
questions, comments and complaints to service provider results observed, it can be said that respondents rated
institution a question, which says ‘if no is your answer, the efficiency of institution good. Lastly, they also rated
what do you think is the reason? ‘Was asked and most of the trust that they have towards the service provider
these respondents were said because they didn’t think (institution) as 9.1% very low, 13.6 % low , 22.7 medium
that institutions could give solution. From the rest %, 27.3 % high and 27.3% very high. This means the
respondents 4 of them said because of strong service users have a confidence over their service
bureaucratic delay, 6 of them and 5 of them said because provider.
of absence of the mechanism and because it incurs them
additional costs respectively. But in respect of the amount
of respondents, institutions have shortcomings in giving Accountability
solutions for service users’ questions, suggestions and
complaints. Institutions have also been assessed based on one of the
Regarding about whether training or workshop core elements of good governance, accountability. And
concerning the services they gained from different questions based on the sub indices of accountability were
institution. Their answers were 29.6 % no and 70.4 yes. provided to civil servant respondents and their responses
The question was intended in what ways that the society are provided in the following table.
had got information about the regulations, rules, and As table 4 showed of all respondents the majority
principles and other relevant information regarding 60.4% replied no and 39.6% yes about irregular
services. However, most of the respondents were said payments for personnel/officials of the service provider
that they didn’t get any training, workshop or conference. institution to accomplish their tasks in the institution.
For the question followed which says ‘if not, how do you Although the majority respondent said that they did not
know the rules and regulations of the institutions asked irregular payment by personnel/officials, it can be
whenever you went to the institution to get services?’ possible to conclude that irregular payments are there
most of them said informally from individuals, others, by using the result of the rest respondents (39.6%). As it is
brochures, and others still said using regional radios and displayed by table 4 concerning that service users have
television and the rest said it doesn’t necessary to know ever got the chance to review the budget of the service
the rules and regulations of the institutions concerning provider institution the large number of the respondents,
the services, rather obey what the institutions told to do 76.1%, said no. the rest 23.9% respondents said yes we
so. had got the chance to the review the budget of the
service provider institution.
Among respondents asked about whether he/she
Effectiveness and efficiency thinks that corruption in the service provider institutions
exists, 69% of them said yes and the rest 31% said no. It
Effectiveness and efficiency are one of the core elements is not that much sound to conclude that corruption in
of good governance frequently used as indicators in public institutions is prevalent, rather triangulation was
governance measurement. As an indicator of good necessary and when it triangulated with the response
governance, effectiveness and efficiency has its own sub obtained from employee respondents who said corruption
indices which are changed into operational questions and in public institutions is high (30%) and very high (12%),
included in the questionnaires of this study. the respondents of service user (71%) who said yes there
When service users’ sample respondents responded is corruption can be accepted to conclude that corruption
about the amount of services provided by the institutions, in public institution is common. Further to investigate why
they said 11.4%, 9.1%, 31.8%, 29.5% and 18.2% are corruption has become one phenomenon in public
Published by Basic Research Journal of Social and Political Science
29. Basic Res. J Soc.Polit. Sci.

institutions another question was provided for As it is clearly indicated in Table 6 , a great majority
respondents who said yes in the question above. (91.5 percent) of the total respondents confirmed that
there is no a separate department in their institutions,
responsible for the provision of trainings on the issues of
Transparency good governance. The remaining 8.5 percent of them
responded that they don’t know whether there is a
As it is displayed in Table 5, the respondents were asked separate department in their municipality so as to provide
to rate on how much is difficult or easy to obtain trainings on reform issues. In addition, the information
information on laws and regulations of your service gathered through the interviews made with officials
provider institutions. Thus, they replied that 21.1%, indicated that there is no a responsible department to
14.2%, 32.7% 19.5% and 11.5% of them said, very provide trainings on the reform issues. Therefore, it is
difficult, difficult, somewhat easy, easy and very easy possible to deduce that the town has no a separate
respectively. Thus, based on their response getting on department to provide effective trainings on the reform
laws and regulation from public institutions was issues including good governance.
somewhat easy. Respondents were also asked to rate With regard to the item number 2, in Table 6,
how much service provider institutions performances are concerning whether the present condition of good
transparent towards the public, and their responses were: governance in the public sectors is adequate, the great
not transparent (8.8%), partially transparent (54.9%), majority (83.9 percent) of the total respondents confirmed
transparent (8.8%) and totally transparent (11.5%). The that the condition is not satisfactory. About 10.4 percent of
result showed that institutions were partially transparent the respondents agreed that the present condition of good
towards their customers. governance public sector is adequate and the remaining
Of the core elements of good governance, according to 5.7 percent of the total respondents don’t know whether
UN-HABITAT, equity and equality is the one that favors the present condition of good governance is adequate. In
equal and equitable access of resources without addition, the information gathered through the interviews
discrimination, equal opportunities and treatments, etc for made with heads of the municipalities and discussion
all sections of the society such as for women, for made with key informants indicated that the present
minorities, for disadvantaged groups etc. However, this condition of good governance is unsatisfactory.
research concerned focus has given about women Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the present
especially concerning women’s position in institutions. As condition of good governance in the town is not
one of the highly emphasized issues that good adequate.
governance working for achieving is the case of women
promotion in position, thus a question that enable to
assess how much women access key positions in DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
institutions was delivered for respondents and as their
response indicated, women in key positions are very This paper tried to show how good governance is
small. 64.9% of the respondents rate the number of prevalent in public sectors in light of the four core good
women in key position in percent from 1-10% and the rest governance principles; participation, effectiveness and
respondents 9.6%, 6.4%, 9.6%, and 9.6% of them said efficiency, transparency, and accountability. Based on the
11-20%, 21-30%, and 31-40% and more than 40% result of this study, institutions assessed have not been
respectively. This needs immediate attention for found perfectly effective in any of the four good governance
solutions. In addition, by the interview conducted with key indicators used in the study. Instead were found relatively
informants (officials) what was proved was the institutions effective in some of the sub indices of the indicators and
limited effort in bringing women in leadership position in ineffective in some other indices of the indicators.
the institutions. Availability of forum for the women, youth and specially the
disadvantaged group of a society is one among the
different criteria’s which enabled institutions to perform
Conditions and consequences of lack of good well in treating the group of the society under discussion.
governance Ignoring them implies ignoring of more than half of the
productive part of the population of the area. And it has
It is increasingly being seen as panacea for governance become impossible for institutions to achieve good
problems of developing countries and considered as a governance and poverty reduction without women, young
holistic approach for development in a development and disadvantaged parts of the society. In this regard,
debate. With this regard, issues related with the very poor achievements were observed on the part of
present condition, the possible consequences of lack of institutions in accommodating them. This greatly affects
good governance and common challenges of good the overall performance of the institutions and led them to
governance in the town so far are summarized as follows. score weak institutional achievements. The rest variable in
Published by Basic Research Journal of Social and Political Science
 Tewodros. 30

this section was by far better. In principle, institutions African Governance Report (2004). Economic Commission for Africa,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, retrieved from www.uneca.org
management needs to be open for public review and African Governance Report (2005). Economic Commission for Africa,
evaluation. For service provider institution making a Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, retrieved from www.uneca.org
survey of transparency and accountability level must be Amoko KY (2003). Good governance in Africa paper presented at the
the major activities, failed to do this lead the failure of the Harvard international development conference on Governance and
Development in a dynamic Global Environment, Boston,
institution as an institution. In this regard a great gap was
Massachusetts.
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accountability has evaluated at the middle level. From Draft working paper> in recent development in international law
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Daniel K, Aart KM (2003). Governance matters II: Governance indicator
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Kumera K (2011). Decentralized governance and service delivery: a
help me to accomplish my study. The author is also case study of Digelu and woreda of Arsi zone in Oromia region, Addis
grateful to all civil servants and service users of eleven Ababa, 2011.
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