Staad Foundation Advanced

STAAD Foundation Advanced
CONNECT Edition (v8.0)
Verification Manual
Last Updated: September 25, 2015
Table of Contents
Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

Chapter 1: Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004]) .............................................................6
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1 ..............................................................................................................................................18
Chapter 2: British Code (BS8110-1-1997) .................................................................................. 27
2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 27
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation ..........................................................................................................................................................89
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity ..................................................................................................................94
Chapter 3: Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004) ...........................................................................104
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 104
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 110
3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3 ...............................................................................................................................116
3.4 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 119
3.5 CSA General Combined Foundation s1 ........................................................................................................................ 127
Chapter 4: Indian Code (IS 456 -2000) ..................................................................................... 129
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1 ...........................................................................................................................................129
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6 ........................................................................................................................................ 148
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 161
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 167
4.12 IS Pilecap 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................185
4.13 IS Pilecap 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................192
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 200
STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

Chapter 5: United States Code (ACI 318 -2005) ....................................................................... 204
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 204
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1 .................................................................................................................................... 243
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................267
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1 .............................................................................................................................................298
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning ....................................................................................304
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading ............................................................................................312
5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1 ........................................................................319
5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 2 ........................................................................321
Chapter 6: Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005) .........................................................................325
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1 .......................................................................................................................................................325
Chapter 7: Drilled Pier Foundations ........................................................................................ 364
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API ................................................................................................................................................. 364
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API ................................................................................................................................................. 369
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA ........................................................................................................................................... 375
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA ........................................................................................................................................... 380
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC ............................................................................................................................................ 385
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic ..............................................................................................................................................390
Chapter 8: Plant Foundation ................................................................................................... 395
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 395
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design ........................................................................................................................................405
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design ........................................................................................................................................414
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1 ........................................................................................................................424
8.13 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1 ............................................................................................................................ 433

8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 442
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 449
Chapter 9: Chinese Code (GB50007-2002) ............................................................................... 458
9.1 Cone Footing Design ....................................................................................................................................................................458
9.2 PKPM Isolated Footing Design ................................................................................................................................................466
9.3 Stepped Foundation Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 470
9.4 PKPM Stepped Footing Design ................................................................................................................................................478
9.5 Combined Foundation ................................................................................................................................................................ 483
9.6 Pile Foundation Design .............................................................................................................................................................. 492
Chapter 10: Technical Support .............................................................................................. 504
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 505
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................512

Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD Foundation Advanced () verification
problems. Verification Problems can be found under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or particular foundation
type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title (e.g., AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding
STAAD Foundation Advanced file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program results is provided
for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.

Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])
1
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 500 mm, GWT is 200 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2

General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2

Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN
Weight of above soil = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.500 x 18 KN = 51.84 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x 9.81 KN = 39.554 KN
Load due to surcharge = 2.4 x2.4 x 10 KN =57.6 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+57.6 +51.84+57.6 -39.554 ) KN = 627.486 KN
Maximum pressure = 627.486 /(2.4x2.4) = 108.94 KN/ m2
108.94 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
Comparison
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2 108.94 108.63 Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 313.74 312.87 Negligible

(x), KN
Resisting Moment for 752.98 750.87 Negligible

Overturning (z), KNm

(z), KN

Overturning (x), KNm


Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=50 KNm, Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 N/m2, fy =
450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5 (Include SW for Factored Design)
Figure 2: Plan and Elevation
Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz

σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz

Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4 m (4 m) (0.73 m) (25 KN/m3) = 292.0 KN
Column reaction load = 1,500 KN
Total Vertical load V = 1,792 KN
Zz = Z · X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.67 m3
Zx = Z · X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.67 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 112 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 102.6 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 112 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 121.37 KN/m2
Max stress = 122 KN/m2 <150 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN) = 896 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN) = 896 KN
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 · (4 m) · (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm

Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5

Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 292 KN + 1.4(1,500 KN) = 2,392 KN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 156.07 KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 142.93 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 150 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 149.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left)
F = (156.07 + 150.0)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,132.46 KN
LA = (150.0 + 2 · 156.07) (1.85 m) /[3(150.0 + 156.07)] = 0.932 m
Mu(left) = F · LA = 1,132.46 KN (0.932 m) = 1,055.4 KNm
Similarly, the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right):
F = (142.93 + 149.01)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,080.2 KN
LA = (142.93 + 2 · 149.01) (1.85 m) /[3(142.93 + 149.01)] = 0.919 m
Mu(right) = F · LA = 1,080.2 KN (0.919 m) = 992.7 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(Z) = 1,056 KNm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

deff = (730 - 50 - 0.5 x 16) mm = 672 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Kumax = 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3.891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 5,622.7 KNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93 KN/m2(left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 156.07 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 149.01 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 150.0 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section Mu (left)
F = (142.93 + 149.01)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,080.2 KN
LA = (142.93 + 2 · 149.01) (1.85 m) /[3(142.93 + 149.01)] = 0.919 m
Mu(right) = F · LA = 1,080.2 KN (0.919 m) = 992.7 KNm
Similarly, the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right):

F = (156.07 + 150.0)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,132.46 KN

LA = (150.0 + 2 · 156.07) (1.85 m) /[3(150.0 + 156.07)] = 0.932 m
Mu(left) = F · LA = 1,132.46 KN (0.932 m) = 1,055.4 KNm
So max moment with respect to the X axis, Mu(X) = 1,056 KNm

deff = (730 - 50 - 0.5 x 16) mm = 672 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
γ = 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take γ = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
Ku = 0.34 · γ · (1 - 0.2 · γ) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Kumax · (1 - Kumax /2) = 3.891
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] = 5,622.7 KNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Area of Steel Required along X dir

Calculation required steel for balanced section, Astx = 4,427 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.002 · b · d = 5,376 mm2
So, provided area of steel = 5,376 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Calculation required steel for balanced section, Astx = 4,427 m2m

Check for One-Way Shear

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 156.07 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) · 1.178/4= 152.2 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) · (4 - 1.178)/4 = 146.8
kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (156.07 + 152.2)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m) = 726.3 kN
Shear at the right critical section:
F = (142.93 + 146.8)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m) = 682.6 kN
Critical shear is 727 kN
Developed shear stress, τv = 726.3 kN (103)/[4,000 (672)] = 0.44 N/mm2
τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 672/1,000) = 1.021
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ · ß1 · ß2 · ß3. · [Ast · fc/(b · d)]1/3 = 0.75{1.021(1)(1)[5,376 · 25/(4,000 · 672)]1/3} = 0.282
N/mm2
Hence OK

Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 156.07 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) · (4 - 1.178)/4 = 146.8 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) · 1.178/4= 152.2 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (142.93 + 146.8)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m) = 682.6 kN
Shear at the right critical section:
F = (156.07 + 152.2)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m) = 726.3 kN
Critical shear is 727 kN
Developed shear stress, τv = 726.3 kN (103)/[4,000 (672)] = 0.27 N/mm2
τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 672/1,000) = 1.021
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ · ß1 · ß2 · ß3. · [Ast · fc/(b · d)]1/3 = 0.75{1.021(1)(1)[5,376 · 25/(4,000 · 672)]1/3} = 0.282
N/mm2
Hence OK

Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face.
Pm = 3,888 mm
Vmax = 2,251 kN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 2,251 kN (10)3/(3,888 mm · 672 mm) = 0.862 N/mm2
Punching shear stress capacity
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
τv < τc
Hence safe

Comparison
Corner Pressure, KN/m2 112 111.9 None

102.6 102.6
112 111.9
102.6 121.32
Resisting force for sliding, 896 895.6 None

KN
896 895.6
Resisting Moment for 3,584 3,582.3 None

Overturning, KNm
3,584 3,582.3

General Combined Foundation 1
Shear Force (One-Way), 727 726 Negligible

KN
727 735
Resisting Shear Stress 0.284 0.284 None

(One-Way), N/mm2
0.284 0.284
Shear Force (Two-Way), 2251 2250 None

KN
Resisting Shear Stress 1.19 1.19 None

(Two-Way), N/mm2
Governing Flexural 1,056 1,054 None

Moment, KNm
1,056 1,054
Resisting Flexural 5,622 5,622 None

Moment, KNm
5,622 5,622
Reinforcement provided 5,376 ea. way 5,376 ea. way None

in design, mm2
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,000 mm .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm. Depth of GWT=250 mm.

Approximate area of footing required = 2(600)/115 m2 = 10.435 m2

Assuming 5 m x 2.8 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 (2.8) (0.600) (25) = 210 KN
Weight of pedestal=2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = [5(2.8) - 2(0.3)(0.3)] · 0.450 · 18 = 111.9 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5(2.8) · (0.45 + 0.6 - 0.25) · 9.81 KN = 109.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 · 600 + 210 + 2.25 + 111.9 - 109.9) KN = 1,414.3 KN
Maximum pressure= 1,414.3 /(5 · 2.8) = 101.0 KN/ m2
101 KN/ m2 < 105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
About Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation = 1,414.3 KN
max resisting Moment = 5 m · 1,414.3 KN /2 =3,535.6 KNm

Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 2.8 m · 1,414.3 KN /2 = 1,980 KNm
Hence OK
Comparison
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2 101 101 None
Resisting Moment for 3,535.8 3,535 None

Overturning (Z), KNm
Resisting Moment for 1,980 1,980 None

Overturning (X), KNm

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two col., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm .
overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 11.5 m2

Assuming 5 m x 3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m · 3 m · 0.500 m · 25 = 187.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600 + 550 + 187.5 + 2.25) KN = 1,339.8 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1,339.8 KN/(5 m · 3 m) = 89.3 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5 m from left end
CG of load = (1 m · 600 KN + 4 m · 550 KN)/(600 KN + 550 KN) = 2.435 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.435 = 0.065 m
So Moment Mz = P · e = 1,150 KN (0.065 m) = 75 KNm
Zz = 3 · 52/6 = 12.5 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 75 KNm/12.5 m3 = 6 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 89.3 + 6 = 95.3 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A - M/Z = 89.3 - 6 = 83.3 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
95.3 KN/m2 < 100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth

Moment About Z Axis (sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 172 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5 · 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Rumax = 0.85 · fc · γ · Ku · (1 - γ · Ku /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 · 0.24/2) = 3.891 N/mm2
Mumax = ϕ [Rumax · b · d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 · 3,000 mm · (444 mm)2]10-6 = 1,840 KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 201 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5 · 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24

Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (3 - 0.3)/2 = 1.35 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 107.34 N/mm2 (5 m) (1.35 m)2/2 =489.1 KNm
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5 · 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
γ = 0.85 - 0.007 · (fc - 28) = 0.87
take γ = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
Ku = 0.34 ·γ · (1 - 0.2 · λ) = 0.34 · 0.85(1 - 0.2 · 0.85) = 0.24
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Area of Steel Required

Along X Direction (Bottom)
Astx = 1,083 mm2
Provided area = 2,664 mm2
Along X Direction (Top)
Astx = 1,268 mm2
Along Z Direction (Bottom)
Therefore, Astz = 3,096 mm2

Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces

Developed shear stress V = 299.5(10)3/(3,000 · 444) = 0.225 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2

ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2716
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.488 N/mm2
Vumax = 299.5 KN
Developed shear stress, τv = 299.5(10)3/(3,000 · 444) = 0.225 N/mm2
τcmax = 0.2 · fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 444/1,000) = 1.272
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc = ϕ · ß1 · ß2 · ß3. · [Ast · fc/(b · d)]1/3 = 0.7{1.272(1)(1)[2,664 · 25/(3,000 · 444)]1/3} = 0.328
N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 · d from the column face.
Two way shear = 777.8 KN
Pm = 4 · (300 mm + 444 mm) = 2,976 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 777.8 KN · 1000/(2,976 mm · 444 mm) = 0.589 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
τv < τc , Hence safe
For Column Two
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
Two way shear= 713.4 KN
Pm = 2,976 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 713.4 KN · 1000/(2,976 mm · 444 mm) = 0.540 N/mm2
τc = ϕ · [0.34 · √(fc)] = 0.7 · [0.34 · √(25)] = 1.19 N/mm2

Comparison
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2 95.3 95.32 None

83.3 83.32
Governing Moment, KNm 172 167 Negligible

201 201
489 512
Resisting Moment, KNm 1,840 1,840 None
1,840 1,840
3,068 3,068
Shear Force (One-Way), 299.5 299.4 None

KN
Shear capacity (One-Way), 0.328 0.328 None

N/mm2
Shear Force (Two-Way), 777.8 777.8 None

KN
713.4 713.4
Shear capacity (Two- 1.19 1.19 None

Way), N/mm2

Overturning (Z), KNm

Overturning (X), KNm

British Code (BS8110-1-1997)
2
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 333 and Example: 11.1.
Problem
A column 400 mm X 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The safe bearing
pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement
is grade 460.
Figure 6: Bending section considered

Figure 7: One way shear section considered
Figure 8: Two way shear section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1,178.125 kN.
Area required = 1,178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1,600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2

The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.

MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Try an overall depth of 500 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 500 – 40 – 20 – 10 = 430 mm.
M 352.8 × 106
K = = = 0.022 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU 2, 500 × 4302 × 35
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.975d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 352.8 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 430
= 1, 976.1mm2
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1,625 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2,010.62 mm2.
One Way Shear

The critical section Y1 Y1 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.2.
Design shear force, VU = 256 x (2.5 /2 – 0.43 – 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 = 396.8 kN
Design shear stress, v = 396.9(10)3 / (2500 x 430) = 0.369 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min
100 × 1, 976.309 1/3
2, 500 × 430
3
)} { ( )}
400
max 430
1
1/4
( 3525 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1838)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 0.402N/mm2 > v
1.25 1.25
(Hence Safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The critical perimeter is
shown in Figure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 × 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 – 1.692) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 × 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).

Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2,010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 × 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
Comparison
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison
Value of Reference Results STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Effective Depth (mm) 430 430 None
Governing Moment 352.8 352.8 None

(kN·m)
Area of Steel 1,976.31 1,976.31 None
Shear Stress (One-Way) 0.369 0.369 None

(N/mm2)
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 0.3 0.3 None

(N/mm2)

Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 340 and Example: 11.2.
Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following table. The
proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150
kN / m2. The materials to be used in the foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.

Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load 770 78
Imposed Load 330 34
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.

Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 + 163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 - 163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.

Calculation of Reinforcement Along Shorter Span (X1- X1):

Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.955 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 – 40 – 10 = 450 mm.
M 352.8 × 106
K = = = 0.022 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU 2, 500 × 4302 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.975d
M YY 395.955 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 450
= 2, 119.5mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3,600 x 500 / 100 = 2,340 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Longer Span (Y1-Y1):

Pressure at section Y1 Y1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 162.7 kN / m2.
Moment(MX) = (162.7 x 2.8 x 1.575)x(1.575 / 2)+(0.5 x 1.575 x (186.38 – 162.7) x 2.8)x(2 / 3 x 1.575) =
619.862 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 – 40 – 20 –10 = 430 mm.
M 619.862 × 106
K = = = 0.034 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU 2, 800 × 4302 × 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.96d

M YY 619.862 × 106
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 430
= 3, 472.3mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2,800 x 500 / 100 = 1,820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
One Way Shear Along Section Y2-Y2:

The critical section Y2 Y2 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 177.78 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 177.78 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 569.96 kN
Design shear stress, v = 569.96 / (2.8 × 0.43) =473.388 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min
100 × 3, 472.334 1/3
2, 800 × 430
3
)} { ( )}
400
max 430
1
1/4
( 3525 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1838)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 0.467N/mm2 > v
1.25 1.25
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.

Vce = 1.5 x 0.467(1,000) = 700.7 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)

Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X2-X2:

The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
Design shear stress, v = 415.85 / (3.6 × 0.45) =256.698 kN / m2
vc1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)

{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ ( 100 × 2, 340
0.79 min 3, 600 × 430
3
)} { ( ) }
1/3 400
max 450
1
1/4
( 3525 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1512)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 0.377N/mm2 > v
1.25 1.25

Vce = 1.5 x 0.377(1,000) = 564.9 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Punching Shear
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a distance 1.5d
from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 × 3.6 × 132.28 + 0.5 × 3.6 × 2.8 × (186.38 – 132.28) = 1,606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 × 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 × (172.4 – 146.255) = 482.38 kN
Punching shear force = 1,606.05 – 482.38 = 1,123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1,123.67 / (6.96 × 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.

Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Effective Depth (X-X) 430 430 None

(mm)
Effective Depth (Y-Y) 450 450 None

(mm)
Governing Moment (My) 395.955 395.943 None

(kN·m)
Governing Moment (Mx) 619.862 619.909 None

(kN·m)
Area of Steel (Along X-X) 2,340.00 2,340.00 None
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y) 3,472.2334 3,472.2334 None
Shear Stress (One-Way) 473.388 444.81 Negligible

(Y1-Y1) (kN/m2)

(X1-X1) (kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5


Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m2 = 117.45 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m2 = 141.676 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK

Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
M ux
K = = 0.0253 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
deff = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
M ux
K = = 0.0253 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.971d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3, 862.3 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 3253.25 mm2

Along Z Direction

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.971d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 3, 862.3 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 3253.25 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B × de
= 0.1689
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.85 2− 0.3 − 0.594) = 644.18 kN

Developed shear stress V = 644.18×103 / (38.50 × 594) = 0.282 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.352N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.704N/mm2
So V < Vce , Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.1689
V u,max = 141.676 × 3.85 × ( 3.85 2− 0.3 − 0.594) = 644.18 kN

Developed shear stress V = 644.18×103 / (38.50 × 594) = 0.282 N/mm2

vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.352N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.704N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 4.3347 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 1,485.87 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.3 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1< Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.352N/mm2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 862.3 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 110mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm

In the Z Direction
3, 862.3 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
π × 12 2
3, 850 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 35 − 1
= 110mm
Check For Development Length

Along x & Z direction
Max dia permitted =25 mm
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x ϕ / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
available length = 1,725 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 117.45 117.45 None
Ku 0.0253 0.0252 Negligible
Governing Moment 859.26 856.92 Negligible

(kN·m)


Advanced Result
Shear Force(One-Way) 644.18 642.87 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1,485.87 1,483.64 Negligible

(kN)
Steel required (mm2) 3,862 3,851 0.28% ( Negligible)
Resisting force for sliding 870.43 870.43 None

(kN)
Resisting Moment for 3,351.1 3,351.1 None

Overturning (kN·m)

Reference
Problem
= 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Soil cover above footing =500 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2

Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m2 = 98.9 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m2 = 99.678 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.5 x 2.5 / 2 = 1651 KN-m
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
M ux
K = = 0.026 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
M ux
K = = 0.026 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6, 351.7 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 × B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along Z Direction

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 6, 351.7 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 5,167.5 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.173
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 −2 0.3 − 0.692) = 955.2 kN

Developed shear stress V = 955.2(103)/(5300 x 692) = 0.26N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.173N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.354N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.708N/mm2

Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.173
V u,max = 99.68 × 5.3 × ( 5.3 −2 0.3 − 0.692) = 955.2 kN

Developed shear stress V = 955.2(103)/(5300 x 692) = 0.26N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.173N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.354N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.708N/mm2
Punching Shear
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,237.3 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ×( b + h + 6d) = 9.504 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.345 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.173N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.354N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
6, 352 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5, 300 − 50 × 2 − 16
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 165mm

In the Z Direction
6, 352 × 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
π × 16 2
5, 300 − 50 × 2 − 16
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 165mm

Along X & Z direction
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 98.9 98.75 Negligible
Governing Moment 1,651 1,647.74 Negligible

(kN·m)


Advanced Result

(kN)

(kN)
Steel required (mm2) 6,352 6,357.6 Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1389.75 1374.762 (kN) Negligible

(kN)
Resisting Moment for 7,365 7,148.63 Negligible

Overturning (kN·m)

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 KN, Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = 1,200/120 m2 = 10 m2

Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3

Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
= 118.694 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5×1,449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1,449.8 = 2,645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×3.63×1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885 / 80 = 33.074
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment= (139.922 +127.239) × 0.5 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 816.68 KN
Lever arm =(127.239 + 2 × 139.922) x 1.675/ 3× (139.922 + 127.239) = 0.8508 m
Moment = F× LA = 694.84 KN·m
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 692 mm

M ux
K = = 0.016 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 126.103 × 1.675 × 3.65 = 770.97 KN
Lever arm = 1.675×0.5 = 0.823 m
Moment = F× LA =646.08 KNm
M ux
K = = 0.01481 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe

Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.983d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 594 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 3,559 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 2, 412 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2

Along X Direction

100 Ast
= 0.14
V u,max =
1
2
(139.922 + 132.479) × 0.983 × 3.65 = 488.69 kN
Developed shear stress V = 488.69(10)3/(3,650×692) = 0.19 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.14N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.329N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.658N/mm2

Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.141
Vumax = 126.103 x 0.983 x 3.65 = 452.46 KN

Developed shear stress V = 452.46(10)3 / (3,650 ×692) = 0.177 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.141N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.329N/mm2

2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.658N/mm2
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.376 ×2.376 = 7.68 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 968.11 kN
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.1472 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.14N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2

({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.329N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2
3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm

In the Z Direction

3, 559 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
π × 12 2
3, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 32 − 1
= 115mm

ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
available length = 1725 mm
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Corner Pressure (KN/m2) 118.69 118.69 None

98.95 98.95
98.95 98.95
118.69 118.69

0.0156 0.0158

(KN·m)
694.84 692.8
Shear Force ,One-Way 488.69 486.65 Negligible

(KN)
452.46 456.42
Shear Force, Two-Way 968.11 961.62 Negligible

(KN)


Advanced Result
Steel required (mm2) 3,558.75 3,558.75 None

3,558.75 3,558.75

(KN)
724.9 724.898
Resisting Moment for 2,645.8 2,645.8 Same

Overturning (KN·m)
2,645.8

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Fx = 100 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,

Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2

Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm
Dry wt of soil = 0
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3

Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
= 89.5 KN/m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =100 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.65x 1851.37 = 4304.43 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment=1/2 x (102.552+97.472) x2.175x4.65 = 1011.5 KN
Lever arm =(97.472 + 2 x 102.552) x 2.175/ 3x (97.472+102.552) = 1.097m
Moment = Fx LA = 1,109.62 KNm
deff = (650-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 594 mm
M ux
K = = 0.027 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe

Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 97.122 x 2.175 x 4.65 = 982.27 KN
Lever arm =2.175 x 0.5 = 1.088 m
Moment = Fx LA =1,068.71 KNm
M ux
K = = 0.02606 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe


Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.969d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 890 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 706 mm2


Along X Direction

Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, from the face of column

100 Ast
= 0.178
V u,max =
1
2
(102.552 + 98.86) × 1.581 × 4.65 = 740.36 kN
Developed shear stress V = 740.36(10)3/ (4,650×594) = 0.268N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.178N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.356N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.712N/mm2

Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
100 Ast
= 0.171
Vumax = 97.122×1.58×4.65= 714 kN

Developed shear stress V = 714(10)3/ (4,650×594) = 0.258 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.171N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.351N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.702N/mm2

Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.082×2.082 =4.3347 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 1,679 KN
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.3394 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.171N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.351N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 890 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 44
π × 12 2
4, 650 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 44 − 1
= 105mm

In the Z Direction
4, 706 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 42
π × 12 2
4, 890 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 42 − 1
= 105mm



ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Corner Pressure (kN/m2) 81.75 81.74 None

89.5 89.5
89.5 89.5
81.75 81.74
Ku 0.02606 0.026 None

0.027 0.0269
Governing Moment 1,068.71 1,065.83 Negligible

(kN·m)
1,109.62 1,103.31
Shear Force (One-Way) 740.36 736.98 Negligible

(kN)
714 712
Shear Force (Two-Way) 1,679 1,677 Negligible
Steel required (mm2) 4,890 4,959.354 Negligible

4,706 4,790.8

(kN)
925.68 925.68

Overturning (kN·m)
4,304.43 4,304.43


Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 460 MPa,
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2


Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm

Dry wt of soil = 0
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 92KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 85 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.81 KN/m2
= 98.81 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.45×1821.8 = 4,053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4,053.5 / 50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5 × 1,821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.45× 1821.8 = 4,053.5 KNm

Hence FOS=4,053.5 / 50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK

About Z Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= ( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= ( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m2
Force creating Moment = (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN
Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
Moment = F× LA = 1047.85 KNm
deff = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
M ux
K = = 0.027 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m2
Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN

Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m

Moment = Fx LA = 1047.85 KNm
deff = (650-50-0.5 × 12) mm = 594 mm
M ux
K = = 0.027 < 0.156
bd 2 f CU
Hence safe

Along X Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.969d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 165 mm2

Along Z Direction
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.969d
So, Z= 0.95d

M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 4, 165 mm2


Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.158
V u,max =
1
2
(110.814 + 107.642) × 1.481 × 4.45 = 719.87 kN
Developed shear stress V = 720(10)3 / (4,450×594) = 0.272 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.158N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.342N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.684N/mm2

Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.158
V u,max =
1
2
(110.814 + 107.642) × 1.481 × 4.45 = 719.87 kN
Developed shear stress V = 452.46(10)3 / (3,650×692) = 0.272 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.158N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.342N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.684N/mm2

Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.082×2.082 = 4.335 m2
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 1,640 KN
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 0.3315 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Vm1 < Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.158N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.342N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 165 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
π × 12 2
4, 450 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 37 − 1
= 120mm

In the Z Direction
4, 165 × 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
π × 12 2
4, 450 − 50 × 2 − 12
Spacing = 37 − 1
= 120mm

Comparison

Advanced Result
Corner Pressure (kN/m2) 92 92 None

85.2 85.91
92 92
98.81 98.81

0.027 0.0266
Governing Moment 1,047.85 1,045 Negligible

(kN·m)
1,047.85 1,045
Shear Force (One-Way) 720 718.71 Negligible

(kN)
720 718.71
Shear Force (Two-Way) 1,640 1,638 Negligible

(kN)
Steel required 12 @ 120 c/c 12 @ 118 c/c Negligible

(kN)
910.9 910.8
Resisting Moment for 4,053.5 4,053.4 Same

Overturning (kN·m)
4,053.5 4,053.4

Reference

Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN each column, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil = 400 mm. Depth of GWT = 200 mm
Approximate area of footing required = 2x500/150 m2 = 6.67 m2

( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.5 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 112.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 1.5-0.3x0.3x2 )x 0.400 x18 KN = 52.704 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 1.5 x (0.4+0.6-0.2) x9.81 KN = 58.86 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+112.5 +2.25+52.704 -58.86) KN = 1,108.6 KN
Maximum pressure= 1108.6 /(5 x1.5) = 147.82 KN/ m2
147.82 KN/ m2 < 150 KN/m2
Hence safe

2 ( 500 )( 1.4 )
Ultimate pressure = 5 ( 1.5 )
= 186.7kN/m 2
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5×1,108.6 = 2,771.5 kN·m
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 ×1.5 ×1,108.6 = 831.45 kN·m
Hence OK

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 140 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 544 mm
M ux 140(10)6
K = = = 0.013 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(1, 500)(544)2
Hence OK
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 174.9 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 544 mm
M ux 174.9(10)6
K = = = 0.0158 ≃ 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(1, 500)(544)2
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.5 - 0.3) / 2 = 0.6 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 186.667×5×0.62 / 2 =168 kN·m
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 544 mm
M ux 168(10)6
K = = = 0.0035 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(6, 500)(544)2

Hence OK

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.998d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 637 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D = 1,170 mm2 ( as fy > 250)

Provided area = 1,170 m2m
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.998d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 792 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013 x B x D = 1170 mm2 ( as fy>250)

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.994d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 761 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.143
Vumax = 225.68 KN
Developed shear stress V = 225.68(10)3 / (1,500×544) = 0.276 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.331N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Two-way shear = 3.24 kN
Pm = 300×2+300×2 = 544×12 = 7,728 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 3.24(10)3 / (7,728×544) =0.00077 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1 , Hence safe

For Column Two
Two-way shear = 3.24 KN
Pm =300×2+300×2 = 544×12 = 7,728 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d)= 3.24(10)3 / (7,728×544) =0.00077 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
τv < Vt1, Hence safe

Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

Advanced Result
Governing Moment 140 135.77 Negligible

(kN·m)
174.9 174.9
168 168
Shear Force (One-Way) 225.68 225.69 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 3.24 3.24 None

(kN)
3.24 3.24
Resisting Moment for 2,771.5 2,771.5 Negligible

Overturning (Z) (kN·m)

Overturning (X) (kN·m)

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, Mz = 30 KNm, each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height 500 mm. and C/C column distance = 3,500
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 140 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
No soil above footing and dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 2×600/140 m2 = 8.57 m2

Assuming 5.9 m×1.7 m×0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m × 1.7 m × 0.500 × 25 kN = 125.375 kN
Weight of pedestal = 2×0.3×0.3×0.5×25 = 2.25 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2×600 + 125.375 × 2.25) kN = 1,327.63 kN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1,327.63 /(5.9 x1.7) = 132.37 KN/ m2
Total Moment = 30 + 30 = 60 KNm
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Eccentricity =2.95 - 2.9 =0.05 m
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = 1,200×0.05 = 60 KNm
Z = 1.7 × 5.92 / 6 = 9.863 m3
So M/Z = 6.09 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z= 138.46 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 126.28 KN/m2

138.46 KN/ m2 <140 KN/m2

Hence safe
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×5.9×1327.63 = 3,916.5085 KNm
So FOS = 3,916.5085 / 60 = 65.27 >1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5×1.7×1,327.63 = 1,128.48 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 214 kN·m
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 444 mm
M ux 214(10)6
K = = = 0.0255 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(1, 700)(444)2
Hence OK
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 231.62 kN·m
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 444 mm
M ux 231.6(10)6
K = = = 0.0276 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(1, 700)(444)2
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.7 - 0.3) / 2 = 0.7 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (158.98 + 176.02)/2×5.9×0.72/2 =242.122 kN·m
deff = (500 - 50 - 0.5×12) mm = 444 mm

M ux 242(10)6
K = = = 0.00756 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 25(6, 500)(444)2
Hence OK

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.971d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 637 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.968d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 285 mm2

(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 1, 343 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013×B×D =3,835 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.17
Vumax = 347.24 kN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
0.79(V 1)1/3(V 2)1/4(V 3)

Vc = 1.25
= 0.351N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.702N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Pm = 300×2 + 300×2 = 444×12 = 6,528 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 380.43(10)3 / (6,528×544) = 0.131 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v

For Column Two
Pm = 300×2 + 300×2 = 444×12 = 6,528 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm × d) = 407.34(10)3 / (6,528×544) = 0.14 N/mm2
vt 1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v

Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

Mat Combined Foundation
Comparison

Advanced Result
126.28 126.28
Governing Moment 214 212 Negligible

(kN·m)
231.62 231.78
242.122 249.42
Shear Force (One-Way) 347.24 347.24 None

(kN)
Shear Force (Two-Way) 380.42 380.43 None

(kN)
407.34 407.34


2.10 Mat Combined Foundation

Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 351 and Example: 11.4
Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is not to exceed 2.0
m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement.

Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.

Total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130 = 1,250 kN.
Area of base = 1,250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1,249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m2.
Load Case I (DL & IL on both the column)

The ultimate loads are,
Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
The distance of center of gravity from column 1 is checked for service load case 1:
x = (954 x 2.5)/(690 + 954) = 1.45 m.

The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1:

Base area = 4.5 x 2 =9.0 m2,
Base modulus = 2 x 4.52 / 6 = 6.75 m3.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1249.6 kN.
The moment about the centerline of the base is,
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – (310 + 160) 1.45 = 1.0 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1249.6 / 9 + 1 / 6.75 = 138.9 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Total uniformly distributed upward load = (690 + 954) / (4.5 x 2 / 2) = 365.33 kN / m.
Load Case II (DL & IL on column 1; DL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.0 x 430 = 430 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 129.6 = 1,029.6 kN.
M = 430 X 1.54 – (310 + 160) 0.96 = 230 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1,029.6 / 9 + 230 / 6.75 = 148.47 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Load Case III (DL on column 1; DL & IL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.0 x 310 = 310 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,089.6 kN.
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – 310 X 1.45 = 233 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1,089.6 / 9 + 233 / 6.75 = 155.59 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)

Design of Longitudinal (Bottom) Steel

The maximum negative BM from Figure 6.18 is 221.7 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 221.7(10)6
K = = = 0.0104 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 35(2, 000)(550)2
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.988d

M XX 221.7(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 971 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1,808 mm2.
Design of Transverse (Top) Steel

The maximum positive BM from Figure 6.18 is 99.7 kN-m.
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2 = 550 mm.
M ux 99.7(10)6
K = = = 0.004 < 0.156
f CU bd 2 35(2, 000)(550)2
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.995d
M XX 99.7(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 460 × (0.95 × 550)
= 437 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×2000×600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
Calculation of Vertical Shear

The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is V = 250.8 kN,
250.8(10)3
V = 2, 000 × 550
= 0.228N/mm2
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (100 × 1, 808
0.79 min 2, 000 × 550
3
)} { ( )}
1/3 400
max 550
1
1/4
( 3525 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1644)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 0.39 N/mm2 > v
1.25 1.25
Punching Shear Check

The critical perimeter for punching shear check is at 1.5 d distance from the face of the column. Here the
perimeter crosses the boundary of the base on two sides. Hence punching shear is less critical than the vertical
shear in this case.

General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Comparison

Advanced Result
Max Bending Moment (-) 221.7 201.204 9.2

(kN·m)
Max Bending Moment (+) 99.7 108.94 9.2

(kN·m)
Area of Steal Required 780 780 None

(mm2/m)
Base Pressure (kN/m2) 138.84 136 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx = -300 KN
Fy = -500 KN
Fz= -200 KN
Mz = 45.89 KNm
Mx =-98.32 KNm
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Depth of Soil = 0.5m
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum

Coefficient of Friction (μ) = 0.5

Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (σ) = 120 KN/m2
Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5
Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete (fc’) = M-30 = 4,349.39 Psi
Strength of steel (fy) = Fe-415

Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m×5.0m×1.0m
Determination of base area of footing

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = (500 + 0.10 x 500)/ 120= 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m x 5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).
Using a depth of 1m;
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0×5.0×1×25) = 625 kN
Wt. of soil = 14×0.5×[(5.0×5.0) – (0.3×0.3)] = 174.37 kN
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz = +45.89 – ( -300×1) + ( -500×0.3) = 195.89 kN·m
Mx = - 98.32 +( -200×1) – ( -500×0.3) = -148.32 kN·m
The pressure at the four corners are given by:-
σ1 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 47.283 kN/m2
σ2 = ((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 28.478 kN/m2
σ3 =((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) = 42.717 kN/m2
σ4 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) =61.522 kN/m2
which is < 120 kN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 kN
Restoring Force = m×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu×(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 kN
Hence, Factor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About X- Direction

Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32– 200×(0 +1) =
-298.32 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 –Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) × Width of
Footing×0.5 = 3,098.425 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mz + Fx× (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300× (0 +1) =
345.89 kN·m
Restoring Moment = Fy × (Width of Footing ×0.5 –Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) × Width of
Footing*0.5 = 3,398.425 kN·m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Base Pressure for Shear and Moment Calculation

The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /5.03) - (6×148.32 /5.03) = 22.2834 kN/m2
σ2 = (500/25) - (6×195.89 /5.03) - (6×148.32 /5.03) = 3.47792 kN/m2
σ3 =(500/ 25) - (6×195.89 /5.03) + (6×148.32 /5.03) = 17.7167 kN/m2
σ4 = (500/ 25) + (6×195.89 /5.03) + (6×148.32 /5.03) = 36.52208 kN/m2
Check for Flexure and Calculation for Reinforcement

Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are used. For this
problem, the factors used are all 1.0
Figure 36: Bending about major axes

Bending About Z-axis Bending About X-axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column

About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
= (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
= (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
= 27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 kN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48 kN·m
Effective depth (d) = 1000 – 50 – 20 = 930 mm
Mu 264.48(10)6
K = = = 0.0020386 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 5, 000(930)2(30)
Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9977d
M XX 264.48(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.9977 × 930)
= 723 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
About Z- axis
= (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 kN/m2
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
= 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 –19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874 kN·m
Effective depth (d) = 1,000 – 50 – 20 = 930 mm
Mu 264.48(10)6
K = = = 0.0020386 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 5, 000(930)2(30)

Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −
K
0.9
) = 0.9961d
M ZZ 457.87(10)6
AS = 0.95 × f Y × z
= 0.95 × 415 × (0.9961 × 930)
= 1, 254 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13×5,000×1,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
Check for Shear

Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0 m and average effective thickness d = 0.92 m (36.22 in)
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
One-way Shear Along Z-Z axis
Vu = qs× tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
= (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 kN/m2
= (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 kN/m2
= 27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0×1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0×{23.9014×1.13+0.5×(27.1194-23.9014)×1.13}= 144.134 kN
Design shear stress, v = 144.134/(5.0×0.93) = 30.996 kN/ m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (100 × 6, 500
0.79 min 5, 000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
1/3 400
max 930
1
1/4
( 3025 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1398)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 348.5 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25

Vce = 1.5 x 348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)

One-way Shear Along X-X axis

Bw = 5.00 m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
= (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 kN/m2
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
= 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×1.73} =22.89603 kN/ m2 [ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15)]
Hence, the Design one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0×{22.89603×1.73+0.5×(29.4027-22.89603)×1.73} = 226.1924 kN
Design shear stress, v = 226.1924/(5.0×0.93) =48.64353 kN/ m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4,381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ ( 100 × 6, 500
0.79 min 5, 000 × 930
3
)} { ( )}
1/3 400
max 930
1
1/4
( 3025 )1/3
=
0.79(0.1398)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 348.5 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25

Vce = 1.5×348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Two-way action (Punching Shear)

Along X-X axis

[3090 mm = 300 + 2x(1.5 x 930)]

from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 10.5973 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (29.4027 – 10.5973) = 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:-
σa = 29.4027 – ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×0.955) = 25.810869 kN/m2
σb = 10.5973 + ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0×0.955) = 14.189131 kN/m2
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (3.09)2× 14.189131 + 0.5×(3.09)2×(25.810869 – 14.189131) = 190.962 kN
Punching shear force = 500.00 - 190.962 = 309.038 kN
Critical perimeter = 3.09×4 =12.36 m
Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36×0.93) = 26.885 kN / m2
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Along Z-Z axis

from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0×5.0×12.8806 + 0.5×5.0×5.0×(27.1194 – 12.8806) = 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:
σa = 27.1194 – ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0×0.955) = 24.3998 kN/m2
σb = 12.8806 + ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0×0.955) = 15.60021 kN/m2
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m
Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36×0.93)= 26.885 kN / m2
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Mu =5.0×{19.4358 ×2.65×2.65×0.5+0.5×(29.4027 –19.4358)×2.65×2.65×2/3}= 457.874 kN·m
Effective depth (d) = 1000 – 50 – 20 = 930 mm

Comparison
Table 16: British verification example 13 comparisons
Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference (Reasons there-

Advanced Result of)
Moment about X (kN·m) 264.48 259.98 Error due to

approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Moment about Z (kN·m) 457.874 448.24 Error due to

Area of steel about X-X 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible
Area of steel about Z-Z 6,500.00 6,500.00 Negligible

(mm2)
Shear Stress 48.64 46.66 Error due to

(One way) along X pressure interpolation
(kN/m2)
Shear Stress 30.996 29.28 Error due to

(One way) along Z pressure interpolation
(kN/m2)
Shear Force 309.038 305.46 Error due to

(Two way) (kN) pressure interpolation
Factor of Safety against 2.1656 2.167 Negligible

Sliding (X)

Sliding (Z)

Overturning (X)

Overturning (Z)

Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)
3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Design of a square Isolated Footing
Reference
Problem
A tied column –450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars– carries an unfactored dead load of 1300
kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 30 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.

CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Trial Footing Size

Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 kN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 kN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 kN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 kN/m2

Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive
soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force equals the axial load x coefficient of friction
for coeff. of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5x 3669.32 =1834.66 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2= 0.5x 3669.32x3.6 kN·m =
6604.78 kN·m (Same wrt both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3125/(3.6x3.6)=241.126 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
( )( 3.6 −2 0.45 − 0.69) = 768.22kN

V u,max = 241.126 3.6
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 690 = 621 mm
bw=3600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
260
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 165, 641N = 1, 165kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
( )( 3.6 −2 0.45 − 0.69) = 768.22kN

V u,max = 241.126 3.6
ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm
bw = 3600 mm
260
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 1, 165, 641N = 1, 165kN

V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2x0.5x.69)2=1.2996 m2
Vmax = Pr(B·H - Am) = 241.126x(3.6x3.6-1.2996)=2811.63 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.56 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.8936 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.2λϕ f = 1.95N / mm
c
′
c
2
Vr2 = ( + 0.2)λϕ f = 2.617N / mm

αs ⋅ d ′ 2
b0 c c
Vr3 = 0.4λϕc f ′
c = 1.3N mm 2 /
As effective depth>300 mm so the multiplier=1300/(1000+deff)=0.769
So,
Vr1= 1.499 N/mm2 =1,499 kN/m2
Vr2= 2.012 N/mm2 = 2,012 kN/m2
Vr3= 0.9997 N/mm2 = 999.7 kN/m2
So min {Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} =1,300 kN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 1,300 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ′ c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8

ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section:
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 − 0.45 2
2
= 1, 076.66kN-m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕc )
ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = = 0.62817
b ⋅d2

deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, ρ =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) × 3.6 3.6 − 0.45 2
2
= 1, 076.66kN-m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.8125

ϕs = 0.85

(
Kr = 1 −
ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
2 ⋅ α1 ⋅ f c ⋅ ϕc )
ϕs ⋅ ρ ⋅ f y
Mu
Kr = = 0.62817
b ⋅d2

deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, ρ =0.001892
Hence OK

Astx =ρ.B.deff= 4,700 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2% of Gross Cross Section = 5,400 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff= 4,700 mm2
(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
Along Z Direction (Top)
(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
Comparison
Table 17: CSA verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result

(kN·m)
1,076.66 1,076.66


Advanced Result

(kN)
768.22 768.01

(kN)
Resisting Shear Force 1,165 1,165 None

(One-Way) (kN)
1,165 1,165
Resisting Shear Stress 1,300 1,300 Negligible

(Two-Way) (kN/m2)
Resisting force for sliding 1,834.66 1,837.09 Negligible

(kN)
1,834.66 1,837.09

Overturning (kN·m)
6,604.78 6,613.4
Ast (B) (mm) 5,400 5,400 None

5,400 5,400
Ast (T) (mm) 5,400 5,400 None

5,400 5,400
Ld (rqrd) (mm) 730 730 None

730 730
Ld (available) (mm) 1,525 1,525 None

1,525 1,525

Design of a square Isolated Footing
Reference

Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead load of 900 kN
and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Trial Footing Size

Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) = 2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2
Total Axial load = 2,325 +Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3 x 3 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 KN
weight of soil=3 x 3 x 1.5 x 16 = 216 KN

For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:

2,325 +129.6 + 216 =2670.6 KN
So stress on soil=2670.6 /(3x3)=296.73 KN/m2
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends for a footing that
experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is transferred to the subgrade
utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive
soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force =axial load x coeff of friction
for coeff of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5x 2670.6 =1335.3 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x 2670.6x3 KNm =
4005.45 KNm (Same WRT both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load=2325/(3x3)=258.33 KN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
V u,max = 258.33 3( )( 3 −20.5 − 0.54) = 550.24kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
260
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 741, 781N = 741.8kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
V u,max = 258.33 3( )( 3 −20.5 − 0.54) = 550.24kN

ϕ = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm

260
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) ϕc λ f c bw dv = 741, 781N = 741.8kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+2x0.5x.54)2 = 1.0816 m2

V max = Pr ( B ⋅ H − Am) = 258.33(3 × 3 − 1.0816) = 2, 045.56kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.16 m
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.91 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =5/5 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
βc )0.2λϕ f = 1.74N / mm
c
′
c
2
Vr2 = ( + 0.2)λϕ f = 2.09N / mm

αs ⋅ d ′ 2
b0 c c
Vr3 = 0.4λϕc f ′
c = 1.162N mm 2 /
As effective depth > 300 mm so the multiplier = 1300/(1000 + deff) = 0.844
So,
Vr1= 1.46 N/mm2 = 1,460 KN/m2
Vr2= 1.76 N/mm2 == 1,760 KN/m2
Vr3= 0.980 N/mm2 = 980 KN/m2
So min{Vr1,Vr2,Vr3} = 1,162 KN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 1,162 KN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis

k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
( cs + K tr )
d
f ′ c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3,000 - 500)/2 - 50 = 1,200 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ℓd = 1.15 Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
ℓd = 0.730m
Available Length = (3,000 - 500)/2 - 50 = 1,200 mm

Hence OK

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
M ux =
1
2
× 258.33 × 3 × ( 3 −20.5 )2 = 605.46kN ⋅ m
α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕs ρ f y
2α1 f c ϕc ) ρϕs f y
Mu
Kr = = 0.0346
Bd 2

deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So,ρ =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis


α1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.f’c = 0.82
ϕs = 0.85
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕs ρ f y
Mu
Kr = = 0.0346
Bd 2

deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, ρ =0.002405
Hence OK

As per clause 7.8.1 equation 10.5.1.2(a).
Astx =ρ.B.deff= 3,896 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff= 3,896 mm2
Use #20 @ 190 c/c
(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)
Use #20 @ 220 c/c
Along Z Direction (Top)
(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)
Use #20 @ 220 c/c

Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure 296.73 KN/m2 296.07 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment 605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m None

605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 550.24 KN 550.06 KN Negligible

550.24 KN 550.06 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2045.56 KN 2045.45 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1335.3KN 1335.3KN 1332.3 KN Negligible

1332.3 KN
Resisting Moment for 4005.45 KNm 3996.827 KNm Negligible

Overturning
4005.45 KNm 3996.827 KNm
Ast (B) #20@220 c/c #20@220 c/c None

#20@220 c/c #20@220 c/c
Ast (T) #20@220 c/c #20@220 c/c None

#20@220 c/c #20@220 c/c
Ld (rqrd) 714 mm 714 mm None

714 mm 714 mm
Ld (available) 1200 mm 1200 mm None

1200 mm 1200 mm


Reference
Problem
= 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=450 mm, GWT is 300 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2

Weight of above soil = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.450 x 18 KN = 149.77 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.3x4.3 x (0.500+0.450-0.300) x 9.81 KN = 117.9 KN

Load due to surcharge = 4.3x4.3 x 10 KN =184.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+231.125 +149.77 +184.9 -117.9) KN = 1647.895 KN
Maximum pressure = 1647.895 /(4.3x4.3) = 89.12 KN/m2

89.12 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Stress for Factor design = 1.25x1200/(4.3x4.3) = 81.12 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Hence OK

CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure 89.12 KN/ m2 89.03 KN/ m2 Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN 823.12 KN Negligible

(x)

Overturning (z)

(z)

Overturning (x)
3.4 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension
= 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN

Figure 40: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm

Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 600 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.60 x 25 KN = 54.15 KN

Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 KN = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800+54.15 +0.78) KN = 854.93 KN
So Pile reaction = 854.93 /4= 213.73 KN < 250 KN, Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN
Figure 41: Bending sections considered
Calculation of Moment wrt Z Axis

For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 250.54 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile3=from pile4=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm
So Max value of Mz = 250.54 KNm

Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt Z Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 250.54 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 75 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10), effective depth
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
α1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
ß1 = 0.8475 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 282.25 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = 239.208 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = 5539 x 103 KN(Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment wrt X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 250.54KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 250.54KNm
So Max value of MX = 250.54 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 250.54 KN-m
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
C=5539 x 103 KN
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Mux < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Shear parallel to X Axis

Figure 42: Shear sections considered
For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 274.5 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3=pile4=263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Max V parallel to X direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along X dir)
Shear Strength Vr = 260/(1000+d).ϕc.λ.√(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1.λ.ϕc.√(f^' c).bw.d
= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)
Where
ϕc = Resistance Factor of concrete=0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
λ = factor to account Concrete density=1(Clause No 8.6.5)
bw = Section Width=1900 mm
d = effective Depth= 463.7 mm (Clause 11.0)
VX < VResistanceX, Hence Safe
Calculation of Shear parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 274.5 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=pile 3 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN


So Max V parallel to Z direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along Z dir)
Shear Strength Vr=260/(1000+d).ϕc.λ.√(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1.λ.ϕc.√(f^' c).bw.d
= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN
VZ < VResistanceZ, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Figure 43: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column Width+2d)x 2=
4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress τc= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
λ = 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
ϕc = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f'c = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
ßc = (Column Length)/(Column Width)=1900/1900=1
αs = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/ßc).0.2.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(αs. dv)/bo).λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)

Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m2

V < VResistance , Hence safe

Along X Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 250.54(10)6
Kr = = = 0.613N / mm 2
bw d 2 1, 900(463.7)2
(
Kr = 1 −
ϕs ρ f y
Where
α1= 0.85- 0.0015.f’c>=0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
Øc = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
Øs = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.165 %
Therefore, Astx = ρ.b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Provided area = 2280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 250.54(10)6
Kr = = = 0.613N / mm 2
bw d 2 1, 900(463.7)2
Solving the previously stated equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.165 %

Therefore, Astx = ρ.b,d= 1450 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Check for Development Length

Ld (required)=1.15.k1.k2.k3.k4.fy/((dcs+Kr) ).Ab/√(f'c )= 380.7 mm
(CSA A23-3-04 Clause No 12.2.2 & 12.2.3)
Ld (available)Along X=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 –Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along X
Hence OK
Ld (available)Along Z=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 -Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along Z

Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Depth (mm) 600 598 Negligible
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 250.54 None

axis) (KN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 1,906 1,933 Negligible

axis) (KN-m)
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 250.54 None

axis) (KN-m)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z 1,906 1,933 Negligible

axis) (KN-m)
Shear Force(One-Way) X 274.5 274.3 None

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 471.8 Negligible

Way) X (kN)
Shear Force(One-Way) Z 274.5 274.3 None

(kN)
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 471.8 Negligible

Way) Z (kN)
Shear stress(Two-Way) 797 787.6 None

( kN/m2)
Resistance Shear Stress 1,200 1,200 None

(Two-Way) ( kN/m2)
Ld required (mm) 381 381 None
Ld Available ( Along X) 775 775 None

(mm)
Ld Available ( Along Z) 775 775 None

(mm)
Ast ( Along X) (mm2) 2,280 2,240 Negligible

CSA General Combined Foundation s1
3.5 CSA General Combined Foundation s1

Reference
Problem
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal height-400 mm. and C/C column distance=3500 mm . Bearing
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 KN/m2
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2

left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist=3500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 x 3.15 x0.500 x25 KN = 224.44 KN

CSA General Combined Foundation s1
Weight of pedestal=2x0.25x0.25x0.4x25=1.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 x 3.15-2x0.25x0.25) x 0.500 x18 KN = 160.47 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.7 x 3.15 x (0.500+0.500-0.200) x9.81 KN = 140.91 KN
Surcharge load = ( 5.7x3.15-2x0.25x0.25)x5= 89.15 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2x900+224.44 +1.25+160.47 +89.15 -140.91) KN = 2134.4 KN
Maximum pressure= 2134.4 /(5.7 x3.15) = 118.87 KN/m2
118.87 KN/ m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.7x 2134.4 = 6083 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result

Overturning (Z) (kN-m)

Overturning (X) (kN-m)

Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)
4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Reinforced Concrete by A.K. Jain, Page 539, Example 18.2.
Problem
= 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2, and Load Factor = 1.5.

IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/10 m2 = 10 m2

Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
de = (600-35-0.5 x 10) mm = 560 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.479
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1-0.42 Ku,max) = 2.066

Mulim = Ru,max x B x de 2 = 2267.642 x 106 N-mm = 2267.642 KN-m> Mu

Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1− 1− × B × de = 2, 646.4mm 2
f c × B × de2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 2,520 mm2

100Ast
= 0.135
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.28 N/mm2

V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
( )( 3.5 −2 0.4 − 0.56) = 424.289kN

V u,max = 122.45 3.5
424.289 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 3, 500 ( 560 )
= 0.2165N / mm 2 < τc,all (Hence safe)
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 1500 KN
1, 500 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 960 )( 560 )
= 0.698N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the critical perimeter. This
approach is conservative.
Spacing
2, 646.4
No. of 10 mm bar = π ( 10 )( 10 )
= 33.69 ⇒ 34
3, 500 − 50(2) − 10
Spacing = 34 − 1
= 102.73mm
Spacing for 10 mm bar = 102.73 mm

Figure 46: Plan of Reinforcement
Figure 47: Cross Section showing Reinforcement

Comparison
Table 22: IS verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result

(kN·m)
Area of Steal (mm2) 2,646.40 2,645.01 0.05

(N/mm2)
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 0.698 0.700 0.286

(N/mm2)

Reference
Reinforced Concrete Structure by Punmia-Jain-Jain, Example 25.1.
Problem
= 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.

Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2

Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+50.4) KN = 650.4 KN
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 x 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 x 1.5 /(2.4 x 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 56.25 x 2.4 x 0.95 x 0.95 /2= 169.21875 KN-m
de = (350-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 294 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1- 0.42 Ku,max) = 2.225

Mulim = Ru,max x B x de 2 = 461.568 x 106 N-mm = 461.568 KN-m > Mu

Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
fc 4.6M u
Ast = 0.5 fy
1− 1− × B × de = 2, 837.87mm 2
f c × B × de2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0015 x B x D = 1,260 mm2

100Ast
= 0.4022
Corresponding allowable τc = 0.42 N/mm2

V u,max
Developed shear stress τc = B × de
( )( 2.4 −2 0.5 − 0.294) = 246kN

V u,max = 156.25 2.4
246 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 2, 400 ( 294 )
= 0.3486N / mm 2 < τc,all
Hence safe
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 900 KN
900 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τc = 4 ( 794 )( 294 )
= 0.96N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = K s × τc = 1 0.25 f ′

c = 0.968 N / mm 2
Hence safe
Spacing
2, 837.87 ( 4 )
No. of 12 mm bar = = 25.09 ⇒ 26
π ( 12 ) 2
2, 400 − 50(2) − 12
Spacing = 26 − 1
= 91.52mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 91.52 mm

Figure 49: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design
Comparison

Advanced Result


Advanced Result
Governing Moment 169.2187 169.2187 None

(kN·m)
Area of Steel (mm2) 2,837.87 2,836.34 0.05

(N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

Reference
Problem
Dimension = 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS


Assuming 4.95 m × 4.95 m × 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95×4.95×0.7 × 25 kN = 428.79 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 428.79) kN = 2,428.79 kN
Maximum pressure = 2,428.79/(4.95×4.95) = 99.124 kN/ m2 < 100 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = (2,000×15) / (4.95)2 = kN/m2 = 122.436 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2428.79 = 1,214.395 kN
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.95×2,428.79 = 6011.25 kN·m

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation =0.5×2,428.79 = 1,214.395 kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5×4.95×2,428.79 = 6,011.25 kN·m
Hence OK

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 0.5×16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Ru= 0.36×fck×Kumax ×(1 - 0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 7,026 kN·m
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436×4.95×2.325×2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 0.5×16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87×fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu = 0.87.fy×Ast×d.(1 - Ast×fy/b×d×fck)
So solving equation for Ast,

Astx = 7,358 mm2

Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
Astz = 7,358 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012×B×D = 4,158 mm2 ( as fy > 250)

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.2315
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.95 2− 0.3 − 0.642) = 1, 020kN

1, 020 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress V = 4, 950 × 642
= 0.321N/mm 2
Now allowable stress= 0.348 N/mm2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.2315
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.95 2− 0.3 − 0.642) = 1, 020kN

1, 020 ( 10 ) 3
= 0.321N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,892 kN

Critical perimeter Pm = 2× ( b + h + 6d) = 3.768 m

τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 1.19 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Governing Moment 1,638.06 1,638.038 None

(kN·m)
Shear Force(One-Way) 1,020 KN 1,019 Negligible

(kN)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2,892 2,891 Negligible

(kN)
Resisting force for sliding 1,214.395 1,214.397 None

(X) (kN)

Resisting force for sliding 1,214.395 1,214.397 None

(Z) (kN)



Reference
Problem
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Surcharge=20 KN/m2

Weight of footing = 3.65×3.65×0.6×25 kN = 199.8 kN
Surcharge= 20 kN/m2
Surcharge force=20×3.65×3.65= 266.4 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,000+266.4+199.8)= 1,466.2 kN

Maximum pressure = 1,466.2 / (3.65×3.65) = 110 kN/m2

Hence OK
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,466.2 kN
Max Resisting force =0.5 × 1,466.2 = 733.1 kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 3.65 × 1,466.2 = 2,675.815 kN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
Max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,466.2 kN
Max Resisting force =0.5 × 1466.2 = 733.1 kN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (kN/m2) 110 109.9 Negligible

Overturning (x) (kN·m)

(z) (kN)


Advanced Result

Overturning (z) (kN·m)

(x) (kN)

Reference
Problem
Dimension = 300 mm× 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing = 450 mm, dry condition.

Approximate area of footing required = 1,200 / 110 m2 = 10.91 m2

Weight of above soil = 3.7×3.7×0.45 × 18 kN = 110.889 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1,200 + 188.237 + 110.889) kN = 1499.126 kN
Maximum pressure = 1,499.126 / (3.7×3.7) = 109.5 kN/m2 < 110 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = (1,200×1.5)/(3.7)2 kN/m2 = 131.4828 kN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 1,499.126 = 749.6 kN
Hence OK


Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 492 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 3,084.8 kN·m
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis
Mux = 131.4828 × 3.7 × 1.7 × 1.7/2 = 702.97 kN·m
deff = (550 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 492 mm
K = 700 / (1,100+0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Resisting Moment = Ru×B deff 2 = 3,084.8 kN·m
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 4,120 mm2

Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012 × B × D = 2,442 mm2 ( as fy > 250)

Along Z Direction
Astz = 4,120 mm2
Check for One-Way Shear ( along X dir)

100 Ast
= 0.226
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 −2 0.3 − 0.492) = 587.7 kN

587.7 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3, 700 × 492
= 0.322 N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Check for One-Way Shear ( along Z dir)
100 Ast
= 0.226
V u,max = 131.4828 × 3.7 ( 3.7 −2 0.3 − 0.492) = 587.7 kN

587.7 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress τv = 3, 700 × 492
= 0.322 N/mm 2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 1,718 KN

IS General Isolated Foundations 6
ß = L/B = 3.7/3.7 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Governing Moment (x&Z) 702.97 700.1 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force(One-Way) 587.7 586 Negligible

( x&Z) (kN)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1,718 1,716.5 Negligible

(kN)

(X) (kN)


(Z) (kN)

4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6

Reference

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2,000 kN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 300 mm × 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction = 0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm

Weight of above soil = 4.95×4.95×0.5 ×18 kN = 220.522 kN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95×4.95×0.5 ×18 kN = 240.369 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2,000 + 428.79 + 220.522 - 240.369) kN = 2,408.943 kN
Maximum pressure = 2,408.943 / (4.95×4.95) = 99.12 kN/m2 < 100 kN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 2,000×1.5 / (4.95)2 = kN/m2 = 122.436 kN/m2

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 × 2,408.943 = 1,204.5 kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.95 × 2,408.943 = 5,962 kN·m
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ × Total Service load on foundation=0.5 × 2,408.943 = 1,204.5 kN
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 × 4.95 × 2,408.943 = 5,962 kN·m
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436 × 4.95 × 2.325 × 2.325 / 2 = 1,638.06 kN·m
deff = (700 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) =
0.479107


Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 7,358 mm2
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7,358 mm2

Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.2315
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.95 2− 0.3 − 0.642) = 1, 020kN

1, 020 ( 10 ) 3
= 0.321N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
= 0.2315
V u,max = 122.436 × 4.95 ( 4.95 2− 0.3 − 0.642) = 1, 020kN

1, 020 ( 10 ) 3
= 0.321N/mm 2

V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,892 kN
ß = L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Governing Moment (x&Z) 1,638.06 1,634 Negligible

(kN·m)
Shear Force(One-Way) 1,020 1,017 Negligible

( x&Z) (kN)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2,892 2,889.7 Negligible

(kN)
Resisting force for sliding 1,204 1,204 None

(x) (kN)


Advanced Result
Resisting Moment for 5,962 5,960 Negligible

Resisting force for sliding 1,204 1,204 None

(z) (kN)
Resisting Moment for 5,962 5,960 Negligible


Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 kN, Fz=120 kN fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS


Weight of footing = 3.95×3.95×0.6× 25 kN = 234.04 kN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1,500 + 234.04) kN = 1,734.04 kN
Maximum axial pressure = P/A = 1,734.04 /(3.95×3.95) = 111.138 kN/m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120×0.6 72 kN·m
Total moment Mx = 72 kN·m
Zx= 3.95×3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z = 7.01 kN/m2
So,
σ1 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ2 = P/A –M/Z = 104.129 kN/m2
σ3 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
σ4 = P/A +M/Z = 118.148 kN/m2
118.148 kN/m2 <120 kN/m2 (Hence safe)

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 72 kN·m
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 120
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 kNm
Hence OK

About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt z axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (113.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (113.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) × 2,125 / 3,950 =
144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-144.21) × 1,825 / 3,950 =
144.21 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (144.21 + 144.21) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,039.57 kN
LA = (144.21 + 2× 144.21) × 1.825/ [3× (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.913 m
Mu (right) = 949.13 kN·m
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 950 kN·m


deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 542 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 + (133.69 - 154.731) × 2,125 / 3,950
= 143.42 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 + (133.69 - 154.73) × 1,825 / 3,950
= 145.01 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F × LA
Where:
F = (133.69 + 143.42) × 0.5 × 1.825 × 3.95 = 1,080.38 kN
LA = (143.42 + 2× 133.69) × 1.825/ [3× (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.19 kN·m

So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 998 kN·m

deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 × 16) mm = 542 mm
K = 700 / (1,100 + 0.87× fy) = 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 5,056 mm2
Along Z Direction

Astz = 5,323 mm2


Along X Direction
100 Ast
= 0.236
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)×0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21) × 2,667 / 3,950 =
144.21 kN/m2
= 144.21 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section
F = (144.21 + 144.21) ×0.5 × 1.283 × 3.95 = 730.84 kN
So max SF along X axis Fux = 731 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 731 x 1000 / (3,950 × 542) = 0.341 N/mm2

τv < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

100 Ast
= 0.2486
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)×0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)×0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 + (133.69 - 154.73) × 2,667 / 3,950 =
144.21 kN/m2
= 144.21 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (left)
F = (133.69 + 140.53)×0.5 × 1.283 × 3.95 = 694.84 kN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (15473 + 147.90) ×0.5 × 1.283 × 3.95 = 766.83 kN
So max SF along Z axis Fuz = 731 kN
So max SF=767 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 767 x 1,000 / (3,950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2
τv < τc
Hence Safe

Punching Shear
Vmax = Pr×(B×H - Am) = 2,148 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2× ( b + h + 6d) = 3,368 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm× d) = 1.177 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 3.95/3.95 =1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5, k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
τc = k × 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
τv < τc
Hence safe
Figure 55: Final Plan Dimensions

IS Toolkit Combined 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Max Bearing Pressure 104.129 104.129 None

(kN/m2)
Min Bearing Pressure 118.148 118.148 None

(kN/m2)

(kN·m)
950 946
Shear Force(One-Way) 767 764 Negligible

(kN)
731 728
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2,148 2,146 Negligible

(kN)
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1

Reference
Problem


(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2× 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.375+2.25) KN = 918.625 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.625 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.34 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2
With Respect to Z Direction
Hence OK
With Respect to X Direction

Hence OK

About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 197.2 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1376 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Hogging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1376 KNm
Hence OK
With Respect to X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.35-0.3)/2 = 0.525 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 154.589 x5.75 x0.5252/2 = 122.5KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5860 KNm
Hence OK

Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)


Astx = 1029 m2m
Provided area = 1029 m2m
Astx = 192 m2m
Astz = 627 m2m

Figure 57: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams

100 Ast
= 0.133
Vumax = 168.2 KN

Developed shear stress V = 168.2 x 1000 / (1350 x 544)= 0.229 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
2 way shear= 489.89 KN
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 489.89 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668 N/mm2
ß=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
For Column 2
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 489.89 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 +544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure 118.35 KN/m2 118.35 KN/m2 None
Governing Moment 197 KN-m 191.4 KN-m Negligible

37.49 KN-m 37.4 KN-m
122.5 KN-m 122.5 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 168.2 KN 168.2 KN None

IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2

Advanced Result
Shear Force(Two-Way) 489.89 KN 489.88 KN Negligible

489.89 KN 489.88 KN
Resisting Moment for 2641 KNm 2641 KNm None

Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 620 KNm 620 KNm None

Overturning (X)
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2

Reference
Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2

( left overhang=right overhang=1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 74.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 350 + 123.75 + 2.25 + 74.25) KN = 900.25 KN
Maximum pressure = 900.25 /(5 x 1.65) = 109.12 KN/ m2
109.12 KN/ m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2
About Z Direction

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 900.25 = 2250 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 105 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1681.78 KNm
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Hogging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Mux = 127.273 x5x0.6752/2 = 144.97 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5096.3 KNm
Hence OK


Astx = 541 m2m
Astx = 677 m2m
Astz = 742 m2m

100 Ast
= 0.133
Vumax = 169.3 KN
Developed shear stress τv = 169.3 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.1886 N/mm2
τv < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One


τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356 N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
For Column Two
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

Figure 59: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams

Comparison

Advanced Result

131.2 KN-m 131.2 KN-m
144.97 KN-m 144.97 KN-m
Shear Force(Two-Way) 434.3 KN 434.3 KN None

434.3 KN 434.3 KN
Resisting Moment for 2250 KNm 2246 KNm Negligible

Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 742.7 KNm 741.37KNm None

Overturning (X)

Reference
Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2

(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2 m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 133.65 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 80.19 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) x 9.81 KN = 78.67 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 80.19 - 78.67) KN = 1137.42 KN
Maximum pressure= 1137.42 /(5.4 x1.65) = 127.66 KN/ m2
127.66 KN/ m2 <130 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5 / (5.4 x 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2

wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1137.42 = 3071 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK

Mux = 200 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 112.4 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 x5.4x0.6752/2 = 207 KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 1040 mm2
Astx = 579 mm2
Astz = 1062 mm2


100 Ast
= 0.133
Vumax = 223.95 KN
Developed shear stress V = 223.95 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.249 N/mm2


V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
For Column 2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Comparison

Advanced Result

112.4 KN-m 112.4 KN-m
207 KN-m 207 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 223.95 KN 223.89 KN Negligible


Advanced Result
Shear Force(Two-Way) 630.07 KN 630.08 KN None

630.07 KN 630.08 KN
Resisting Moment for 3071 KNm 3067 KNm Negligible

Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 938.4 KNm 937 KNm Negligible

Overturning (X)

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=4000
mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition


(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 157.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+157.5 +2.25) KN = 859.75 KN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6x1.75) = 81.88 KN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 x (0.5 x 0.6) = 33 KNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 KNm
Z=1.75x62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 KN/m2
Streaa at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 KN/m2
Streaa at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 KN/m2
88.16 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe

wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 6 x 859.75 = 2579.25 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK

Mux = 95 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 264.25 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.75-0.3)/2 = 0.725 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) x6x0.7252/2 = 157 KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 490 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1260mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astx = 1380 mm2
Astz = 807 mm2

Percentage of steel pt = 0.133
Vumax = 248.613 KN
Developed shear stress V = 0.261 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
For Column One
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
For Column Two
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

Comparison

Advanced Result

75.59 KN/m2 75.6 KN/m2

IS Pilecap 1

Advanced Result
Governing Moment 129.7 KN-m 95 KN-m 8.5%

264.25 KN-m 264.25 KN-m None
157 KN-m 167 KN-m 6%
Shear Force(Two-Way) 449.289 KN 458.245 KN 449.29 KN None

458.24 KN
Resisting Moment for 2579.25 KNm 2579.25 KNm None

Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 752.28 KNm 752.28 KNm None

Overturning (X)
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN

IS Pilecap 1
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm

Take D= 920 mm
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 33: Pile Locations in Plan
Pile No X Coordinate (mm Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600

IS Pilecap 1
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 650 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.92 x 25 KN = 83.03 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800 + 83.03 + 0.78) KN = 883.81 KN
So Pile reaction = 883.81 /4 = 220.95 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(800) + 1(883.81) + 1(0.78) = 1,283.81 KN
Load on each pile = 1,283.81/4 = 320.95 KN
Calculation of Moment about Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 320.95 x 0.475 = 152.45 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 320.95 x 0.475 = 152.45 KNm

IS Pilecap 1
Calculation of Moment about X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 320.95 6 x 0.475=152.45 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 304.9 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 = 320.95 6 x 0.475=152.45 KNm

About Z Axis
Muz = 304.9 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 814 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.42·Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 814 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru·B·deff2 = 4,336 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 304.9 KN-m
deff = 814 mm
K=700/(1,100 + 0.87· fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36·fck·Kumax ·(1-0.42·Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1,900 mm, deff = 814 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru·B·deff2 = 4,336 KNm
Hence OK

Along X Direction

IS Pilecap 1
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 1,050 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 2,098 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
AstZ = 1,050 mm2
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt X2X2

IS Pilecap 1
So Total V X2X2 = 430 KN

So Maximum V parallel to X direction = 430 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
So Total V Z1Z1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 430 KN

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel pt = 100·Ast/(B·de) = 0.136
Vumax = 430 KN
Developed shear stress V = 430 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 814 = 0.278 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 430 KN
Developed shear stress V = 430 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 814 = 0.278 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

IS Pilecap 1
Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 276.4 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,105.7 KN
Pm = 4 x (250 + 814/2 + 814/2) = 4,256 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.319 N/mm2
ß = L/B =1,900/1,900 = 1
k = 0.5 + ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc = k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction, Service 220.95 220.5 None

(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ultimate 320.95 320.5 None

(KN)
Governing Moment, Mx 304.9 304.5 None

(KN·m)

IS Pilecap 2

Advanced Result
Governing Moment, Mz 304.9 304.5 None

(KN·m)
Shear Force, One-Way, X 430 429.5 None

(KN)
Shear Force, One-Way, Z 430 429.5 None

(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way 1,105.7 1,104.3 None

(KN)
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50 KN,fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Diameter of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Pedestal dimensions: 250 mm x 250 mm

IS Pilecap 2
Figure 65: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm

Take D = 1,255 mm
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter =1,200 mm. Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0

IS Pilecap 2
Table 35: Pile Coordinates in Plan
1 -849 -849
2 -849 849
3 0 0
4 849 -849
5 849 -849
pilecap dimension is 2,400 mm x 2,400 mm x 1,255 mm

Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,100 + 180.72 + 0.78) KN = 1,281.5 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load= 1,281.5 /5= 256.3 KN
Moment from lateral load = (1.255 + 0.5) x 50= 87.75 KNm
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 KNm
So Total moment = 137.75 KNm
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= ±137.75(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = ±40.56 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 256.3 + 40.56 = 296.86 KN
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 256.3 - 40.56 = 215.74 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 256.3 KN
So Critical vertical reaction= 297 KN< 300 KN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 KN < 50 KN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, so each pile is safe in uplift capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(180.72) + 1(0.78) = 1,831.5 KN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(137.75) = 206.62 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,831.5/5 = 366.3 KN

IS Pilecap 2
Reaction from moment= ±206.62(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = ±60.84 KNm

So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 366.3 + 60.84 = 427.14 KN
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 366.3 - 60.84 = 305.46 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 366.3 KN
Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 2 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm

IS Pilecap 2
About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 444 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2

Moment About Z Axis
Muz = 532.1 KN-m
deff = 1,149 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =2,400 mm, deff = 1,149 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 10,913 KNm
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Mux = 620.2 KN-m
deff = 1,149 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B = 2,400 mm, deff = 1,149 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 10,913 KNm
Hence OK

IS Pilecap 2

Along X Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
Astx = 1,510 mm2
Along Z Direction
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ( 1 − Ast f y

bd f ck )
AstZ = 1,293 mm2
According to Amendment 1shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =574.5 mm from the column face.
Parallel to X Axis

IS Pilecap 2
For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.873 = 266.67 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
So Max V parallel to X direction = 639.56 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 745.7 KN

Along X Direction
Vumax = 639.56 KN
Developed shear stress V = 639.56 x 103 / (2,400 x 1,149) = 0.232 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 745.75 KN
Developed shear stress V = 745.75 x 103 / (2,400 x 1,149) = 0.27 N/mm2
V < τc, Hence Safe

IS Pilecap 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 574.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 300.6 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 420.3 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,441.8 KN
Pm = 4x(250 + 574.5 + 574.5) = 5,596 mm
τv = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 0.224 N/mm2
ß = L/B = 2,400/2,400 = s1
k = 0.5 +ß = 1.5 , k ≤ 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= τc =k(0.25)√fck = 1.25 N/mm2

IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction, Service 215.74 215.62 Negligible

(KN)
296.86 296.788
256.3 256.203
215.74 215.617
296.86 296.788
Pile Reaction, Ultimate 305.46 305.32 Negligible

(KN)
427.14 427.081
366.3 366.203
305.46 305.324
427.14 427.081

(KN·m)
620 619.5
Shear Force, One-Way 640 641 Negligible

(KN)
746 747

(KN)
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Reinforced Concrete Design by Pillai & Menon, Page 652, Example 14.7.
Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 4-25 ϕ bars and
C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 ϕ bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 kN and P2 = 1600 kN respectively
(under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the

property line. The center-to-center distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the
base of the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 kN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in the columns as
well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
Figure 66: Footing Plan
Figure 67: Loads on Footing
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):

Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Calculation for base-pressure

Self-weight of mat = 6.16 x 2 x 0.95 x 25 kN = 292.6 kN
Total load on the mat = (1,600+900+200.2) kN = 2792.6 kN
Base pressure = 279.6 / (6.16 x 2) kN/m2 = 226.67 kN/m2 < 240 kN/m2 (Hence Safe)

Ultimate load for C1 = Pu1 = 1.5 x 900 = 1350 kN

Ultimate load for C2 = Pu2 = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400 kN
Then uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu1+Pu2)/6.16 kN/m = 608.8 kN/m
Developed shear stress,
1, 350 ( 10 ) 3
τv = ( = 0.533N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
2 × 400 + 865 ) + ( 400_865 ) 865
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 kN
Developed shear stress,
2, 400 ( 10 ) 3
τv = 4 × 500 + 865 ) × 865
( = 0.508N/mm 2 < τc,allowable
Hence safe
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 kN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1,227/2 kN-m/m = 613.5 kN-m/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
fc 4.5MU
Ast = 0.5 × fy
1− 1− × B × de
f c × B × de2
B = 1,000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2,067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 × B× D = 1,140mm2/m

Figure 68: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
Comparison

Advanced Result
Max Bending Moment(-) 603.201 613.5 1.68

(kN·m/m)
Max Bending Moment(+) 219.687 223 1.48

(kN·m/m)
Area of Steal Required 2,014.835 2,067.97 2.56

(mm2/m)
Base Pressure (kN/m2) 227 226.67 Negligible

United States Code (ACI 318 -2005)
5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
Reference
Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications by B.A. Fanella
and B. G. Robert, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load = 275 kips, Service
surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf, Permissible soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column
dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc’) = 3,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Figure 69: Elevation and loads
Determination of base area of footing:

US General Isolated Foundation 1
Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf
Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 – 0.75 = 3.75 ksf
Required base area of footing = (320 + 275) / 3.75 = 166.667 ft2
[Clause 15.2.2]
Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (Af = 169 ft2).
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are used. [Clause
15.2.1]
Pu = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]
qu = (Pu/A) = (860/169) = 5.089 ksf
Figure 70: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.

Both wide action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth. [Clause 11.2]
Assume overall footing thickness = 33 in. and average effective thickness d = 28 in. = 2.33 ft.
Wide-beam action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 13(6.0 – 2.33) = 47.71 ft2
Vu = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips
ϕV = ϕ(2√(f'c)bwd) [Eq 11 - 3]

= 0.75(2√(3000) x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]

= 359 kips > Vu O.K.
Two-way action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area =
(13 × 13) − (30 + 28144)(12 + 28) = 152.889 ft 2
Vu = 5.089 x 152.889 = 778.052 kips
{
4
2+ βc
Vc
αs d
= min
f ′c bo d bo
+2
4
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]
bo = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.
30
βc = 12
= 2.5
bo/d = 196/28 = 7
αs= 40 for interior columns
{
4
2+ 4.5
= 3.6(governs)
Vc
= min 40
f ′c bo d 7
+ 2 = 7.7
4
ϕVc = 0.75 x 3.6 √(3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > Vu = 780 kips
O.K.

Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 71: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Critical section for moment is at face of column [Clause 15.4.2]

Mu = 5.089 x 13 x 62/2 = 1190.862 ft-kips
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section ( ϕ = 0.9)
[Clause 10.3.4, 9.3.2.1]
Required capacity, Rn
Mu 1, 190.862 × 12 × 1, 000
Rn = = = 129.821psi
ϕbd 2 0.9 × 156 × 282
ρ=
0.85 f ′c
fy ( 1− 1−
2Rn
0.85 f ′c
) =
0.85 × 3
60 ( 1− 1−
2 × 129.821
0.85 × 3, 000 ) = 0.0022
Note that this value is a ratio of the gross area, rather than the depth, d. Multiply to determine reinforced ratio:
ρ (d / h ) = 0.0022(28 / 33) = 0.00186
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement: [Clause 10.5.4]
ρmin = 0.00180 < 0.00186 O.K. [Clause 7.12.2]
Required As = ρbd = 0.0022 x 156 x 28 = 9.61 in.2
Try 13-No. 8 bars (As = 10.27 in.2) each way
Check for Development Length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column). [Clause 15.6.3]
fy
3 αβγλ
L = × × d
d 40 f ′c
( c + K tr
db )
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 3.0 in.
Center-to-center bar spacing = [156 - 2(3) - 2(0.5)]/12 = 12.4 in

[Clause 12.2.4]
c = min { 3.0 + 0.5 = 3.5in (governs)

12.4
2
= 6.2in
Ktr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)

c + K tr 3.5 + 0
db
= 1.0
= 3.5 > 2.5
use 2.5 [Clause 12.2.3]

α = 1.0 (less than 12 in. of concrete below bars) [Clause 12.2.4]
β = 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)
αβ = 1.0 < 1.7
γ = 1.0 (larger than No.7 bars)
λ = 1.0 (Normal weight concrete)
3 60, 000 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0
L d = 40
× × 2.5
× 1.0 = 32.9 in > 12 in
3, 000
O.K. [Clause 12.2.1]

Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction (156/2 - 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.),
the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 – No.8 each way.
Comparison
Table 38: US verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result
Effective Depth (in) 28 28 None

(ft·kip)
Area of Steal (in2) 9.61 9.70 0.94
Shear Stress (One-Way) 242.79 242.56 Negligible

(kips)
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 778.05 778.01 Negligible

(kip)


Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12
inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5,
FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 72: Elevation and Plan
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft

Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 122 x122 x18 x 0.159/(123)= 24.66 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+24.66) KN = 224.66 Kip
Maximum pressure = 224.66 /(122 x 122) = 0.0151 Ksi=2.17 Kip/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 224.66 = 112.33 Kip
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in·kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=18-2-1=15 inch
Punching Shear Vm = 0.018813 x 122 x 122 - 0.0189 x 27 x 27 = 266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax / (Pm*d)= 164.81 Ksi
ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=108 inch
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 614, 746.8lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 108 + 2) 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 774, 125.6 lb

d 15
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 409, 831.2 lb
Vc = min {V1, V2, V3} =409,831.2 lb

So, 0.75Vc = 307.374 Kip
Vm< 0.75.Vc , Hence safe


Along Z Direction
V u,max = 0.0189 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 15) = 92.24 kip

Now allowable shear:
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 122 × 15 = 231.48 kip
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
V u,max = 0.0189 × 122 × ( 122 2− 12 − 15) = 92.24 kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 122 × 15 = 231.48 kip
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0189 x 122 x 55 x 55 / 2 = 3487.55 in·kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =3875.56 in·kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1412 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405
Ρmin < ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471

ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0189×122×55×55 /2 = 3487.55 in·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ =3875.56 in·kip
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405

Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002405
Therefore, Astx = ρx×b×d = 4.4 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002405
Therefore, Astz = ρz×b×d = 4.4 in2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (ksi) 0.0151 0.0151 None
Governing Moment 3,487 3,471 Negligible

(in·kip)
3,487 3,471

(kip)
92.24 91.8
Shear Force(Two-Way) 266.24 266.29 Negligible

(kip)


Advanced Result

(kip)

Overturning (in·kip)

Reference
Problem
inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS
against overturning =1.5

Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft

Weight of footing 160 x160 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 49.47 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 x160 x32 x 0.159/(123)= 53.57 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250+49.47 +53.57) KN = 353.04 Kip
Maximum pressure = 353.04/(160x160) = 0.0138 Ksi=1.9872 Kip/sqft <2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 200 x 1.5/(122 x 122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 353.04 = 176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm= 0.013673x160x160-0.0137x30x30=337.68 Kip
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 819, 662.4 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 120 + 2) 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 1, 092, 883.2 lb

d 18
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 546, 441.6 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 546,441.6 lb

So, 0.75Vc = 409.832 Kip
Vm < 0.75×Vc , Hence safe

Along X Direction
V u,max = 0.0137 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18) = 122.76 kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 160 × 18 = 364.3 kip
0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

V u,max = 0.0137 × 160 × ( 160 2− 12 − 18) = 122.76 kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 160 × 18 = 364.3 kip
0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip

So Vumax <0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 /2 = 6002 in·kip
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 / 2 = 6002 in·kip
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188


Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002188
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002188
Comparison

Advanced Result
Governing Moment 6,002 5,989 Negligible

(in·kip)
6,002 5,989

(kip)
92.24 91.8
Shear Force(Two-Way) 337.68 337.7 None

(kip)

(kip)


Reference

Problem
inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.1Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5,
FOS against overturning =1.5
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft

Weight of soil above footing 158 x158 x25 x 0.159/(123)= 40.82 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x(25+21-10) x 3.61398x10-5= 32.479 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (300+48.24 +40.82 -32.479) = 356.581 Kip
Maximum pressure = 356.581 /(158x158) = 0.0143 Ksi=2.059 Kip/sqft <2.1 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016825 x 158 x 158 - 0.0169 x 30 x 30 = 404.81 Kip
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 120 inch

Figure 75: Section considered for two-way shear
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 819, 662.4 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 120 + 2) 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 1, 092, 883.2 lb

d 18
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 120 × 18 = 546, 441.6 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 546441.58 lb

So, 0.75Vc=409.832 Kip

Along X Direction
V u,max = 0.0169 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 18) = 146.87 kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 158 × 18 = 359.74 kip
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
Along Z Direction
V u,max = 0.0169 × 158 × ( 158 2− 12 − 18) = 146.87 kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 158 × 18 = 359.74 kip
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
Check for Trial Depth

Moment About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 =0.1545 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637
Moment About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 in·kip
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637


Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002637
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002637
Comparison

Advanced Result

(in·kip)
7,114.95 7,082.85

(kip)
146.87 146.2

(kip)

(kip)


Reference

Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip,Mx=Mz=240 in·kip. fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5,
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft

Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 Kip
Zx = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.0136 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi

Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi

So stress at four corners –
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0122 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.015 Ksi
Max stress = 0.0136 Ksi = 2.16 Ki/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 229.55 = 114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in·kip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018813x122x122-0.0189x27x27=266.24 Kip


Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm · d) = 164.81 Ksi

( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 614, 746.8lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 108 + 2) 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 774, 125.6 lb

d 15
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 108 × 15 = 409, 831.2 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 409,831.185 lb

So, 0.75Vc=307.374 Kip
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at distance d from the face of the column.

Shear at Longitudinal Direction (X Axis)

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 - 0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163
Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 - 0.0175) x 43/130 =
0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along X axis, Fux = 97 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 130 × 16 = 263.1 kip
0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 - 0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163
Ksi
0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Fuz = 97 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 130 × 16 = 263.1 kip
0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip


About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 - 0.0175) x 71/130 =
0.0166 Ksi
0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 + 2 x 0.0175) x 59/[3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)] = 29.731 inches
Mu (right) = 3,899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215


About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 - 0.0175) x 71/130 =
0.0166 Ksi
0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 + 2 x 0.0175) x 59/[3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)] = 29.731 inches
Mu (right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(x) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)


ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215

Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002215
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002215
Comparison

Advanced Result

0.0122 0.0123
0.0136 0.0136
0.015 0.0149

(in·kip)
3,899.52 3,893.52

(kip)
96.43 96.05

(kip)

(kip)
114.775 114.773


Advanced Result

14,920.75 14,920.466

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,000 KN, Concrete grade M25, Steel Grade Fe 415,
Pedestal Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm x 500 mm.
overturning =1.4
Soil Depth is 500 mm , depth of GWT from GL is 200 mm and surcharge on foundation
is 5 KN/m2. (consider unt wight of soil 18 KN/m2)

Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2

Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) = 1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 25 × 2, 660 × 415( 1, 1000 ) = 2, 748.7 kN

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 2, 660 + 2) 25 × 2, 660 × 415( 1, 000 ) = 3, 775.2 kN

d 415 1
V 3 = 0.083 × 4 f ′c bc d = 4 25 × 2, 660 × 415( 1, 000 ) = 1, 832.5 kN

1
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1,832.5

So, 0.75Vc = 1374.35 KN

Vm < 0.75.Vc , Hence safe

Along X Direction
V u,max = 141.993 × 3.14 × ( 3.14 −2 0.25 − 0.415) = 459.23 kN

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 0.083 × 2 25 × 3, 140 × 415 ( 1, 1000 ) = 1, 081.57 kN

0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
V u,max = 141.993 × 3.14 × ( 3.14 −2 0.25 − 0.415) = 459.23 kN

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 0.083 × 2 25 × 3, 140 × 415 ( 1, 1000 ) = 1, 081.57 kN

0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-0.25)/2)]2 = 465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
About Z Axis

m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529

ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-0.25)/2)]2 = 465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
ρmin < ρ < ρmax Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002359
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 3,074 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = ρx×b×d = 3,074 mm2
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kN)
472.936 472.945

Overturning (kN·m)
1,856.23 1,856.276
Governing Moment(kN·m) 465.48 465.48 None
465.48 465.48


Advanced Result

(kN)
459.23 459.4
Shear Resistance (One- 811.18 810.737 Negligible

Way) (kN)
811.18 810.737
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1,337.2 1,337.28 None

(kN)
Shear Resistance (Two- 1,374.35 1,372.8 Negligible

Way) (kN)
Reinf X (mm2) 3,074 3,076.9 Negligible
Reinf Z (mm2) 3,074 3,076.9 Negligible

Reference
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1,200 KN, Fx=Fz=5 KN, Mx=Mz=10 KNm. fc = 25 N/
m2m, fy = 415 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Assume 500 mm soil depth above footing and depth of GWT 200 mm. Assume unit weight of concrete & soil are
25 & 18 KN/cum respectively. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4

Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2

Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,
Weight of soil = (3.5 x 3.5- 0.25 x 0.25) x 0.5 x 18 = 109.69 KN
Weight reduction for Buoyancy = 3.5 x 3.5 x (0.54 + 0.5 – 0.2) x 9.81 = 100.95 KN
Surcharge Load = (3.5 x 3.5 – 0.25 x 0.25) x 5 = 60.94 KN
Therefore, total Axial load on the footing = 1435.063 KN
Total Moment on the footing-
Mx = 10 + 5x 0.54 = 12.7 KNm
Mz = 10 - 5x 0.54 = 7.3 KNm
Zx = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Zz = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Mx/Zx = 12.7 /7.1458 = 1.78 KN/m2
Mz/Zz = 7.3 /7.1458 = 1.03 KN/m2
So stress at four corners –

σ1 = P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 116.39 KN/m2

σ2 = P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 114.35 KN/m2
σ3 = P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 117.09 KN/m2
σ4 = P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 119.94 KN/m2
Max stress = 119.94 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 12.7 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/12.7 = 197.75 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 7.3 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/7.3 = 344 > 1.4
Hence OK
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm

Modifying Moments due to lateral forces:

Mx= 17.78 KNm & Mz= 10.22 KNm
D= 540 mm, So deff = 650- 50-25 = 465 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 79: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 2860 mm

Vm1 = Vmax/(bc .d) = 1.21 N/m2m
ßc = Width of col/depth of col=250/250=1
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = 3, 311.45 kN

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = 4, 693.15 kN
d
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 2, 207.63 kN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) = 2,207.63 KN
So, 0.75Vc = 1,655.73 KN


Along X Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Average Base pressure at left edge = 134.66 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 139.64 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 136.311 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 137.99 KN/m2
Figure 80: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 563.589 KN

Vc1 = 2 f ′c bd = 1, 350.825 kN
0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Along Z Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column

Figure 81: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 561 KN

Vc1 = 2 f ′c bd = 1, 350.825 kN
0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Check For Flexure

Critical Section for Moment is at the face of column
m = fy/0.85.fc = 19.5295
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=M 25)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018

About Z Axis

Figure 82: Bending pressure about Z axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 638.54 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ϕ = 710 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.93822 N/m2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002313
About X Axis
Figure 83: Bending pressure about X axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 641.93 KNm

So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 642 KNm

Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.9426 N/m2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002325

Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002313
Therefore, Astx = ρz×b×d = 3,765 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = ρx×b×d = 3,784 mm2
Comparison
Table 44: US Verification problem 9 comparison

Advanced Result
114.35 114.35
117.9 117.91
119.95 119.95
Resisting force for sliding 574.05 (Xdir) 574.05 (Xdir) None

(kN)
574.05 (Zdir 574.05 (Zdir)
Resisting Moment for 2,511 (WRT Z) 2,511 (WRT Z) None

Overturning (kN·m)
2,511 (WRT X) 2,511 (WRT X)

(kN·m)
642 642
Shear Force(One-Way) 564 564 Negligible

(kN)
561 561

US General Combined Foundation 1

Advanced Result
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1,610 1,610 None

(kN)
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =24 inch. Depth of GWT=10 inch

Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x40 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 40 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 24.3Kip
Weight of pedestal=2 x 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.159 /123 = 0.530 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 275 x 40 x (24 +24-10) x 3.61398x10-5 = 15.1Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9- 15.1) = 148.624 Kip
Maximum pressure= 148.624 /(275x40) = 0.0136 Ksi = 1.9584 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1.4x2x60/(275x40) = 0.015273 Ksi

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 148.624 = 20435.8 in·kip
Hence OK
Hence OK

Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip


( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 051, 900 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 132 + 2) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 466, 284.9 lb

d 21
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 701, 266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701,266.694 lb

So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip
For Column 2
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 051, 900 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 132 + 2) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 466, 284.9 lb

d 21
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 701, 266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb

So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip

Vumax = 43.072 Kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 40 × 21 = 106.252 kip
0.75.Vc1=79.69 Kip

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)

ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507

ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 488.74 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0308 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000516
Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Mux = 2414.897 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1522 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002597
ρmax Hence OK
With Respect to the X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Mux = 411.608 in·kip


Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0038 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000064
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (top) = 0.002597
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =ρ×b×d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.512 in2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.18 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.395 in2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (ksi) 0.0136 0.0135 Negligible

(in·kip)
2414.897 2414.41
411.608 411

(kip)

(kip)
66.8 67.37

2,0435.52 2,0435.8


Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip, Mz=360 in·kip for each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy =
60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.73 Kip
Weight of pedestal=2x12x12x20x0.159/123 = 0.530 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.73 +0.530) Kip = 147.26 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 147.26 /(275x44) = 0.0122 Ksi

Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0
Zz= 44x2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3
Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 Ksi
So, stress at left end
σ1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0135 Ksi
stress at right end
σ1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0109 Ksi
So maximum stress= 0.0135 Ksi= 1.944 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 051, 900 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 132 + 2) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 466, 284.9 lb

d 21
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 701, 266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701,266.694 lb

So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip


For Column Two
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 051, 900 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 132 + 2) 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 1, 466, 284.9 lb

d 21
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 132 × 21 = 701, 266.694 lb
Vc= min{V1, V2, V3} = 701,266.694 lb

So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip

Vumax = 47.126 Kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 44 × 21 = 116.877 kip
0.75.Vc1=87.66 Kip

About Z Axis (sagging)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 791 in·kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =879 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0453 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000761

Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 2440 in·kip
ϕ = 0.9
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =2,711.1967 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1398 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00238
ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 0.013885x275x162/2 =552.82 in·kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0051 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000086
Hence OK
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρz (top) = 0.00238
ρx (bot) = 0.0018

Therefore, Ast = ρ×b×d

Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.7 in2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.2 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.4 in2


Comparison

Advanced Result

0.0109 0.0109

(in·kip)
2,440 2,439.66
552.82 534

(kip)

(kip)
70.28 69.81

20,248.25 20,246.985

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN on each column., Concrete Grade = M 25,
Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm each. and C/C column
distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm

Approximate area of footing required = 2x1500/120 = 25 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 4500 mm x 840 mm footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 4.5 x 0.84 x 25 = 661.5 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (7 x 4.5- 0.25 x0.25 x 2) x 0.5 x 18 = 282.375 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 7 x 4.5 x (0.84+0.5-0.2) x 9.81 = 352.277 KN
Surcharge = (7 x 4.5 -0.25 x0.25 x2) x 5 = 156.875 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1500+661.5 +1.5625 - 352.277 +156.875) = 3750.04 KN
Maximum pressure= 3750.04 /(7 x 4.5) = 119.05 KN/m2 =119.05 KN/m2 120 KN/m2
Hence safe

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 3750 = 13125 KNm
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.5 x 3750 = 8437.5 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure = 1.4 x 2 x1500/(7 x 4.5) = 133.33 KN/m2
Deff = 784 mm
Punching Shear
For Column 1
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
ßc = Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
bc = 2·(b + d + 2·deff) = 4136 mm
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc·bc·d) = 8074 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√fc.bc.d = 12894.7 KN
V3= 4.√fc·bc·de = 5382.76 KN

Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 5382.76 KN

So, 0.75·Vc = 4037 KN
Vm < 0.75·Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
bc = 2·(b + d + 2·deff) = 4136 mm
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc·bc·d) = 8074 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√fc·bc·d = 12894.7 KN
V3= 4·√fc·bc·de = 5382.76 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 5382.76 KN
So, 0.75·Vc = 4037 KN

Vumax = 954 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2 √fc·b·d = 2928 KN
0.75·Vc1 = 2196 KN
So Vumax < 0.75·Vc1 , Hence Safe

m=fy/0.85.fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.5295
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=25 N/m2m)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=415 N/m2m)
Muz = 300.54 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =333.93 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1208 N/m2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000292 <ρmax Hence OK
Take ρ = ρmin = 0.0018

Hence OK
Muz = 1574.8 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =1749.8 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.6327 N/m2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001548 <ρmax Hence OK
Hence OK
Cantilever length = (4500 - 250)/2 = 2125 mm
Mux = 2107.4 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/ϕ =2341.55 KNm
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.762 N/m2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001871 < ρmax
Hence OK
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.001871
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 6,350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 6,350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10,268 mm2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (KN/m2) 119.05 119.05 None


Advanced Result
Governing Moment (KNm) 300.54 293.97 Negligible

1574.82 1574.60
2107.4 2107.4
Shear Force, One-Way 954.8 43.07 Kip Negligible

(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way 1957.4 1957.4 None

(KN)
1957.4 1957.4

Reference
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Fx= 10 KN on each column., Concrete
Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm each. and
C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4

Approximate area of footing required = 2x1200/120 = 20 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 3250 mm x 530 mm footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 3.25 x 0.53 x 25 = 301.44 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1200+301.44 +1.5625) = 2703 KN
Mz1 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Mz2 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Maximum pressure from axial load= 2703/(7 x3.25) = 118.813 KN/ m2
Total Moment = -10.3 + -10.3 = -20.6 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -20.6 KNm

Hence OK
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
So M/Z = -0.78 KN/m2
So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 119.6 KN/m2
Maximum pressure =119.6 KN/m2 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Overturning Moment =20.6 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 2703 = 9460 KNm
So FOS= 9460/20.6 = 459.25 >1.4
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.25x 2703 = 4392.4 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Mz1 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Mz2 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Total Moment = -14.42 + -14.42 = -28.84 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -28.84 KNm (Hence OK)
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
So M/Z = -1.09 KN/m2
So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 148.79 KN/m2
Deff = 474 mm

Punching Shear
For Column 1
Two way shear, Vm = 1602.987 KN


bc = 2·(b + d + 2·deff) = 2896 mm
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc)·bc·d = 3418 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√(fc)·bc·d = 4868.97 KN
V3= 4.√(fc)·bc·de = 2278.69 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 2278.69 KN
So, 0.75·Vc = 1709 KN
Vm < 0.75·Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
Two way shear, Vm = 1602.17 KN
bc = 2·(b + d + 2·deff) = 2896 mm
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc)·bc·d = 3418 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√(fc)·bc·d = 4868.97 KN
V3= 4.√(fc)·bc·de = 2278.69 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 2278.69 KN
So, 0.75·Vc = 1709 KN
Vm< 0.75·Vc , Hence safe

Vumax = 916.99 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2 √(fc)·b·d = 1278 KN
0.75·Vc1 = 958.96 KN
So Vumax < 0.75·Vc1 , Hence Safe

m = fy/0.85·fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.53
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = 25 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=415 N/mm2)
Muz = 238.94 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 265.5 KNm

Rn = Mnz/b·d2 =0.3636 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.000884 <ρmax
Hence OK
Hence OK
Muz = 1259.84KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 1400 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 1.9171 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.00485 < ρmax
Hence OK
Hence OK
Cantilever length = (3250-250)/2 = 1500 mm
Mux = 1163 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/ϕ = 1292 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 =1.593 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.003995 < ρmax
Hence OK
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.004
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 2773 mm2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 7472 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 13256 mm2

US Pilecap Foundation 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Bearing Pressure (KN/m2) 119.6 119.6 None

118.04 118.04

(KN·m)
1260 1260
1163 1169
Shear Force, One-Way 917 917 None

(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way 1602.99 1602.99 None

(KN)
1602.17 1602.18
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1

Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 in
x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.

Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm

Edge distance =18 inch

Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -54 -27
2 -54 27
3 0 -27
4 0 27
5 54 -27
6 54 27
Pilecap Length = 2(54)+2(18) = 144 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch
Weight of footing = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip

Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
Pm = 4·(12+13+13) =152 inch
ß = L/B =12/12 =1
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc)·bc·d = (2+4/1)·√(4000)·152·26 =1499.6·(10)3 lb
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√(fc)·bc·d = (40·26/152 + 2)·√(4000)·152·26 = 2210·(10)3 lb
V3= 4.√(fc)·bc·de = 4·√(4000)·152·26= 999.78·(10)3 lb
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 999.78 kip
So, 0.75·Vc = 749.8 kip


Punching Shear Check for Corner Piles
Corner piles are 1,2,5,6
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip
d critical = 5.486 inch
Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
So Total V X1X1 = 166.49 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 =pile6=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip
So V parallel to X direction = 166.49 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc)·bc·d =2·√(4000)·90·26 lb =295.99·(10)3 lb
0.75·Vc1=222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 6 =pile 7 =83.245 x0.222=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
So Total V Z1Z1 = 55.5 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =83.245 x0.167=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 55.5 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc)·bc·d =2·√(4000)·90·26 lb =295.99·(10)3 lb
0.75·Vc1 = 222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

For either direction:
m = fy/0.85·fc= 60/(0.85·4) = 17.65
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy= 60 Ksi)

Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=83.245 x 48=3995.76 in·kip
Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 in·kip
Contribution from pile 5,6=0 in·kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 8014 in·kip = 670 ft·kip
For moment wrt X2X2

Contribution from pile 5=from pile6=83.245 x 48=3995.76 in·kip

Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 in·kip
So Total Mz X2X2 = 8014 in·kip = 670 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 744.44 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.147 Ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0864 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.0025
ρmin< ρ < ρmax, Hence OK
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 3=from pile 5= 83.245 x 21=1748.145 in·kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437 ft·kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 4=from pile 6= 83.245 x 21=1748.145 in·kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 437 ft·kip
So Max value of MX = 437 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 485.55 ft·kip
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.06 Ksi
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.035 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.001
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018
ρ < ρmax, Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0025
b = 90 in, d=26 in
Therefore, Astx = 5.85 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.74 in2

Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction (kip) 83.245 83.244 None
Governing Moment 670 718 15%

(ft·kip)
437 502.6
Shear Force, One-Way 166.49 166.49 None

(kip)
55.5 55.5

(kip)

Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ft·kip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch
Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip


depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch

Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Pile No X Coordinate (in) Z Coordinate (in)
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 ft·kip =600 in·kip
Using Rivet theory-
Reaction from moment= +/- 600x0.27/(4x272) = +/-5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085Kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, so each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip

Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ft·kip = 840 in·kip

Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip
Reaction from moment= +/- 840x27/(4x272) = +/-7.78 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.78 = 65.409 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.78 = 49.849 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 95: Section considered for two-way shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip

Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip

So total punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Pm = 4x(12+11+11) =136 inch
ß=L/B =12/12 =1
( βc4 ) f ′cbcd = (2 + 41 ) 4, 000 × 136 × 22 = 1, 135.4 × 103 lb

V1 = 2+
V 2 = (40 b + 2) f ′c bc d = (40 136 + 2) 4, 000 × 135 × 22 = 1, 602.9 × (10)3 lb

d 22
V 3 = 4 f ′c bc d = 4 4, 000 × 136 × 22 = 756.9 × (10)3 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 756.9 kip

So, 0.75Vc = 567.7 Kip

Corner piles are 1,2,3,4
Pile 1/4 are taking reaction 49.849 Kip & Pile 2/3 are taking reaction 65.409 Kip
d critical = 4.46 inch
Effective depth = 22 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe

Figure 96: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 KN
For shear wrt X2X2

So V parallel to X direction = 51.195 Kip

V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22 = 250.4 × (10)3 lb
0.75.Vc1=187.84 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So V parallel to Z direction = 58.08 kip
V c1 = 2 f ′c bd = 2 4, 000 × 90 × 22 = 250.4 × (10)3 lb
0.75.Vc1 = 187.8 Kip

V < Vc1, Hence Safe

Figure 97: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ft·kip

So Total Mz X1X1 = 207.1 ft·kip

For moment wrt X2X2
So Total Mz X2X2 = 207.1 ft·kip
So max Mz = 207.1 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =224.11 ft·kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0363 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=49.849 x 21/12=87.24 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=0 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 ft·kip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=65.409 x 21/12=114.465 ft·kip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ft·kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 ft·kip
So Max value of MX = 228.93 ft·kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ϕ =254.37 ft·kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138

ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60

2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0012
So ρ = ρmin=0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, Astx = 3.6 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, AstZ = 3.6 in2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction (kip) 49.849 49.851 None

65.409 65.407

(ft·kip)
228.93 294.254
Shear Force(One-Way) 51.195 51.226 None

(kip)
58.08 58.14

(kip)


Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,000 KN, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm

Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm

Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
1 -848.528 -848.528
2 -848.528 848.528
3 0 0
4 848.528 -848.528
5 848.528 848.528
Pilecap Length = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm

Pilecap Width = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
pilecap dimension is 2400 mm x 2400 mm x 740 mm
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap= (1000+106.56 +0.78) =1107.34 KN
So Pile reaction = 1107.34 /5 = 221.47 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm

Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
Pm = 4·(250 + 307.5 + 307.5) =3460 mm
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc)·bc·d = 5298.5 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√(fc)·bc·d = 5530.9 KN
V3= 4.√(fc)·bc·de = 3532 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 3532 KN
So, 0.75·Vc =2649 KN
Corner piles are 1, 2, 4, & 5
Each pile is taking reaction 301.47 KN
B1 = 1418.27 mm & B2 =2025 mm
d1 = 151 mm
d2 = 211 mm
d critical =212 mm
Effective depth = 615 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe

Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (615 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 3,4,5 =0 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47=261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,2,1 =0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 522.548 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc)·bc·d = 1225 KN
0.75·Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2

Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 4 =0 KN

Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc)·bc·d = 1225 KN
0.75·Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
m = fy/0.85·fc= 415/(0.85·25) = 19.529
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = M 25)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 415 N/mm2)
Figure 101: Section considered for moment

Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm
Contribution from pile 4= pile 5 = 0 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm

Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 =0 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 488.89 KNm = 490 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.5398 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) =0.00132
ρ= ρmin=0.0018
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1= pile 4 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 5 = 0 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2= pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
So Max value of MX = 440 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 488.89 KN·m = 490 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.5398 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.00132
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2,657 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018

b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm

Therefore, Astz = 2,657 mm2
Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction, Service (kN) 221.5 221.4 Negligible
Pile Reaction, Ultimate 301.5 301.4 Negligible

(kN)

(kN·m)
489 485

(kN)
523 520
Shear Force, Two-Way 1,206 1,206 None

(kN)

Reference
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1,200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm

Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm

Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2500 mm

Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm
Weight of footing = 2.5 x 1.6 x 0.78 x 25 = 78 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1278.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1278.78/6= 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +100·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 240.91 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 100·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 185.35 KN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift capacity. Similarly, as
there is no tension pile case so each pile is safe again uplift.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN

So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140·0.9/(4·0.9·0.9) = 254.24 KN

deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 1(332.02) =332.02 KN

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4= 0.492(293.13) = 144.22 KN
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 1(254.24) = 254.24 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 2(333.02 + 144.22 + 254.24) = 1462.96 KN
Pm = 4·(250 + 327.5 + 327.5) = 3620 mm
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
V1= (2 + 4/βc)√(fc)·bc·d = 5904 KN
V2 = (40·d/b + 2)√(fc)·bc·d = 9090 KN
V3= 4.√(fc)·bc·de = 3936 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 3936 KN
So, 0.75·Vc = 2952 KN


Corner piles are 1, 2, 5, & 6
Critical Pile 1 & 2 with axial Reaction 333.02 KN
B1 = 1450 mm & B2 =2105 mm
d1 = 163 mm
d2 = 225 mm
d critical =225 mm
Effective depth = 655 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (655 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0.9x 333.03 = 299.72 KN

Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, & 6 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = = 2(299.72) KN= 599.4 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0.9(254.24) = 228.82 KN
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, & 4 = 0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 2(228.82) = 457.63 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 599.4 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc)·bc·d = 869.8 KN
0.75·Vc1= 652 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
m = fy/0.85·fc= 415/(0.85·25) = 19.529
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = M 25)
ρbal = 0.85·ß1·fc·87/fy·(87 + fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75·ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018 (as fy= 415 N/mm2)

Figure 105: Section considered for moment

Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 333.02(0.775) = 258.1 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.13·0.0083) = 0.2 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 254.24(0.775) = 197 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.13·0.0083) = 0.2 KNm
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0 KNm
So Critical value of Mz =520 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ϕ = 577.78 KNm = 580 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.845 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0795 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.002
ρ = ρmin=0.0018
ρmin < ρ < ρmax, Hence OK


Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 KNm
Contribution from piles 2, 4, & 6 = 0 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 =285.8 KNm = 286 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 KNm
So Max value of Mx = 286 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ϕ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b·d2 = 0.2964 N/mm2
2·m·Rn/fy = 0.0279 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m· (1-√1-2m·Rn/fy) = 0.00072
So ρ= ρmin=0.0018

Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0020
b = 1600 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2096 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2948 mm2

US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Pile Reaction, Service (kN) 241 241 Negligible

241 241
213 213
213 213
185 185
185 185
Pile Reaction, Ultimate 332 332 None

(kN)
332 332
293 293
293 293
254 254
254 254

(kN·m)
318 318

(kN)
0 0
Shear Force, Two-Way 1,463 1,462 Negligible

(kN)
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1

Reference
Foundation Analysis and Design Fifth Edition by J.E. Bowles, Page 475-481, Example 9-1.

Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc’ = 3,000psi (column and footing),
fy = 60,000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Figure 106: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
Find out ultimate soil pressure

Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
ΣPw = P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
Ultimate ratio UR= (168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875
qult = qa x UR= 2 x 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads and then switching to
“ultimate” values.
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of column 1
ΣMcol1 = Rwhere R = Pu = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
444 = 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft

We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444
444
B= 19.648 × 2.775
= 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
Find out bending moment and shear force

Uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu 1 + Pu 2) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft
Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):
dV = ∫0x q d x
V = 22.48 x – 168
V = 0 at x = 168 / 22.48 = 7.47 ft (locates point of Mmax)
Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM = ∫0x dV d x
M =
22.48( x )2
2
(
− 168 x − 0.5 )
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M =
22.48(7.47)2
2
( )
− 168 7.47 − 0.5 = − 543.76 ft⋅kips
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Figure 107: Forces on foundation
Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x (3.625)2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips
Maximum shear force at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x 14.875 – 168 = 166.39 kips
Figure 108: Shear and Bending diagrams
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable = )
8.17 x 11.825 d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
d = 166.39 / 119.1= 1.397 ft (16.765 in)
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using “d” just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc = 4 × 0.75 3, 000 = 164.317psi = 23.66ksf
Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft

The net shear is column load – upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
(12 + 8.38) × (12 + 16.765)
A= 144
= 4.07ft2
V = Pcol -Psoil = 168 – 4.07 x 22.48 / 8.17= 156.8 kips

156.8
Actual v = 5.794 × 1.397
= 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
At column 2 a four side zone gives

(15 + 16.765)2
A= 144
= 7.01ft2

And
V = 276 – 7.01 x 22.48 / 8.17 = 256.74 kips
Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x 4 / 12 = 10.59 ft
256.74
v= 10.59 × 1.397
= 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.
Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2)

For fy = 60 and fc’ = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96As:
( )
As d −
a
2
=
Mu
ϕfy
(
As 16.765 − 0.98As = ) 543.76 × 12
0.9 × 60 × 8.17
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
0.94 200
p= 16.765 × 12
= 0.00467 > fy
(OK)
Less than maximum allowable percent of steel

Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 –in spacing across top of footing:
As = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in2
Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):
Ld is O.K.
Find steel in short direction in column 1

B’ = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft
8.17 − 1
L ′= 2
= 3.585 ft
168
q= 8.17 × 2.05
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
10.03(3.585)2
M = 2
12 = 773.45in⋅kips
Take d = (16.765 – 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 773.45
0.9 × 60
= 14.323
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:
L d = 0.04 × 0.60 × 60, 000 × 3, 000 = 26.3in
or
Ld = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in

Ld furnished = 3.585 x 12 – 3 = 40 in
Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:
B’ = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
8.17 − 1.25
L ′= 2
= 3.46 ft
276
q= 8.17 × 3.25
= 10.394ksf (conservative)
10.394(3.46)2
M = 2
12 = 746.6 in⋅kips
(
As 15.765 − 0.98As = ) 776.478
0.9 × 60
= 14.379
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Check dowel requirements of column to footing

At column 1 the supporting area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited to:
fc = 0.75 x 0.7 x fc’ = 1.575 ksi
p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
As = 0.005 x 144 = 0.72 in2
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
A2
ψ= A1
>2
Use 2
fc = 0.75 x 0.7 fc x 2 = 3.15 ksi
P = 15 x 15 x 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum requirement of 200 / fy
(could use 0.28 x 1.33 ≥ T and S alternatively but would require increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.

US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Comparison

Advanced Result
Average Base Pressure 0.01911 0.02 4.657

(kip/in2)
Maximum Negative 543.76 529.064 2.70

Bending Moment (ft·kips)
Maximum Positive 147.7 149.12 0.96

Bending Moment (ft·kips)
Required Area of 0.94 0.909 3.3

Reinforcement (in2/ft)
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning

Reference
Problem
Density of soil =14 KN/cum
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Strength of concrete (fc’) = M-30 = 4349.39 Psi


Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= -10.32KNm
Mx=45.89 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations.

Design started with trial dimensions of 3.75m × 3.75m × 1.0m
Determination of base area of footing

Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 3.75m×3.75m square footing (Af =14.0625 m2).
Self-wt. of Footing =(3.75*3.75*1*25) = 351.562 KN
Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(3.75*3.75) –(0.3*0.3)} =97.8075 KN
The net moments are given by:-
Mz = -10.32 – (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
s 1 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = 75.980 KN/m2
s 2 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = 10.0621 KN/m2
s 3 =((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 45.131 KN/m2
s 4 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 111.049 KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Restoring Force = μ*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Along Z- Direction:
Restoring Force = μ*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
For Overturning

About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 45.89 – 200* (0 +1) =
-154.11 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5 = 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/154.11) =11.5506 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =-10.32 + 300* (0 +1) =
289.68 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5 = 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/289.68) =6.1449 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Check For Shear

s1 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = 50.9804 KN/m2
s2 = (500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = -14.9378 KN/m2
s3 =(500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 20.1307 KN/m2
s4 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 86.049 KN/m2
Average pressure:-
qu = (s 1 +s 2 +s 3+s 4) / 4 = 35.555 KN/ m2
Figure 110: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and two-way action
(punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the controlling shear criteria
for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22 in)

Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear)

Along Z-Z axis: -
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)/3.75*0.805}
=45.56183 KN/ m2 [0.805=3.75-(3.75/2+0.92+0.15)]
Vux =3.75*{45.56183*0.805+0.5*(53.0899-45.56183)*0.805}= 148.9025 KN
Along X-X axis:-
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 68.5147- {(68.5147-2.5964)/3.75*0.805}
=54.36424 KN/ m2[0.805=(3.75/2–0.92–0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =3.75*{54.36424*0.805+0.5*(68.5147-54.36424)*0.805}= 185.47 KN
ϕVu = ϕ(2√(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2√(4349.39)×147.6378×36.22)/1000 = 529.0018 kips = 2,354.06 KN >
Vux and Vuz
Hence O.K.
Tributary area = 14.0625 - (0.3+ 0.92)·(0.3 + 0.92) = 12.5741 m2
Vu = 35.555×12.5741 = 447.0791 KN = 100.467 kip
{
4
2+ βc
Vc
αsd
= +2
f ′c bo d b0
min 4
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in

0.30
βc = 0.30
= 1.0

bo 4.88
d
= 0.92
= 5.304348
αs= 40 for interior columns
{
4
2+ 1
= 6.0
Vc
= 40
f ′c bo d 5.304348
+ 2 = 9.541
min 4 (governs)
ϕV c = 0.75 × 4 × 4, 349.39 × 192.126 × 36.2205 / 1, 000 = 1, 376.82kips > V u = 100.467kips
O.K.
Calculation for reinforcement

Figure 111: Critical section for moment is at the face of column
Bending about X Axis Bending About Z Axis
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)/3.75*1.725}
=36.958 KN/ m2 [1.725= 3.75-(3.75/2+0.15)]
Mu =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}= 266.2033 KNm
Mu 266.2033
RequiedRn = = = 93.188kN/m2 = 13.5105psi
ϕbd 2 0.9 × 3.75 × (0.92)2
ρ=
0.85 f ′c
fy ( 1− 1−
2Rn
0.85 f ′c
) =
0.85 × 30
415 ( 1− 1−
2 × 13.5105
0.85 × 4, 349.39 ) = 0.00022

ρ(gross area) = (d/h)×0.00022 = (0.92/1.0)×0.00027 = 0.000207

Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin, so ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180×.75×0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
About Z Axis
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964 KN/m2

=38.1923 KN/ m2 [1.725=(3.75/2-0.15)]
Mu =3.75*{38.1923*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(68.5147-38.1923)*1.725*1.725*2/3}= 325.87126
KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section (ϕ = 0.9)
Mu 325.87126
RequiedRn = = = 114.0766 kN/m2 = 8.44355 psi
ϕbd 2 0.9 × 3.75 × (0.92)2
ρ=
0.85 f ′c
fy ( 1− 1−
2Rn
0.85 f ′c
) =
0.85 × 30
415 ( 1− 1−
2 × 8.44355
0.85 × 4, 349.39 ) = 0.00014
p(gross area) = (d/h) ×0.00014 = (0.92/1.0) ×0.00014 = 0.000129

ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin, so ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180×3.75×0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
Try with 16mm bars (Af =201.06 m2m)
So, no. of bars reqd = 6210/ 201.06 =31 bars
Check for development length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang; For # 35M bars and smaller:
fy 415
L d = 0.02Ab = 0.02 × 201.06 × = 304.68mm
f ′ 30
c
Available development length of the bars = 0.5*(L-Dcol) –C cover = 1675 mm > 304.68 mm.
Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50 mm

Center-to-center bar spacing = {3750-2*(50+8)}/30 = 121.13 mm

This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result* Difference (Reasons there-

of)
Moment about X (kN·m) 266.2033 269.53 Error due to

Moment about Z (kN·m) 325.87126 328.41 m Error due to

Area of steel about X-X 6,210 6,106.05 Error due to

(mm2) approximation in base
Area of steel about Z-Z 6,210 6,241.05 Error due to

Shear force 185.47 186.09 Error due to

(One way) along X (kN)

(One way) along Z (kN)
Shear force 447.079 447.38 Negligible

(Two way) (kN)

Sliding (X)

Sliding (Z)

Overturning (X)

US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result* Difference (Reasons there-

of)

Overturning (Z)
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading

Reference
Problem
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Strength of concrete (fc’) = M-30 = 4349.39 Psi
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations.

Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m

Determination of base area of footing:
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m×5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0*5.0*1*25) = 625 KN

Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(5.0*5.0) –(0.3*0.3)} =174.37 KN
The net moments are given by:
Mz =+45.89 – (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) –(-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
σ1 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 47.28336KN/m2
σ2 = ((500+625)/25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 28.478 KN/m2
σ3 =((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 42.7167 KN/m2
σ4 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 61.522 KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.1656 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32– 200* (0 +1) =
-298.32 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 –Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) * Width of
Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:

Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300* (0 +1) =
345.89 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 –Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) * Width of
Footing*0.5 = 3398.425 KN-m
Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Check for Shear

Factored Loads and Soil Reaction
σ1 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 22.2834KN/m2
σ2 = (500/25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 3.47792KN/m2
σ3 =(500/ 25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 17.7167 KN/m2
σ4 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 36.52208 KN/m2
Average pressure:
qu = (σ1 +σ2 +σ3+σ4) / 4 = 20.000 KN/ m2
Figure 113: Critical section for punching shear at d/2
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and two-way action
(punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the controlling shear criteria
for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22 in)
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear)
Along Z-Z axis: -
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2

Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2
[1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Along X-X axis:
Vu = qs×tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73} =22.89603 KN/ m2
[ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
ϕVu = ϕ (2√(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2√(4349.39)×196.8504× 36.22)/1000 = 705.3265 kips = 3138.703 KN >
Vux and Vuz
Hence O.K.
Tributary area = [25.000 - (0.3 + 0.92)x(0.3 + 0.92)] = 23.5116 m2
V = 20.000 x 23.5116 = 470.232 KN = 105.6701 kip
u
{
4
2+ βc
Vc
αsd
= +2
f ′c bo d b0
min 4
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88 m =192.126 in
0.30
βc = 0.30
= 1.0
bo 4.88
d
= 0.92
= 5.304348
αs = 40 for interior columns
{
4
2+ 1
= 6.0
Vc
= 40
f ′c bo d 5.304348
+ 2 = 9.541
min 4 (governs)
ϕV c = 0.75 × 4 × 4, 349.39 × 192.126 × 36.2205 / 1, 000 = 1, 376.82kips > V u = 100.467kips

Calculation for reinforcement
Bending about X Axis Bending About Z Axis
About X-Axis
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0*2.05}
=21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Mu = 5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48 KNm
Mu 264.48
ϕbd 2 0.9 × 5.0 × (0.92)2
ρ=
0.85 f ′c
fy ( 1− 1−
2Rn
0.85 f ′c
) =
0.85 × 30
415 ( 1− 1−
2 × 10.067
0.85 × 4, 349.39 ) = 0.0001675
ρ(gross area) = (d/h) ×0.0001675 = (0.92/1.0) × 0.0001675 = 0.0001541

ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin, ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180×5.0×0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
About Z- axis:


=19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 –19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874 KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section (ϕ = 0.9)
Mu 457.874
ϕbd 2 0.9 × 5.0 × (0.92)2
ρ=
0.85 f ′c
fy ( 1− 1−
2Rn
0.85 f ′c
) =
0.85 × 30
415 ( 1− 1−
2 × 17.429
0.85 × 4, 349.39 ) = 0.00029
ρ(gross area) = (d/h) × 0.00029 = (0.92/1.0) × 0.00029 = 0.000267

ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin , ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180×5.0×0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
Try with 20 mm bars (Af =314.16 mm2)
So, no. of bars required = 8280/ 314.16 =27 bars
Check for development length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang (For # 35M bars and smaller):
fy 415
L d = 0.02Ab = 0.02 × 314.16 × = 476.1mm
f ′ 30
c
Available development length of the bars= 0.5*(L-Dcol) –C cover = 2375 mm > 476.1 mm. Hence
OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {5000-2*(50+10)}/26 = 187.6923 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference (Reasons there-

Advanced Result of)
Moment about X (kN·m) 264.48 264.53 Negligible
Moment about Z (kN·m) 457.874 457.83 Negligible

US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference (Reasons there-

Advanced Result of)
Area of steel about X-X 8,280 8,906.40 Error due to

Area of steel about Z-Z 8,280 8,321.40 Error due to


(One way) along X (kN)

(One way) along Z (kN)

(Two way) (kN)

Sliding (X)

Sliding (Z)

Overturning (X)

Overturning (Z)
5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1

Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.5

Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m

Strength of concrete, f'c = M-30 = 4349.39 psi
Strength of steel = fy = Fe-415
Applied loads: Fy = -800 kN
Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 60: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 140
2.25 110 130 140 140 145
3.0 120 140 150 152 155
3.75 130 150 160 154 160
5.0 140 160 170 156 165
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 450 mm
Pedestal length = 609.6 mm
Pedestal width = 609.6 mm
Pedestal height = 304.8 mm
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table. Using the initial dimensions, the portion of the
bearing pressure table is:
Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.25 140 140
3.0 150 152
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is obvserved to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interopolated between 3 and 4 m
width:

(
150 + 152 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 150.8kN / m 2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interoplated bewteen 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 150.8 − 140 )( 2.53 −−2.25
2.25
) = 143.6kN / m 2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 143.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

Depth of soil on top of the footing = 2.5 - 0.45 = 2.05 m
So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.6096 × 0.6096) × 2.05 × 22 = 504.6kN
Becuase the footing is specified as a fixed bottom, a full pedestal height of 2.05 m is used in lieu of the initial
0.3048 m.
The self weight of the footing:
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.45) + (0.6096 × 0.6096 × 2.05) 25 = 149.1kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 504.596 + 149.1 + 800 = 1,453.7 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P 1, 453.7
A
= 3.4 × 3.4
= 125.75kN / m 2 < 143.6kN / m 2
Hence safe.
Comparison
Table 61: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
Value of Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 125.75 125.75 none
Calculated bearing 143.6 143.6 none

capacity (kN/m2)

5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 2

Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.5
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = M-30 = 4,349.39 psi
Strength of steel = fy = Fe-415
Applied loads: Fy = -1600 kN
Type of depth is fixed bottom.
Table 62: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
Depth (m) Width (m)
1 2 3 4 5
2.0 100 120 130 135 140
2.25 110 130 140 140 145
3.5 120 140 150 159 155
3.0 130 150 160 154 160
4.0 140 160 170 156 165
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 500 mm
Pedestal length =600 mm
Pedestal width = 600 mm
Pedestal height = 300 mm
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table. Using the initial dimensions, the portion of the
bearing pressure table is:

Depth (m) Width (m)
3 4
2.5 150 159
3.0 160 154
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is:
(
150 + 159 − 150 )( 3.44 −−33 ) = 153.6kN / m 2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 153.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(3.4 × 3.4) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 492.8kN
(3.4 × 3.4 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 162.5kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 492.8 + 162.5 + 1,600 = 2,255.3 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P 2, 255.3
A
= 3.4 × 3.4
= 195.1kN / m 2 > 153.6kN / m 2 NG
Hence not safe. Therefore, the dimensions must be recalculated.
Recalculate the Dimensions

Increase the length and width of the footing:
Length = 4 m
Width = 4 m
Per the previous table, the bearing pressure for a 2.5 m depth and 4 m x 4 m footing = 159 kN/m2.
Calculation of New Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
(4 × 4) − (0.6 × 0.6) × 2.0 × 22 = 688.16kN


(4 × 4 × 0.5) + (0.6 × 0.6 × 2.0) 25 = 218kN
New Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 688.16 + 218 + 1,600 = 2,506.2 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P 2, 506.2
A
= 4×4
= 156.64kN / m 2 < 159kN / m 2 OK
Hence safe.
Comparison
Value of Reference Results STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 156.64 156.6374 none
Calculated bearing 159 159 none

capacity (kN/m2)

Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)
6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Reference
380 ft Brenham (Wesley), TX guyed tower Design Project
Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.677 sq.inch, i.e if single guy rod is used,min dia of rod required =
1.5 inch
Necessary Factors of Safety are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification-
Assume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi
unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Soil & GWT condition-

Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Table 64: Soil Test Report Summary
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
1 Sand (0-2) 0 20 115
2 Sand (2-15) 0 30 115
3 Sand (15-below) 0 30 115
Assume depth of Ground Water Table from GL = 8 ft

Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30 degree
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos θ = 83.815 x Cos 54.231 = 48.9656 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 83.815 x Sin 54.231 = 68.0245 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)

Figure 114: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips)
Kp=tan2 (450+ ϕ/2)

Kp=tan2 (450- ϕ/2)
Note: ϕ is in degrees
Pa= γ.h.Kp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ.h.Ka

Where:
Ka = Active EP coeff of the present layer
γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h= Thickness of present layer)
Thus
Pp= γ.h.Kp + 2C.√Kp
So Pp or a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ.h.Kp
Where:
Kp = Passive EP coeff of the present layer
h= Thickness of present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer)
Note: Here, γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C
Figure 115: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
α ≤1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft2 unit

Figure 116: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Soil Depth upper lvl of Soil Depth lower lvl of avg Pp effective on block weighted avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0

6.5 7 2167.1918 1083.596
7 7.5 2340.028 1170.014
7.5 8 2512.8643 1256.432
8 8.5 2638.8093 1319.405
8.5 9 2717.8631 1358.932
9 9.5 2796.9169 1398.458
9.5 10 2875.9707 1437.985
10 10.5 0 0
10.5 11 0 0
11 11.5 0 0
11.5 12 0 0
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0

Figure 117: Dispersion line diagram
Check for Safety against Sliding

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 9,024.823 lb/ft
Length = 11.5 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 9,024.823 x 11.5 /1000 = 103.786 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9656 Kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 103.786 / 48.9656 = 2.12
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety against Uplift

given value of dispersion angle = 30 degree
Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block

Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 11.5 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 24.15 kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 11.5 x 62.4/1000 = 5.7408 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 24.15-5.7408 = 18.4092 Kip
Weight of soil over top of anchor in a truncated pyramid = 215.93 Kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 0 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 18.4092 + 215.93 + 0 = 234.34 Kip
Allowable anchor uplift resistance = V = 68.0245 Kip
Net Safety factor = 234.34 / 68.0245 = 3.445
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5

Design checks for the top & front face rebar

Top Rebar Design Check
Figure 118: Top rebar force diagram
Vertical Force (V) = 68.0245 Kip

Length (L) = 11.5 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 5.91517391304348 Kip
Bending Moment = w.L2/8 = 97.786 ft·kip
Factored Moment M = 97.786 x 1.3 = 127.1218 ft·kip
Strength of concrete = 4 Ksi
Figure 119: Bending moment diagram - top
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 38.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch

Total area of Top Rebar = As = 2.4040625 Ksi

a = As.fy/(ß.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) =408.37 ft·kip
ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1,
Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Front face Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force (V)= 48.9656 Kip
Length (L) = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 4.25787826086957 Kip/ft
Factored Moment M = 91.5057 ft·kip
Figure 120: Bending moment diagram - front face

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
Area of each front rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803046875 sq.inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 355.47 ft·kip
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK

Comparison
Table 65: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (kips) 103.786 103.71 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kips) 234.34 234.495 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.12 2.117 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.445 3.448 Negligible
Factored moment resisted 127.122 127.086 Negligible

by top rebar (ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity 408.37 407.66 Negligible

(vertically hogging) (ft-
kip)
Factored moment resisted 91.506 91.553 Negligible

by front rebar (ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity 355.472 354.856 Negligible

(horizontally hogging) (ft-
kip)

Reference
Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod required = 1.4 inch

Necessary FOS are as follows-

Soil & GWT condition
Table 66: Soil test report summary
1 clay (0-2) 0 0 106
2 clay (2-15) 800 0 106
3 clay (15-below) 800 0 106


First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Kp=tan2 (450 + ϕ/2)

Kp=tan2 (450 - ϕ/2)

Note: ϕ is in degree
Pa= γ.h.Kp
Where:
Ka= Active EP coeff of the present layer
Thus
Where:
Kp= Passive EP coeff of the present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer
Note: Here γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
α≤1
Figure 122: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift

Table 67: Soil layers
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2317.4172 1158.709
7 7.5 2370.4843 1185.242
7.5 8 2423.5513 1211.776
8 8.5 2460.9987 1230.499
8.5 9 2482.8262 1241.413
9 9.5 2504.6538 1252.327
9.5 10 2526.4814 1263.241
10 10.5 0 0

10.5 11 0 0
11 11.5 0 0
11.5 12 0 0
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 8543.207 lb/ft
Length = 14 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 8543.207 x 14 /1000 = 119.605 kip

Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block

Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 14 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 29.4 kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 14 x 62.4/1000 = 6.9888 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 29.4-6.9888 = 22.4112Kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 74.08 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 22.4112 + 38.58 + 74.08 = 135.072 Kip


Vertical Force (V) = 58.0229 Kip

Length (L) = 14 Kip

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Hence, deff =38.19 inch

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
Resisting Moment = M1 = ϕ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 408.37
ft·kip

ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK

Length (L) = 14 ft

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85 ≥ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK

Comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 119.605 119.542 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 135.072 135.123 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.443 2.44 negligible
Vertical FOS 2.328 2.329 negligible
factored moment resisted 132.0033 131.963 negligible

by top rebar ( ft·kip)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 negligible

(vertically hogging)
(ft·kip)

by front rebar (ft·kip)

(horizontally hogging)
(ft·kip)

Reference
Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod required = 1.6
inch

Necessary FOS are as follows

Material Specification
Table 69: Soil test report summary
1 silt (0-2) 500 20 105
2 silt (2-15) 500 20 105
3 silt (15- below) 500 20 105

First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod

Kp=tan2 (450+ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-ϕ/2)
Pa= γ.h.Kp


Where:

Where:
α≤1

0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0

6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 2984.5298 1492.265
7.5 8 3091.7854 1545.893
8 8.5 3167.1708 1583.585
8.5 9 3210.6859 1605.343
9 9.5 3254.2011 1627.101
9.5 10 3297.7162 1648.858
10 10.5 3341.2313 1670.616
10.5 11 3384.7465 1692.373
11 11.5 3428.2616 1714.131
11.5 12 3471.7768 1735.888
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0

Length = 10 ft



Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block

Figure 128: Dispersion line diagram
Height of soil above top level of block = 7 ft

Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 10 x 4 x 5 x 0.15 = 30 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 30-9.984 = 20.016Kip
Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be done

Length (L) = 10 Kip

Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.8024 Kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
ratio = 603.099 / 78.039 = 7.729 >1, Hence OK


Length (L) = 10 ft

ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 5 ft
ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK
Comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 163.161 163.306 Negligible


Advanced Result
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 151.296 151.355 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.066 2.064 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.151 3.153 Negligible
factored moment resisted 78.039 78.011 Negligible

Max moment capacity 603.099 602.06 Negligible

(ft·kip)
factored moment resisted 128.3438 128.361 Negligible

Max moment capacity 356.394 355.775 Negligible

(ft·kip)

Reference
Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Axial Tension = 250 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 50 degree
Min area required for guy rod =4.167 sq.inch, (i.e if single rod is used, then min dia of rod required =
2.4 inch).

Necessary FOS are as follows-

1 sand (0-3) 0 20 104
2 silt (3-5) 500 22 105
3 silt (5-8) 800 15 105
4 silt (8-10) 800 20 106

5 silt (10-12) 850 15 106
6 silt (12-20) 850 15 106
8 silt (20-below) 850 15 106

First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos θ = 250 x Cos 50 = 160.6297 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 250 x Sin 50 = 191.5676 Kip

Kp=tan2 (450+ ϕ/2)
Kp=tan2 (450- ϕ/2)
Pa= γ.h.Kp
Where:
h= Thickness of present layer)
Where
α≤1




Length = 12 ft

Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block

Height of soil above top level of block = 8 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 12 x 6 x 8 x 0.15 = 86.4 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 86.4-31.4496 = 54.9504Kip




Length (L)= 12 Kip
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft

Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2

Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.61 in2
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
Length (L) = 12 ft
ϕ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85 ≥ ß ≥ 0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft
Effective Depth = deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
ratio = 1101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK

Comparison

Advanced Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 413.423 413.174 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 719.211 719.281 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.574 2.571 negligible
Vertical FOS 3.755 3.756 negligible


(ft·kip)


(ft·kip)

Drilled Pier Foundations
7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft3,
Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3,
Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3,
Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi

Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Figure 137: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi

Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.362ft
Effective Overburden Pressure

Po = (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
α Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2

α = 0.5 x Ψ -0.5 Ψ <=1.0
α = 0.5 x Ψ -0.25 Ψ >1.0
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0

Layer α
Layer3 0.59045
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ Friction angle between soil and pier
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerf = α x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tanδ
Layer Shaft Friction (psf)
Layer1 125.788
Layer2 589.040
Layer3 1180.889
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer Qf (kip)
Layer1 6.3228
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 66.7777
Total Skin Friction 121.214
Modified Skin Friction Based on Neglected Zones for Skin Friction

Qf (modified) is calculated by considering top and bottom neglect layer
Layer Qf_modified (kip)
Layer1 2.3711
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 51.9382
Total Modified Skin Friction 102.423

Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, Qp_bott = 56.549 kips
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4
+ ρconc = 14.137 kip
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt = 144.834 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_modi Q p_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 48.278 kip

Comparison
Table 74: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference

Advanced Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 56.549 56.571 Negligible

(kip)
Unfactored Skin 102.423 102.487 Negligible

Resistance (kip)
Unfactored Total Axial 144.834 144.916 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
Factored Tip Resistance 18.849 18.857 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Skin Resistance 34.141 34.162 Negligible

(kip)
Factored Total Axial 48.278 48.305 Negligible

Capacity (kip)
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API

Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi

K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.776ft

Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Layer1 315
Layer2 1345

Layer3 1874
Layer4 1566
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 1.0672
Layer4 1.9157
α Factor
Layer α
Layer1 0.55
Layer2 0.55
Layer3 0.55
Layer4 0.55
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
Layer1 550
Layer2 605

Layer3 1100
Layer4 1650
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 98.835
Layer3 110.584
Layer4 248.814

Layer Qf_modified (psf)
Layer1 6.9115
Layer2 98.835
Layer3 110.584
Layer4 165.876
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900
Layer3 18000

Layer q (psf)
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer

Qp_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4
Water uplift = x
d2
4
(1 − d )(γ ) = − 8.57 kip
water water
Σ Q f_mod + Q p_bott − Self_wt = 67.985 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣQ
f_modi Q p_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 75: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Advanced Result

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA

Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 16
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth

3( ) Ec I 0.286
Es d
= 37.362ft

Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 1925
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18
Layer β
Layer1 0.9017
Layer2 0.8536
Layer3 0

Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = α x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = β x σ vi
Layer1 389.50

Layer2 1347.86
Layer3 1100.0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
Layer1 19.578
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 62.204

Layer Rs_modified (kip)
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Total Modified Skin Friction 165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap

Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.628
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 17.628 kips
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4
Σ Rs_mod + R B_bott − Self_wt = 169.308 kip

i i
Factored Capacity
Σ Rs_mod
i R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 56.436 kip
Comparison
Table 76: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
Value of STAAD Foundation Reference Result Difference

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA

Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, N60 10
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60 12
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin frictionTop - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Critical Depth
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.776ft

1 315
2 1345

3 1874
4 1380
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer α
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18

β = 0 (for all layers)
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = α x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = β x σ vi
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650

Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469

Layer Rs (kip)
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702

1 6.912
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Σ (Total Modified Skin Friction) 382.206
Base Resistance
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611
4 27
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759

Layer RB (kip)
3 70.510
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4
Water uplift = x
d
4
2
(1 − d )γ
w w = 7.012 kip

i i
where
dw = depth of water
γw = density of water
Factored Capacity
ΣR
s_modi R B_bott − Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 213.658 kip
Comparison
Table 77: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC

Advanced Result

Capacity (kip)
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC

Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150 lb/ft3
Rebar Properties

fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
3( ) Ec I 0.286
Es d
= 32.283ft


Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (psf)
1 432
2 1579
3 1925
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55
Layer α
1 0
2 0
3 0.55
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure

K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
β Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor
Layer β
1 0.462
2 0.540
3 0

Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
1 199.532
2 852.039
3 1100

tan(δ1) = 0.675
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204

1 3.761
2 69.596
3 48.381
Σ (Total Modified Skin Friction) 121.737
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Cohesionless Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor Nqp = 0
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr x Nqp x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nqp
Layer q (psf)
1 0
2 0
3 18000

RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 56.549 kip
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣR
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 54.716 kip
Comparison
Table 78: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)

(kip)

(kip)

Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic

Advanced Result

Capacity (kip)
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic

Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties

fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
3 ( )Ec I 0.286
Es d
= 74.776ft


Layer Effective Overburden Pressure (psf)
1 315
2 1345
3 1874
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor, β = 0 (All layers)
Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
tan(δ1) = 0
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814

Layer Rs (kip)
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
d4
Self wt = x 4

i i
Factored Capacity
ΣR
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 79: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

Resistance (kip)

Capacity (kip)


Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

Capacity (kip)

8
Plant Foundation
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1

Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 10ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 4ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft

Plant Foundation
Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Figure 143: Tank and foundation elevation
Anchor Bolt Data
Figure 144: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 14.875 ft

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1.5 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 2 in
Number of Anchor Bolts, Nb = 16
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 1.5 ft
Design Parameters

Plant Foundation
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Table 80: Primary load description
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft·kip) Base Shear (kip)
Empty Load (De) 10 0 0
Operating Load (Do) 20 0 0
Test Load (Dt) 0 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) 0 0 0
Live Load (Dl) 0 0 0
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 0 mph
Exposure category D, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8

Plant Foundation
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.9 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 81: Wind loads
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
1 1.03023 0 4 4 0 0
11 1.03023 0 4 40 0 0
Total Wind Shear = 0 kip

Total Wind Moment = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient
Cs = 0
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0 kip
Load Combination Table
Table 82: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
Case Load
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 83: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level
Case Load
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 84: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 20 0 0
2 2o 0 0
3 20 0 0
4 10 0 0

Plant Foundation
5 18 0 0
6 9 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Table 85: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level
1 10 0 0
2 o 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect. 4.5.1

Plant Foundation
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft

Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
Fu = 4·Muped/(Nd·Dc) - 0.9·(Du + Wped)/Nd = -0.369 kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = -8.192(10)-3 in2
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : #5 - 32
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Area of Steel Provided = -0.00819 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 5.5086 ft2
Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2
Pu = Muped/Dc + 0.9· (Du + Wped) = 11.769 kip
db = 0.625 in
Fc = Pu/An = 0.015 ksi
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil = 0 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 86: Stability Ratio
Load Case Eccentricity Stability Ratio
1 0 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0

Plant Foundation
6 0
7 0
8 0
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 87: Soil Bearing Check
Load Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
Case
1 0.2414 0.2414
2 0.2414 0.2414
3 0.2414 0.2414
4 0.4582 0.4582
5 0.2173 0.2173
6 0.4123 0.4123
7 0 0
8 0 0
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.4582 ksf

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.4233 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Plant Foundation
Figure 145: One-way shear dimensions
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 2.7246 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 1.0006 ft
Shear Stress, Vu = 0.266 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, ϕVC = 13.66 ksf
Two-Way Shear Check
Figure 146: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 21.65 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 6.463 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, ϕVc = 1019.8 kip
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
ℓd = 4β f ′c = 12 in
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551 ft

Plant Foundation
Mu
Rn = = 4.415 × (10)−3 ksi
0.9d 2
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647

2·m·Rn / fy = 2.597(10)-3
1− ( )
1 − 2m
Rn
fy
ρ= m
= 7.364 × (10)−5

Ast,req = ρ·d·1ft = 0.018 in2
ρmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Required
Ast,min = ρmin·d· 1 ft = 0.447 in2
Spacing Required, s = 8 in.
Area of Steel Provided
Ast_prov = (π·db 2/4)·1ft/s = 0.205 in2
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft
Comparison
Table 88: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Hand Calculations STAAD Foundation Percent Difference

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 10 10 none
Footing Thickness (ft) 2 2 none
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 0.458 0.496 8%
Stability Check 0 0 n/a
One Way Shear Check 0.266 0.266 0%

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 6.463 6.564 2%

(kip)

Plant Foundation
Vertical Vessel Foundation Design

Advanced Result
Reinforcement Provided 0.460 0.447 3%

(in2)
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design

Input Parameters
Geometrical Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 50 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry

Plant Foundation
Anchor Bolt Data

Bolt Diameter, BD = 168 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 ft
Design Parameters

Plant Foundation
Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Empty Load (De) -28 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -66 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -73 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) -70 0 0
Wind Load
Exposure category C, Case 2

Plant Foundation

2 0.848884 0.028727 13 26 0.507899 0.507899
15 0.848884 0.028727 13 169 3.301344 28.06143
20 0.901885 0.030521 13 65 1.349026 23.60796
25 0.945265 0.031989 13 65 1.413912 31.81303
30 0.982253 0.033241 13 65 1.469238 40.40405
40 1.043581 0.035316 13 130 3.121944 109.268
50 1.093775 0.037015 13 130 3.272105 147.2447
52 1.102844 0.037322 13 26 0.659847 33.65219
Total Wind Shear = 15.095 kip

Total Wind Moment = 414.449 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Cs = 5.973x10-3
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0.167 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0.394 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0.436 kip

Plant Foundation
Table 91: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 92: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
1 66 0 0
2 66 15.09532 414.5593
3 66 0.275945 2.207563
4 28 15.09532 414.4493
5 59.4 0.275945 2.207563
6 25.2 0.117068 0.936542
7 70 7.547658 207.2797
8 60.59 6.264556 172.0421
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
3 79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4 79.2 0.394208 3.153661
5 25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6 59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7 25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads

Plant Foundation
Axial = 92.4 kip

Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Fu = 4·Muped/(Nd·Dc) - 0.9·(Du + Wped)/Nd = 66.274 kip
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) = 1.473 in2
Area of Steel Provided = 1.472746 in.2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.060107
Fc = Pu/An = 84.211 ksi
Weight of Soil = 10.935 kip
Design Results
1 0 0
2 2.376857 3.36579

Plant Foundation
3 0.017400 459.778
4 2.913937 2.74543
5 0.017975 445.060
6 0.009203 869.292
7 1.165810 6.86219
8 1.012977 7.89752

Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing (X1) = 1.62742 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing (X2) = 0.904783 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity ϕVC per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3 = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check

Plant Foundation

{
0.87db f y
ℓd = 4β f ′c = 12 in
max 12 in
Rn = Mu / (0.9·1ft·d2) = 0.079 ksi
m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
2·m·Rn / fy = 0.047
1− ( )
1 − 2m
Rn
fy
ρ= m
= 1.336 × (10)−3

Ast_req = p·d·1ft = 0.139 in2
pmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req
Ast_min = pmin·d·1ft = 0.188 in2
Spacing Required
s = 18 in.

Plant Foundation
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 16 16 0
Footing Thickness (ft) 1 1 0
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 2.1030 2.102 0
Stability Check 2.7454 2.748 0
One Way Shear Check 4.1857 4.193 0

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 17.58 17.951 2

(kip)
Reinforcement Provided 0.20453 0.18765 9

(in2)
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design

Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft

Plant Foundation
Footing Geometry
Anchor Bolt Data

Plant Foundation
Bolt Diameter, BD = 132 in.

Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in.
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 fyt
Design Parameters
Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Empty Load (De) -20 0 0
Operating Load (Do) -40 0 0
Test Load (Dt) -60 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) -30 0 0
Wind Load

Plant Foundation
Exposure category B, Case 2

1 0.57472 0.01302 10 10 0.088534 0.044267
15 0.57472 0.01302 10 140 1.23948 9.915838
20 0.623954 0.014135 10 50 0.480594 8.410392
25 0.66503 0.015066 10 50 0.512232 11.52522
30 0.700591 0.015871 10 50 0.539622 14.83962
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip

Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
Cs = 0.805
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 1.701 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 3.402 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 5.103 kip

Plant Foundation
Table 99: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 100: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
1 40 0 0
2 40 2.8605 44.735
3 40 2.3816 19.053
4 20 2.8605 44.735
5 36 2.3816 19.053
6 18 1.1908 9.5264
7 30 1.4302 22.368
8 49.8 1.1871 18.565
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 2.86046 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
1 56 0 0
2 48 0 0
3 48 4.5767 71.577
4 48 3.4023 27.218
5 18 4.5767 71.577
6 36 3.4023 27.218
7 18 1.7011 13.609
8 27 2.2884 35.788
Governing Loads

Plant Foundation
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Fu = 4·Muped/(Nd·Dc) - 0.9·(Du + Wped)/Nd = 5.212 kip
As_ped_req = Fu/(ϕ·fy) =0.116 in2
Area of Steel Provided = 0.11582 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 0.075956ft2
db = 0.625 in
Fc = Pu/An = 12.43 ksi
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil, Wsoil = 9.477 kip
Design Results

Plant Foundation
1 0 0
2 0.4864 14.392
3 0.2390 29.291
4 0.5949 11.766
5 0.2480 28.222
6 0.1495 46.825
7 0.2676 26.159
8 0.1853 37.780
Table 104: Soil Bearing Check
Load Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
Case
1 0.6751 0.2453
2 0.8672 0.3164
3 0.7695 0.2808
4 0.7440 0.7440
5 0.7449 0.2539
6 0.5402 0.5402
7 0.7100 0.2137
8 0.8152 0.3399

Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Plant Foundation
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 1.538921 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 0.814963 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, ϕVC = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check

{
0.87db f y
ℓd = 4β f ′c = 12 in
max 12 in

Plant Foundation
Rn = Mu / (0.9·1ft·d2) = 0.014 ksi

m = fy / (0.85· fc) = 17.647
2·m·Rn / fy = 7.944(10)-3
1− ( )
1 − 2m
Rn
fy
ρ= m
= 2.255 × (10)−4

Ast,req = ρ·d·1ft = 0.024 in2
ρmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req
Ast,min = ρmin·d·1 ft = 0.188 in2
Spacing Required, s = 18 in.
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Footing Diagonal (ft) 14 14 none
Footing Thickness (ft) 1 1 none
Footing Soil Bearing (ksf) 0.8672 0.835 4%
Stability Check 11.766 12.898 9%
One Way Shear Check 0.9052 1.13 20%

(ksf)
Punching Shear Check 12.085 12.338 2%

(kip)
Reinforcement Provided 0.2045 0.1878 9%

(in2)

Plant Foundation
Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1

Location: Santa Ana California
S1 = 0.5312, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.25, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal (CG) = 120 in.
Fa = 0.8 Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 0.8 Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
Cs = 0.059, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear = 5.902 kip
Operating Load Case Base Shear = 11.804 kip
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment = 59.021 kip ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment = 118.043 kip ft
Comparison

Advanced Result
Base Shear Empty Case 5.902132222 5.902 0.0022403

(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case 11.80426444 11.804 0.0022403

(kip)

Plant Foundation

Advanced Result
Base Moment Empty Case 59.02132222 59.021 0.00054595

(kip·ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.0426444 118.043 0.00030121

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Yorba Linda California
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, S1 = 0.857367
Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, SS = 2.09511
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2, R = 2
Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1, I = 1.0
Fundamental Period of Vessel, T = 6 sec.
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2, TL = 5 sec.
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1
CS = 0.04, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear
Shearempty = CS x Emptywt = 3.969 kips
Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shearoperating = CS x Operatingwt = 7.939 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentempty = Shearempty x CG = 39.693 kip·ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 79.386 kip·ft

Plant Foundation
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

(kip·ft)

Case (kip·ft)

Location: San Antonio, Texas
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1.2
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1.7
CS = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1

Plant Foundation

Momentempty = Shearempty x CG =4.91 kip·ft
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG = 9.819 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

(kip·ft)

Case (kip·ft)

Location: New York, New York
Site Class = D
Site Class Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundation

SD1 = 0.15 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =24.992 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

(kip·ft)

Case (kip·ft)

Location: Nashville, Tennessee
Site Class = E, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundation

CS = 9.039x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Momentoperating = Shearoperating x CG =18.077 kip·ft
Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)

(kip)

(kip·ft)

Case (kip·ft)

Plant Foundation

Location: Santa Ana California
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel, Ewt = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel, Operatingwt = 200 kip
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = Cs·Operatingwt = 4.722 kip
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.02361 0.024 1.631

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Plant Foundation

Location: Yorba Linda California 92887
S1, 0.8574, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.0951, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Comparison

Advanced Result

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: Mountain Valley 73062

Plant Foundation
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
V = Cs·Operatingwt =3.339 kip
Comparison

Advanced Result

Coefficient (Cs)

(kip)

Location: San Bernadino 92411
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Plant Foundation
Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1
R =2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2

T = 3.5 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Cs = 0.202, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Comparison

Advanced Result
Seismic Response 0.2021 0.202 none

Coefficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating Case 40.429 40.429 none

(kip)
8.13 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, H = 60 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 15 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 sec.
Pedestal height Above Ground = 1 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Wind Parameters

Plant Foundation
Wind Speed = 80 mph

Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256·Kd·Kz·V·I·G·Cf
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F = qz·G·Cf·A
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
Kz qz (psf) A (ft2) F (kip) M (ft·kip)
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 448.995
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097

Plant Foundation
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 448.995
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 448.995
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier = 13.867 kip

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 448.995 ft·kip

Plant Foundation
Comparison

Advanced Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier 13.867 13.867 none

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 448.995 448.898 negligible

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, h = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure

Plant Foundation
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945

Plant Foundation
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945

Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1169.945 1168.516 0.12

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft

Plant Foundation

Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure
F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169

Plant Foundation
Σ 26.771 1124.42
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42

Plant Foundation
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier 26.771 kip

Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1124.42 1123.23 0.11

Pier (ft·kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 22 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 6 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure

Plant Foundation
Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

F = qz·G·Cf·A
M = F x Moment Arm
0.575 19.449 6 0.079 0.040
0.575 19.449 84 1.111 8.888
0.624 21.115 30 0.431 7.538
0.657 22.245 24 0.363 7.987
Σ 1.984 24.452

Comparison

Advanced Result

(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 24.452 24.293 negligible

Pier (ft·kip)
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip

Plant Foundation
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip
Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data
Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 5ft/2 = 4.5 ft
Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 36.8 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 42.4 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
μ = 0.4

Plant Foundation
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip

Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
PIP Load combinations

Table 119: Service level load combinations per PIP
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
15 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
16 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0
17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
Table 120: Strength level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 121: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
1 42.4 0 0 0 0
2 42.4 0 0 0 0
3 42.4 0 5 0 0
4 42.4 2.25 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
5 42.4 0 7 0 0
6 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
7 36.8 0 5 0 0
8 36.8 2.25 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 4.9 0 0
10 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 4.41 0 0
12 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
13 44.0 0 5 0 0
14 44.0 2.25 0 0 0
15 39.176 0 2.075 0 0
16 39.176 0.9338 0 0 0
17 36.8 0 0 0 0
1 42.4 0 0 0 0
2 42.4 0 0 0 0
3 42.4 0 5 0 0
4 42.4 2.25 0 0 0
5 42.4 0 7 0 0
6 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
7 36.8 0 5 0 0
8 36.8 2.25 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 4.9 0 0

Plant Foundation
10 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 4.41 0 0
12 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
13 44.0 0 5 0 0
14 44.0 2.25 0 0 0
15 39.176 0 2.075 0 0
16 39.176 0.9338 0 0 0
17 36.8 0 0 0 0
1 42.4 0 0 0 0
2 42.4 0 0 0 0
3 42.4 0 5 0 0
4 42.4 2.25 0 0 0
5 42.4 0 7 0 0
6 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
7 36.8 0 5 0 0
8 36.8 2.25 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 4.9 0 0
10 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 4.41 0 0
12 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
13 44.0 0 5 0 0
14 44.0 2.25 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
15 39.176 0 2.075 0 0
16 39.176 0.9338 0 0 0
17 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 124: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
1 59.36 0 0 0 0
2 50.88 0 0 0 0
3 50.88 0 4 0 0
4 50.88 3.6 0 0 0
5 50.88 0 7 0 0
6 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
7 33.12 0 4 0 0
8 33.12 3.6 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 7 0 0
10 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 6.3 0 0
12 33.12 7 0 0 0
13 39.60 0 4 0 0
14 39.60 3.6 0 0 0
15 56.64 0 2 0 0
16 56.64 1.8 0 0 0
17 33.12 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
1 59.36 0 0 0 0
2 50.88 0 0 0 0
3 50.88 0 4 0 0
4 50.88 3.6 0 0 0
5 50.88 0 7 0 0
6 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
7 33.12 0 4 0 0
8 33.12 3.6 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 7 0 0
10 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 6.3 0 0
12 33.12 7 0 0 0
13 39.60 0 4 0 0
14 39.60 3.6 0 0 0
15 56.64 0 2 0 0
16 56.64 1.8 0 0 0
17 33.12 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2

Pier Design Philosophy

Plant Foundation
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data
Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 6.5ft/2 = 3.75 ft
Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 40 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 60 kip
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880

Plant Foundation
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
μ = 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip

Plant Foundation
PIP Load combinations

Table 126: Service level load combinations per PIP
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
15 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
16 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0
17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0

Plant Foundation
Comb. ng s Trans n
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
Comb. ng s Trans n
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comb. ng s Trans n
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
Comb. ng s Trans n
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 60 0 0 0 0
2 60 0 0 0 0
3 60 0 2.5 5 0
4 60 1.125 0 0 10
5 60 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 60 5.404 0 0 20.27
7 40 0 2.5 5 0
8 40 1.125 0 0 10
9 54 0 3.783 14.19 0
10 54 3.783 0 0 14.19
11 36 0 2.522 9.457 0
12 36 2.522 0 0 9.457
13 44 0 2.5 5 0
14 44 1.125 0 0 10
15 53.12 0 1.038 2.075 0
16 53.12 0.467 0 0 4.150
17 40 0 0 0 0

Plant Foundation
1 60 0 0 0 0
2 60 0 0 0 0
3 60 0 2.5 5 0
4 60 1.125 0 0 10
5 60 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 60 5.404 0 0 20.27
7 40 0 2.5 5 0
8 40 1.125 0 0 10
9 54 0 3.783 14.19 0
10 54 3.783 0 0 14.19
11 36 0 2.522 9.457 0
12 36 2.522 0 0 9.457
13 44 0 2.5 5 0
14 44 1.125 0 0 10
15 53.12 0 1.038 2.075 0
16 53.12 0.467 0 0 4.150
17 40 0 0 0 0
1 84 0 0 0 0
2 72 0 0 0 0
3 72 0 4 8 0

Plant Foundation
4 72 1.8 0 0 16
5 72 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 72 5.404 0 0 20.27
7 36 0 4 8 0
8 36 1.8 0 0 16
9 54 0 5.404 20.27 0
10 54 5.404 0 0 20.27
11 36 0 3.602 13.509 0
12 36 3.602 0 0 13.509
13 39.6 0 4 8 0
14 39.6 1.8 0 0 16
15 76.8 0 2 4 0
16 76.8 0.9 0 0 8
17 36 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.

Chinese Code (GB50007-2002)
9
The manual test cases in accordance with Chinese standard GB50007-2002 design. PKPM and the Foundation of
the input data consistent, easy to check the results
9.1 Cone Footing Design

Problem
Independent bases for design details
This example is included in the \Verification\Chinese\Iso_Chn.afs example file for reference.
Overview of tapered design results based on
Table 133: Overview of cone footing design results
Node Number Group Number Basic Geometry (Conical Base)
Length (X Dir.) Width (Z Dir.) Thickness Edge height

(should be > 0.2
m)
1 1 3.000 m 3.000 m 1.000 m 0.500 m
Table 134: Reinforcement details
Base Number Foundation Reinforcement Base Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf. (Mz) Bottom Reinf. (Mx) Main Bars Stirrups
1 # 10 @ 60 mm c / c # 10 @ 60 mm c / c N/A N/A
Characteristics of Concrete and Steel

Heavy concrete units: 18.000 kN/m3
Compressive strength of concrete: 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2

Cone Footing Design
Minimum bar size: # 6

Maximum bar size: # 50
Minimum bar spacing: 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 500.00 mm
Clear Cover
Reinforcement layer thickness (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Characteristics
Unit Weight: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity: 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Height of soil above footing: 2000.00 mm
Geometry Information
Initial size of base
Thickness (Ft) : 1000.00 mm
Length - X (Fl) : 3000.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw) : 3000.00 mm
Edge height of the cone footing (St) : 500.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape: Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl) : 600.00 mm
Column width - Z (Pw) : 600.00 mm
Column Cap
Column cap length - X : N/A
Column cap width - Z : N/A
Table 135: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1)
Condition No. Vertical Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X (kN·m) Moment Z (kN·m)
(KN)
101 1000.000 0.000 0.000 99.998 99.998
Table 136: Loads for Punching shear check and reinforcements- For foundation base (1)
LC Vertical Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X (kN·m) Moment Z (kN·m)
(KN)
102 1000.000 0.000 0.000 99.998 99.998

Cone Footing Design
Basic dimensions
Initial size (Lo) = 3.00 m
Initial size (Wo) = 3.00 m
Net buoyancy = -0.00 kN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 7.356 m2
The initial design area , Ao = Lo·Wo = 9.00 m2
Final design size

Length (L2) = 3.00 m
No. of control condition: # 101
Width (W2) = 3.00 m
No. of control condition: # 101
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2
Figure 155: Four corners of the calculated stress
Load Case Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Zero-pressure

Corner1 (q1) Corner2 (q2) Corner3 (q3) Corner4 (q4) area (Au) (m2)
(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00

Cone Footing Design
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure. Otherwise, the
pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0. Keep adjusting if necessary.
Four corners of the stress adjusted data (if any).
No. Load Condition Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
(q1) (KN/m2) (q2) (KN/m2) (q3) (KN/m2) (q4) (KN/m2)
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.

Zero-pressure area ( if any )
Control the condition number = N / A
Foundation area = 9.00 m2
Zero-pressure area = 0.00 m2
Zero-pressure area percentage = 0.00%
Check Overturning and Sliding Stability
Figure 156: Elevation of stability forces

Cone Footing Design
Table 137: Factor of safety
Load Case No. Sliding Factor of Safety Overturning Factor of Safety
X Dir. Z Dir. X Dir. Z Dir.
101 N/A N/A 19.763 19.763
Critical load cases and governing factor of safety of overturning

Along the X Direction
Critical sliding load case along the X direction: 101
Governing sliding force : 0.000 kN
Resisting Force for Sliding: 658.760 kN
Minimum sliding coefficient under critical load case: 0.000
Critical Overturning load case along X direction: 101
Critical overturning moment: 99.998 kN·m
Resisting moment for Overturning: 1976.244 kN·m
Minimum overturning coefficient under critical load case: 19.763
Along the Z Direction
Critical sliding load case along the Z direction : 101
Governing sliding force : 0.000 kN
Critical Overturning load case along Z direction : 101
Resisting Moment for Overturning: 1976.244 kN·m
Check Shear
Following formulas are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.
Fl ≤ 0.7·βhpftamh0 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
am = (At + ab) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)
Fl = Pj·Al (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)
Punching One-way Check

Positive X Side

Cone Footing Design
Control condition = # 102

Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 88.889·724774.976 = 64.424 kN
Punching shear capacity
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.92·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1169.589 kN
Fl < 0.7·βhpftamh0
Hence, Safe
Negative X Side
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.333·724774.976 = 96.637 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.92·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1169.589 kN
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Side
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.333·724774.976 = 96.637 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.917·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1169.589 kN
Hence, Safe
Negative Z Side
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 88.889·724774.976 = 64.424 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.92·1.270·(0.600 +2.470) / 2·0.935 = 1169.589 kN
Hence, Safe
Two-way punching test (four sides)

Punching shear

Cone Footing Design
Fl = Pj·Al = 111.111·2899099.905 = 322.122 kN

Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7·0.917·1.270·(2.400 +9.880) / 2·0.935 = 4678.355 kN
Hence, Safe
Reinforcement
Reinforcement Along the X Direction
Figure 157: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used per GB50010 – 2002.

No control condition = # 102
Minimum reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], ρmin = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2,425,000.005
Minimum reinforcement area
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross- = 0.15 · 2,425,000.005 = 3,637.500
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2·l + a ')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
= 1,200.0002·[(2·3,000.000 +600.000) (0.169 +0.152 - 2·324,000.000/9,000,000.000) + (0.169 -
0.152)·3,000.000] / 12 = 20,3519,997.379 kN·m
Calculate area required
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 20,3519,997.379 / (0.9·935.000·210.000) = 1,139.498
Select rebar size, db = 10.000

Cone Footing Design
Minimum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smin = 50.000 mm

Maximum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smax = 500.000 mm
With actual spacing, S = 60.000 mm
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 3637.500 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Astmin ≤ Ast, with real
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Reinforcement Along the Z Direction
Figure 158: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction

Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2425000.005
Astmin = Ρmin·A cross = 0.15%·2425000.005 = 3637.500
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2·l + a ')·(pmax + p - 2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12
= 1200.0002·[(2·3000.000 +600.000) (0.169 +0.152 - 2·324000.000/9000000.000) + (0.169 - 0.152)
·3000.000] / 12 = 203519997.379 kN·m
Calculate area required
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203519997.379 / (0.9·935.000·210.000) = 1151.685

PKPM Isolated Footing Design
Select rebar size, db = 10.000

Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements .
Reinforcement meet the requirements
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.

9.2 PKPM Isolated Footing Design

Problem
Foundation type: cast-in-site cone footing

Initial iteration base dimensions:
Length = 3000 mm
Width = 3000 mm
Height = 500 mm
Second iteration
Length = 700 mm
Width = 700 mm
Height = 500 mm

Bottom elevation of the basis: -2.0 m

Shifts of the base: S Direction: 0 mm B direction: 0 mm
Reinforcement at the bottom of the base:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Weight of the foundation and soil:: 18.0 kPa
Column section information
High column section: 600 mm
Column section width: 600 mm
Eccentric x : 0 mm
Eccentric y : 0 mm
Column angle: 0°
Loading information
Basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1000 kN
Basic value of the moment along X dir.: Mx = 100 kN·M
Basic value of the moment along Y dir.: My = 100 kN·M
Check Shear
Following formula Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
Resisting Shear force calculation:
X + direction , height H = 1000
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33·0.69 = 91.67
Fl ≤ 0.7·βhpft (At + ab)·h0/2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.60 +2.50)·0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN
Punching Shear check is satisfied in this direction.
X- direction , height H = 1000
Fl = Pj·Al = 92.59·0.69 = 63.66
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.60 +2.50)·0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN
Y + direction , height H = 1000
Fl = Pj·Al = 92.59·0.69 = 63.66
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.60 +2.50)·0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN

Y- direction , height H = 1000

Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33·0.69 = 91.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.60 +2.50)·0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN
Check Shear Edges

H = 1000.
Fl = N - pk·(bc +2·h0)·(hc +2·h0) = 1000.00 - 111.1·(600.0 + 2·950.0)·(600.0 +2·950.0)·1e-6 =
305.56 Kn
Fr = 0.7·βhp·ft·am·h0 = 0.7·0.98·1270.9·(600.0 + 600.0 + 2·950.0)·950.0·1e-6 = 5152.76 Kn
Punching Shear check at edges is satisfied.
X + direction , height H = 1000 mm
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33·0.56 = 74.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.70 + 2.60)·0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN
X- direction , height H = 1000 mm
Fl = Pj·Al = 91.85·0.56 = 51.44
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.70 + 2.60)·0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN
Y + direction , height H = 1000 mm
Fl = Pj·Al = 91.85·0.56 = 51.44
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.70 + 2.60)·0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN
Y- direction , height H = 1000 mm
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33·0.56 = 74.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7·0.98·1270.94·(0.70 + 2.60)·0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula are used Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
M = (1/12)a1 2·[(2·l + a')(Pjmax + Pj) + (Pjmax + Pj)·l ]
Moment calculations
x direction, h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)·3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kN·m

Stepped Foundation Design
M =(1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)·3.00] / 12 = 148.48

kN·m
y direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)·3.00] / 12 = 148.48
kN·m
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)·3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kN·m
x direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)·3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kN·m
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)·3.00] / 12 = 148.48
kN·m
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)·3.00] / 12 = 148.48
kN·m
M = (1.20)2·[(2·3.00 + 0.60)·(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)·3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kN·m
Reinforcement calculation:
M1 = 203.520
AGx = M1 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203520.016 / (0.9·0.940·210.) = 1145.559 mm2
M2 = 203.520
AGy = M2 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203520.016 / (0.9·0.940·210.) = 1145.559 mm2
M1 = 203.520
AGx = M1 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203520.016 / (0.9·0.940·210.) = 1145.559 mm2
M2 = 203.520
AGy = M2 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203520.016 / (0.9·0.940·210.) = 1145.559 mm2
The area of steel at X direction: 1145.559
The area of steel at Y direction: 1145.559
The initial area of steel along X direction is satisfied.
The initial area of steel along Y direction is satisfied.
The area of steel required:
AgX: 10 @ 200
AgY: 10 @ 200

9.3 Stepped Foundation Design

Problem
Basic Geometry
Height of the base - (Ft): 1200.00 mm
Length of the base - X (Fl): 3000.00 mm
Width of the base - Z (Fw): 3000.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Length of the Column section - X (Pl): 600.00 mm
Width of the column section - Z (Pw): 600.00 mm
Base
Base length - X: N / A
Base width - Z: N / A
Concrete and Steel Parameters
Concrete density: 18.000 kN/m3
Concrete strength: 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size: # 6
Maximum bar size: # 40
Minimum bar spacing : 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing : 500.00 mm
Clear cover (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Properties
Soil type: Drained
Density: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity : 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Embedment depth of foundation: 2,000.00 mm
Adhesion: 0.00 kN/m2
Factor of Safety for sliding and overturning
Basal friction coefficient: 0.50
Safety factor of sliding: 1.50

Safety factor of overturning: 1.50
Table 138: Critical loads for base size estimation - standard combination
Condition No. Vertical Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X (kN·m) Moment Z (kN·m)
(KN)
101 1000.000 0.000 0.000 99.998 99.998
Table 139: Loads for foundation design- the basic combination
LC Vertical Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X (kN·m) Moment Z (kN·m)
(KN)
102 1000.000 0.000 0.000 99.998 99.998
Foundation Dimensions
The initial length (Lo) = 76.20 m
The initial width (Wo) = 76.20 m
Buoyancy = -0.00 KN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Bearing pressure, Amin = P / qmax = 7.356 m2
Initial foundation area , Ao = Lo x Wo = 5806.44 m2
Final Design Sizes
Length of the Base (L2) = 3.00 m
Number of load case: # 101
Width of the base (W2) = 3.00 m
Height of the base (D2) = 1.20 m
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2
Corner Stresses
Initial pressure at four corners ( before adjustment )

Figure 160: Four corners of the calculated stress

(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556 0.00
pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0. Keep adjusting if necessary.
four corners of the stress of adjustment ( if necessary )
No. Load Condition Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
101 147.1111 102.6667 147.1111 191.5556
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.

Details of the Zero-pressure zone ( if any )
Design condition number = N / A
Area of Foundation Base = 9.00 sq.m

Zero-pressure area = 0.00 sq.m

Zero-pressure area percentage = 0.00%
Check overturning and sliding stability

Table 140: Safety factors
Load Case No. Sliding Factor of Safety Overturning Factor of

Safety
X Dir. Z Dir. X Dir. Z Dir.
101 N/A N/A 19.782 19.782
Critical loads and governing factor of safety of overturning and sliding

Along the X Direction
Critical sliding load case along X direction: 101
Governing sliding force: 0.000 kN
Critical Overturning load case along X direction: 101
Resisting moment for Overturning: 1978.188 kN·m
Minimum overturning coefficient under critical load case 19.782
Along the Z Direction
Critical sliding load case along Z direction: 101
Critical sliding force: 0.000
Critical Overturning load case along Z direction: 101
Resisting Moment for Overturning: 1978.188 kN·m
Punching One-way Shear Check

The following formulae are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.


Positive X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 88.889·190774.972 = 16.958 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 0.933 · 1.270 · (0.600 + 2.870) / 2 · 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
Hence, Safe
Negative X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.333 · 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 =0.7 · 0.933 · 1.270 ·(0.600 +2.870) / 2 · 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.333 · 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 0.933 · 1.270 · (0.600 +2.870) / 2 · 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
Hence, Safe
Negative Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 88.889 · 190774.972 = 16.958 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 0.933 · 1.270 · (0.600 +2.870) / 2 · 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
Hence, Safe

Two-way Punching Shear Check (four sides)

Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 111.111 · 763099.890 = 84.789 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 0.933 · 1.270 · (2.400 +11.480) / 2 · 1.135 = 6535.727 kN
Hence, Safe
Along the X Axis
Figure 161: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction

Critical load case number = # 102
Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2400000.000
Astmin = 0.15(A cross)- = 0.15(2,400,000.000) = 3600.000
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2·l + a ') · (pmax + p-2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12

= 1,200.0002 · [(2 · 3,000.000 + 600.000) (0.169 + 0.152 - 2 · 324,000.000/9,000,000.000) + (0.169

- 0.152) · 3000.000] / 12 = 203,519,997.379 kN·m
Calculate the area required
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203,519,997.379 / (0.9 · 1,135.000 · 210.000) = 1, 069.687
Select Rebar size, db = 10.000
Actual spacing, S = 60.000 mm
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 3,600.000 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements.
Along the Z Axis
Figure 162: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction

Critical load case number = # 102
Minimal reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], ρmin = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2400000.000
Astmin = Ρmin · A cross- = 0.15% · 2400000.000 = 3600.000
Calculate moment

PKPM Stepped Footing Design
MI = (A1) 2 [(2·l + a ') · (pmax + p-2·G / A) + (pmax - p)·l] / 12

= 1,200.0002 · [(2 · 3,000.000 + 600.000) (0.169 + 0.152 - 2 · 324,000.000/9,000,000.000) + (0.169
- 0.152) · 3000.000] / 12 = 203,519,997.379 kN·m
Calculate the area required
Ast = MI / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203,519,997.379 / (0.9 · 1,135.000 · 210.000) = 1,084.241
Reinforced selected size, db = 10.000
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.
Table 141: Overview of the stepped foundation design
Node Number Group Number Basic Geometry Dimension (Base Level)
Order Length X Dir. (M) Width Z Dir. (M) Height (M)
1 1 Total 3.000 m 3.000 m 1.200 m
- - Article (1)Order 3.000 m 3.000 m 0.400 m
- - Article (2)order 2.000 m 2.000 m 0.400 m
- - Article (3)order 1.000 m 1.000 m 0.400 m
Table 142: Reinforcement details
Node Number Foundation Reinforcement Base Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf. (Mz) Bottom Reinf. (Mx) Main Bars Stirrups
1 # 10 @ 60 mm c / c # 10 @ 60 mm c / c N/A N/A

9.4 PKPM Stepped Footing Design

Problem
Foundation type : Cast-in-place, stepped footing
Initial Single base dimensions:
Length = 3,000 mm
Width = 3,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Second
Length = 2,000 mm
Width = 2,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Third
Length = 1,000 mm
Width = 1,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Bottom elevation of the base: -2.0 m
Shift the basis of the heart: S Direction : 0 mm B direction : 0 mm
Bottom Reinforcement:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Unit self weight of the soil and footing: 18.0 kPa
Column section information:
Height of the column section: 600 mm
Width of the Column section: 600 mm
Eccentricity x : 0 mm
Eccentricity y : 0 mm
Column angle: 0 °
Loading information
The basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1,000 kN
X direction of the basic value of the moment: Mx = 100 kN·m
Y direction of the basic value of the moment: My = 100 kN·m

Check Shear
The following formulae are used per GB5007 - 2002 code of design of building foundations:
Calculate resisting Shear force:
X + direction , height H = 1000
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33·0.69 = 91.67
Fl ≤ 0.7·βhpft (At + ab)·h0/2 = 0.7 · 0.97 · 1270.94 · (0.60 +2.90) · 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN
Punching shear check is satisfied along this direction
X- direction , height H = 1200
Fl = Pj·Al = 89.63 · 0.15 = 13.22
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 0.97 · 1270.94 · (0.60 +2.90) · 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN


Y + direction , height H = 1200
Fl = Pj·Al = 89.63 · 0.15 = 13.22
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 0.97 · 1270.94 · (0.60 +2.90) · 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN
Y- direction , height H = 1200
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33 · 0.15 = 19.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 0.97 · 1270.94 · (0.60 +2.90) · 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN
Check Shear Edges

H = 1200.
Fl = N-pk · (bc +2 · h0) · (hc +2 · h0) = 1000.00-111.1 · (600.0 +2 ******)*( 600.0 +2 ******)*
1e-6 = 65.56 Kn
Fl = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 0.97 · 1270.9 · (600.0 +600.0 +2 ******)******* 1e-6 = 6923.04 Kn
Sides punching checking meet
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33 · 0.69 = 91.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (1.00 +2.50) · 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 92.59 · 0.69 = 63.66
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (1.00 +2.50) · 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 92.59 · 0.69 = 63.66
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (1.00 +2.50) · 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33 · 0.69 = 91.67
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (1.00 +2.50) · 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 91.11 · 0.43 = 38.95
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (2.00 +2.70) · 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN


Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33 · 0.43 = 57.00
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (2.00 +2.70) · 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 91.11 · 0.43 = 38.95
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (2.00 +2.70) · 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN
Fl = Pj·Al = 133.33 · 0.43 = 57.00
0.7·βhp·ft·(at + ab)·ho / 2 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.94 · (2.00 +2.70) · 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula is used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations:
M = (1/12)a1 2·[(2·l + a')(Pjmax + Pj) + (Pjmax + Pj)·l ]
Moment calculations
M = 0.50 · 0.50 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92) · 3.00] /
12 = 36.11 kN·m
M = 0.50 · 0.50 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) · 3.00] / 12 =
25.00 kN·m
M = 0.50 · 0.50 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) · 3.00] / 12 =
25.00 kN·m
M = 0.50 · 0.50 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92) · 3.00] /
12 = 36.11 kN·m
M = 1.00 · 1.00 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 118,518.52) + (133,333.33 - 118,518.52) · 3.00] /
12 = 142.22 kN·m
M = 1.00 · 1.00 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70) · 3.00] / 12
= 102.22 kN·m
M = 1.00 · 1.00 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70) · 3.00] / 12
= 102.22 kN·m

Combined Foundation
M = 1.00 · 1.00 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 118,518.52) + (133,333.33 - 118,518.52) · 3.00] /
12 = 142.22 kN·m
M = 1.20 · 1.20 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 115,555.55) + (133,333.33 - 115,555.55) · 3.00] /
12 = 203.52 kN·m
M = 1.20 · 1.20 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 106,666.66) + (88,888.89 - 106,666.66) · 3.00] / 12
= 148.48 kN·m
M = 1.20 · 1.20 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (88,888.89 + 106,666.66) + (88,888.89 - 106,666.66) · 3.00] / 12
= 148.48 kN·m
M = 1.20 · 1.20 [(2 · 3.00 +0.60) · (133,333.33 + 115,555.55) + (133,333.33 - 115,555.55) · 3.00] /
12 = 203.52 kN·m
Reinforcement calculation:
M1 = 36.111
AGx = M1 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 36,111.113 / (0.9 · 0.340 · 210.) = 561.953 mm2
M2 = 36.111
AGy = M2 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 36,111.113 / (0.9 · 0.340 · 210.) = 561.953 mm2
M1 = 142.222
AGx = M1 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 142,222.219 / (0.9 · 0.740 · 210.) = 1,016.890 mm2
M2 = 142.222
AGy = M2 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 142,222.219 / (0.9 · 0.740 · 210.) = 1,016.890 mm2
M1 = 203.520
AGx = M1 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203,520.016 / (0.9 · 1.140 · 210.) = 944.584 mm2
M2 = 203.520
AGy = M2 / (0.9·h0·fy) = 203,520.016 / (0.9 · 1.140 · 210.) = 944.584 mm2
The area of steel at X direction: 1,016.890
The area of steel at Y direction: 1,016.890
The original area of steel at X direction is satisfied.
The original area of steel at Y direction is satisfied.
Calculated the areas of steel are:
AgX: 10 @ 200
AgY: 10 @ 200

Combined Foundation
9.5 Combined Foundation

Per Chinese standard GB50007-2002.
Problem
Basic Geometry
Column 1 dimensions
Column Shape : Rectangle
Length of the column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the column - Z (Pw): 0.30 m
No Column caps
Column 2 section size

Combined Foundation
Column Shape : Rectangle

Length of the Column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the Column - Z (Pw): 0.40 m
No Column cap
Left overhanging length : 0.15 m
Right cantilevered length : 2.15 m
Whether the length of the left cantilever needs design ( or enter a fixed value )? Yes
Whether the length of the right cantilever needs design ( or enter a fixed value )? Yes
The initial input length (Lo) of the foundation: 1500.00 mm
The initial input width (Wo) of the foundation: 3.10 m
The initial input of height (Do) of the foundation: 700.00 mm
Clear Cover and Soil Properties
The thickness of the clear cover for cap : 50.00 mm
The thickness of the clear cover for foundation : 50.00 mm
Density of the Soil: 25.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity : 200.00 kN/m2
Additional ground pressure : 0.00 kip/in2
Weight of soil about foundation : 1500.00 mm
Groundwater depth : -0.00 KN
Concrete and Steel Properties
Concrete density: 25.000 kN/m3
Compressive strength of concrete : 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength : 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size : 12.0 mm
Maximum bar size : 50.0 mm
Minimum bar spacing : 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing : 400.00 mm
Buoyancy generated on the ground = -0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Amin = Pc / qmax: 13.80 m2
Specify the initial cross-sectional area
Ao = L x W: 25.73 m2
Final provided foundation dimensions:
Length of base , L: 8.30 m

Combined Foundation
Width of base, W: 3.10 m

Height of base, Do: 0.70 m
Area of base, A: 25.73 m2
Left Cantilever length , Llo: 0.15 m
Right Cantilever length , Lro: 2.15 m
Table 143: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination
Condition No. Column No. Axial Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X Moment
(KN) (kN·m) Z (kN·m)
1 1 105076.125 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 2 210152.249 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Table 144: Load cases for foundation design - basic combinationn
Condition No. Column No. Axial Force Shear X (KN) Shear Z (KN) Moment X Moment
(KN) (kN·m) Z (kN·m)
1 1 105076.125 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 2 210152.249 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Four corners of the calculated stress

(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 0.00
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 0.00
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 0.00
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 0.00
pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as zero. Keep adjusting if necessary.
Adjusted pressure at corners (if necessary)
Condition No. Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940

Combined Foundation
Condition No. Pressure at Corner1 Pressure at Corner2 Pressure at Corner3 Pressure at Corner4
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940
1 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940 107.2940
Overturning Stability Test
Condition No. Moment X Moment Z Resistance Resistance Overturning Overturning

(kN·m) (kN·m) Moment X Moment Z Stability Factor Stability Factor
(kN·m) (kN·m) X Z
1 0.000 0.000 4273.272 11441.341 N/A 633,778,703.6

08
The following formulae are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.
Formula is as follows :
One-way Punching Shear Check

Column 1, +X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 5,097,642.75 = 356.62 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 523.64 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 0.00 = 0.0 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 523.64 kN

Combined Foundation
Hence, safe.
Column 1, +Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 523.64 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 523.64 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, +X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 3,725,275.99 = 260.61 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.66) / 2 · 0.64 = 579.83 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, -X Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 7,548,609.37 = 528.08 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.30 · 1.66) / 2 · 0.64 = 579.83 kN
Hence, safe.

Combined Foundation
Column 2, +Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.40 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 551.73 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, -Z Direction
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 69.96 · 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (0.40 · 1.56) / 2 · 0.64 = 551.73 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 1, Four Edges
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 139.91 · 3,559,509.38 = 498.03 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (1.20 · 4.99) / 2 · 0.64 = 1,739.48 kN
Hence, safe.
Column 2, Four Edges
Punching shear
Fl = Pj·Al = 139.91 · 7,275,418.66 = 1,017.94 kN
Fu = 0.7·βhpftamh0 = 0.7 · 1.00 · 1270.00 · (1.20 · 6.46) / 2 · 0.64 = 2,206.94 kN
Hence, safe.
Reinforcement Design
Top Longitudinal Reinforcement

Combined Foundation
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used in accordance with GB50010-2002.

Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 3,255.000 mm2
The area of steel required
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 740,000,006.857 / (0.9 · 6,44.000 · 210.000) = 6,079.727 mm2
Selected rebar size,db = 12.000 mm
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 6220.353 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Astmin ≤ Ast, with actual
Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = -479,467,391.579 / (0.9 · 644.000 · 210.000) = -3,939.231 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Top Transverse Reinforcement

Combined Foundation
Minimum reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], min = 0.15%

Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 8715.000 mm2
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 0.000 / (0.9 · 644.000 · 210.000) = 0.000 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Bottom Transverse Reinforcement
Ast = MI / (0.9 · h0 · fy) = 569,032,250.186 / (0.9 · 644.000 · 210.000) = 4,675.082 mm2
Maximum allowable reinforcement spacin, Smax = 400.00 mm
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 8,821.592 mm2
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Table 145: Overview of the design results
Base Number Left Cantilever Right Cantilever Length (M) Width (M) Height (M)
(M) (M)
1 0.150 2.150 8.300 3.100 0.700

Pile Foundation Design
Table 146: Foundation reinforcement details
Base Number Top Longitudinal Bottom Longitudinal Top Transverse Bottom Transverse
Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement
1 #12 @ 55 mm c / c #12 @ 105 mm c / c #12 @ 105 mm c / c #12 @ 105 mm c / c
9.6 Pile Foundation Design

A typical pile foundation design example is provided here to verify the pile foundation design per Chinese codes
in the program. The Chinese codes implemented are " GB50007-2002 code for design of building foundations ","
GB50009-2001 Load code for design of building structures "," GB50010-2002 Code for design of Concrete
Structures "," Technical Code for Building Pile Foundations”
Problem
Basic conditions
Rectangular column foundation. Length of the column is 0.5000 m and the width of the column is 0.5000 m. The
height of the base is 0.5000 m , the length of the base is 0.8 m, and the width of the base is 0.8.
Loads: vertical load is 1500 kN and the basic combination distribution factor is 1.4 ( 1500 X 1.4 will involve in all
members and reinforcements design).
Basic design parameters
Concrete strength: 25 N/mm2
Concrete density: 25 kN/m3
Steel yield strength: 210 N/mm2
Clear cover thickness on sides: 50 mm
Clear cover thickness on bottom: 50 mm
Depth of pile cap: 75 mm
The initial depth of pile cap: 300 mm
Minimum bar diameter: 10
Maximum bar diameter: 45
Pile Parameters
Pile layout: 3 row x 3 row = total 9 piles, spacing 1.5 m , center to edge of pile cap edge 0.5 m , pile diameter and
0.5 m , thus base of the cap is 4 m in length and 4 m in width.
Pile bearing capacity: lateral capacity is 100 kN , vertical capacity is 500 kN , uplift capacity is 300 kN (both
single pile). So the reactions of the pile can be calculated as:

Table 147: Pile capacities under load case no. 101
Vertical Uplift Lateral
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
-180.888 0.000 0.000
Table 148: Pile capacities under load case no. 102
Vertical Uplift Lateral
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
-247.555 0.000 0.000
Pile layout
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl): 0.500 m
Column width - Z (Pw): 0.500 m

Base
A base ? Yes
Base Shape : Rectangular
Base height (Ph): 0.500 m
Base length - X (Pl): 0.800 m
Base width - Z (Pw): 0.800 m
Cap geometry
Pile length P CL = 4.000 m
Cap width P CW = 4.000 m
Initial cap height t I = 0.300 m
Pile geometry
Pile spacing, P s = 1.500 m
Distance from the edge of the Pile cap to the center of pile, e = 0.500 m
Pile diameter, d P = 0.500 m
Bearing capacity of pile
Vertical bearing capacity of P P = 500.000 kN
Lateral bearing capacity of P L = 100.000 kN
Pullout capacity of P L = 300.000 kN
Material Properties
Concrete f ' c = 25,000.004 kN/m2
Concrete f ' t = 1,890.000 kN/m2
Steel f y = 210,000.035 kN/m2
Concrete clear cover
Concrete clear cover on the bottom, CC B = 0.050 m
Concrete clear cover on the sides, CC S = 0.050 m
Depth of pile cap depth, PC P = 0.075 m
Table 149: Load about the pile cap
Load Case Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kN-m) My (kN-m) Mz (kN-m)
101 0.000 -1500.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
102 0.000 -2100.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Pile Design Calculations

The total number of piles N = 9

Coordinates of Reactions
Piles
Pile No. X (m) Y (m) Vertical (kN) Lateral (kN) Uplift (kN)
1 -1.500 -1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
2 -1.500 0.000 -247.555 0.000 0.000
3 -1.500 1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
4 0.000 -1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.000 -247.555 0.000 0.000
6 0.000 1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
7 1.500 -1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
8 1.500 0.000 -247.555 0.000 0.000
9 1.500 1.500 -247.555 0.000 0.000
Check Depth of Pile Cap

One Way Punching Shear Along Length
Critical Load Case #102
Influential factor of sectional height
βhs = (800/h0)1/4 = (800/0)1/4 = 1.000
Shear Span-to-Depth Ratios
λx = ax/h0 = 1.050/0.300 = 3.000
Punching Shear Factor of Pile Cap
α = 1.75/(λx + 1) = 1.75/(3.000 + 1) = 0.438
Shear Capacity of Pile Cap
dVc = βhs · α · ft · b0 · h0 = 1.000 · 0.438 · 1,890.000 · 4.000 · 0.300 = 992.250 kN
Maximum Shear Design Value, V = 742.665 kN
V < dVc
Hence, Safe
One Way Punching Shear Along Width
βhs = (800/h0)1/4 = (800/0)1/4 = 1.000


λy = ay/h0 = 1.050/0.300 = 3.000
Punching Shear Factor of Pile Cap
α = 1.75/(λy + 1) = 1.75/(3.000 + 1) = 0.438
dVc = βhs · α · ft · b0 · h0 = 1.000 · 0.438 · 1,890.000 · 4.000 · 0.300 = 992.250 kN
Maximum Shear Design Value, V = 742.665 kN
V < dVc
Hence, Safe
Punching Shear Check for Column
λ0x = a0x/h0 = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
λ0y = a0y/h0 = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
β0x = 0.84/(λ0x + 0.2) = 0.84/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.700
β0y = 0.84/(λ0y + 0.2) = 0.84/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.700
dVc = 2 · [β0x · (bc + a0y) + β0y · (hc + a0x)] · βhp · ft · h0 = 2 · [0.700 · (0.500 + 1.050) + 0.700 ·
(0.500 + 1.050)] · 1.000 · 1,890.000 · 0.300 = 2460.780 kN
Maximum Punching Shear Design Value Fl = 1980.440kN
Fl < dVc
Hence, Safe
Punching Shear Check for Corner Column
λ1x = a1x/h0 = (0.300/0.300) = 1.000
λ1y = a1y/h0 = (0.300/.0.300) = 1.000
β1x = 0.56/(λ1x + 0.2) = 0.56/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.467
β1y = 0.56/(λ1y + 0.2) = 0.56/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.467


dVc = [β1x · (c2 + a1y/2) + β1y · (c1 + a1x/2)] · βhp · ft · h0 = [0.467 · (0.700 + 0.300/2) + 0.467 ·
(0.700 + 0.300/2)] · 1.000 · 1,890.000 · 0.300 = 449.820 kN
Maximum Punching Shear Design Value Nl = 247.555kN
Nl < dVc
Hence, Safe
Use the same reinforcement along both top and bottom.
Along X Direction
Critical Moment
My = ∑Nixi = 816.931 kN·m
Asy = My/(0.9 · fy · h0) = 816.931/(0.9 · 210,000.035 · 0.300 = 14,407 mm2
As,min = 0.15 · B · H = 0.15 · 4,000 · 300 = 1,800 mm2
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm
Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm
Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 · π · 10 · 10 = 15,393 mm2
Smin< S < Smax
As,min < As,actual & Asy < As,actual
Hence, Safe
Along Y Direction
Critical Moment
My = ∑Nixi = 816.931 kN·m
Asy = My/(0.9 · fy · h0) = 816.931/(0.9 · 210,000.035 · 0.300 = 14,407 mm2
As,min = 0.15 · B · H = 0.15 · 4,000 · 300 = 1,800 mm2
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm

Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm

Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 · π · 10 · 10 = 15,393 mm2
Smin< S < Smax
As,min < As,actual & Asy < As,actual
Hence, Safe
Comparison
Table 150: Chinese verification example 6 comparison

Advanced Result

(x) (kN)


(z) (kN)

Comparing Results with PKPM

******************************************************************************
*******************
Design Iterm: Pile Cap-1
******************************************************************************
*******************
Basic Information
1, cap information
Section shape: Stepped Cast-on-site
Plane Shape: Rectangular
Number of steps: 1-step
Elevation at Cap bottom: 0.0m
Number of cap edges: 4
Pile height: 300mm
Cap eccentric at X direction: 0mm
Cap eccentric at X direction: 0mm
2 pile information
Pile Diameter: 500mm
Pile bearing Capacity: 500.00Kn

Pile Coordinate:
NUm X Y
1 -1500 -1500
2 0 -1500
3 1500 -1500
4 -1500 0
5 0 0
6 1500 0
7 -1500 1500
8 0 1500
9 1500 1500
3, Load information
Vertical Load: N = 1500.
Moment at x direction: Mx = 0.00knm
Moment at y direction: My = 0.00knm
Shear force at x direction: Qx = 0.00knm
Shear force at y direction: Qy = 0.00knm
4, column information
Column width: 800mm
Column height: 800mm
5, concrete information
Concrete class: C50
Concrete density: 25.00kn/m3
[Design Results]
6、Pile Reactions Calculation

The following formula is used:

Self weight of pile cap and the soil Gk = B * S * H * γ+ B * S *

futu
=( 4000.0* 4000.0* 300.0*25.0*1.E-9+ 4000.0* 4000.0*
0.0*1.E-6)
= 120.0(kn)
∑Xi*Xi = 13500000.0 ∑Yi*Yi = 13500000.0
Pile No. X Y Pile Reaction Q(KN) Net Reaction
QN(KN)
1 -1500.0 -1500.0 180.00 166.67
2 0.0 -1500.0 180.00 166.67
3 1500.0 -1500.0 180.00 166.67
4 -1500.0 0.0 180.00 166.67
5 0.0 0.0 180.00 166.67
6 1500.0 0.0 180.00 166.67
7 -1500.0 1500.0 180.00 166.67
8 0.0 1500.0 180.00 166.67
9 1500.0 1500.0 180.00 166.67
QP= 1620.0(kN); QAVE= 180.0(kN)
7、Punching Shear Check

Step 1: H = 300.00MM
**Punching Shear Check for the Corner Pile***
No.=1
h0= 300. α1x=900. λ1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0= 300. α1y=900. λ1y=1.00
c2=700.
β1x=0.4667 β1y= 0.467 βhp=1.00 ft=
1.888
QPC=(β1x*(C2+α1y/2)+β1y*(c1+α1x/2))*βhp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=2
h0= 300. α1x=900. λ1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0= 300. α1y=900. λ1y=1.00
c2=700.
β1x=0.4667 β1y= 0.467 βhp=1.00 ft=
1.888

= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=3
h0= 300. α1x=900. λ1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0= 300. α1y=900. λ1y=1.00
c2=700.
β1x=0.4667 β1y= 0.467 βhp=1.00 ft=
1.888
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=4
h0= 300. α1x=900. λ1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0= 300. α1y=900. λ1y=1.00
c2=700.
β1x=0.4667 β1y= 0.467 βhp=1.00 ft=
1.888
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
***Punching Shear Check for Column***
H00= 300.mm
x+ h0= 300. αox= 300. λox=1.000
x- h0= 300. αox= 300. λox=1.000
y+ h0= 300. αoy= 300. λoy=1.000
y+ h0= 300. αoy= 300. λoy=1.000
Step 1 H = 400.00MM
***Punching Shear Check for Column***

H00= 350.mm
x+ h0= 350. αox= 350. λox=1.000
x- h0= 350. αox= 350. λox=1.000
y+ h0= 350. αoy= 350. λoy=1.000
y+ h0= 350. αoy= 350. λoy=1.000
hc= 800. bc= 800. βox= 0.70 βoy= 0.70
ft= 1.89 βhp=1.000
QCC = 2*(βox*(bc+αoy)+βoy(hc+αox))βhp*ft*ho
= 2127.89KN
QCC= 2127.89KN > QCD= 1333.33 (* 1.35) KN
***Sheack Check***

VPL = βhs*1.75/(λ+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI1= 1295.24KN > VDI1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Right h0= 350. αx= 900. λx=2.571

VPL = βhs*1.75/(λ+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI2= 1295.24KN > VDI2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Down h0= 350. αy= 900. λy=2.571

VPL = βhs*1.75/(λ+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ1= 1295.24KN > VDJ1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Top h0= 350. αy= 900. λy=2.571

VPL = βhs*1.75/(λ+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ2= 1295.24KN > VDJ2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
8、Steel Area Calculation
DMX1 = 742.500
AGX = DMX1/(0.9*h0*fy)/YS = 742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMX2 = 742.500
AGX = DMX2/(0.9*h0*fy)/YS = 742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMY1 = 742.500
AGY = DMY1/(0.9*h0*fy)/XS = 742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMY2 = 742.500
AGY = DMY2/(0.9*h0*fy)/XS = 742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
2806.123mm*mm/M
ASX=2806.1mm*mm/M ASY=2806.1mm*mm/M
The Area of Steel at x direction is satisfied, hence, safe.

The Area of Steel at y direction is satisfied, hence, safe.
Actual Areas of Steel required：

AGx: 16@100 AGy: 16@100
Com No ASX ASY H(1) H(2)

1 2806.1 2806.1 400.0
2 2455.4 2455.4 450.0
3 2182.5 2182.5 500.0

4 1964.3 1964.3 550.0

5 1785.7 1785.7 600.0
6 1636.9 1636.9 650.0
7 1511.0 1511.0 700.0

Technical Support
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation ..................................................................7
Figure 2: Plan and Elevation ...................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Plan and Elevation ................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces ...................................................... 24
Figure 6: Bending section considered .................................................................................................27
Figure 7: One way shear section considered ................................................................................... 28
Figure 8: Two way shear section considered .................................................................................. 28

Figure 10: Sections considered for bending in both directions ...............................................33
Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions ................................. 35
Figure 12: Section considered for punching shear ........................................................................36
Figure 13: Plan and Elevation .................................................................................................................38
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 52
Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................53
Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................55
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 56
Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 66

Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction ..................................... 75
Figure 31: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................82
Figure 33: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams ..............................................................88
Figure 36: Bending about major axes ................................................................................................. 97
Figure 37: Plan and Elevation .............................................................................................................. 105
Figure 40: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads ...................................................... 120
Figure 41: Bending sections considered ......................................................................................... 121
Figure 42: Shear sections considered ...............................................................................................123
Figure 43: Two-way shear sections considered .......................................................................... 124
Figure 46: Plan of Reinforcement ...................................................................................................... 132
Figure 47: Cross Section showing Reinforcement ...................................................................... 132
Figure 49: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design ..............................................136

Figure 55: Final Plan Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 160
Figure 57: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams .......................................................165
Figure 59: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ................................................ 172
Figure 61: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ..........................................................177
Figure 65: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions ................................................................ 193
Figure 66: Footing Plan ...........................................................................................................................201
Figure 67: Loads on Footing ................................................................................................................. 201
Figure 68: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams ...... 203
Figure 69: Elevation and loads ............................................................................................................ 204
Figure 70: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action ........................205
Figure 71: Critical section for moment (long projection) ........................................................207
Figure 72: Elevation and Plan .............................................................................................................. 209
Figure 75: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 220

Figure 79: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear ............................................238
Figure 80: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction ............................................... 239
Figure 81: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction ............................................... 240
Figure 82: Bending pressure about Z axis ...................................................................................... 241
Figure 83: Bending pressure about X axis ......................................................................................241
Figure 93: Section considered for punching shear ..................................................................... 270
Figure 95: Section considered for two-way shear ...................................................................... 277
Figure 96: Section considered for one-way shear .......................................................................279
Figure 97: Section considered for bending .................................................................................... 281
Figure 99: Section considered for punching shear ..................................................................... 286
Figure 100: Section considered for one-way shear ....................................................................287
Figure 101: Section considered for moment ................................................................................. 288

Figure 102: Elevation and Plan ........................................................................................................... 291
Figure 103: Section considered for punching shear .................................................................. 293
Figure 104: Section considered for one-way shear ....................................................................294
Figure 105: Section considered for moment ................................................................................. 296
Figure 106: Elevation and dimensions ............................................................................................ 299
Figure 107: Forces on foundation ......................................................................................................300
Figure 108: Shear and Bending diagrams .......................................................................................301
Figure 109: Plan and Elevation ........................................................................................................... 305
Figure 110: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2 ........................................................ 307
Figure 111: Critical section for moment is at the face of column .........................................309
Figure 112: Plan and Elevation ........................................................................................................... 313
Figure 113: Critical section for punching shear at d/2 .............................................................315
Figure 114: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips) ............................. 327
Figure 115: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 328
Figure 116: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 329
Figure 117: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................ 331
Figure 118: Top rebar force diagram ............................................................................................... 333
Figure 119: Bending moment diagram - top ................................................................................. 333
Figure 120: Bending moment diagram - front face .................................................................... 334
Figure 122: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift .................................................................338

Figure 128: Dispersion line diagram ................................................................................................ 351
Figure 137: Pier Elevation .....................................................................................................................365
Figure 143: Tank and foundation elevation .................................................................................. 396
Figure 144: Anchor bolt plan ............................................................................................................... 396
Figure 145: One-way shear dimensions ..........................................................................................403
Figure 146: Two-way shear check ..................................................................................................... 403

Figure 155: Four corners of the calculated stress .......................................................................460
Figure 156: Elevation of stability forces ..........................................................................................461
Figure 157: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction .............................................................464
Figure 158: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction .............................................................465
Figure 159: Elevation and Plan ........................................................................................................... 467
Figure 160: Four corners of the calculated stress .......................................................................473
Figure 161: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction .............................................................476
Figure 162: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction .............................................................477

List of Tables
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison ................................................................8
Table 2: Australian verification example 2 comparison ............................................................. 17
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison .....................................................................30
Table 6: Table BS2.1 - Column loads ................................................................................................... 31

Table 10: British verification example 5 comparison .................................................................. 58
Table 15: British verification example 10 comparison ............................................................... 94
Table 16: British verification example 13 comparisons ...........................................................103
Table 17: CSA verification example 1 comparison ..................................................................... 109
Table 22: IS verification example 1 comparison ......................................................................... 133

Table 31: IS verification example 10 comparison .......................................................................178
Table 33: Pile Locations in Plan .......................................................................................................... 186
Table 35: Pile Coordinates in Plan ..................................................................................................... 194
Table 38: US verification example 1 comparison ........................................................................208
Table 44: US Verification problem 9 comparison ....................................................................... 242

Table 50: US verification example 10 comparison ..................................................................... 274
Table 60: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 320
................................................................................................................................................................................. 321
Table 62: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2) .............................................................................. 322
................................................................................................................................................................................. 324
Table 64: Soil Test Report Summary ................................................................................................ 326
Table 65: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison ............................... 335
Table 66: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................336
Table 67: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................ 339
Table 69: Soil test report summary ...................................................................................................345
Table 70: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 348
Table 72: Soil layers ................................................................................................................................. 355
Table 74: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison ......................................... 369

Table 75: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison ......................................... 374
Table 76: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison ................................... 379
Table 77: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison ................................... 384
Table 78: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison ......................................389
Table 79: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison ......................................393
Table 80: Primary load description ...................................................................................................397
Table 81: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................... 398
Table 82: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level ...........................................398
Table 83: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level ........................................................... 399
Table 84: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 399
Table 85: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ...................................................400
Table 86: Stability Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 401
Table 87: Soil Bearing Check ................................................................................................................ 402
Table 88: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison ............................................... 404
Table 90: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................... 408
Table 91: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level .............................................409
Table 92: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level ............................................................. 409
Table 93: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 410
Table 94: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ...................................................410
Table 95: Stability Ratio ......................................................................................................................... 411
Table 96: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison ............................................... 414
Table 98: Wind loads ............................................................................................................................... 417
Table 99: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level .............................................418
Table 100: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level .......................................................... 418

Table 101: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level ................................419
Table 102: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ................................................ 419
Table 103: Stability Ratio .......................................................................................................................421
Table 104: Soil Bearing Check ............................................................................................................. 421
Table 105: Vertical Vessel verification example 3 comparison ............................................ 423
Table 112: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison ..........................................431
Table 119: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 444
Table 120: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 445
Table 121: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier ................. 445
Table 124: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier ...............448
Table 126: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 452

Table 133: Overview of cone footing design results ..................................................................458
Table 134: Reinforcement details ...................................................................................................... 458
Table 135: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1) ......... 459
Table 136: Loads for Punching shear check and reinforcements- For foundation base (1)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 459
Table 137: Factor of safety ....................................................................................................................462
Table 138: Critical loads for base size estimation - standard combination ....................472
Table 139: Loads for foundation design- the basic combination ......................................... 472
Table 140: Safety factors ........................................................................................................................474
Table 141: Overview of the stepped foundation design ...........................................................478
Table 142: Reinforcement details ...................................................................................................... 478
Table 143: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination ..........486
Table 144: Load cases for foundation design - basic combinationn ................................... 486
Table 145: Overview of the design results .....................................................................................491
Table 146: Foundation reinforcement details .............................................................................. 492
Table 147: Pile capacities under load case no. 101 .................................................................... 493
Table 148: Pile capacities under load case no. 102 .................................................................... 493
Table 149: Load about the pile cap ....................................................................................................494
Table 150: Chinese verification example 6 comparison .......................................................... 498

Index
A British Code 27 I
BS8110 27
ACI 318 204, 325 Indian Code 129
AS3600 6 IS 456 129
Australian C
General Combined Footing
18–20, 22–26
Canadian Code 104 P
Chinese Code 458
Pile Cap
General Isolated Footing CSA A23.3 104
Chinese Code 492–495, 497,
6–14, 16, 17
498
General Combined Footing
18–20, 22–26
D Plant Foundation 395
General Isolated Footing Deadman Anchors 325
6–14, 16, 17 Drilled Pier 364 T
technical support 504
B E
British Eccentricity 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, U
Combined Foundation 103
United States Code 204
77–81, 83, 85–87, 89
Isolated Foundation 27–30, G V
32–49, 51, 53, GB50007-2002 458
56–59, 61, 63, Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
getting help 504
66–73, 75–77, 94, 395, 400–404
96, 97, 99, 100, 103
Mat Combined Foundation H
89–94 help 504

Staad Foundation Advanced

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STAAD Foundation Advanced

CONNECT Edition (v8.0)

Preface: Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

STAAD Foundation Advanced 2 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 3 Verification Manual

List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 505

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................512

STAAD Foundation Advanced 4 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 5 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 6 Verification Manual

Figure 1: Australian code General isolated foundation

Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 7 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

Bearing Pressure, KN/m2 108.94 108.63 Negligible

Resisting force for sliding 313.74 312.87 Negligible

Resisting Moment for 752.98 750.87 Negligible

Resisting force for sliding 313.74 312.87 Negligible

Resisting Moment for 752.98 750.87 Negligible

STAAD Foundation Advanced 8 Verification Manual

1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2

Figure 2: Plan and Elevation

Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2

STAAD Foundation Advanced 9 Verification Manual

σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz

STAAD Foundation Advanced 10 Verification Manual

Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5

Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

STAAD Foundation Advanced 11 Verification Manual

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

STAAD Foundation Advanced 12 Verification Manual

F = (156.07 + 150.0)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,132.46 KN

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

Area of Steel Required along X dir

Area of Steel Required along Z dir

STAAD Foundation Advanced 13 Verification Manual

So, provided area of steel = 5,376 mm2

Check for One-Way Shear

STAAD Foundation Advanced 14 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 15 Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced 16 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

Corner Pressure, KN/m2 112 111.9 None

Resisting force for sliding, 896 895.6 None

Resisting Moment for 3,584 3,582.3 None

STAAD Foundation Advanced 17 Verification Manual

Value of… Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference

Shear Force (One-Way), 727 726 Negligible

Resisting Shear Stress 0.284 0.284 None

Shear Force (Two-Way), 2251 2250 None

Resisting Shear Stress 1.19 1.19 None

Governing Flexural 1,056 1,054 None

Resisting Flexural 5,622 5,622 None

Reinforcement provided 5,376 ea. way 5,376 ea. way None

1.3 General Combined Foundation 1

STAAD Foundation Advanced 18 Verification Manual

Figure 3: Plan and Elevation