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DGPS Survey
DGPS Survey
CHAPTER 1
from the satellites. It also improves the integrity of the whole GPS
system by identifying certain errors.
Differential GPS uses one unit at a known location and a rover.–
The stationary unit compares its calculated GPS location with the actual
location and computes the error.–The rover data is adjusted for the error.
The underlying premise of differential GPS (DGPS) is that any two
receivers that are relatively close together will experience similar
atmospheric errors. DGPS requires that a GPS receiver be set up on a
precisely known location. This GPS receiver is the base or reference
station. The base station receiver calculates its position based on satellite
signals and compares this location to the known location.
The difference is applied to the GPS data recorded by the second
GPS receiver, which is known as the roving receiver. The corrected
information can be applied to data from the roving receiver in real time
in the field using radio signals or through post post-processing after data
capture using special processing software.
Differential correction techniques are used to enhance the quality
of location data gathered using global positioning system (GPS)
receivers. Differential correction can be applied in real Differential real
time directly in the field or when post time post-processing data in the
office. Although both methods are based on the same underlying
principles, each accesses different data sources and achieves different
levels of accuracy. Combining both methods provides flexibility during
data collection and improves data integrity. GPS is a very important data
input source. GPS is one of two (soon to be more) GNSS – Global
Navigation Satellite System.
Examples:
a) Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)
b) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
c) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
d) European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS)
e) Omni STAR
f) Coast guard beacon service.
CHAPTER 2
Figure 4:- GPS constellation consisting of six orbital planes with four
satellites in each plane.
2.2.2.Control Segment:-
1. Control Segment I
a) It consists of 5 tracking stations to collect data based on observing
satellite in their orbits. Tracking is executed with two frequency
receivers equipped with highly precise cesium oscillators.
b) Meteorological data is also collected for accurate evaluation of
tropospheric delay.
2. Control segment II
a) One MCS, takes data from other 5 tracking stations and
consequently predicts satellites orbits by extrapolation.
b) Computes clock correction for satellite time referred to GPS time
frame.
c) Satellite time synchronization is carried out by connecting MCS to
US Naval Observatory (USNO) in Washington DC.
d) The clock correction data is then sent to transmitting station for
uploading.
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
4.1.1 Noise:-
Noise errors are the combined effect of code Noise errors are the
combined effect of code noise (around 1 meter) and noise within the
noise (around 1 meter) and noise within the receiver (around 1 meter).
4.1.3 Blunders :-
Blunders can result in errors of hundreds of kilometers. Control
segment mistakes due to computer or human error can cause errors from
one meter to hundreds of kilometers. User mistakes, including incorrect
geodetic User mistakes, including incorrect geodetic datum selection,
can cause errors from 1 to hundreds of meters. Receiver errors from
software or hardware failures can cause blunder errors of any size.
CHAPTER 5
5.1.Advantages of GPS :-
Unlike conventional surveying procedures, there is no need for
intervisibility between stations.
Independent of weather conditions as a result of using radio
frequencies to transmit the signals.
Use of same field and data reduction procedures results in position
accuracy which
independent of network
shape or geometry and are primarily a function of inter-station
distance.
GPS surveying provides generally homogeneous accuracy. Hence,
geodetic network planning in the classical sense is
longer relevant. The points can be established wherever they are
required
need not be located at evenly distributed sites
atop mountains to satisfy intervisibility, or network geometry
criteria.
GPS surveying is more efficient, more flexible and less time
consuming positioning
technique than using conventional terrestrial survey technologies.
GPS can be used to obtain high accuracy three dimensional (3D)
information, anywhere and
time with relatively little effort on a global datum .
The GPS instrumentation and the data processing software do not
radically
even if very high or moderately high accuracies are required (from
1 part in 104 to 1 part in 106 ).
CHAPTER 6
6.1.Applications:-
Natural resources
Precision farming
Civil Engineering applications
Structural deformations
Open pit mining
Land and marine seismic surveying
Airborne mapping
Seafloor mapping
Vehicle navigation
Transit system
Retail industry
Cadastral surveying
Stakeout (waypoint navigation)
Location based services (LBS)
CHAPTER 7
7.1 References
4. ^ McNamara, Joel (2008), GPS for Dummies (2nd ed.), ISBN 978-
0-470-15623-0