OOP

What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm where
the complete software operates as a bunch of objects talking to each other.
An object is a collection of data and methods that operate on its data.

Why OOP?
The main advantage of OOP is better manageable code that covers
following.
1) The overall understanding of the software is increased as the
distance between the language spoken by developers and that
spoken by users.
2) Object orientation eases maintenance by the use of
encapsulation. One can easily change the underlying representation
by keeping the methods same.

What are main features of OOP?

Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Inheritance

What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is referred to one of the following two notions.
1) Data hiding: A language feature to restrict access to members of an
object. For example, private and protected members in C++.
2) Bundling of data and methods together: Data and methods that operate
on that data are bundled together.

What is Polymorphism? How is it supported by C++?

Polymorphism means that some code or operations or objects behave
differently in different contexts.

What is Inheritance? What is the purpose?

The idea of inheritance is simple, a class is based on another class and
uses data and implementation of the other class.
The purpose of inheritance is Code Reuse.

What is Abstraction?
The first thing with which one is confronted when writing programs is the
problem. Typically we are confronted with “real-life” problems and we want
to make life easier by providing a program for the problem. However, real-
life problems are nebulous and the first thing we have to do is to try to
understand the problem to separate necessary from unnecessary details:
We try to obtain our own abstract view, or model, of the problem. This
process of modeling is called abstraction.

C Language

Who developed C language?

C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1970 at Bell Laboratories.

2. Which type of language is C?

C is a high – level language and general purpose structured programming
language.

3. What is a compiler?
Compile is a software program that transfer program developed in high
level language intoexecutable object code.

4. What is IDE?
The process of editing, compiling, running and debugging is managed by a
single integrated application known as Integrated Development
Environment (IDE).

5. What is a program?
A computer program is a collection of the instructions necessary to solve a
specific problem.

6. What is an algorithm?
The approach or method that is used to solve the problem is known as
algorithm.
7. What is structure of C program?
A C program contains Documentation section, Link section, Definition
section, Global declaration section, Main function and other user defined
functions.

8. What is a C token and types of C tokens?

The smallest individual units are known as C tokens. C has six types of
tokens Keywords, Constants, Identifiers, Strings, Operators and Special
symbols.

9. What is a Keyword?
Keywords are building blocks for program statements and have fixed
meanings and these meanings cannot be changed.

10. How many Keywords (reserve words) are in C?

There are 32 Keywords in C language.
11. What is an Identifier?
identifiers are user-defined names given to variables, functions and arrays

12. What is a Constant and types of constants in C?

Constants are fixed values that do not change during the program
execution. Types of constants are Numeric Constants (Integer and Real)
and Character Constants (Single Character, String Constants).

13. What are the Back Slash character constants or Escape sequence
characters available in C?
Back Slash character constant are \t, \n, \0.

14. What is a variable?

Variables are user-defined names given to memory locations and are used
to store values. A variable may have different values at different times
during program execution.
15. What are the Data Types present in C?
Primary or Fundamental Data types (int, float, char), Derived Data types
(arrays, pointers) and User-Defined data types(structures, unions, enum).

16. How to declare a variable?

The syntax for declaring variable is data type variable_name-1,
variable_name-2,….variable name-n;.
17. What is meant by initialization and how we initialize a variable?
While declaring a variable assigning value is known as initialization.
Variable can be initialized by using assignment operator (=).

18.What are integer variable, floating-point variable and character

variable?
A variable which stores integer constants are called integer variable. A
variable which storesreal values are called floating-point variable. A
variable which stores character constants arecalled character variables.

19.How many types of operator or there in C?

C consist Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /,%), Relational Operators (<,
<=, >, >=, !=),
LogicalOperators (&&, ||, !),
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=),
Increment and DecrementOperators (++, –),
Conditional Operator(?:),
Bitwise Operators(<<, >>, ~, &, |, ^)
And Special Operators (. , -&gt;, &amp;, *, sizeof)</p>

20. What is RAM ?

RAM – Random Access Memory is a temporary storage medium in a
computer. RAM is a volatile memory i.e all data stored in RAM will be
erased when the computer is switched off.

21. What do mean by network?

Computer networking refers to connecting computers to share data,
application software and hardware devices. Networks allow sharing of
information among various computers and permit users to share files.

22. List a few unconditional control statement in C.

break statement
continue statement
goto statement
exit() function

23. What is an array ?

An array is a collection of values of the same data type. Values in array are
accessed using array name with subscripts in brackets[]. Synatax of array
declaration is.
data type array_ name[size];

24. What is Multidimensional Arrays?

An array with more than one index value is called a multidimensional array.
To declare a multidimensional array you can do follow syntax.
data type array_ name[] [] []….;

25. Define string ?

An array of characters is known as a string. For example:
char st[8]; this statement declares a string array with 80 characters.

26. Mention four important string handling functions in C languages .

There are four important string handling functions in C languages .
strlen();
trcpy();
strcat();
strcmp();
The header file #include is used when these functions are called in a C
program.

27. Explain about the constants which help in debugging?

A #if directive test can be offered with #else and #else if directives. This
allows conditional branching of the program to run sections of the code
according to the result. Constants defined with a #define directive can be
undefined with the #undef directive. The #ifdef directive has a companion
directive #ifndef. These commands can be useful when debugging problem
code to hide and unhide sections of the program.

28. Define and explain about ! Operator?

The logical operator ! NOT is a unary operator that is used before a single
operand. It returns the inverse value of the given operand so if the variable
“c” had a value of true then! C would return value of false. The not operator
is very much useful in C programs because it can change the value of
variables with successful iterations. This ensures that on each pass the
value is changed.
29. What is operator precedence?
Operator precedence defines the order in which C evaluates expressions.
e.g. in the expression a=6+b*3, the order of precedence determines
whether the addition or the multiplication is completed first. Operators on
the same row have equal precedence.
30. Explain about the functions strcat() and strcmp()?
This function concatenates the source string at the end of the target string.
Strcmp() function compares two strings to find out whether they are the
same or different. The two strings are compared character by character
until there is a mismatch or end of one of the strings is reached, whichever
occurs first. If in case two strings are identical, a value of zero is returned. If
there is no matches between two strings then a difference of the two non
matching values are returned according to ASCII values.

31. Define function?

A function is a module or block of program code which deals with a
particular task. Each function has a name or identifier by which is used to
refer to it in a program. A function can accept a number of parameters or
values which pass information from outside, and consists of a number of
statements and declarations, enclosed by curly braces { }, which make up
the doing part of the object.

32. Differentiate built-in functions and user – defined functions.

Built – in functions are used to perform standard operations such as finding
the square root of a number, absolute value and so on. These are available
along with the C compiler and are included in a program using the header
files math.h, s tring.h and so on.
User defined functions are written by the user or programmer to compute a
value or perform a task. It contains a statement block which is executed
during the runtime whenever it is called by the main program.

33. Distinguish between actual and formal arguments.

Actual arguments are variables whose values are supplied to the function
in any function call. Formal arguments are variables used to receive the
values of actual arguments from the calling program.

34. Explain the concept and use of type void.

A function which does not return a value directly to the calling program is
referred as a void function. The void functions are commonly used to
perform a task and they can return many values through global variable
declaration.

35. What is recursion?

A function calling itself again and again to compute a value is referref to as
recursive function or recursion. Recursion is useful for branching processes
and is effective where terms are generated successively to compute a
value