Historical Method and Historical Sources Written Report

Republic of the Philippines
Leyte Normal University
Tacloban,City
A WRITTEN REPORT ON HISTORY AS RECONSTRUCTION, HISTORICAL
METHOD, HISTORICAL CRTICISM AND HISTORICAL SOURCES
SUBMITTED BY:
Marc Jalen Relador
BAEL AE11
SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. Paul Cipres

HISTORY AS RECONSTRUCTION, HISTORICAL METHOD, HISTORICAL CRTICISM
AND HISTORICAL SOURCES
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:
I. History as Reconstruction
 Historian
II. The Historical Method
III. Historical Sources
 Primary Source
 Secondary Source
IV. Historical Criticism
V. Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking:
 Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
 Sensitivity consciousness
 Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human
History as Reconstruction:
 “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who
observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what
was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the
historian’s attention.” (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of
Historical Method).
 “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been
grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.” (Louis Gottschalk,
Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method)
What is the job of a Historian?
1. Organize data and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance.
2. Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries,
news files, and photographs, as well as collect data sources such as books,
pamphlets, and periodicals.
3. Trace historical development in a field, such as social, cultural, political, or
diplomatic history.
4. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research
of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in
time.
(https://job-descriptions.careerplanner.com/Historians.cfm, Wikipedia)
Louis Gottschalk
 Louis Reichenthal Gottschalk (February 21, 1899 Born in Brooklyn – June 23, 1975
Died in Chicago) was an American historian, an expert on Lafayette and the
French Revolution. He taught for many years at the University of Chicago, where
he was the Gustavus F. and Ann M. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of
History
 Author of the book called: Understanding History, A Primer of Historical Method.
Historical method:
 The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the
past.
 Historiography is defined as the imaginative reconstruction of the past from that
data. (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)
 Historiography the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources,
the selection of from the authentic materials, and the synthesis of particulars into
a narrative that will stand the test of critical methods. (Merriam Webster).
Historical Sources:
 Historical source is original source that contain important historical information.
These sources are something that inform us about history at the most basic level,
and these sources used as clues in order to study history. Historical sources
include documents, artifacts, archaeological sites, features.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_source)
 Historical sources are categorized as follows:
a. Primary Source- These sources were present during an experience or time
period and offer an inside view of a event. It also provides first-hand
testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They
are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or
conditions being documented.
(http://www.yale.edu/collections_collaborative/primarysources/primarysources.ht
ml)
Four Main Categories of Primary Sources:
1. Written sources
2. Images
3. Artifacts
4. Oral testimony
b. Secondary Sources-A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary
sources in them. (http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html)

Two Main Categories of Secondary Resources:
1. History textbook
2. Printed Materials such as serials, periodicals which interprets previous research
Historical Criticism:
 In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about
its form and content must be settled.
 External Criticism - To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents and other
evidences. For example, investigating a document or book and other
sources of who is the proponent.
 Internal Criticism- To see if the information gathered are credible/believable.
Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking:
1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
 Every event or situation is the product of multiple causes or factors, short
term or long-term
 Inquiry into all relevant condition and circumstances that determine the
direction of human affairs
2. Sensitivity consciousness
 About how other times and places differ from our own context
 Bridging the cultural and temporal gap

 Interpreting the past using values and beliefs of the past
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human
 There can be “history” only when there is change.

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Republic of the Philippines

Leyte Normal University

A WRITTEN REPORT ON HISTORY AS RECONSTRUCTION, HISTORICAL

METHOD, HISTORICAL CRTICISM AND HISTORICAL SOURCES

Marc Jalen Relador

Mr. Paul Cipres

AND HISTORICAL SOURCES

II. The Historical Method

III. Historical Sources

IV. Historical Criticism

V. Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking:

 Sensitivity to Multiple Causation

 Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human

historian’s attention.” (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of

grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.” (Louis Gottschalk,

Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method)

What is the job of a Historian?

pamphlets, and periodicals.

3. Trace historical development in a field, such as social, cultural, political, or

Died in Chicago) was an American historian, an expert on Lafayette and the

he was the Gustavus F. and Ann M. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of

 Author of the book called: Understanding History, A Primer of Historical Method.

 Historiography is defined as the imaginative reconstruction of the past from that

data. (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History)

 Historiography the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources,

 Historical source is original source that contain important historical information.

include documents, artifacts, archaeological sites, features.

 Historical sources are categorized as follows:

a. Primary Source- These sources were present during an experience or time

period and offer an inside view of a event. It also provides first-hand

testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They

are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or

conditions being documented.

Four Main Categories of Primary Sources:

b. Secondary Sources-A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary

Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary

sources in them. (http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html)

2. Printed Materials such as serials, periodicals which interprets previous research

 In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about

its form and content must be settled.

 External Criticism - To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents and other

evidences. For example, investigating a document or book and other

sources of who is the proponent.

 Internal Criticism- To see if the information gathered are credible/believable.

Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking:

1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation

 Every event or situation is the product of multiple causes or factors, short

direction of human affairs

 Bridging the cultural and temporal gap

3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human

 There can be “history” only when there is change.

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