i

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON HVAC

SERVICES IN AN IT PARKS
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AJITH KUMAR. P
(Reg No: 181592101002)

University with Special Autonomy Status

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

M.Arch

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

JUNE 2019
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University with Special Autonomy Status

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that the thesis titled “ANALYSIS OF QUALITY

MANAGEMENT ON HVAC SERVICES IN AN IT PARKS” is the bonafide

work of AJITH KUMAR. P (Reg No: 181592101002) who carried out the thesis

under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the

work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the

basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion of this or

any other candidate.

Signature of the Internal Guide Signature of the External Examiner

HOD Dean
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ABSTRACT

Construction projects are an extremely complex process, involving a wide range.

There are plenty of factors affecting the quality of construction, such as design,
materials, machinery, topography, geology, hydrology, meteorology, and
construction technology, methods of operation, technical measures, and
management systems and so on. Construction companies must adhere to the
principle of quality first, and insist on quality standards, with the core of artificial
control and prevention, to provide more high quality, safe, suitable, and economic
composite products
Implementing quality management in the course of building construction can
effectively prevent the safety accidents to occur during the latter process of the
use of building products. Meanwhile the total cost of construction supply chain
can be decreased. Also it’s beneficial to enhance the brand popularity and
reputation of construction enterprises.
The project aims to provide an opportunity for students to learn the process of
applying Quality Management techniques and efficient planning of building
services in high rise buildings.
The project involves two simultaneous case studies. Each case study shall be a
piece of investigation work focused on the application of the concepts of quality
management and building services respectively.
The focus shall be on an actual problem, in respect of design, Installation,
Commissioning and operation of new or existing buildings of all types. In the
course of the project, students may be required to conduct measurements and
undertake surveys. When required, students are expected to interact with the
relevant parties or persons such as Architects, Engineers, Operation and
maintenance staff or building Occupants in a professional and ethical manner.
The main objective is to undertake qualitative and quantitative assessment on the
quality of building services in the building construction industry of India
Investigating the current practices of services in building construction sites and
looking at whether or not there is a gap between the existing practices on site.
Assessing the level of quality control being undertaken after performing
statistical analysis on sample test results collected from construction sites and
after checking the compliance of these results with the Indian Standards
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY 01
1.2 OBJECTIVE 01
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 01
1.4 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 02

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WHAT IS IT PARKS? 03
2.1.1 DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARK 03
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO HVAC SYSTEM 04
2.3 REFRIGERATION CYCLE 05
2.4 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING
2.4.1 WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING 06
2.4.2 SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING 06
2.4.3 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING 07
2.4.4 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING 07
2.5 RECOMMENDED COOLING DEMAND DENSITIES 08
2.6 NBC STANDARDS
2.6.1 REFRIGETANTS 08
2.6.2 DESIGN COMSIDERATIONS 09
2.6.3 EQUIPMENT ROOM OF AIR CONDITIONING 10
2.6.4 PIPE SHAFTS 11
2.6.5 COOLING TOWER 11
2.6.6 INDOOR AIR QUALITY 12
2.6.7 TYPES OF SYSTEMS 12
2.6.8 CENTRAL PLANTS 15
2.6.8.1 TYPES OF CENTRAL PLANTS 16
2.6.8.1.1 DX PLANT TYPE 16
2.6.8.1.2 CHILLED WATER TYPE 17
2.6.8.1.3 TYPE OF COMPRESSOR USED 17
2.6.9 AIR HANDLING UNITS 18
2.6.9.1 COMPONENTS OF AIR HANDLING UNITS 18
2.6.10 FAN COIL UNIT 21
2.6.11 CHILLED BEAM 21
2.6.12 DATA CENTRE 22
2.6.13 AIR CIRCULATION 22
2.6.14 PIPE SERVICE 22
2.6.15 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR OFFICE BUILDING 23
2.7 DESIGN PARAMETERS 23
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2.8 PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT 25

2.8.1 QUALITY PLANNING 25
2.8.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE 26
2.8.3 QUALITY CONTROL 27
2.8.4 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 28
2.9 JOURNAL REVIEW
2.9.1 JOURNAL 1 29
2.9.2 JOURNAL 2 32
2.9.3 JOURNAL 3 36
2.9.4 JOURNAL 4 39
2.9.5 JOURNAL 5 44
2.9.6 JOURNAL 6 48
2.9.7 JOURNAL 7 52

3 LIVE STUDY – ESTANCIA IT PARK

3.1 INTRODUCTION 58
3.2 HVAC SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING 59
3.3 CHILLER UNIT FOR THE TOWER 59
3.4 CHILLER UNIT FOR DATA CENTRE 60
3.5 PACKAGED UNITS 62
3.6 VRF SYSTEM 62
3.7 FRESH AIR UNIT 62
3.8 DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL (DDC) SYSTEM 63
3.9 AIR HANDLING UNITS 64
3.10 PAHU (PRECISION AIR HANDLING UNITS) 65
3.11 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU) 65
3.12 COMPARISON OF CASE STUDY WITH THE STANDARD 66

4 PROJECT STUDY – PRINCE INFO CITY

4.1 INTRODUCTION 68
4.2 CHILLER UNITS 69
4.3 COOLING TOWER 69
4.4 REFRIGERANTS 70
4.5 AIR HANDLING UNIT 70
4.6 CONTROL PANEL 70
4.7 COMPARISON OF PROJECT WITH THE CASE STUDY 71
4.8 QUALITY MANAGEMENT ISO 9001 73
4.9 QUALITY CHECKLIST 75
4.10 MAINTANENCE CHECKLIST 78

5 INFERENCE & APPRAISAL FOR THE PROJECT

5.1 APPRAISAL 1 80
5.2 APPRAISAL 2 85

6 CONCLUSION 88

REFERENCE 89
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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM
To analyse the quality management on HVAC Service of a high raised
building.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
1. To study about the detailings in HVAC system of an IT building.
2. To study about the quality management standards involved in the
HVAC system.
3. To study about the quality checklist involved in the installation
of HVAC services.
4. To study about the cost analysis for the appraisal given for the
project.

1.3 SCOPE
1. To understand the standards involved in air conditioning of a IT
building.
2. To understand the requirements given in the live case study
3. To understand the quality management on the service and to
prepare quality checklist for the service.
4. To give a appraisal for the project study which is more essential
for the project
5. To give a cost analysis for the proposed appraisal
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1.4 METHODOLOGY

1. Complete literature study and standards of HVAC system.

2. Journal study of minimum 10 nos.

3. Live Case study of a building which is not less than 10 year old.

4. Project study for the building which is more than 10 years old .

5. Comparison of live study with standards.

6. Comparison of project with the live study.

7. Inference from the project study

8. Quality checklist for HVAC system

9. Appraisal for the project

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CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 WHAT IS IT PARKS?

Technology parks are models to capitalize on knowledge in national and
regional development, are effective instruments in the transfer of
technology, creation and attraction of companies with high added
value. In order to accommodate small and medium-sized enterprises
developed technologies and promote innovation and technological
development by SMEs, the secretariats of economy of States in
coordination with the private agencies, civil associations, the
technology parks program was created.
The situation of these parks is usually in industrial land councils put at
the service of companies in high technology or media technology. The
positive data from employment growth, which has increased by 7% and
investment in r & d, which increases 26% reaching 1.226 billion euros,
with a total turnover of 145.155 workers stand out.
The number of enterprises and employment in r & d has also grown and
in 2010 25.443 people dedicated to r & d tasks, were registered 5.539
companies in parks and a total representing an increase of 8% and 10%
respectively.
The turnover of the whole of the parks during 2010ha registered a slight
decrease of 0.3%, with an overall of 21.475 billion euros

2.1.2 DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARK

Park is a term with multiple uses: might be a wooded area for
recreation; surfaces prepared specially for the installation of
industries; or the set of tools, systems, and materials that are used in
the public services.
Technology, for its part, is an adjective that mentions what is linked
with the technology (the application of knowledge for the development
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of solutions or techniques).
A technology park, therefore, is a region prepared by the State for the
filing and installation of various technology companies. In this area,
companies that settle enjoy various benefits, from remove it from taxes
to communications facilities.
A Government which seeks to create an industrial park is to
encourage innovation and the creation of products or services that
generate significant added value. For this purpose, the State works
in conjunction with private companies, since the growth of these
contributes to national wealth and the training of persons working
in the sector.

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO HVAC SYSTEM

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology
of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the
process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied
space, to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be
used in both domestic and commercial environments. This process is
most commonly used to achieve a more comfortable interior
environment, typically for humans and other animals; however, air
conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-
producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power
amplifiers, and even to display and store some delicate products, such
as artwork.
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an
occupied space such as a building to improve thermal
comfort and indoor air quality. Electric refrigerant-based AC units
range from small units that can cool a small bedroom, which can be
carried by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office
towers that can cool an entire building. The cooling is typically
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achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but

sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning
systems can also be made based on desiccants (chemicals which remove
moisture from the air).
2.3 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Refrigeration cycle produces hot part and cold part (compare to ambient
temperature). It needs at least four components, they are compressor,
condenser, expansion device, and evaporator.

Figure 1. Refrigeration cycle scheme

Figure 1 show schema of refrigeration cycle which consist of four main

components and connected pipes (showed by line), and also the flow
direction of refrigerant is showed at that figure. At the figure, there are
two types of line, red and blue. The red one shows that the pressure is
high and the blue shows the pressure of refrigerant is low. As known,
pressure is proportion by temperature, then the color of line also show
the temperature condition of refrigerant.

1 to 2, Compression process. Output from evaporator, refrigerant is gas

phase. Then compressor sucks it from evaporator and discharge it to
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condenser. Before through the compressor the refrigerant pressure is

low and after through compressor refrigerant pressure is high. This
process also makes the refrigerant temperature increase.
2 to 3, Condensation process. Output from compressor, refrigerant
phase is still gas. As its name condenser is a component to make
refrigerant phase change from gas into liquid. This process needs to
release heat. Usually condenser is put outside, because the temperature
of ambient outside is lower than temperature of refrigerant in condenser,
then heat transfer can occur from refrigerant to outdoor air temperature.
3 to 4, Expansion Process. Output from condenser, refrigerant phase is
already liquid and has high pressure and temperature. Expansion device
makes pressure of refrigerant drop into low pressure, this process also
is followed by drop temperature. Most of refrigerant phase after through
expansion valve is still liquid and a few gas.
4 to 1, Evaporation Process. As its name, the function of this
component is to make refrigerant phase changes from liquid into gas.
This process need heat, and heat is got from the objects which want to
be cooled. The temperature of refrigerant in evaporator is lower than the
objects, then heat transfer will occur from objects to refrigerant, then
heat is used for evaporate refrigerant. After the refrigerant is already in
gas phase, refrigerant will experience the process from number 1
again. It happen repeat and repeat again
2.4 TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
2.4.1 Windows Air-conditioning System
 Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used
and cheapest type of air conditioners.
 To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in
the wall, and there should also be some open space behind the
wall.
 Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install
solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly
construction of a central air system.
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 Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be
easily removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for
other purpose

2.4.2 Split Air-Conditioning System

 The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit
and the indoor unit.
 The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components
like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
 The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the
wall of the room.
 Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add
to the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be used
to cool one or two rooms

2.4.3 Centralised Air-Conditioning System

 The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used
when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls
etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
 The window and split air conditioners are used for single
rooms or small office spaces.
 If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically
viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every
room.
 Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large
halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.

2.4.4 Packaged Air-Conditioning System

 The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the
small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons.
 The central air conditioning systems are used for where the
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
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 The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling

capacities in between these two extremes.
 The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated
capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
 These units are used commonly in places like restaurants,
telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.

2.5 RECOMMENDED COOLING DEMAND DENSITIES

Load Calculation Manual (Heating & Cooling), provides the
recommended cooling demand densities (m2 /TR) for different building
types using air conditioning systems. The requirements given in the
table may be used for preliminary calculations. However, final sizing
shall be based on the actual heat load calculations.
Example of Building air conditioning load (TR) calculation using the
table given below.
To estimate the cooling demand (air conditioning load TR) of an office
building having air conditioned area of 1,000 m2
Using the *Lo values (m2/TR) given below in the table for office
category building, the estimated total air conditioning load (TR) of the
building will be
Preliminary estimated air conditioning load (TR) = area (m2)/ Cooling
demand density (m2/TR) = 1000/36

2.6 NBC STANDARDS

2.6.1 REFRIGERANTS
Refrigerants are classified into two classes based on their toxicity,
namely Class A having lower chronic toxicity and Class B having higher
chronic toxicity. They are classified into four classes based on their
flammability, namely, Class 1 (no flame propagation), Class 2L (lower
flammability), Class 2 (flammable) and Class 3 (higher flammability).
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Suggested list of refrigerants

which may be used for various
applications is given below:
a) Air conditioning:
1) Residential, small unitary
light commercial, VRF
application — R-22, R-32, R-
410A, R-452B and R-290.
2) Chillers for comfort,
industrial and process
application — R-123, R-134a,
R-245fa, R-407C, R-513A, R-
1233zd(E), R-514A, R-
1234ze(E), R-1234yf, R-717
and R-718.
3) Transport, mobile
application — R-134a, R-
407C and R-1234yf.

2.6.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.6.2.1 Cooling and heating load estimate shall be carried out prior to
design and installation of HVAC equipment. Calculation of cooling and
heating load shall take into account the following factors:
a) Recommended indoor temperature, relative humidity, air velocity,
mean radiant temperature, clothing and activity;
b) Outside design conditions as specified in 5;
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c) Details of building construction and orientation of exposures of

building components;
d) Fenestration area, thermal properties and shading factors;
e) Occupancy: Number of people and their schedule of activities;
f) Ventilation: Requirement for fresh air;
g) Infiltration, air leakage;
h) Internal load: Equipment, computer/server and lighting;
j) Effective volume; and
k) Occupancy, lighting and equipment schedule.

2.6.2.2 The design of air conditioning, heating and mechanical

ventilation system and its associated controls shall also take into account
the following:
a) Nature of application,
b) Permissible control limits,
c) Fire safety,
d) Opportunities for heat recovery,
e) Energy efficiency,
f) Filtration standard,
g) Hours of use,
h) Suitable diversity factor based on usage,
j) Outdoor and indoor air quality, and
k) Availability of make-up water for cooling towers.
2.6.3 EQUIPMENT ROOM FOR CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONING PLANT
This room shall be located preferably within the building being air
conditioned and closer to external wall for facilitating ventilation and
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equipment movement. The equipment may also be installed in a separate

service block which should also be located as close as possible to the
load/building being conditioned. The clear headroom below soffit of
beam should be minimum 4.5 m for larger capacity chillers (500 TR and
above) and minimum 3.6 m for smaller plants.
In case air conditioning plant room is located in basement, equipment
movement route shall be planned to facilitate future replacement and
maintenance. Service ramps or hatch in ground floor slab should be
provided in such cases.

2.6.4 PIPE SHAFTS

 The shafts carrying chilled water pipes should be located adjacent
to air handling unit room or within the room.
 Shaft carrying condensing water pipes to cooling towers located
on terrace should be vertically aligned.
 All shafts shall be provided with fire barrier at floor crossings
 Access to shaft shall be provided at every level, if there is any
serviceable component in the shaft.
 In case of tall buildings, care shall be taken for
expansion/contraction of pipes while planning the supports

2.6.5 COOLING TOWER

 Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from water cooled
refrigeration, air conditioning and industrial process systems to
the atmosphere. Cooling is achieved by evaporating a small
proportion of recirculating water into outdoor air stream. Cooling
towers shall be installed at a place where free flow of atmospheric
air is available.
 The recommended floor area requirement for various types of
cooling tower is as given below:
a) Natural draft : 0.15 to 0.20 m2/TR cooling tower
b) Mechanical draft : 0.07 to 0.10 m2/TR cooling tower
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2.6.6 INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)

Indoor air quality is the quality of air which affects our comfort and
health. This is most directly related to health and may result in sick
building syndrome (SBS). Poor indoor air quality results in severe and
recurring discomforts such as nausea, headaches, cold, dry mucous,
inflamed membrane eye, nose and throat irritation, drowsiness, fatigue,
dry skin and respiration problems.

2.6.7 TYPES OF SYSTEMS

Comparative advantages, disadvantages and constraints of each option
should be carefully evaluated before zeroing down to final HVAC
system selection
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2.6.7.1 WINDOW TYPE A.C.

Window A.C. are available in standard rating of 1, 1.5, 2 TR these are
provided where-
(i) Window for fixing the AC is available or necessary opening in wall
is provided for the purpose.
(ii) Sound level of up to 50 dB inside the room is acceptable.
(iii) These types of A.C.s are efficient & easy to maintain as compared
to split A.C.
(iv) BEE star rated WTACs are available. As far as possible 5 star
rated A.C. may be provided in all new installation for conserving
electrical energy.
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2.6.7.1 SPLIT TYPE A.C.

(i) Where window for installation of WTAC is not available, Split
Type AC are planned.
(ii) Almost Silent (Low dB level) operation of A.C is important,
considering VIP rooms, conference rooms, etc.

2.6.7.2 VRV/ VRF SYSTEM:

In a generalising definition, Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) can be
explained as a multiple Split Air-conditioning system using principle of
control of flow/ quantity of refrigerant through the Indoor Unit to
control the cooling/ heating effect. VRF system uses refrigerant as the
cooling and heating medium. This refrigerant is compressed and
liquefied by a single outdoor condensing unit (ODU), and is circulated
within the building through copper refrigerant pipes to multiple fan-coil
units (FCUs) called the IDUs( Indoor Units).
VRF ODUs are typically provided with rectifier-inverter power system,
which provided a Variable Voltage & Variable Frequency (V3F) supply
to compressor motor, in order to support variable speed. This in turn
provides variable refrigerant flow through the refrigerant lines meeting
the demand of cooling/ heating. The speed of the motor is controlled
through a feedback system sensing the refrigeration demand from the
IDUs. VRFs come in two system format, two pipe and three pipe
systems. In a 2 pipe system all of the zones must either be all in cooling
or all in heating. A three pipe Heat Recovery (HR) systems has the
ability to heat certain zones while others require cooling. In this case the
heat extracted from the zone requiring cooling is put to use in the zone
requiring heating. This is made possible because the heating units are
functioning as a condenser.

―VRF systems are best as alternative to room (window or split) air

conditioner.
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For an installation of 3500-4000 TR, as is proposed for the new Supreme

Court building, a central chiller- based system will be more efficient
than VRF system. In order to maintain the peak efficiency of the chiller
based system, when the load is less than peak load, the following design
strategy could be considered:

a. Installation of 3 or 4 modules of 750-1000 TR capacity: Each chiller

could serve a different part of the building, and so air conditioning could
be managed in different area accordingly to usage requirements. Further
each chiller can deliver near –peak efficiency delivery upto about 1/3rd
of its rated capacity, and so high efficiency can be delivered even with
large variations due to usage variance and climatic conditions.
b. Appropriate control systems could be installed to manage cooling in
various kinds of usage areas: Independent AHUs for common areas, and
independent fan coil units for rooms and chambers can provide the
necessary level of control to ensure that appropriate cooling as per
needs, is provided in different spaces within the complex. This will
ensure that the overall demand for cooling is managed, and waste full
air conditioning can be minimized.‖

2.6.8 CENTRAL PLANTS

For capacities larger than 100 TR, it is generally economical to go in for
central plants.
A central air-conditioning system may comprise of following basic
components. i) Refrigeration unit (Central plant) comprising of
compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator & interconnecting
refrigerant piping.
ii) Hot water generators.
iii) Cooling towers.
iv) Condenser water pumps
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v) Chilled / Hot water pumps (Primary and Secondary System as

applicable).
vi) Chilled / Hot water piping (required in central chilled water system).
vii) Condenser water piping.
viii) Air handling units (AHUs) comprising of supply air blower,
cooling coil and/ or heating coil, humidification system (wherever
specified), & filters (the room in which AHU is installed is called
weather maker room).
ix) Air distribution system comprising of ducting, variable air volume
(VAV) valves, fire control dampers, grilles & diffusers.
x) Treated fresh air system (TFA), Free Cooling System,
xi) Demand Control Ventilation System.
xii) Heat Recovery Wheel / Heat recovery pipe/any other measure for
energy conservation for areas, requiring high fresh air intake.
xiii) Electric power supply & distribution.
xiv) Controls & control wiring.
Depending upon the application and design requirements, which the
airconditioning system must meet, some of above components shall
have to be arranged in certain sequence to condition the air.

2.6.8.1 Type of Central plants

Refrigeration unit (Central plants) as mentioned under para 2.7.1 (i)
above may be of DX type or chilled water type as per following details:-

2.6.8.1.1 DX (Direct Expansion) type central plant:-

i) In this type of central plant the evaporator(s) component of the central
plant is located in the air handling unit(s) & works there as DX-type
cooling coil. The components-chiller, chilled water pumps & chilled
water piping are, therefore, not required in this type of plant.
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ii) This type of plant is commonly installed under following

circumstances- a) When the air conditioning load is not very large say
up to 100 TR & space for plant room is available adjacent to AHU
room(s). b) When the temperature to be maintained in air conditioning
space is below 210C, the use of DX type plant becomes technically
essential due to the limiting factors of evaporation temperature of the
refrigerant & the temperature difference between the primary &
secondary cooling medium.

2.6.8.1.2 Chilled water type central plant

i) The chilled water type central plant becomes necessary when a
number of smaller zones require air-conditioning. In this case, the
chilled water is generated in a centrally located plant room and is piped
to various AHUs, which in turn are individually located near the space
they air-condition.
ii) The BHP per tonne of refrigeration in the case of chilled water system
is high compared to the direct expansion system.
2.6.8.1.3 Depending upon the type of compressor used, Central air
conditioning plants are of three types.

i) Reciprocating type central air conditioning plant.

These plant use reciprocating compressor. These are available in
capacities ranging from 30 TR to 110 TR. However these are slowly
being discontinued due to poor compressor efficiency and being
replaced with scroll & screw type compressors.

ii) Screw type central air conditioning plant.

These plants use screw type compressors. These are generally used in
capacities ranging from 80 TR and up to 400 TR at present.

iii) Centrifugal type central air conditioning plant.

These plants use centrifugal compressors. Centrifugal compressors are
not suitable for circulating and expanding the liquid refrigerant in
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remote heat exchange surface. They are, therefore, used only to chill
water/ brine for circulation through remote heat exchanger surface
(AHU coils).

2.6.9 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

 All-air system is commonly used for comfort applications.
 An air handler, or air handling unit is a device used to
condition and circulate air as part of a heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Handler
is a large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or
cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators,
and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to duct work that
distributes the conditioned air through the building, and
returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply)
and admit (return) air directly to and from the space served,
without ductwork.

2.6.9.1 Components of Air Handling Unit

Here are some of the air handling unit components that may be
contained in the equipment.

Housing
The housing that contains all the other components of an AHU is usually
make of metal, some are painted to prevent corrosion.
In sections where the fans and the coil are located, 1-2 inches of
polyurethane foam or PU is used to insulate them to prevent the
condensation on the panel. Drain pan is also used as a precaution in the
event of condensation of water.
Fan
Centrifugal fan is used to circulate the air to the various parts of the
sections in the building. The typical types of fan available are Backward
Inclined, Backward Curved, Forward Curved and Airfoil.
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The selection of the fan will depend on the air volume and the static
pressure required of the system. Usually, the designer of the system will
use a specialized software to do this selection.
In order to reduce the effect of vibration on the panel, the motor and the
fan are usually installed on the vibration isolator except when the drive
assembly is external to the fan casing.
In recent years, the use of variable air volume (VAV) system is
becoming more popular as the volume of the air being discharged can
be varied depending on the load condition. If the load is high, the fan
speed will be higher and if the load is lower, the speed of the fan will be
lower.
The speed of the fan is varied by using frequency inverter instead of
conventional motor such as PSC motor. Frequency inverter provides
better control of the fan speed as a whole range of fan speed from super
low to super high can now be utilized based on the load conditions
required.
This technology has enabled better use of energy and is in tandem with
the move to go for greener energy.

Cooling Coil
Cooling Coil is used to cool and dehumidify the air. Both DX (direct
expansion) cooling and CW (chilled water) cooling coils are available
for use depending on the system design.
These coils are arranged in rows with different fin spacing. Aluminium
fins and copper tubes are used in the design of the coils. The corrosion
resistance hydrophilic fins are also used due to its lower cost and lower
resistance to the air velocity.

Filters
 20

Filters are to remove particles and contaminants of various sizes from

the air. The type of air filter being used will very much depend on the
application of the system.
Panel Filter is a flat and rectangular in shape and provides a minimum
low efficiency filtration which is acceptable to the air conditioning
industry. The high velocity filter is arranged vertically whereas the low
velocity filter is arranged in V shape. Typical air velocity that moves
through the filters is in the range of 2-3 m/s.
HEPA Filter is very efficient and is able to achieve efficiencies up to
99.97%, removing minute particles and airborne bacteria from the air.
It is usually used in clean room applications such as semiconductor
production floor, operating theaters and critical processes.
Electrostatic Filter is used to remove particles from the air by using
highly charged electrodes that ionized the air. Bag Filter is able to
remove dust particles and is thrown away after use. Roll Filter is used
for high velocity filtration where the used part is rolled up
automatically/manually.

Humidifiers
During winter, the humidity level of the air can be low hence causing
discomfort to the occupants. The humidity of the air is increased by
using the humidifiers. Here are the commonly used humidifiers:
Spray Type has a header and spray nozzles that spray water with a
pressure of 15 psi or more.
Steam Pan Type has a pan and a heating coil to heat up the water of the
pan. The evaporation of water caused by the heating will increase the
humidity level of the surrounding air.
Steam Grid Type has tiny holes on the pipe to distribute the steam that
flows through it. In this case, the water that is heated up to produce the
steam to be supplied to the grid is conditioned to prevent odor being
discharged to the room.
 21

Mixing Box
This box has air inlets that is attached to the dampers. This is the place
where the outside air and the return air are mixed to provide the correct
proportion of air to be distributed to the space that is to be conditioned.

2.6.10 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)

 A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating or

cooling coil and fan. It is part of an HVAC system found in
residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Typically a fan
coil unit is not connected to ductwork, and is used to control the
temperature in the space where it is installed, or serve multiple
spaces. It is controlled either by a manual on/off switch or by
thermostat.
 Fan coil units are divided into two types
 Two-pipe fan coil units: Two-pipe fan coil units have one supply
and one return pipe. The supply pipe supplies either cold or hot
water to the unit depending on the time of year.
 Four-pipe fan coil units: Four-pipe fan coil units have two
supply pipes and two return pipes. This allows either hot or cold
water to enter the unit at any given time.

2.6.11 CHILLED BEAM

 Two types of chilled beams, passive and active, are in use. Passive
chilled beam consists of a chilled water coil mounted inside a
cabinet. Chilled water is piped to the convective coil at between
13°C and 17°C. In order to ensure proper dehumidification and
adequate fresh air delivery to the spaces, passive chilled beam
requires a separate ventilation system.
 Active chilled beam operates with induction nozzles that entrain
room air and mix it with the primary or ventilation air that is
ducted to the beam. Chilled water is piped to the coil at between
 22

13°C and 17°C. Primary air should be ducted to the beam at 13°C
or lower to provide proper dehumidification.

2.6.12 DATA CENTRE

Data centre is a technological facility which houses electronic
equipment used for data processing, storing and networking (datacom
equipment). The design requirement for cooling of such technological
facility differs significantly from comfort air conditioners. The facility
generally works for all day and all night (continuously 24×7). High
reliability and redundancy is an important criterion as any loss of data
may contribute to huge financial loss.

2.6.13 AIR CIRCULATION

The rate of air circulation recommended for different general areas
is

2.6.14 PIPE WORK SERVICE

The scheme of colour code for painting of pipe work services for air
conditioning installation shall be as indicated
 23

2.6.15 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR OFFICE

BUILDING (NBC 2016)
• The main factors affecting load are usually window area and
choice of shading devices. Areas such as conference room, board
room, canteens, etc., will often require independent system. For
outer building zone with large glass area, for example, greater
than 60 percent of the external facade, the air-water type of system
• For outer zones with small glass area, an all-air system, such as
variable volume, may be the best selection. For building with
average glass area, other factors may determine the choice of
system.
• Each system or each zone within a system shall be provided with
not less than one thermostat capable of being set from 15°C to
30°C and capable of operating the systems cooling and heating

2.7 DESIGN PARAMETERS

2.7.1 CHILLING UNIT
I. Centrifugal chilling unit : CFC and HCFC free refrigerant.
 24

II. Suction temperature : As per manufacturer standard

III. Condensing temperature : design to suit duty of Water Chilling
Unit
IV. Condenser :
 Water temperature IN 32.2deg C
 Water temperature OUT 36.4 deg C
 Temperature rise 4.2 deg C
 Fouling factor 0.001(British unit)
 Maximum permissible pressure drop: 10 m of water- head
V. Chiller :
 Water temperature IN 12.2 deg C
 Water temperature OUT 6.67 deg C
 Temperature drop 5.5 deg C
 Fouling factor 0.0005 (British unit)
 Maximum permissible pressure drop: 10 m of water-
2.7.2 PIPING
I. Maximum flow velocity : 2.5 m/s
II. Maximum friction : 5 m/100 m run
2.7.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT
I. Maximum face velocity across cooling coil : 155 m/min
II. Maximum outlet air velocity : 610 m/min
III. Maximum velocity across filters :
 Ordinary filters 155 m/min
 Micro-vee filters 155 m/min
 HEPA filters 155 m/min
IV. Minimum spray density for humidification : 10 lpm/sq.m

2.7.4 DUCTING FOR AIRCONDITIONING (office Building)

MainDuct Branch duct
I. Maximum flow velocity : 400 m/min 250 m/min
II. Maximum velocity at supply air grilles/ diffusers : 150 m/min
III. Maximum friction in duct : 1cm WG/100 m run
 25

2.8 PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Quality management is the process for ensuring that all project activities
necessary to design, plan and implement a project are effective and
efficient with respect to the purpose of the objective and its
performance. Project quality management (QM) is not a separate,
independent process that occurs at the end of an activity to measure the
level of quality of the output. It is not purchasing the most expensive
material or services available on the market. Quality and grade are not
the same, grade are characteristics of a material or service such as
additional features. A product may be of good quality (no defects) and
be of low grade (few or no extra features).
Quality management is a continuous process that starts and ends with
the project. It is more about preventing and avoiding than measuring and
fixing poor quality outputs. It is part of every project management
processes from the moment the project initiates to the final steps in the
project closure phase.
Project management consists of four main processes:  Quality
Definition  Quality Assurance  Quality Control  Quality
Improvements

2.8.1 QUALITY PLAN

Once the project has defined the quality standards and quality
characteristics, it will create a project quality plan that describes all the
quality definitions and standards relevant to the project, it will highlight
the standards that must be followed to comply to regulatory
requirements setup by the donor, the organization and external agencies
such a the local government and professional organizations (health,
nutrition, etc)
The quality plan also describes the conditions that the services and
materials must posses in order to satisfy the needs and expectations of
the project stakeholders, it describes the situations or conditions that
 26

make an output fall below quality standards, this information is used to

gain a common understanding among the project team to help them
identify what is above and what is below a quality standard.
The quality plan also includes the procedure to ensure that the quality
standards are being followed by all project staff. The plan also includes
the steps required to monitor and control quality and the approval
process to make changes to the quality standards and the quality plan.

2.8.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality Assurance is a process to provide confirmation based on
evidence to ensure to the donor, beneficiaries, organization management
and other stakeholders that product meet needs, expectations, and other
requirements. It assures the existence and effectiveness of process and
procedures tools, and safeguards are in place to make sure that the
expected levels of quality will be reached to produce quality outputs.
Quality assurance occurs during the implementation phase of the project
and includes the evaluation of the overall performance of the project on
a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the
quality standards defined by the project. One of the purposes of quality
management is to find errors and defects as early in the project as
possible. Therefore, a good quality management process will end up
taking more effort hours and cost upfront. The goal is to reduce the
chances that products or services will be of poor quality after the project
has been completed.
Quality assurance is done not only to the products and services delivered
by the project but also to the process and procedures used to manage the
project, that includes the way the project uses the tools, techniques and
methodologies to manage scope, schedule, budget and quality. Quality
assurance also includes the project meets any legal or regulatory
standards.
 27

2.8.3 QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control is the use of techniques and activities that compare
actual quality performance with goals and define appropriate action in
response to a shortfall. It is the process that monitors specific project
results to determine if they comply with relevant standards and identifies
different approaches to eliminate the causes for the unsatisfactory
performance. The goal of quality control is to improve quality and
involves monitoring the project outputs to determine if they meet the
quality standards or definitions based on the project stakeholder’s
expectations. Quality control also includes how the project performs in
its efforts to manage scope, budget and schedule

 Acceptance; The beneficiaries, the donor or other key project

stakeholders accept or reject the product or service delivered.
Acceptance occurs after the beneficiaries or donor has had a change to
evaluate the product or service

 Rework; is the action taken to bring the rejected product or service

into compliance with the requirements, quality specifications or
stakeholder expectations. Rework is expensive that is why the project
must make every effort to do a good job in quality planning and quality
assurance to avoid the need for rework. Rework and all the costs
associated with it may not refundable by the donor and the organization
may end up covering those costs.

 Adjustments; correct or take the necessary steps to prevent further

quality problems or defects based on quality control measurements.
Adjustments are identified to the processes that produce the outputs and
the decisions that were taken that lead to the defects and errors. Changes
are taken to the Change Control processes of the project
 28

2.8.4 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

It is the systematic approach to the processes of work that looks to
remove waste, loss, rework, frustration, etc. in order to make the
processes of work more effective, efficient, and appropriate. Quality
improvement refers to the application of methods and tools to close the
gap between current and expected levels of quality by understanding
and addressing system deficiencies and strengths to improve, or in some
cases, re-design project processes. A variety of quality improvement
approaches exists, ranging from individual performance improvement
to redesign of entire project processes. These approaches differ in terms
of time, resources, and complexity, but share the same four steps in
quality improvement:

 Identify what you want to improve; the project using the data found in
the quality control process identifies the areas that need improvement.

 Analyze the problem or system, the team then investigates the causes
for the problem and its implications to the project, the causes may be
internal or external to the project.

 Develop potential solutions or changes that appear likely to improve

the problem or system, the team brainstorms ideas and potential
solutions to the problem, taking in consideration its impact to the project
schedule and budget. After careful considerations the team decides and
chooses the best alternative.

 Test and implement the solutions. The team may decide to test the
solution on a small scale to verify that it is capable of fixing the problem,
it testes for the initial assumptions made about the problem and once it
confirms that the solution is a viable alternative, it then proceeds to
implement in a full scale the solution.
 29

2.9 JOURNAL REVIEW

2.9.1 JOURNAL 1
2.9.1.1 INTRODUCTION
 The journal named Comparative Analysis of HVAC System
Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis by Jignesh M. Barot in july
2014
 A heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is
designed to satisfy the environmental requirements of comfort or
a process, in a specific building or portion of a building and in a
particular geographic locale.Designers must understand a great
deal beyond basic HVAC system design and the outdoor climate.
They must also understand the process or the comfort
requirements. In addition, designers must understand how the
building is (or will be) constructed and whether that construction
is suitable for the stipulated use of the space. It is also necessary
to understand the use of the building and in most buildings the use
of each part
 Every HVAC design involves, as a first step, a problem-solving
process, usually with the objective of determining the most
appropriate type of HVAC system for a specific application. It is
helpful to think of the problem-solving process as a series of
logical steps, each of which must be performed in order to obtain
the best results.
2.9.1.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
1. Define the objective. What is the end result desired? For HVAC the
objective usually is to provide an HVAC system which will control the
environment within required parameters, at a life-cycle cost compatible
with the need. Keep in mind that the cost will relate to the needs of the
process. More precise control of the environment almost always means
greater cost.
2. Define the problem. The problem, in this illustration, is to select
the proper HVAC systems and equipment to meet the objectives.
 30

The problem must be clearly and completely defined so that the

proposed solutions can be shown to solve the problem.
3. Define alternative solutions. Brainstorming is useful here. There are
always several different ways to solve any problem. If remodelling or
renovation is involved, one alternative is to do nothing.
4. Evaluate the alternatives. Each alternative must be evaluated for
effectiveness and cost. Note that ‘‘doing nothing’’ always has a cost
equal to the opportunity, or energy, or efficiency ‘‘lost’’ by not doing
something else.
5. Select an alternative. Many factors enter into the selection process-
effectiveness, cost, availability, practicality, and others. There are
intangible factors, too, such as an owner’s desire for a particular type of
equipment.
6. Check. Does the selected alternative really solve the problem?
7. Implement the selected alternative. Design, construct, and operate
the system.
8. Evaluate. Have the problems been solved? The objectives met? What
improvements might be made in the next design?

Notes and assumptions for comparison of alternatives

Electrical unit rate @ RS. 6 per kwhr
Chiller operating power consumption is calculated based on the
input McQuay
Power consumption is assumed with 90% compressor loading
Cost of operating @ RS. 500 / TR is considered in operating head
31
 32

Calculation for water cooled screw chiller

– Total TR: 376 TR - Non diversified cooling load: 376 TR
- Assume 80% diversity due to commercial building, therefore
Diversified TR = 376 X 0.8 = 301 TR
- System connected load chiller = 301 X 0.75 = 226 KW (0.75 KW/TR:
Power consumption in KW)
- System connected load chiller (Plant room equipment excluding
chiller) = 48 KW
- System connected low side AHU = 376 X 0.2 = 75 KW - Total
connected load = 226 + 48 + 75 = 349 KW
- Operating load = 349 X 0.9 = 326 KWH - Power consumption ( Per
hour) = 326 KWH
- Power consumption ( Full load 12 hrs) = 326 X 12 = 3915 KWH/Day
- Power consumption ( Per year @ 75% usage time) = 365 X 3915 X
0.75 = 1071698 KWH /yr
- Power consumption Rs. /year (@ 6 RS. /unit) = (6 X 1071698) /
100000 = 63 Rs. L /yr
- Operating and maintenance cost RS. / year = (2250 X 64) / 100000 =
8.5 Rs. L /yr
- Make-up water cost Rs./yrs (@ 5 Paisa/ltr) = (301 X 12 X 10 X 365 X
0.75 X 0.05) / 100000 = 4.9 Rs. L /yr
- Capital cost of HVAC system installation=376 X 0.67 = 252Rs. L

2.9.1.3 CONCLUSION
Based on comparative analysis of alternatives with operating cost and
life cycle cost, a chilled water system (water cooled screw chiller) with
counter flow induced draught cooling tower is selected for a particular
project of 376 TR.
 33

2.9.2 JOURNAL 2
2.9.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal name is Design And Drafting of Hvac, Central Air
Conditioning System For An Office Building by K. Ratna Kumari ,
A. Raji Reddy, M. Vidya Sagar
Many of the situations requiring mechanical ventilation also need a
degree of air conditioning. To summarize, those situations most likely
to require air conditioning are:
1. Rooms subject to high solar gains, such as south facing rooms
especially those with large areas of glazing.
2. Rooms with high equipment densities such as computer rooms and
offices which make extensive use of IT.
3. Rooms in which environment (temperature, dust or humidity)
sensitive work is being carried out such as operation theatres and
microprocessor manufacturing units.
2.9.2.1 METHODOLOGY
Heat Load Estimate: The manner in which heat can flow can be any one
or more for the following ways:
1. Solar radiation through transparent surfaces such as window.
2. Heat conduction through exterior wall/roof
3. Heat conduction through partitions, ceilings, floors of adjacent non-
air conditioned spaces.
4. Heat generated internally by occupants, lights, appliances,
equipments and process
5. Load due to intake of outside air for ventilation.
6. Other miscellaneous gains.
BUILDING SURVEY:
1. Orientation of the Building
 34

2. Application of the Space

3. Physical dimensions of the space
4. Ceiling height, floor to floor height, space above the false ceiling.
Determination of U factor:
The conduction heat transfer through the walls or roof will depend on
its thickness and the thermal conductivity of the material used. In
addition, there will be convection and radiation from both the outside
and inside surfaces. Hence, the steady state heat transfer is expressed in
terms of an overall heat transfer coefficient U and the overall
temperature difference between the outside and inside. Also a wall may
be composite, consisting of many sections of different construction and
insulating materials. For this purpose, all the layers of different materials
of varying thickness ‘X’ and thermal conductivity ‘K’ are to be taken
into consideration. The cross section of the wall, considered for this
building with thickness
 35

2.9.2.3 CONCLUSION
Our designs have a direct impact on the people who occupy our
buildings. We will continue to discover ways to assure their comfort and
health, while reducing our impact on the environment and natural
resources. Changes will occur and for the better. Our vision for our
industry can be fulfilled as we take action through our contributions to
the technology of HVAC.
 36

2.9.3 JOURNAL 3
2.9.3.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal is Thermal Comfort and HVAC Systems Operation
Challenges in a Modern Office Building – Case Study by Ema
Nemethova, Werner Stutterecker, Thomas Schoberer
The aim of the study is to evaluate the indoor environment conditions in
the new-built office building, Energetikum, and consequently suggest
the control strategies, which can lead to determination of critical areas
and elimination of thermal discomfort. Representative offices have been
selected and equipped with portable sensor groups for monitoring of the
indoor environment parameters. With regard to the fact, that the
lightweight glazed facades are very sensitive to the climatic conditions,
properly designed combination of HVAC, lightning and solar shading
set-points are crucial for the energy performance, especially in fully
glazed buildings or zones. The research is focused on environmental
behaviour of new-build office building, particularly on the problem with
thermal discomfort
2.9.3.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE JOURNAL
The recent trend of transparent buildings with a high portio of glazed
areas is usually initiated by architects in order to provide more daylight
and better view for the users. The glass parts of the façade are installed
not only to serve as physical and visual connection between indoor
and outdoor environment, but also for the aesthetical sense.
Thermal comfort issues in the spaces with large glazed areas
The results obtained from many actual investigations indicate that the
buildings (mainly with administrative purpose) with the light-weight
glazed facades are having significant problems with thermal comfort.
Big glazed areas are always related to higher energy losses during the
heating season and overheating of indoor spaces because of the direct
sun. Moreover, it is claimed that the energy demands for different highly
glazed buildings may vary more than for buildings with traditional
 37

facades since the glazed alternatives are particularly sensitive to the

outdoor conditions.
Impact of the overheating on the occupants
The researches on people´s performance while working under different
thermal conditions showed the results indicating lower performance
during the uncomfortable air temperature period. According to
Niemmela et al. people performance decreased by 2.2 % by every 1 °C
over 25 °C . Another research in an office building showed performance
decrease by 15 % when the temperature increased from 24.8 °C to 26
°C .
The radiant heating/cooling systems implementation
As there is an obvious and indisputable need for an increase in the
efficiency of energy utilisation in buildings and in the energy supply
system, low-exergy systems are being increasingly implemented in the
building technology. Radiant heating systems are very suitable for
combination with renewable energy sources,
Description of the reference object
Due to the lack of currently constructed suitable experimental buildings,
in most cases, isolated individual technology tests are being provided,
taking place only under laboratory conditions or simulation
environment. Therefore, an interdisciplinary living laboratory, the
Energetikum, was designed. It allows influence of the real user
behaviour on the development of alternative energy supply systems,
storage technologies and control engineering strategies in scale 1:1. The
investigation of the indoor environment, as a result of properly designed
control of HVAC systems and other building technology, was one of the
main purpose of the project. The Energetikum is used as an office
building for employees of Research Burgenland GmbH since April 2015
Indoor environment assessment
For monitoring of the various indoor environment indicators such as air
temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, in
selected offices in 2016. Furthermore, the energy consumption sensors,
 38

sensors measuring heating and ventilation systems properties and the

weather station measuring ambient conditions have been installed
simultan evaluate the indoor environment quality, energy consumption
and systems.
In summary, three monitoring groups aimed at different aspects of the
building, have been already installed: • Energy consumption and HVAC
system sensors temperatures and flow rates; • Portable sensor groups
temperature, humidity and CO • Sensors monitoring ambient conditions
temperature and humidity
Simulation of the reference room with regard to the impact of the
control on the thermal environment
As a tool to examine the possibility of overheating reduction, the
simulation of reference room located in the object was provided.
Simulation room 1/1 was selected, as the orientation and portio of glazed
areas were convenient for the experime thermal comfort during the
cooling period (temperatures lower than required by standards) caused
by low set-point temperatures of the cooling system, can be quite easily
reduced, the reference week from the heating period was ch developed
within TRNSYS environment.
Discussion
During the first simulated day, with low level of the solar radiation, the
response of all 4 variations is very similar. However, the consecutive
days with higher solar radiation are rapidly changing the indoor air
temperature values. The temper Variation 1 and Variation 4 is reaching
over 5° C. According to the real experiments, during the overcast days,
the indoor air temperatures ranges were approximately at the same level
in both cases, using fully closed and fully ope sunny days, the air
temperatures differed for 2 °C more effective external shading devices
would have been used instead of the venetian blinds.
Conclusion
As the manual shading was turned on during the measured real reference
period, the real temperatures were slightly lower, than the simulated
outputs in the variation 4. However, in l environment very similar. The
 39

application of adequate control setting can possibly result in thermal

comfort enhancement and apparent reduction of the overheating. By the
lowering of heater (heat exchanger) power output in the installed air
conditioning unit, the cost-saving reduction of the inlet temperature of
the ventilation system can be achieved, which will consequently lead to
the thermal discomfort reduction

2.9.4 JOURNAL 4
2.9.4.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal named A CONTROL-ORIENTED BUILDING
ENVELOPE AND HVAC SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL FOR
A TYPICAL LARGE OFFICE BUILDING by Sen Huang, Yan
Chen, Paul Ehrlich and Draguna Vrabie Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, WA
In this paper, we present a dynamic simulation model for a typical large
office building in the U.S., which can be used as a virtual testbed to
enable advanced control research for heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems. We employed EnergyPlus for
calculating the build- ing thermal load, and the Modelica Buildings
library to model the dynamic behaviour of the HVAC system. We used
a functional mockup interface to enable run-time communication
between the EnergyPlus model and the Modelica model. This
simulation model can be driven by control inputs from the supervisory
decision-making algorithms for advanced control system design and
performance evaluation. To demonstrate the usage of the model, we
performed the evaluation on two representative control sequences for
large office buildings with this model. Simulation data allows us to
compare the energy performance of these two sequences and captures
the evolution of the system dynamics at a high temporal granularity.
This paper contributes to the literature in several ways:
1) The first generic virtual testbed is created for large office buildings to
evaluate different control strategies in HVAC systems.
 40

2) A new co-simulation approach for the efficient and flexible handling

of the interactions between buildings and the HVAC systems is
proposed.
3) An evaluation of the two control sequences based on ASHRAE
standards is conducted to illustrate the use of the virtual testbed. This
paper is organized as follows. First, the studied building and the
associated HVAC system under study are presented. Then, the
implementation of the virtual testbed is discussed, and the control
sequences used for a performance comparison are explained. After that,
the utilization of the virtual testbed to evaluate the energy performance
of two control strategies is demonstrated, followed by conclusions and
ideas for future work
2.9.4.2 methodology of the study
A high-rise large office building was selected for establishing the virtual
test-bed. It has twelve identical floors with five zones on each floor. The
layout is representative of the large commercial office building stock
and is consistent with the building prototypes described in (Deru et al.
2011). HVAC System The HVAC system that serves the large office
building consists of three major components:
• One chilled water system, composed of a chiller, a cooling tower, a
primary chilled water loop with a constant speed pump, a secondary
chilled water loop with a variable speed pump, and a condenser water
loop with a constant speed pump.
• One hot water system, consisting of a gas boiler and a constant speed
pump.
• Twelve variable air volume (VAV) systems (one for each floor). Each
VAV system contains an air handling unit (AHU) with two fans and five
terminal boxes. The physical structure of this HVAC system for one
floor with the five VAV boxes is illustrated in Figure 1 and an example
air distribution loop for one floor is shown in Figure 2.
 41

Model Integration
To reduce the computation time associated with solving the
underlying model without affecting the model’s ability to capture
the dynamic response of the building equipment, we make two
assumptions:
• Assumption 1: The thermal load of the building and the weather
data are constant within a sample time (e.g., 1 minute);
• Assumption 2: The middle floors (from the second floor to the
eleventh floor) are identical regarding the operating condition and
the sizing of the VAV system.
 42

Co-simulation
With the above assumptions, we developed a hybrid ap- proach to
model the system, illustrated in Figure 3, by co- simulating the
EnergyPlus envelope model and the Mod- elica HVAC system
model. We based the model of the building envelope and the
internal heat gain on the DOE reference building model for Chicago
(Deru et al. 2011). The HVAC system models and the control
system are developed using the Modelica standard library (Model-
ica Association 2008) and the Modelica Buildings library (Wetter
et al. 2014). The data exchange between the two models is realized
with a generic Functional Mockup In- terface (FMI) (Blochwitz et
al. 2011). Detailed infor- mation on the FMI setup in EnergyPlus
can be found in (Nouidui, Wetter, and Zuo 2014).
Models
Modelica allows us to develop building models hierarchically.
shows the building and HVAC system model including the
submodels for the chilled water sys- tem, the hot water system, the
AHU, the air distribution system, and the functional mockup unit
for the Energy- Plus envelope model.
CONTROL SEQUENCES
To demonstrate the usage of the building system model as a virtual
testbed, we performed the evaluation on two control sequences
(named “Baseline” and “Advanced”) for the air-side system with
the model. The two sequences are described in Table 1. “Baseline”
represents the case in which advanced reset strategies are not
considered, and all the system operating set points are constant. The
“Advanced” strategy, based on the first public review draft of the
Guideline 36 specification (ASHRAE 2016), represents state of the
art in advanced reset sequences to adjust the system set points based
on the operating conditions.
 43

2.9.4.3 CONCLUSION
Based on the above analysis, we can draw the following
conclusions: 1) The proposed virtual testbed can be used to perform
a comprehensive evaluation of the relevant controls, regarding
energy savings and the impacts on the thermal com- fort. 2) In
general, the “Advanced” control can significantly reduce the
 44

electricity usage by the fans and the chillers, due to the resetting of
the duct static pressure set point and the discharge air temperature
set point. 3) The “Advanced” control may pose small negative
impacts on the thermal comfort.

2.9.5 JOURNAL 5
2.9.5.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal named Energy efficiency analysis in office building through
thermal modelling by James Lau Tze Chen1, Azizuddin Abd Aziz1*,
Ahmed Nurye Oumer1, Mohd Hazwan Yusof1
The tropical climate in Malaysia is hot and humid with average
temperatures of 23.7oC to 31.3oC throughout a day. The average
relative humidity throughout a day as between 67% to 95%. With this
kind of climate, it may have an adverse impact on occupant comfort
indoor Air conditioning is one of the essential techniques employed to
provide human comfort, as well as to generate favourable conditions for
industrial, agricultural and biological processes .Heating, ventilation
and air conditioning (HVAC) system consumes energy to provide the
thermal comfort in the building. Modern buildings and their heating,
ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are the biggest
consumers of energy. The energy saving potential of HVAC systems
deserves therefore constant attention . Therefore, energy performance
simulation programs are powerful tools used to study energy
performance and thermal comfort during the building’s lifecycle.
2.9.5.2 METHODOGY OF THE STUDY:
Outdoor weather conditions The weather data in Kuantan for 2017
used as outdoor weather conditions. Hourly dry bulb temperature and
relative humidity data used as the input to the simulation software.
Indoor thermal conditions Temperature and humidity data placed in
five different places that are faculty admin office, automotive admin
office, conference room, AHU supply and AHU return shown in Figure
1. The data used to plot a graph for further analysis.
 45

eQuest simulation set up The model set up by using design

development wizard in eQuest. The building type and seasons defined.
Next, insert the weather file into eQuest. Based on architect drawing,
start to construct the building shell with different zone pattern and
building construction materials. After that, define activity areas
allocation, building operations schedule and HVAC systems. The steps
repeated until the whole model of faculty administration building
completed.

Actual observation indoor thermal condition

The temperature and humidity data collected by using temperature and
humidity data logger to draw a temperature and humidity verse time
graph shown in Figure 3. In faculty administration office, the indoor
average temperature is 22.2°C and indoor average humidity was 67.1%.
In faculty Level 1 conference room during office hour, the indoor
average temperature was 21.3°C and indoor average humidity is 74.0%.
In automotive administration office, the indoor average temperature was
20.7°C and indoor average humidity was 80.4%. In AHU return, the
 46

indoor average temperature was 24.6°C and indoor average humidity

was 77.2%. In AHU supply, the indoor average temperature is 15.7°C
and indoor average humidity is 99.8%.

Building interior
The space size of each activity zones were completely set up and shown
in 2D view. Each zones were set to maximum occupants and assigned
with specific activities. Within the zones, it were assigned to be
conditioned by air conditioning system and non-conditioned without air
conditioning system
Water-side HVAC
The water-side HVAC system is the HVAC system that used to cool
the water for air conditioning purpose shown in Figure 6. When the
water inside HVAC was cooled, it will supply to the multiple coils.
 47

In Figure 10, daylight and low emission glass reduced total electric
consumption by 22.05kWh (6.0%). A study evaluated the electric
lighting energy savings obtained by utilizing a daylight dimming system
with simulation software. A study has quantified the energy saving
potential of different type of single and double glazing glasses especially
in case of tropical climate condition.

2.9.5.3 CONCLUSION
A building thermal model to predict the amount of energy consumption
has developed. The physical properties of the building, weather, internal
load, HVAC system, operating strategies and schedules have taken to
account. The result shows that the observed indoor condition of
temperature and relative humidity are generally outside the range of
Malaysian Standard MS1525. In addition, packaged VAV DX coil air
conditioning system has the most energy saving on the building’s
overall energy consumption. The energy reduction ranges from 6.0% to
21.2%. Investigation of other energy efficiency parameter for building
also needed for energy efficiency design. The parameters such as
 48

climatic conditions, expected thermal comfort, initial and capital cost,

the availability of energy sources and the application of the building
must considered to properly design and select an energy-efficient
HVAC system.

2.9.6 JOURNAL 6
2.9.6.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal topic is Cooling systems in data centres: state of art and
emerging technologies by Alfonso Capozzolia,, Giulio Primiceria
The increasing demand for data processing in recent years along with
advances in computer and electronic technology produced a rapid
growth in the data center sector. The growth in Data Center (DC)
number and power densities is leading to an increase in energy demand.
According to , the total electricity used in data center doubled between
2000 and 2005 and grew by 56% between 2005 and 2010. Moreover, in
2010 the data center sector was accountable for 1.3% of worldwide
electricity consumption and 2% of US electricity consumption . The
energy consumption is estimated to increase by 15-20% per year in the
next future. This large energy consumption is mainly due to IT power
and cooling requirement, with lighting, air movement, power
distribution and others requirements that account for the remaining
share. A cooling system is vital in order to maintain IT equipment
working in a safe and reliable manner and it can account for up to 40%
of the total energy consumption in a DC.
Environmental requirements and thermal load in data centres
A data center should be adequately cooled because heat dissipation is a
crucial factor to be considered for availability and reliability of the IT
equipment. Advances in the microprocessor industry result in a
continuously growing number of transistor for chip and clock rates,
which in turn cause a dramatically rise of heat dissipation density. High
heat density can cause high junction temperatures which affect the
reliability of IT components. In fact, the main cause of component
failure is high temperature . A cooling system has to be able to achieve
 49

a full environmental control, including air temperature, humidity and

pollution concentration. In order to design a cooling system capable of
achieving this tasks, environmental limit values were defined for
assuring a proper work of IT equipment in operating conditions. The
power demand of a server, which can be considered the smallest
processing unit in a data center, can vary with the actual work done, but
even when the server works at or below 20% of its capacity, the power
consumption is between the 60-100% of the maximum
The heat rejection represents the last step in the heat removal process:
cooling towers and dry coolers are the most common heat rejection
systems for the data center industry. The terminal cooling equipment
has the task of distributing the cooling capacity via air, in air-cooled
systems, or via liquid, in liquid-cooled system. Furthermore, the use of
economizer mode is vital to achieve a higher energy efficiency and
energy savings in DCs.
Heat rejection system and mechanical equipment
The cooling plant of a data center consists of an active equipment and a
heat rejection system. The mechanical equipment can be a direct
expansion system (DX) or a chiller. DX systems consist of a Computer
Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) and an air-cooled condenser as heat
rejection system. In this case the mechanical equipment is also included
in the terminal cooling equipment. The short piping length and the need
of a condenser for each CRAC represent the main disadvantage of this
system. This solution has a lower capital cost and it is easy to maintain.
It is usually used in computer room and data center from 7 up to 200
kW of IT power
Liquid-cooled systems
When DCs have a high power density equipment, air-cooled systems
might not be the best solution in terms of efficiency and reliability.
Therefore different cooling technologies should be employed in such
cases, like liquidcooled systems, that are capable of supporting high
density power and offer a wide range of advantages. The main
advantage, as pointed out in, is the higher heat transfer capacity per unit,
which allows working with lower temperature difference between the
 50

CPU and the coolant. Moreover, this solution eliminates two low
efficiency steps of air-cooled systems, heat-sink-to-air and air-to-
coolant heat transfer. Hence, a decrease in the system thermal resistance
and an increase in energy efficiency can be obtained
Future cooling strategies
Future DC applications will have higher number of transistor for chip
and clock rates following Moore’s law, which in turn would lead to a
further increase in heat dissipation density. To balance this high heat
density several cooling technologies are being developed, such as fully
immersed direct liquid-cooled, micro-channel single-phase flow or
micro-channel two-phase flow. The cooling technology with the higher
heat removal capacity is by far micro-channel two-phase flow system,
which takes advantage of the latent heat of the fluid. The use of the latent
heat leads to a greatly increased convection heat transfer coefficient due
to nucleate boiling compared to the sensible heat of a single-phase fluid
Waste Heat Recovery
A further step for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy
consumption in data center is the capture and reuse of the waste
heat produced by the IT equipment. The implementation of waste
heat recovery measures can have a great effect on reducing CO2
emissions. Nevertheless the main impediment to introduce a
WHRU (Waste Heat Recovery Unit) in a data center is the low
quality of the heat produced, despite the large quantity. In fact the
heat production is bound by the maximum electronics temperature,
which in most case remains below 85°C
Renewable energy sources and Thermal energy storage
integration into data centers
Another step toward the reduction of CO2 emissions in data center
industry is the implementation of renewable energy sources (RES)
to cover part of data centers overall energy consumption. The main
obstacle is the intermittent nature of RES, whereas data center
require energy 24h per day every day, which needs to be provided
 51

even when green power is not available. Some examples of RES

implementation in data center are the 100 kW solar panel array on
the data center roof on Emerson’s campus in Missouri [30] or the
1.7 MW solar panel array of Google HQ in Mountain View. Other
options available are the off-site generation or the purchase of
renewable energy generated by others, such in the case of a Power
Purchase Agreement (PPA).

2.9.5.3 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper an analysis on several currently available and
emerging data center cooling systems was carried out. The
advantages and drawbacks of different technologies were
discussed. A variety of aspects that needs to be carefully examined
such as waste heat recovery, RES and TES integration into data
center was discussed. Improve energy efficiency is crucial, not only
to allow a supportable industry growth but also to reduce
operational costs. Energy efficiency measures comprise aisles
containment, higher supply air temperature, optimal air distribution
and free cooling exploitation. Another option to efficiently address
the cooling process is the adoption of liquid cooling solutions, that
are capable of supporting high density power and offer a wide range
of advantages. In order to further increase energy savings, the
evolution of cooling systems is going towards the elimination of
active mechanical equipment. Both liquid cooling and advanced
air-side economizer based cooling systems can potentially allow the
reduction of using mechanical equipment and the achievement of
higher efficiency levels.
 52

2.9.7 JOURNAL 7
2.9.7.1 INTRODUCTION
The journal named REVIEW PAPER ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING (HVAC) by Ajay N Bhagwat, S.N.Teli, Pradeep
Gunaki,Dr.V.S.Majali
Decreasing the energy consumption of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems is becoming increasingly important due
to rising cost of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. Therefore,
finding novel ways to reduce energy consumption in buildings without
compromising comfort and indoor air quality is an ongoing research
challenge. One proven way of achieving energy efficiency in HVAC
systems is to design systems that use novel configurations of existing
system components. Each HVAC discipline has specific design
requirements and each presents opportunities for energy savings
According to this standard, thermal comfort conditions are acceptable
when 80% of the building’s occupants are satisfied. In order to predict
appropriate thermal comfort conditions an index called a predicted mean
vote (PMV), which indicates mean the thermal sensation vote on a
standard scale for a large group of people, is used. PMV is defined by
six thermal variables for an indoor environment, subject to human
comfort: air temperature, air humidity, air velocity, mean radiant
temperature, clothing insulation and human activity.
Different techniques need to be implemented on HVAC systems to
improve their energy efficiency and reduce their environmental impact.
In recent years, different control and optimization strategies have been
used to improve the energy consumption rates of these systems
Various technologies in which different configurations, component
combinations and mechanical designs are used to improve the energy
performance of HVAC systems are also discussed in this paper. For each
strategy, a brief description is first presented and then by reviewing the
previous studies, the influence of that method on HVAC energy saving
 53

is investigated. Finally, a comparison study between these approaches

is carried out
1. EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS
Evaporative cooling technology has been widely used since more than
a century. Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) systems have low set-up
and running costs, and have been proven to significantly improve a
building’s cooling and ventilation capacity with minimal energy use.
Using water as the working fluid, one can avoid the use of ozone
destroying chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons. Other
benefits from this system include easy maintenance, easy installation
and operation as well as obviating CO2 and other emissions.
Evaporative cooling systems can provide thermal comfort via the
conversion of sensible heat to la-tent heat; however, the lowest
temperature DEC systems can reach is the wet-bulb temperature of the
outside air
 54

2. EVAPORATIVE-COOLED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Recent research reveals that air conditioning systems based on
mechanical vapor compression consume significant amounts of
electricity. Therefore, increasing the coefficient of performance (COP)
of these air conditioning systems with air-cooled condensers is a
challenging problem. By pre-cooling the air before it reaches the
condenser coil, the condenser is able to reject more heat. As a result,
cooling capacity increases while energy demand and usage falls. As
condensing temperatures are lowered, head pressure is reduced. This
allows the compressor to run less frequently, resulting in an energy
saving. The standard design for these systems requires a frame to be
built and filled by evaporative media pads which are installed in front
of the air cooled condenser. A water circulation system, consisting of a
small pump, a tank and pipes, is added. The water then is injected on the
top of the media pad. Hot ambient air passes the wet pad and then the
condenser to improve the system performance.
3. GROUND-COUPLED HVAC SYSTEMS
Ground-coupled technology relies on the fact that, at depth, the Earth
has a relatively constant temperature that is colder than the air
temperature in summer and warmer than the air temperature in winter.
In this system, under cooling mode, operation heat is discharged to a
ground loop that provides a lower temperature heat sink than ambient
outdoor air temperature. During winter heating operations, heat is
extracted from a source that is at a higher temperature than ambient
outdoor air. This system has been used on a residential and commercial
scale since the 1920s
5. HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
ASHRAE standards recommend the amount of required fresh air for
different buildings. Unconditioned air greatly increases the building’s
cooling needs, which ultimately leads to an increase in the overall
energy consumption of the building’s HVAC systems. In the central
cooling plant, the amount of fresh air is determined based on the upper
limits of the concentrations of indoor air pollutants which normally is
between 10% and 30% of the total air flow rate. In modern buildings the
 55

ventilation losses can become more than 50% of total thermal losses.
However, mechanical ventilation can consume up to 50% of electrical
power used in residential buildings. In addition, in hot and humid
regions mechanical ventilation systems appropriate about 20–40% of
the total energy usage of the air conditioning systems. Nasif et al.
studied the annual energy consumption of an air conditioner coupled
with an enthalpy/membrane heat exchanger and compared it with a
conventional air conditioning. They found that in humid climate, the
annual energy saving of up to 8% is possible when using the membrane
heat exchanger instead of a conventional HVAC system.

6. EFFECT OF BUILDING BEHAVIOUR

The energy consumption of an HVAC system depends not only on its
performance and operational parameters, but also on the characteristics
 56

of the heating and cooling demand and the thermo dynamic behavior of
the building. The actual load of the HVAC systems is less than it is
designed in most operating periods due to building behaviour.
Therefore, the most important factors that contribute to HVAC energy
usage reduction in a given building is proper control of the heating and
cooling demand. Integrated control of building cooling load
components, such as solar radiation, lighting and fresh air, can result in
significant energy savings in a building’s cooling plant. It is estimated
that around 70% of energy savings is possible through the use of better
design technologies to coordinate the building demand with its HVAC
system capacity. Korolija et al. investigated the relationship between
building heating and cooling load and subsequent energy usage with
different HVAC systems. Their results indicated that the building
energy performance cannot be evaluated only based on building heating
and cooling demand due to its dependency on HVAC thermal
characteristics. Huang etal. developed and evaluated five energy
management control functions programmed according to the building
behavior and implemented for a variabl air volume HVAC system. Their
simulation results demonstrated that energy saving of 17% can be
achieved when the system is operated with these control functions.

Energy-efficient HVAC system designs depend on new configurations

of traditional systems that make better use of existing parts. One
effective way of achieving energy efficiency has been the design of
HVAC system configurations that combine a range of different
traditional HVAC system components. Recent research has
demonstrated that a combination of existing air conditioning
technologies can offer effective solutions for energy conservation and
thermal comfort. Each HVAC discipline has specific design
requirements and each presents opportunities for energy savings. It must
be understood, however, that different configurations in one area may
augment or diminish savings in another.
 57

5.9.7.3 CONCLUSION
Conventional HVAC systems rely heavily on energy generated from
fossil fuels, which are being rapidly depleted. This together with a
growing demand for cost-effective infrastructure and appliances has
necessitated new installations and major retrofits in occupied buildings
to achieve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Therefore, finding novel ways towards green buildings without
compromising comfort and indoor air quality remains a challenge for
research and development. The overall attainable reduction in energy
consumption and enhancement of human comfort in the buildings are
dependent on the performance of HVAC systems. One proven way of
achieving energy efficiency in HVAC systems is to design systems that
use novel configurations of existing system components. Recent
research has demonstrated that a combination of existing air
conditioning technologies can offer effective solutions for energy
conservation and thermal comfort. In this paper various energy saving
strategies for HVAC systems were investigated and their potential to
improve the system performance were discussed. It was found that
several factors such as climatic conditions, expected thermal comfort,
initial and capital cost, the availability of energy sources and the
application.
 58

CHAPTER 3 – LIVE STUDY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
 Estancia IT park was developed by Arun Excelo Group,it was
designed by CRN Architects and constructed by L & T
construction.
 It has on basement, ground cum mezzanine with 13 floors.
 Total area of the tower is 3.67lakh sqft
 It’s a township total of 82acres
 59

3.2 HVAC SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING

• The load of the building is 1800 TR which includes the
datacenter, tower and all other places.
• The system of air conditioning used is the Water chilled
conditioning and packaged units for server rooms

3.3 CHILLER UNIT FOR TOWER

 There are four chillers in the ground level along the extent of
the site supporting the office building excluding the data
centers and server hub.
 Water source: Raw water tank in the ground level
 Condensation process that converts water to 8 degrees and
supplied to the AHUs of different floors from the basement
where the secondary pump is used to pump the water.
 There are four secondary pumps.
 The return water is 30-31 degrees when it reaches the chiller
unit again where the water is pumped using primary pump.
 The pressure is driven by the variable speed drive (VSD) and
it is maintained either manually or automatic.
 60

3.4 CHILLER UNIT – DATA CENTRE (4&8 FLOOR)

 The temperature is set to 14 degrees and it is sent to the LCP
in the AHU room.
 3 pumps are used which runs in 4 bar pressure. It is controlled
by BMS.
 When there is no flow of water in the chiller the flow switch
and the actuator indicates that there is no flow of water and the
chiller is shut down automatically.
 Motorized valve or motorized dampers are used to shut the
flow.
 Differential pressure switch controls the pressure of the supply
and return air which is set to 13.
61
 62

3.5 PACKAGED UNITS

 They are used as an alternative in the server/ hub rooms. The
outdoor units are in the terrace. It was fully operational before
setting up PAHU

3.6 VRF SYSTEM

 It consists of an outdoor unit paired with several indoor
units, copper refrigerant piping and specialized
communication wiring consisting of a two wired cable linking
outdoor to all indoor unit.
 The system gets inputs from the user (eg temperature
preference) as well as from the natural external environment
(outside ambient temperature)
 The VRF system is more space efficient as it could be
connected with up to 64 indoor units, and also advanced
control solution to meet different applications.
 The frequency is 45-50. when it is set in automatic it is
controlled by BMS.

3.7 FRESH AIR UNITS

 There are 3 fresh air units in the terrace. Supplies fresh air
for AHU, Lifts and Staircase.
 The CO2 level is maintained to 1000 PGA in all the floors.
When the CO2 level is increased treated fresh air is supplied.
 Atmospheric air can be given but as the temperature outdoor
goes upto 45 degrees only treated fresh air is used.
 63

3.8 DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL (DDC) SYSTEM

 HVAC controller that operates the direct digital control
(DDC) system.
 In a DDC system, a controller is a dedicated computer, which
means it is designed to operate only one specific program.
 An HVAC controller receives information from sensors
and sends signals to actuators.
 64

3.9 AIR HANDLING UNIT

 AHU is also used for recycling the return air.
 There are 26 AHUs in the building with at least two on each
level.
 Each level is divided into 2 zones and each AHU is assigned
to one zone depending on the levels of the building.
 Each AHU unit supplies 12000 CFM (unit of airflow) which
supplies 24000 CFM per floor.
 The two AHUs are connected with a plenum so that the flow is
equally distributed and there is no variation in the pressure.
 65

3.10 PAHU (precision air conditioners for data centers)

 This unit collects fresh Air from Outside and filtered with G4
type of air filter. The G4 class air filter is made of synthetic
material which is replaceable.)
 The filtered air will travel through the supply ducting and
further filtered to AHU ( Air Handling Unit ) .
 This AHU will be assigned to the respective room depend on
the temperature and humidity requirement.
 Dampers are used.

3.11 FAN COIL UNIT

 Fan Coil Unit is a system similar to AHU but in a smaller
scale and the fan speed can be controlled. It serves the
purpose of cooling using chilled water with air flow to the
room ensured by one or more electrically driven fans.
 It is not connected to the duct work, but is used to control the
temperature in the space where it is installed.
 FCU is similar to inducting system with the inducting unit
replaced by the fan coil.
 66

3.12 COMPARISON OF CASE STUDY WITH THE

STANDARDS

S.NO STANDARDS ESTANCIA INFERENCE

1. Refrigerants The refrigerant This type is not

used in the park flammable and used for
Residential, small
is R-452B the precautionary
unitary light
system for the data
commercial, VRF
centre
application — R-22,
R-32, R-410A, R-452B
and R-290.

2. Precision Air Provided with PAC is given 24x7 for

Conditioning the PAHU in the maintenance of data
the 4th and 8th centre
floors

3. Type of air conditioning Centralized and

packaged
system of
AC(server hub
room)

4. Chiller plant 4 nos x 1800 The vendor for the

HP Trane chiller unit is the
predominantly used
vendor for chillers
 67

5. Air flow and filtration Provided with Satisfed

10m distance
Outside air intakes shall
be located at least 8 m
away from exhaust
stacks, cooling tower
and/or any other
polluting source.

6. Air change per hour for 8 air change / Satisfied

an office should be 6-10 hour is
(NBC) maintained
 68

CHAPTER 4 – PROJECT STUDY

4.1 INTRODUCTION
 PRINCE INFO CITY was designed by Naksha architects. It
has on basement, ground with 13 floors. Total area of the tower
is 3.5lakh sqft
 The load of the building is 1800 TR which includes the
datacenter, tower and all other places.
 The system of AC system is Centralized Air Conditioning
System. The working of the system involves with the Variable
Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system.
 There are 5 chiller plants in the building. There are 2 primary
pumps in the chiller unit where the temperature of 12°C is
pumped into the chiller unit.
 Then the water is pumped to the secondary pump where it
works on the Variable Frequency Drive
 The secondary pump then distributes the water to the Air
Handling Units located in all the floors.
 When the maximum temperature is achieved in the AHU,
it shuts down the inlet pipe of water.
 69

4.2 CHILLER UNITS

 The selection of chillers depends largely on the fuel source
and the total cooling load.
 Chillers include both absorption and compression
refrigeration processes in a wide range of sizes.
 The chiller unit used is 19 x R57 centrifugal chiller

4.3 COOLING TOWER

• The cooling tower is located at the terrace of the block.
• There are 6 units of cooling tower each of 600KL totally
1800KL.It gives out the chilled water to the inlet pipe.
 70

4.4 REFRIGERANT
The type of refrigerant used in the chiller is R-134a or HFC-134a or
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrafluoroethane as replacement for the more environmentally
harmful R-12
 There is two types of pump can be found in the chilled water
system, which are condenser pump and chilled water pump.
 The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every Air
Handling Unit (AHU) and it also returns the warm chilled
water to the chiller so that it can be chilled
.
4.5 AIR HANDLING UNITS
 The AHU room is a room that can be found in every floor, many
AHU are needed due to the building’s size and complexity as well
as the air flow requirements.
 There are 15 AHU at each floor .This remains the temperature
of airflow will not vary and the AHU is able to provide cool air at
the specific temperature.

4.6 CONTROL PANEL

 The control panels controls all the processes and can adjust
manually by the technicians in the chiller plant room. It is located
in the AHU room.
 The control panels also indicate the temperatures and pressure of
each of the chiller.
 Chiller control systems include safety and operating controls. If
the equipment functions, the safety control shuts the chiller down
to prevent serious damage to the machine.
 71

4.7 COMPARISON OF CASE STUDY WITH THE

STANDARDS

S.NO ESTANCIA PRINCE INFO INFERENCE

PARK

1. Refrigerants The refrigeranr This type is not

used in the park is flammable and
Residential, small
R-452B used for the
unitary light
precautionary
commercial, VRF
system for the
application — R-
data centre
22, R-32, R-410A,
R-452B and R-
290.

2. Precision Air given PAC is given

Conditioning 24x7 for the
maintenance of
data centre

3. Type of air Centralized and

conditioning packaged system
of AC(server hub
room)

4. Chiller plant 4 nos x 1800 HP The vendor for the

Trane chiller unit is the
predominantly
used vendor for
chillers
 72

5. Air flow and Provided with Satisfed

filtration 10m distance
Outside air intakes
shall be located at
least 8 m away
from exhaust
stacks, cooling
tower and/or any
other polluting
source.

6. Air change per 8 air change / hour Satisfied

hour for an office is maintained
should be 6-10
(NBC)
 73

4.8 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE CASE STUDY AND

PROJECT

The quality management standard which is used in the case study and
the project buildings are ISO 9001
ISO 9001 is defined as the international standard that specifies
requirements for a quality management system (QMS). Organizations
use the standard to demonstrate the ability to consistently provide
products and services that meet customer and regulatory requirements.
It is the most popular standard in the ISO 9000 series and the only
standard in the series to which organizations can certify.
ISO 9001 was first published in 1987 by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO), an international agency composed of the
national standards bodies of more than 160 countries.
ISO 9001 is based on the plan-do-check-act methodology and provides
a process-oriented approach to documenting and reviewing the
structure, responsibilities, and procedures required to achieve effective
quality management in an organization. Specific sections of the standard
contain information on many topics, such as:
Requirements for a quality management system, including documented
information, planning and determining process interactions
Responsibilities of management
Management of resources, including human resources and an
organization’s work environment
Product realization, including the steps from design to delivery
Measurement, analysis, and improvement of the QMS through activities
like internal audits and corrective and preventive action
What are the Benefits of ISO 9001?
ISO 9001 helps organizations ensure their customers consistently
receive high quality products and services, which in turn brings many
benefits, including satisfied customers, management, and employees.
 74

Because ISO 9001 specifies the requirements for an effective quality

management system, organizations find that using the standard helps
them:
Organize a quality management system (QMS)
Create satisfied customers, management, and employees
Continually improve their processes
Save costs
In Nevada, the Clark County School District used ISO 9001 to save
$174 million over 10 years in actual expenditures and cost avoidance.
More than 3,000 employees were trained to the standard, enabling three
critical components of the system’s success: training, communication
and respect, and efficiency.
ISO 9001 Certification
ISO 9001 is the only standard in the ISO 9000 series to which
organizations can certify. Achieving ISO 9001:2015 certification means
that an organization has demonstrated the following:
Follows the guidelines of the ISO 9001 standard
Fulfills its own requirements
Meets customer requirements and statutory and regulatory requirements
Maintains documentation
Certification to the ISO 9001 standard can enhance an organization’s
credibility by showing customers that its products and services meet
expectations. In some instances or in some industries, certification is
required or legally mandated. The certification process includes
implementing the requirements of ISO 9001:2015 and then completing
a successful registrar’s audit confirming the organization meets those
requirements.
Organizations should consider the following as they begin preparing for
an ISO 9001 quality management system certification:
 75

Registrar’s costs for ISO 9001 registration, surveillance and

recertification audits
Current level of conformance with ISO 9001 requirements
Amount of resources that the company will dedicate to this project for
development and implementation
Amount of support that will be required from a consultant and the
associated costs
Training in the ISO 9001 Standard
Professionals responsible for developing, implementing, auditing, and
managing an ISO quality management system or quality professionals
interested in updating their documented ISO 9001-based QMS can
take ISO 9000 training courses, which include courses focused on ISO
9001 and quality management systems. Additionally, organizations
looking to improve employee performance and employees looking to
continually improve will also find ISO 9000 training relevant.

4.9 QUALITY CHECKLIST FOR AIR CONDITIONING

Split Unit/Window Air Conditioner
 Installation
 Units are leveled when placed on plinth
 Drainage provided/units slightly tilted for condensation
 Drain hose connected to the drain pipe
 Cool air is not blocked by wall., beam, shelving or other built-in
Furniture in the room
 Seal Penetration 5) Proper sealant of wall or roof opening after
pipes are fixed
 No Leakage 6) No sign of leakage from pipes
 No Visible Damage
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AIR-CON COMFORT
 Temperature 1) Room temperature between 230C - 250C or
according to specification
 Air Flow 2) Room airflow rate not exceeding 0.25 m/s or
according to specification
 Relative Humidity 3) Room relative humidity not more than 60%
or according to specification

AIR HANDLING UNIT

 Location & Installation
 Location & pipe layout installed as per approved shop drawings
 Inspection access door for fan, coil, motor and filter
 All metal parts properly earthed
 Smoke detector installed at the return air stream
 Name plate installed with manufacturer's name, serial number and
model number ;
 Support 6) Pipe/ duct from AHU must be supported
 No Visible Damage ,

PUMP
 Location & Installation |
 Location & pipe layout installed as per approved shop drawings
 Pump & motor assembly installed on inertia block & spring
isolator
 Guard provided to exposed shafts, coupling & moving parts
 Name plate installed with manufacturer's name, serial number
andmodel number
 Electrical Termination 5) No bad electrical termination
 No Visible Damage
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COOLING TOWER
 Self-Earthing System Cooling tower completed with self-
earthing system for connection to building lightning protection
system
 Location & Installation
 Name plate installed with manufacturer's name, serial number
and model number
 Location & pipe layout installed as per approved shop drawing
 No Visible Damage Cooling tower clear of all debris

Pipework including Chilled water, Hot water, Steam, Condenser water,

Condenser drain, old water make-up, water treatment and refrigerant
 Pipe installed as per approved shop drawing Paints & Support
Pipework provided with drains at each low point and automatic
air vents with manual isolating valve at each high point
 Properly painted and supported No Visible Damage
 Fire stop for passage of pipes at opening for fire resistance walls
and floor
Chiller
 Location & Installation
 1) Location & pipe layout installed as per approved shop drawing
 2) Chiller to be leveled when placed on plinth or vibration
isolators
 3) Chiller fixed securely in position
 4) Correct model, make & capacity
 Pipe Support & Label
 5) Pipes supported properly by hangers or brackets
 6) Pipe connections follow specified flow direction
 No Leakage 7) No sigh of leakage
 No Visible Damage
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4.10 MAINTANENCE CHECKLIST

CHILLER:
1. Check refrigerant level, leak test with electronic Leak detector. If
abnormal, trace and rectify as necessary, Inform department in
writing on the rectification.
2. Inspect level and condition of oil. If abnormal, trace fault and
rectify as necessary. Inform department in writing on the
rectification.
3. Check the liquid line sight glasses for proper flow.
4. Check all operating pressure and temperature.
5. Inspect and adjust, if required, all operating safety controls.
6. Check capacity control, adjust if necessary.
7. Lubricate vane/ linkage/ bearings.
8. Visually inspect machine and associated components, and listen
for unusual sound or noise for evidence of unusual conditions.
9. Check lock bolts and chiller spring mount.
10. Review daily operating log maintained by department‘s
operating personnel.
11. Providing written report to Department, outlining services
carried out, adjustment made, rectification carried out and if the
deficiency is of a major nature, arrange with department for shut-
down to rectify equipment.
WATER PUMPS:
1. Inspect all water pumps
2. Check all seals, glands and pipelines for leaks and rectify as
necessary.
3. Re-pack and adjust pump glands as Necessary.
4. Check all pump bearings and lubricate with oil or grease as
necessary.
5. Check the alignment and condition of all rubber couplings
between pumps and drive motors and rectify as necessary.
6. Check all bolts and nuts for tightness and tighten as necessary.
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AIR HANDLING UNITS AND FAN COIL UNITS

1. Perform all functions for monthly checks.
2. Tighten motor terminals
3. Check starter contacts.
4. Test and calibrate overload settings.

AIR COOLED PACKAGED UNITS AND PRECISION-

COMPUTER AIR-CONDITION EQUIPMENT
1. Check condenser fan motor load ampere.
2. Check fan and motor mounting brackets.
3. Check shafts and bearings. Lubricate with grease as necessary.
4. Check the tension of all belt drives and adjust as necessary.
5. Check for refrigerant leaks with electronic leak detector.
6. Check electrical terminals and contactors operation and
connection for tightness.
7. Check compressor motor current.
8. Check refrigerant line driers and moisture indicators.

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Check operation of all modulating and fixed dampers controlling
air flow through unit. Lubricate all damper bearings and linkages
as necessary.
2. Carry out space temperature checks on air-conditioned areas with
thermo hydrograph. Balance air flow as necessary to compliance
with requirements of original specifications. These checks
include the calibration of sensors, thermostat, etc.
3. Check noise level of discharged air from diffusers.
 80

CHAPTER 5 – ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL TO THE

PROJECT
APPRAISAL 1: ADIABETIC SYSTEM FOR DATA
CENTRE
What is Adiabatic Process?
Adiabatic cooling system is the process of reducing heat energy with
the help of conventional natural methods like sprinkling of water to
maintain the temperature. It is very traditional methodology initially
used by Roman, Australian, Chinese and Persian Societies. The concept
comes into picture from the evaporative air conditioning systems at
homes where water is added to a pad or rooftop through which air is
pinched into reduce the temperature. Because of which we will obtain
lower temperature at the input which will reduce the energy costs
converting the air to the required temperature. This principle is known
as “Adiabatic cooling” process
Working of Adiabatic cooling System

In adiabatic cooling system the water sprays are connected in series to

provide adiabatic cooling to the incoming air stream it is been initiated
via ambient sensor or through refrigeration head pressure override. As
the temperature exceeds beyond its limits the Econet controller initiates
 81

water spray to reduce the overall temperature for the condenser which
will ultimately reduces the condensing pressure to save the energy
required to maintain the system temperature at the time of high ambient
periods.
Temperature Controller in Adiabatic
The temperature controller of the adiabatic cooling system is working
with volt free inputs with internal override terminals. It is a customized
intelligent PLC based controller which can be adjusted by the operator
to pre set the values of desired temperature. Water is sprinkled
periodically on the mesh or net to lower the temperature. Spray rate and
duration are adjusted by the controller to suit the ambient conditions
which causes minimal water consumption.
The temperature set limit and intermittent spray is initiated when the
terminal of the controller is linked. This facility can be used to provide
head pressure or manual remote override flexibility
 82

Advantages of Adiabatic Cooling System

The adiabatic cooling system provides best temperature control with
following advantages
 In adiabatic cooling system Temperature control is carried out
without human interactions
 Conserves more energy as compared to conventional systems
 Adiabatic cooling system is Very economic and user friendly
device
 Automotive temperature control of greenhouses is possible by
adiabatic cooling process without human interaction.
 In adiabatic cooling system econet has been fitted to units
worldwide where its licensed water splash innovation has went
with numerous organizations to lessen their vitality power with
insignificant endeavors. The framework once fitted is essentially
support free.
 Econet uses the age old adiabatic cooling principle and a ‘ambient
controller’ to reduce the temperature of air before it is drawn into
the heat rejection coil of an air conditioner, reducing the
temperature at input to lower energy costs.
 It offers you the best pre-cooling. With electricity costs on the rise,
investment in an Econet System will have a quick payback period
– less than one cooling season.
 In adiabatic cooling system water consumption is minimized as
the spray is intermittent and only activated when required, hence
it consumes up to 79% less water than any other wet system. With
no reservoir and a large droplet size, there is no chemical
treatment required and no health risks.
 It can be reconstructed to make any size and shape of air
conditioning and refrigeration unit, (mini split, air-cooled chiller,
rooftop unit) without affecting warranty.
 Adiabatic cooling system is Highly cost effective, the system is
easy to install, and is sold as a kit to suit the application.
 83

Applications of Adiabatic Cooling System

Because of ease of installation and automatic control on temperature
adiabatic cooling system is used in variety of applications some of them
are listed below
 AC condensers and dry cooling applications
 Air conditioning applications
 Refrigeration systems
 Greenhouses
 Adiabatic cooling system is use in Unitary also

ADIABATIC COOLING IN THE DATA CENTER

Essentially, CRAC is a form of adiabatic cooling system: It compresses
a gas into a liquid form with a mechanical pump, expelling the heat
created, and then lets the liquid expand again, cooling a controlled mass
of air. However, the compression stage in CRAC cooling requires
relatively high energy input, making CRACs expensive.
A much cheaper adiabatic cooling system design exists. People in hot
climates soak a sheet in water and hang it over a line within a room. As
the water evaporates, it takes in enough heat to keep a residential room
cool. This is the principal design for a data center adiabatic cooling
system.
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Figure 1. To cool a data center without CRAC systems, adiabatic

cooling systems rely on wet filters and air flow.
To cool a data center, a low-energy pump or gravity-fed system
constantly drizzles water over a set of high surface area fibrous mats. A
low-power fan with ducting forces air through these mats. The air
evaporates some of the water on its way through, and the resulting air
on the other side of the mats will be much colder than the inlet air (see
Figure 1).
With an adiabatic system in certain climates, humidity may increase
above ASHRAE's 80% guideline. A quick treatment -- secondary drying
filters or low- or no-energy dehumidification -- ensures that the data
center meets humidity guidelines.
By carefully targeting the cooling air directly onto IT equipment via
ducting and low-energy air pumps, data centers can use a low volume
of adiabatically cooled air, keeping the cooling equipment a manageable
size.
VENDORS IN THE MARKET:
There are many vendors in the field, including Munters, EcoCooling,
Excool, Vent-tech, Coolerado and United Metal Products.
As energy costs rise, more data center operators will be looking to
replace expensive CRAC and other active cooling systems. This could
push large cooling and energy management companies, such as
Schneider, Emerson, GE and others to develop their own systems or
acquire smaller vendors.
 85

APPRAISAL 2: REPLACE ALUMINUM FAN BLADE

WITH FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC BLADE IN A
COOLNG TOWER
FRP, or fibre-reinforced plastic as it is also referred to, has been a
blessing to multiple industries. Developed in the early 1900s and used
mostly for military applications in the early stages, this material was
quickly adapted to industrial processes that required a material that not
only had a great strength to weight ratio, but one that was also resistant
to many of the corrosive elements that are present in the production and
transportation of chemicals and other corrosive materials. While
industrial cooling towers are not exactly known for a huge presence of
caustic chemicals, there is still enough of a presence to necessitate a
substance that could resist these elements and continue to function in
harsh conditions. The component that has benefited the most from FRP
materials, without a doubt, has been the fan that is present in many of
the cooling towers that are used today. Below, we have listed a few
reasons that FRP fan blades have become an industry standard and why
more and more cooling tower manufacturers are recommending these
fan blades over their aluminum counterparts.
FRP FAN:

 FRP Impeller
 Efficient operation.
 More air with less power or reduced power for same air.
 Optimal operational cost.
 Economical initial cost
 Impellers are dynamically balanced to ISO – 1940 Grade 6.3 or
2.6.
 Fans available with or without seal disk to suit Induced Draft or
Forced Draft applications.
 Blade airofoil with high lift and low drag.
 Small fans up to 6 feet (1800 mm) diameter are dynamically
balanced as per ISO–1940 Grade 6.3.
 86

FRP Blade:

 Blade aerofoil with high lift and low drag.

 Uniform air flow over entire blade length.
 UV protection and Fire retardant FRP Blades.
 Corrosion and Erosion resistant FRP Blades.
 Special leading edge protection.
 Moment balanced to ensure inter-changeability.
 Ideally shaped for standard and low noise fans.
 Convenient blade tip angle setting.
 Individual moulds for each blade size to maintain high efficiency
 Special blade shape at the root to minimize swirl without seal disk.

The weight of the FRP blade is less compare to aluminum fan blade.
Hence low torque is enough to induce the fan. When the speed
reduces, the power is also automatically reduced.
 87

Present system Power = 7.5 KW

Outlet temperature = 32.8
Capacity =158.48 TR
Operating hour = 12 hr
Total power consumption per day = 7.5 = 90 kWh/day
Proposed system Using FRP blades will give approximate energy
savings of 12% Energy saving =10.8 KWh/day
Cost per unit = Rs.7/unit
Energy saving cost per day = 10.8 = Rs.75.6/day
Number of working day = 345 days
Annual energy saving =10.8 =3726 KWh/year
Annual cost saving = 75.6 X 345
= Rs.26, 082/annum Investment = Rs.25, 000
Simple payback period = (investment /annual sharing) x 12
=11 months
Summary
Annual Energy saving = 3726 kWh/year
Annual cost saving =Rs.26, 082 /year
Approximate investment = 25,000
Simple payback = 11 months
 88

CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION

Conventional HVAC systems rely heavily on energy generated from

fossil fuels, which are being rapidly depleted. This together with a
growing demand for cost-effective infrastructure and appliances has
necessitated new installations and major retrofits in occupied buildings
to achieve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Therefore, finding novel ways towards green buildings without
compromising comfort and indoor air quality remains a challenge for
research and development. The overall attainable reduction in energy
consumption and enhancement of human comfort in the buildings are
dependent on the performance of HVAC systems. One proven way of
achieving energy efficiency in HVAC systems is to design systems that
use novel configurations of existing system components. Recent
research has demonstrated that a combination of existing air
conditioning technologies can offer effective solutions for energy
conservation and thermal comfort. In this paper various energy saving
strategies for HVAC systems were investigated and their potential to
improve the system performance were discussed. It was found that
several factors such as climatic conditions, expected thermal comfort,
initial and capital cost, the availability of energy sources and the
application of the building must be considered to properly design and
select an energy-efficient HVAC system.
 89

REFERENCE:
http://www.maniks.com/manufacturer/adiabatic-cooling-system-2/
https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/feature/Get-comfortable-with-
an-adiabatic-cooling-system-in-the-data-center
https://www.academia.edu/14986400/A_review_of_different_strategie
s_for_HVAC_energy_saving
https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/REVIEW-PAPER-ON-ENERGY-
EFFICIENCY-TECHNOLOGIES-FOR-HEATING-VENTILATION-
AND-AIR-CONDITIONING-HVAC.pdf
http://paragfans.com/cooling-towers/
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V2/i5/IRJET-V2I5179.pdf
http://h2ocooling.com/2017/10/23/benefits-frp-fan-blades/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283438955_Energy_Efficien
t_Air_Conditioning_System_Design_And_Equipment_Selection_For_
Building