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    01 History of Refrigeration PDF

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    NSS GBPEC
    The document provides a history of refrigeration, beginning with natural refrigeration methods like ice harvesting and evaporative cooling. It then discusses the development of artificial refrigeration, including early experiments with evaporation under vacuum. Major milestones included Oliver Evans' description of vapor-compression in 1805, and Carl von Linde developing the first ammonia-based system in 1877. Refrigeration grew rapidly in the early 20th century with innovations like domestic refrigerators and air conditioning. Various refrigeration cycles were also explored, including absorption, gas cycle, jet, thermoelectric, and vortex tube systems.

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    01 History of Refrigeration PDF

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    NSS GBPEC
    662 views34 pages
    The document provides a history of refrigeration, beginning with natural refrigeration methods like ice harvesting and evaporative cooling. It then discusses the development of artificial refrigeration, including early experiments with evaporation under vacuum. Major milestones included Oliver Evans' description of vapor-compression in 1805, and Carl von Linde developing the first ammonia-based system in 1877. Refrigeration grew rapidly in the early 20th century with innovations like domestic refrigerators and air conditioning. Various refrigeration cycles were also explored, including absorption, gas cycle, jet, thermoelectric, and vortex tube systems.

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    The document provides a history of refrigeration, beginning with natural refrigeration methods like ice harvesting and evaporative cooling. It then discusses the development of artificial refrigeration, including early experiments with evaporation under vacuum. Major milestones included Oliver Evans' description of vapor-compression in 1805, and Carl von Linde developing the first ammonia-based system in 1877. Refrigeration grew rapidly in the early 20th century with innovations like domestic refrigerators and air conditioning. Various refrigeration cycles were also explored, including absorption, gas cycle, jet, thermoelectric, and vortex tube systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    662 views34 pages

    01 History of Refrigeration PDF

    Uploaded by

    NSS GBPEC
    The document provides a history of refrigeration, beginning with natural refrigeration methods like ice harvesting and evaporative cooling. It then discusses the development of artificial refrigeration, including early experiments with evaporation under vacuum. Major milestones included Oliver Evans' description of vapor-compression in 1805, and Carl von Linde developing the first ammonia-based system in 1877. Refrigeration grew rapidly in the early 20th century with innovations like domestic refrigerators and air conditioning. Various refrigeration cycles were also explored, including absorption, gas cycle, jet, thermoelectric, and vortex tube systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the history and development of various refrigeration techniques from natural to artificial methods over time.

    The main objectives of the lecture are to define refrigeration and air conditioning, introduce aspects of various natural refrigeration methods, and introduce historical aspects of various artificial refrigeration methods.

    The main natural refrigeration methods discussed are the use of natural ice transported or harvested from colder regions, the use of evaporative cooling, and cooling by salt solutions.

    History of Refrigeration

    Objectives of the lecture

    1. Define refrigeration and air conditioning

    2. Introduce aspects of various natural refrigeration methods

    3. Introduce historical aspects of various artificial refrigeration


    methods
    At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

    1. Identify various natural and artificial methods of refrigeration

    2. List salient points of various refrigeration techniques, and

    3. Name important landmarks in the history of refrigeration


    Refrigeration

    the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature


    below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool
    some product or space to the required temperature.
    Refrigeration is not same as cooling

    Cooling can be spontaneous and the final temperature


    need not be lower than the surroundings
    E.g. cooling of a hot cup of coffee

    Refrigeration is not spontaneous and the final temperature


    should be lower than the surroundings
    E.g. cooling of a glass of water by adding ice
    Air conditioning

    the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its


    temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and
    circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or
    products in the space.
    Applications of Refrigeration

    Food processing and preservation

    Chemical and process industries

    Comfort and Industrial Air conditioning

    Miscellaneous
    History of Refrigeration

    a) Age of natural refrigeration


     From pre-historic times the beginning of 19th century

    b) Age of artificial refrigeration


     From 19th century onwards
    Natural Refrigeration Methods

    1. Use of natural ice, that is:


    a) Transported from colder regions
    b) Harvested in winter and stored for summer
    c) Produced by nocturnal cooling

    2. Use of evaporative cooling

    3. Cooling by salt solutions


    Nocturnal cooling
    Limitations of natural methods

    Depend on local conditions

    Uncertainty due to dependence on weather

    Difficult to produce large amount of refrigeration

    Not available to everybody


    Artificial refrigeration

    The early attempts:


     In 1755, the Scottish professor William Cullen produces a
    small quantity of ice by evaporating Ether under vacuum

    The principle involves,


     absorption of large quantity of heat (latent heat) when a
    liquid boils at low temperature under the action of
    vacuum.
    Vapour compression refrigeration systems

     In 1805, the American engineer, Oliver Evans describes a


    closed cycle for producing refrigeration in a continuous
    manner.

     In 1835, Jakob Perkins patents and builds the system


    described by Oliver Evans, using ethyl ether as a
    refrigerant in London.
    Jakob Perkin’s refrigeration system
    Working model of Perkin’s machine made by
    John Hague in London
    Other pioneers

    American engineer Alexander Twining receives a British


    patent in 1850 for a vapour compression system that uses
    ether, ammonia and carbon dioxide.

    James Harrison obtains a patent in 1856 for constructing


    compression systems using ether, alcohols or ammonia

     Charles Tellier of France patents a dimethyl Ether based


    system in 1864.
    Other landmark events

    1874: Raoul Pictet designs the first sulphur dioxide based


    system in Geneva

    1877: Carl von Linde of Germany builds the first ammonia


    based system

    1885: Fraunz Windhausen builds the first carbon dioxide


    based system in Germany

    1920: Copeland and Edwards build iso-butane based


    domestic refrigerators
    Domestic refrigerators

    Natural Ice based domestic ice box is invented in 1803


    and used for more than a century

    General Electric introduces the first mechanical domestic


    refrigerator in 1911 in USA, followed by Frigidaire in 1915
    and Kelvinator in 1918
    Growth of compression systems

    The rapid growth is attributed to the simultaneous


    development of:

    Electric motors and compressors


    Better shaft seals
    Automatic controls, and
    Introduction of CFCs in 1930s!
    Development of air conditioning systems

    1891: Eastman Kodak installs the first system in New York for
    storage of photographic films

    1894: 1st domestic system installed in Hamburg

    1904: Willys Carrier designs a central system using air


    washers

    1922: Carrier develops centrifugal compressors


    Vapour compression Refrigeration
    System- How does it work?
    Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
    Systems – A brief histroy

    1810: John Leslie demonstrates the basic principle using


    water and H2SO4
    1860: Ferdinand Carre invents aqua-ammonia system in
    France
    1878: Windhausen develops water-H2SO4 system. H2SO4 is
    later replaced by LiBr.
    1922: Swedish students Platen and Munter develop
    pumpless absorption system
    1926: Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard patent a pumpless
    system
    Platen-Munter’s System
    Solar energy based refrigeration systems

    Development of solar based absorption refrigeration


    systems begins in 1950s

    Professor G O G Loaf of America is one of the pioneers in


    this area

    USSR develops a 250 kg ice/day system using parabolic


    solar collectors.

    The first solar air conditioning system was developed in


    Australia in1966.
    Gas cycle refrigeration systems

    Dr. John Gorrie develops the 1st air cycle refrigeration


    system in Florida in 1844

    Steam engine driven air cycle system developed by


    Alexander Kirk in 1862

    Bell and Coleman carry out several design improvements

    Paul Gifford perfects the open type machine in 1875

    widely used for aircraft air conditioning


    Open type air cycle refrigeration System
    Vapour jet refrigeration systems

    French engineer Maurice Leblanc develops steam Jet


    refrigeration system in 1907

    Westinghouse commercializes the system in 1909 in Paris

    From 1910 onwards these systems are used in breweries,


    warships etc.

     Russian engineer Badylkes develops closed cycle vapour


    jet systems in 1955
    Steam jet refrigeration System
    Thermoelectric refrigeration systems

    French engineer Maurice Leblanc develops steam Jet


    refrigeration system in 1907

    Westinghouse commercializes the system in 1909 in Paris

    From 1910 onwards these systems are used in breweries,


    warships etc.

     Russian engineer Badylkes develops closed cycle vapour


    jet systems in 1955
    Vapour jet refrigeration systems

    1821: Seebeck effect reported in Germany


    1834: Peltier effect reported in France
    1838: Lenz freezes a drop of water using Peltier effect with
    bismuth and antimony
    Russian scientist loffe pioneers semiconductor based
    thermoelectric systems
    Russia develops thermoelectric domestic refrigerators in
    1949
    Large capacity systems are developed in USA since 1960
    Semi-conductor based thermoelctric refrigeration System
    Vortex tube systems

    French engineer Georges Ranque discovers the Vortex


    (Ranque) effect in 1931

    In 1945, German physicist Rudolph Hilsch explains the


    science behind vortex tube

    Since then mainly used in special applications such as


    spot cooling of electronic and machine parts, cooling
    jackets, etc.
    Conclusions

    Refrigeration systems have become an essential part of


    modern life

    At present efforts are on to develop systems that are:


    Energy efficient
    environment friendly, and
    affordable

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