The Impact of Motivation On Employee Per PDF

Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 1(5) 2014, Pages: 291-310
Academic Journals
ISSN
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches 2345-6086
www.academicjournalscenter.org
The Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance in the

Manufacturing Industry in Ghana
David Ackah
PhD, Department of Business & Economics, Atlantic International University – AIU, Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S.A
Corresponding author: Drdavidackah@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords:
The constant changes occurring in the world today, especially with regards to
Motivation technology and innovation in new products and services call for organization to reassess
Performance the manner in which they handle their employees. The aim of this research is to evaluate
Manufacturing Industry the impact of motivation on employee performance in the manufacturing industry in
Ghana. This project explores the effects that motivation has on the job performance of
employees. Several need and motivation theories have been discussed in the study to
clarify what might affect the motivation of employees. The results showed that
employees who are more motivated in their jobs are more satisfied with their
performance, and less likely to leave the organization, but negatively affects the
performance if the employees are de-motivated. They revealed some of the
dissatisfaction factors that cause employees to leave the organization such as, workplace
violence, workplace hazard and injuries, long working hours, effect of night shift,
shortage problem, feeling under paid, unreasonable workload and lack of appreciation.
The findings from this study provide information as to what changes can be made so that
employees are more motivated in their workplace. Based on the findings appropriate
recommendations have accordingly been made to help management of manufacturing
companies improve their employee motivation strategies.
© 2014 Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches. All rights reserved for Academic Journals Center.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This study seeks to find out the impact of motivation on employee performance. With reference to the manufacturing industry in
Ghana. This chapter covers the background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study, research
objectives/questions, hypothesis, and the significance of the study, scope of the study, the organization of the study and the
limitations of the study.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The constant changes occurring in the world today, especially with regards to technology and innovation in new
products and services call for organization to reassess the manner in which they handle their employees. The greatest interest
of every organization is to achieve its goals. The achievement of organizational goals to a greatest extent is dependent on various
resources, and human resource is one major resource which is directly related to the achievement of an organizational goals.
Hence, the performance of employees is considered very significant in the achievement of organizational goals.
In order to achieve this, organizations need to organize the task at hand, design systems and processes, re-evaluate and improve
current management style [Harmon, 2007]. Employee performance is a function of ability, effort, skill, environment, and
motivation. Motivation is the process that taken together energizes, maintain, and direct behaviour of an individual towards goals
of an organization. This process regulates behaviour by initiating it when it is needed or appropriate and termination when the
goal is reached. It is worth noting that, the presence of ability, skill and effort without motivation might not yield high level of
performance. Hence motivation is essential for employee performance. According to Robbins and judge (2007), motivation
involves the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal.
To motivate is to create desire, willingness to performance in a manner in which managers want to get work done. According to
The Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance in the Manufacturing …
Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 1(5) 2014
Rue (2007), performance refers to the degree of accomplishment of the task that makes up an employee's job. It reflects how well
an employee is fulfilling the requirement of the job. Performance is therefore measured in terms of results. Job performance is
the net effect of an employee’s effort as modified by abilities, skills, role perceptions and results produced. This implies that
performance in a given situation can be viewed as resulting from the interrelationships among effort, abilities, role perceptions
and result's produce. To attain an acceptable level of proficiency must exist in each of the performance component, that is;
abilities, skills, and the environment. The level of performance can be improved if management create for employees to become
more active in determining the evaluating their performance, Rue et al,(2003). Hence management has to create the enabling
environment for employees to or in order to perform effectively. An organization has goals that can only be improved and
achieved by the effort of the people who work in it. Individuals have their own goals in life, and these are likely to be different
from those of the organization. Managers must therefore create a condition [i.e.an environment] that encourage employees to
perform better, when they take part in decision making, when they are rewarded through promotion and pay increase, when they
are rewarded with adequate security at work, and when they are rewarded for outstanding performance. According to F.A.
Atogiyire (2001), some of the things motivate employees to work effectively include: a good reward system, training and
development, leadership style, promotion, work environment and so on all these are the strong motivators. It is important to note
that employees are indispensable asserts of organizations who are instrumental in the achievements of organizational goals and
objections. Therefore an employee needs to be motivated to work efficiently.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find the causes of low employee motivation in the manufacturing industry in Ghana and
the effects it has on performance. It is also to suggest means whereby this problem may be solved so as to improve the
performance of employees in particular end that of the sector in general.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The general objective of the study is to assess the impact of the low employee motivation in the manufacturing industry on the
performance of employees. The specific objectives are to:
1. Find the nature of the motivation strategies in the manufacturing industry in Ghana.
2. Assess the impact of the problem on employee performance.
3. To suggest ways of solving or reducing the problem of low motivation.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the nature of low employee motivation in the manufacturing industry in Ghana?
2. What impact does the low motivation have on employee performance?
3. What strategies may be adopted to improve the motivation of employees so as to improve their performance?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
The general hypothesis is that motivation of employees of the manufacturing sector is low, and that this low degree of motivation
accounts for the low performance of the employees in the sector, and consequently the low development of the sector.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to polytex Ghana ltd in Accra. This is due to time constraints which do not make it possible to cover as many
companies as possible.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant because it will help to uncover some of the problems facing employees in the manufacturing
industry in Ghana. It is also significant since it will help manager in that sector to adopt proactive strategies to motivate their
employees in other to improve their performance.
Again the study will serve as a reference point for future researchers.
1.8 LIMITATIONS
The limitations of the study include the following:
(i) Lack of sufficient time for the research because of the fact that the researcher has to combine the study with regular lectures.
(ii) Low respondents cooperation research has shown that many people do not respond to research questionnaires promptly and
adequately.
1.9 ORGANISATION OF STUDY

The study is divided into five (5) chapters as follows:
Chapter One: This is the INTRODUCTION and it tells the reader what the study is about and what that particular chapter is
about.
Chapter Two: This present a review of relevant literature (books, pamphlets, articles, etc)
Chapter Three: This deals with the methodology (methods/ techniques) used to collect data-including the research design,
research instrument, sampling procedure, etc.
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Chapter Four: Covers analysis and discussion of the finding based statistical tools such as bar graphs, pie charts and frequency
tables.
Chapter Five: Deals of the summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
Introduction) describes the background to the study, statement of the research problem, research objectives/questions/hypothesis,
scope of the study, and significance of the study and so on.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The study gives a review of the relevant literature seeks to examine the topic; the impact of motivation on employee performance
in the manufacturing industry in Ghana; and this particular chapter reviews some of the relevant literature on the topic.
The success of any organization depends on the ability of managers to provide a motivating environment for it employee. The
challenge for managers today is to keep the staff motivated and performing well in the workplace. The manager has to know the
behavior of each employee and what might motivate each one individually. By understanding employees need, managers can
understand what rewards to use to motivate them. The goal of most companies is to benefit from positive employee behavior in
the workplace by promote a win-win situation for both the company and workers. The model of individual behavior is an
excellent medium for creating the win-win relationship between the employer and employees to understand motivation. The
acronym, MARS stands for motivation, abilities, Role perception and situational factors
The MARS model is a model that explains individual behavior as a result of internal and external factors or influences acting
together. These factors are highly interrelated in organization. Unless all of the MSRS model are satisfied, employees' behavior
and performance will be affected and negatively impacted. For example enthusiastic and employee with high motivation level
who is skilled in running the work (ability), and understand the job duties (situational factors). So developing human resources,
upgrading their skills, extending their knowledge and competencies would lead to organizational development which as a result
will enhance a great impact on performance, Megginsion (1977). This is true because creating opportunities for people to develop
is the key to enhancing and effecting utilizing intellectual, technological and entrepreneurial skills of human resources. This
literature review will examine how to create opportunities to motivate employees who have the best interest of any organization
at hearts.
Several research studies on motivation have been undertaken by industrial psychologists and behavioral scientists. As a result,
some theories about motivation and human behavior have been developed by researchers.
Theories of motivation explore the sources of pleasure that people experience when they maintain equilibrium preserve
homeostasis by avoiding pain and over stimulation. Some of the theories include:
ERG theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer, is a modification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Instead of the five needs that are
hierarchically organized; Alderfer proposed that basic human needs may be grouped under three categories, Existence,
Relatedness, and Growth. The theory's name is based on the first letter of each need.
Existence: Refers to our concern with basic material existence motivators. Physiological and safety needs (such as hunger, thirst
and safe condition)
Relatedness: Refers to the motivation we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships. Social and external esteem needs
(such as involvement with family, friends, co-workers and employers).
Growth: Refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development. Internal esteem and self-actualization need (such as the desire to
be creative, productive and to complete meaningful tasks).The implication of this theory is that we need to recognize the multiple
needs that may be driving individuals at a given point to understand their behavior and properly motivate them.
Abraham Maslow (1954) proposed the theory called hierarchy of needs theory. Maslow believed that within every individual,
there exists a hierarchy of five needs and that each level of need must be satisfied before an individual pursues the next higher
level of need.
The five levels of needs, according to Maslow are:
1. Physiological Needs. These needs are essential to sustain life include food, water, air and sleep.
According to Maslow's theory, if these needs are not met, then all other needs will not felt or be a source of motivation.
2. Safety Needs. This refers to the need to feel safe from physical and emotional harm. These needs include medical insurance,
job security, financial reserves.
3. Social Needs. These needs are concerned with social interactions with others. The individual needs to feel a sense of
belonging, affection, acceptance and friendship.
4. Esteem Needs. Esteem is concerned with the feelings of self-confidence derived from achieving something and the sense of
belonging. Esteem needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem is those social status and recognition that
comes with the achievement.
5. Self-Actualization Needs. This level of needs is concerned with achieving ones full potential and dreams. Unlike lower
level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to
grow. This needs include truth, justice, and wisdom. The Maslow model is shown in the diagram below:
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Self Actualization
Esteem needs
Social needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
According to Maslow, (ibid) only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization.
The organization can satisfy its employees' various needs. In the long run, physiological needs may be satisfied by the person's
paycheck, but it is important to remember that pay may satisfy other needs such as safety and esteem as well. Providing generous
benefits that include health insurance and company – sponsored retirement plans, as well as offering a measure of job security,
will help satisfy safety needs. Social needs may be satisfied by having a friendly environment and providing a workplace
conducive to collaboration and communication with others. Company picnics and other social get-togethers may also be helpful
if the majority of employees are motivated primarily by social needs. Providing promotion opportunities at work, recognizing a
person's accomplishment verbally or through more formal reward systems and job titles are ways of satisfying esteem needs.
Finally, self-actualization need may be satisfied by the provision of development and growth opportunities on or off the job, as
well as by work that is interesting and challenging. By making the effort to satisfy the different needs of each employee,
organizations may ensure a highly motivated workforce. The important aspect of Maslow's model is that it provides for constant
growth of the individual. The individual is always striving to do things to the best of one's ability, and best is always defined as
being slightly better than before. There has been a great deal of debate over Maslow's hierarchical concept of motivation. It has a
basic attraction to most people because it seems to be logical, to make sense. The framework that the researcher deem suitable is
the work done by Frederick Hertzberg (1968), who is recognized to have made notable contribution to the field of management
of employee motivation. Among Hertzberg contribution to the management of employee motivation were two factor theories
which are subcategorized into hygiene factors and motivator. The two factor theories are basically about the attitudes of
employees towards their job, which can either lead to satisfaction or dissatisfaction. One of the subcategories (the hygiene
factors) includes the following: working conditions, the level and the quality of supervision, the company policy and
administration, interpersonal relations, salary and job security. According to hertzberg these hygiene factors do not necessarily
motivate the employee produce positive development in work performance. However, when there is lack of any one of these
factors, there is likely chance that the employee may be dissatisfied. Thus, the concept of Hertzberg's two factor theories is one
that focuses on understanding the acceptable hygiene factors that prevent the employee from being dissatisfied. It must be noted
though that hygiene factors do not do much to motivate the employees. Therefore management of companies has to seek other
way in order to achieve this. With regards to motivation, Hertzberg identifies the factors that motivate people: the nature of work
that they do, the sense of achievement that they acquire from their work, the recognition that they receive, the responsibility that
is bestowed upon them, and their personal growth and advancement opportunities (training and development). Herzberg believes
that such factors are the main driving force of satisfaction that helps boost the employee work performance. Put simply,
motivators are able to boost external happiness. Furthermore, it is absolutely important for managers to take responsibility in
making sure that they make the jobs in the workplace as enriching as possible for the employees. Base on (Herzberg 1968)
theory, the job should be able to provide challenges to the employees so that he/she is driven to work to the best of his/her
individual abilities. Once the employee is shown to possess increasing levels of ability, it would follow that he or she should also
be given further responsibilities, training, promotion, development and leadership opportunities that are also challenging. Put
simply, Herzberg iterates that if the abilities of an employee cannot be maximize, then it can be assumed that he/she has a
motivation problem. The main point of Herzberg's theory is that it is the success of a task emanates from the abilities and effort of
an individual and not simply from external forces. It must be noted that both factors (hygiene factors and motivation factors)
must exist in order to be motivated in his work.
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2.1 IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

The success of any business is directly affected by the performance of the employees within the organization, whether or not
those employees are dealing directly with customers.
Businesses that clearly understand the impact of their employees' performance are better able to manage employee output and
productivity. Properly managing employee performance helps any business to increase profits and consistently meet sales goals.
By Gabriel Rodriguez (2001).
 Customer Service
In a business where employees deal directly with customers, sure as a grocery store or furniture sales organization, there many
ways by which employee performance affects profits. For example, making a good first impression can make or break any
potential sale, especially larger sales such as automobiles and home improvements. When an employee is not performing up to
company standards, sales are negatively affected, as well as the company's reputation.
 Productivity
Another important factor of employee performance that directly impacts business is productivity.
Productivity also has a ripple effect in the workplace, meaning that consistent level of productivity and work habits set the
standard for other employees as well. And whether a retail business or a manufacturing plant, when employees are producing
more efficiently the business' profitability and bottom line will be positively affected.
 Retention
Employee retention and turnover affect an organization. When an employee leaves an organization prematurely, the financial
investment in the employee's training is lost. For example, some sales organizations invest two months or more salary while
simply training an employee before that employee is ever given an opportunity to start selling and making back profits toward the
initial training investment.
 Improving performance
Other than very large companies, improving performance will generally have a positive impact on an organization's profitability.
Providing competitive pay, health insurance and a positive work environment are some of the most common ways to improve
employee performance by improving morale. Providing employees with adequate training and the opportunity for advancement
also improves performance and productivity.
Michael Armstrong (2006) in his book, a handbook of HRM practices defined training as the use of systematic and planned
instruction, activities to promote learning. Armstrong emphasized the use of formal processes to impact knowledge and help
people to acquire the skills necessary for them to perform their jobs satisfactorily.
Bartel (1990) carried a study on training wage growth, and job performance of a large manufacturing company in the USA by
using the company database to avoid management bias; employee's job training duration; performance rating and wage growth
were recorded. Individuals who were classified by the company as professional employees were selected for analysis, resulting in
a total sample of 19000 observations, averaging 3,800 individuals per year. These employees were taken across eight functional
areas in the company: finance, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, information system, staff services and support services.
The type of occupations held by these individuals include accountants, engineers, purchasing agents, quality control planners,
market researchers, system analysts, bench scientists, human resource professionals and industrial hygienist. Information on
performance ratings were taken for the years 1989 and 1990 only, the research revealed that the company has a fairly substantial
training budget. In 1990, it spends approximately 1950 dollars per employee on formal training. The study identifies three
categories of training: core training, employee development, and technical programs.
The following hypotheses were tested.
 Individuals who are new to their jobs are more likely to receive training.
 Training has positive and significant impacts on wage growth and employee performance.
The research came out with the following findings.
Firstly, they show that training has a positive and significant effect on employee wage growth. Secondly, training was found to
have a positive and significant on job performance, there by confirming the robustness of the relationship between training and
productivity.
Delaney and Auselid (1991), conducted a survey on the impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of
organizational performance. The research was conducted on 1127 organization out of a sample frame on 1427 organizations in
U.S.A. through a national survey (NOS). They studied how HRM practices affect organizational outcome, whether some
practices have stronger effect than others, and whether complementarities or synergies among such practices can further enhance
organizational performance. Some of the HRM practices identified in the study include: employee participation and
empowerment, and job redesign, team based production systems, extensive employee training, and promotion and performance
contingent incentive compensation.
These were widely believed to improve the performance organizations. They grouped organizational Performance into two
different ways, namely, perceived organizational performance and perceived market performance. The study was conducted in
three different ways. Firstly, they drew on a unique national probability sample of for-profit and non-profits organizations to
evaluate the association between a variable of progressive HRM practices perceptual measures of organizational performance.
Secondly, they conducted some rudimentary empirical tests of the effect of complementarities among HRM practices on firm-
level outcomes. Finally, they identified some important methodological issues that merit consideration as scholars and
practitioners seek to better understand the relationship between HRM practices and firm performance.
In line with the above discussion, the following hypotheses were tested.
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1. Progressive HRM practices (those affecting employee skills, employee motivation, and the structure of work) will be
positively related to organizational performance.
2. Complementarities or synergies among progressive HRM practices will be positively related to organizational performance.
The result suggest that progressive HRM practices, including selectivity in staffing, training, and incentive compensation, are
positively related to perceptual measures of organizational performance.
This is because effective transfer of training can aid employees to gain effectiveness in their present work through the
development of appropriate habit of thoughts and actions, skills, knowledge, competence and attitudes that increase productivity.
Maintenon (1994) carried out a research on the topic, Getting anointed for advancement. The case of executive women. She
wanted to find out how women became identified in their early career as promotable and viable candidates for senior
management position. Fifty-five (55) high profit executive women were interviewed about key events in the early stages of their
career that allow them to become fast tracked. The study carefully examines the career paths of these women to determine.
1) Key developmental assignments in executive careers;
2) Early career event that contributed to becoming fast tracked ;and
3) Critical development incidents that enhance their managerial abilities on the way to the top. The result indicated that women
face similar hurdles in their careers as they progress through the organizational larder. She concluded that the best way to
career advancement for both men and women is to:
 Getting assigned to a high visibility project
 Demonstrating critical skills for effective job performance.
 Attracting top level support
 Displaying entrepreneurial initiative.
 Accurately identifying what the company values.
Pinninggton (2010), carried out a study on the topic: competence development and career advancement in the professional
service firms. He studied professional employees in law firm in early stage of their careers, particularly, their understanding of
competence development and career advancement. Law firms have a relatively low rate of turnover of professional staff when
compared with employee flow rates that are standard in other organizations and industries. He analysed lawyers employed in a
reasonably munificent internal labour market context, seeking to understand the account of how their competence can be
developed and how their careers may be advanced. He considered the competences and careers of a group of junior professional
knowledge workers employed full-time in a large law firm and conceptualized their competence development and professional
career advancement through an existential ontological conceptualization using a qualitative interpretive research methodology. In
research 8 out of every 16 individuals were interviewed during working days for approximately an hour. The findings indicate the
Lawyers self-understanding is strongly influenced by career stage and position in the organization. Their understanding is
strongly influenced by career stage and position in the organization. Their understanding of the work is contrast reveals more
individual and idiosyncratic clusters of work activities and distinctive ways of acknowledging and developing technical and
professional expertise. Therefore policy makers, practitioners and academic researchers all have roles to play in assisting people
at an early stage in their career to reflect on their existing expertise, assess current work practices, and develop and pursue
strategies for competency development and career advancement. In organizational settings, promotion relates to the assignment
of an individual to position of higher responsibility or to non which involves the use of his or her particular education or
experience. Promotion can be defined as a re-assignment of the individual to a job of a higher rank usually involving an increase
in responsibility and accompanying pay, privileges, prestige status, and authority (Duke 1972) skills inventories and promotion
systems. The process of promotion leads to an influx of one or more person to fill a particular position or a series of position.
Suppose a general manager (Marketing) is promoted to a position of the vice president, this single initiation may have a chain
reaction causing an upward movement of several individuals depending upon the organization hierarchy. Progression through
promotion can exert a motivation impact on any individual contemplating joining an organization as well on those who have put
in considerable length of service. Promotion is highly beneficial and forms a selling point for the organization. Philip (1996),
researched on the topic the promotion paradox: organizational mortality and employee promotion chances" he studied 512 law
partnerships in USA firms for fifty(50) years, which comprised every firm listed with more than one active attorney. He
identified two prominent positions in the law firms: associate and partners. He suggested that employees are mostly likely to
obtain career advancement and long-term employment within firms that have favourable life chances (e.g. survival, productivity,
profitability. He constructed a model to test the likelihood of law firm failure and its effect on an employee's likelihood of
promotion. The model of firm served for understanding the model of associate promotion to partners. The study estimated the
likelihood of firm failure, as influenced by population density, firm size, firm age, firm scope, firm status and a set of control
variables such as individual characteristics, branch or single office and growth and partner turnover. Taken together, the result in
this study showed a strong evidence of a negative relation between firm life chances and employee promotion chances. Law firms
that were young, small narrow or in status had a higher likelihood of failure but were also contexts where the likelihood of
promotion was highest. Moreover, there is a clear relationship between a firm's likelihood of failure and the promotion chances of
individuals that work within the firm. The findings indicate that firms with weak life chances have less bargaining power. This
lack of bargaining power results in better promotion chances for employees. Carson et al (1994) carried out a research in the
USA on promotion and employee turnover: critique, metal-analysis and implication. They differentiated among three distinct
operationalization of promotion:
1. Promotion satisfaction;
2. Perceptions of promotional opportunity; and
3. Actual promotion.
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The study then conducted quantitative reviews using Meta analytic procedures on turnover and the three operationalization of
promotions. Twenty-one correlations from twenty different published studies were used in the metal analyses. The total numbers
of respondents included in the study were 7,675. Individual samples sizes ranged n=68 to n=2.192. The respondents were
employed in a variety of different occupations in a diversity of industries. The correct mean correlation representing the
relationship between promotion satisfaction and turnover was not significant(r =0.037,).The corrected mean correlation between
perceptions of promotional opportunity and turnover also failed to reach significance(r =0.09,).
The results reveal two important finding:
a) Actual promotions are negatively related to turnover, and
b) Perceptual measures of promotion (satisfaction and perceived opportunity) are unrelated to turnover.
The significant negative relationship between actual promotion and turnover indicated that employees advance up the
organizations hierarchy; they become less likely to withdraw from the organization.
This finding is consistent with an emerging body of literature on the concept of organizational advancement are often cited as
primary causes of employee turnover. Similarly, non-promoted employees, when compared with their promoted cohorts, seem
less attached to their co-workers, identify less with organizational goals, maintain a less positive image of the organization, have
stronger intentions to quit, and actually withdraw from organizations more frequently. Promotion, therefore appear to occupy a
central role in the management of human resource.
Teseema and Soeters (2006) studied promotion and development from within an employee performance among university
lecturers in Pakistan.
The participants included full time university lecturers from 12 leading universities of Pakistan. A total of 115 questionnaires
were distributed however 94 were received back making response rate as 82 percent and a sufficient sample size was collected
for analyses of results.
The following hypotheses were tested:
1. Promotion practices are significantly and positively related with perceived performance of university lecturers in Pakistan.
2. Performance evaluation practices are significantly and positively related with perceived performance of the university
lecturers in Pakistan.
The results found significantly positive correlation between promotion practices and perceived employee performance.
Rue (2003) views performance as the degree of accomplishment of the task that makes up an employee's job. It reflects how well
an employee is fulfilling the requirement of the job. Performance is measured in terms of result. Job performance is the net effect
of an employee efforts as modified by abilities, skills, roll perceptions and results produced. Holzer el (2004) carried out a study
on the job performance and retention among welfare recipients. The data was from a 20-minute telephone survey administered to
approximately 750 establishments in each of four large metropolitan areas of USA: Chicago, Cleveand, Milwaukee, and Los
Angeles. The survey was administered between October 1998 and May 1999, a period in which labour markets in the US were
unusually tight. Response rate averaged about 70 percent. The study looked at individual workers characteristics such as her race
or ethnicity, whether she has a high school diploma, and whether she had any recent general or specific work experience when
she was hired. Relevant establishment characteristics included the metropolitan area in which the establishment was located,
whether the business was located, whether the business was located near a public transit stop, establishment size, and the
establishments job vacancy rate. Characteristics of jobs included starting wage, whether the employer contributes to health
benefit, and whether opportunities exist for promotion if job performance is satisfactory have been analysed. The key assumption
was that performance of employees has fixed proportionate effects on the rate of exit, and these effects do not depend on the
duration of employment. On the other hand, the evidence presented above suggests that overall job performance and retention
rates among working welfare recipients appear to be quite favourable. Most employees were considered to be as good as or better
than the typical employees hired into these jobs. Average retention rates appeared to be fairly high (though they might be
upwardly based to some extent). On the other hand, a significant fraction of these workers are found to experience serious
difficulties with performance and retention. Certain problems, like absenteeism and soft deficiencies were quite pervasive. These
problems were highly correlated with measures of poor performance. Sarmiento and Beale (1999) carried out a study on the topic
Determinant of performance among shop-floor employees. The aim of the study is explore the determinants of perceived job
performance in a sample of shop-floor employees in a manufacturing plant in northern Mexico. Using a sample of 49 employees,
of whom 25(51 per cent) were male, and 24(49per cent) were female. Statistical analyses were performed with the data in order
to test for the reliability and validity of the measures, and also to test the three main research hypotheses.
The following hypotheses were tested.
1. Job satisfaction is positively related to job performance.
The findings indicate that job satisfaction is positively and significantly related to job performance.
Herzberg says "Having fewer dis-satisfiers does not motivate a worker to do a good job, but only to stay in it."
Worker performance clearly depends on their level of motivation, which stimulates them to come to work regularly, work
diligently, be flexible and be willing to carry out the necessary tasks. The performance and quality of a manufacturing system
depend on the quality and motivation of the industry human resources. Therefore, employees' motivation is likely to have effects
on the delivery of their product and the outcome of care and performance of work. There, low motivation and poor job
satisfaction have a negative impact on the manufacturing industry, harmfully affecting job performance, as well as the quality of
products. The productivity of employees is not just a matter of how motivated they are for the job, it is also a matter of how well
trained and prepared they are for the job. To better understand the factors influencing the motivation and performance of work to
develop and test relevant methods of assessment, which will better help to design context-specific strategies for improvement.
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METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses on the methods or techniques used to collect data for the study. The chapter provides the techniques of
sampling as well as description of the methods and procedures that were used to collect data for the study. The study adopts the
multiple approaches which gives the researcher the opportunity to conduct a survey, describe events and give explanation of
phenomena. This chapter also spells out the population of the research; that is where the research was carried out; identifies of the
research population and sample. It gives an explanation as to why the particular population was selected for the research. The
chapter concludes on the tools for the data analysis.
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design used in the study was survey design, which describes events and gives explanatory of phenomena as they
naturally transpired and without intervention from the researcher (Bernard 2005).The data collected was gathered from primary
and secondary sources. The primary sources comprised of basically a questionnaire which contained closed ended and open-
ended questions. Both close and open ended questions were posed in the survey questionnaire which is a tool through which the
research was carried out. Such as questions were direct and offered concrete options which the respondent choose from and
expressed their view on the subject. The secondary sources were obtained from text book, brochures, journals, online references,
published and unpublished research and report. Additionally, both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used.
The qualitative approaches were used because it is highly structured and which allows for the cost efficient and less tedious data
analysis' Schutt (2006). The qualitative data on the other hand allow researcher to collect responses from respondents and allows
them to views on the questions and make concrete suggestions. In addition to descriptive, the study is also explanatory in design
because there was intent to explain the cause and effects between motivation and employee performance.
3.2 POPULATION
In order to have a more comprehensive data that would warrant objective analysis and a valid conclusion, the study targeted
population is the employees in the manufacturing industry in Ghana. The more these businesses increase in number the more
complex they become.
The population of interest for the study is the total employees in the manufacturing industry in Ghana. Based on the number of
letters which were sent out by the researcher for request for information, five (5) companies expressed explicit consent for their
employees to participate in the study.
1) POLYTEXT
2) LATEX FOAM
3) ASH FOAM
4) POLY TANK
5) MAC BOAT CO. LTD
A sample of 150 was selected for the study, with 30 respondents from each company comprising both management and other
employees across all the selected companies. This would allow the researcher to be able to generalized his findings and make
appropriate recommendations. According to Cohen (1969), a large sample size of about 150 in needed to achieve a strong power
of a test for a research. Hence 150 were taken to achieve the strong basis of a test needed for the study.
3.4 SAMPLE PROCEDURE

The researcher adopted the stratified random sampling, which is a probability sampling technique. The researcher divided the
population into three relevant strata: top level management, middle level management, and lower level management. A sample
frame was then developed from each stratum. Each employee in the three strata was given a code. The required sample size was
selected from each stratum using random sampling. As a result, 15 respondents from top level management were selected, 37
respondents from middle level management were selected and 100 respondents were selected from the lower level management.
The researcher divided the population into three strata because employees within these levels of management have different
chances of advancement. Collecting information on employees from different levels made the sample more likely to be
representative of the population for the research. In all 150 respondents were sampled from the sample frame. All the respondents
were administered with questionnaires by the researcher, out of which 120 were received, about 80per cent response rate.
3.5 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

The main instrument used by the researcher in collecting data for the study was a questionnaire. The questionnaire is a primary
source of information the researcher received directly from the respondents. The advantage of the questionnaire is that when it is
properly understood and implemented, it simplifies the stage of data analysis. This is because information is well organized
which form the basis for analytical tools. The questions were fully structured according to the objectives of the study. The
questionnaire was divided into five sections, section A, was the person details or bio data, section B, contained the first objective,
which state: To determine the effect of training and development on employee performance in the manufacturing industry in
Ghana, about the second objective which is: To assess the effect of promotion on employee performance in the manufacturing
industry in Ghana. There were seven questions under this section which aimed at bringing out responses as the effect managerial
practices have on employee's chances of promotion. Section D contained objective three (3) and four (4) with equal number of
questions and section E contained questions to assess the employee performance. The questions are both qualitative and
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quantitative, which is in line with the objectives of the study. In addition, both open and close ended questions were posed in the
survey questionnaire. Both questions were direct and offered concrete options which the respondents choose from and expressed
their views on the topic studied.
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS

The data gathered through the questionnaires was analysed using simple frequency, percentage distribution tables, pie charts and
graphs. (See Chapter Four)
3.7 THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBED THE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED TO COLLECT DATA FOR THE
STUDY:
Topics treated included the research design, population, sample size, sample procedure, research instrument, etc and ended with
data collection instrument.
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS

4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter looks at the analysis, interpretation and presentation of the data collected by the researcher from the respondents
during the study. The presentation and analysis of the findings are done in order to enhance the reader's understanding of the
results. The chapter also presents the data collected and analysed using tables and graphs. The analysis is done in sections.
Section A: represents bio-data, Section B is qualitative analysis; Section C is about managerial practices and Section Dis-
employee motivation. The following are the analysis and interpretation of the responses.
4.1 SECTION A: BIODATA

GENDER OF RESPONDENTS
The first question in section A sought to find out the gender of the respondents. The analysis of their responses is captured in the
table below.
Table 1: GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

Gender Frequency Percent
Male 71 59.2
Female 49 40.8
Total 120 100.0

Source: Field data, 2014
From the table above, it is evident that out of the one hundred and twenty (120) respondents, seventy (71) respondents
representing 59.2% were males whereas forty nine (49) representing 40.8 were females.
Figure 1
4.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

The research also sought to find out the age distribution of the respondents. The responses are analysed in the table 2.
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Table 2
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENT
18-25 YEARS 24 20.0
26-30 years 36 30.0
31-35 years 15 12.5
36-40 years 24 20.0
41- and above 21 17.5
Total 120 100.0
From the table above, thirty six (36) of the respondents which represent (30 percent) were between 26-30 years whiles twenty
four (24) respondents representing 20% were between 18-25 years, twenty four (24) respondents representing 20% were between
36-40. Twenty one (21) respondents representing 17.5% were 41 and above years and fifteen (15) respondents representing
12.5% were between 31-35 years. The results indicate that the employees in the manufacturing industry in Ghana are youthful
workforce.
4.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF RESPONDENTS

Respondent were also asked to provide their educational qualifications. The responses are analysed in the table below.
Table 3
Educational attainment Frequency Percent
High school graduates 12 10
Diploma 20 16.7
First degree 60 50
Masters degree 26 21.7
Doctorate degree 2 1.6
Total 120 100
From the above, sixty (60) respondents representing 50% of all respondents have first degree certificate.
Twenty six (26) respondents, representing 21.7% have master's degree, whereas twenty (20) of the respondents representing
61.7% have diploma certificates, twelve (12) respondents representing 10% are high school graduates and two (2) respondents
representing 1.6% have doctorate degree. The researcher can therefore conclude that, half of the respondents were first degree
certificate holders.
4.4 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

The respondents were required to provide the information in relation to their marital status. The following responses were
gathered
Figure 2
From the above diagram, seventy two (72) of the respondents which represent 60% were married whiles forty eight (48) of the
respondents representing 40% were single. This indicates that the number of married respondents is greater than the respondents
who were single.
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4.5 TENURE OF RESPONDENTS

The researcher also wanted to know how the respondents have stayed in their organizations. The data was gathered from the
respondents is represented in the graph below.
Figure 3: THE RESPONDENTS ORGANIZATIONAL TENURE
from the above diagram, fifty four (54) of the respondents representing 45% have been in their organization 1-5 years, twenty
four (24) respondents representing 20% have between 6-10 years tenure, whiles seventeen (17) of the respondents representing
14.2% have 21 and above tenure. Twelve (12) and thirteen (13) of the respondents have work for their organizations for 11-15
and 16-20 years, who represent 10% and 10.8% respectively. It can be observed from the data that turnover in the
manufacturing industry is low since majority of the respondents have spent five (5) or more years in the organizations.
4.6 SECTION B: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Mention any incentive package designed by management to motivate you? Respondents were asked the above question and the
following responses were given.
 Housing allowance
 Increase in salary
 End of year benefits
 Scholarship for further education
 Transportation allowance
 Travelling allowance and bonuses
 Good supervisory relationship
 Recognition to hard working and staff
 Study leave with pay
 Cooperation from co-workers
 Job promotion and training-
From responses the researcher realized that majority of the respondents were in financial form of incentives than the non
financial. So management should therefore consider both the financial and non-financial forms of incentives if they want to
motivate the employees better.
Respondents were required to provide some career advancement opportunities in their organization.
The following responses were given;
 Training and development
 Workshop and seminars
 Leadership opportunities
 Promotion to higher performance
4.7 SECTION C: MANAGERIAL PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION.

MANAGERIAL PRACTICES
The first question in section C sought to find out whether managerial activities in the respondents organization affect his or her
chances of advancement. The following Reponses were given.
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Table 4: A distribution of managerial practices

Managerial frequency percent
practices
Yes 60 50.0
No 48 40.0
Not sure 12 10.0
Total 120 100.0
The result from above table indicate that, sixty of the respondents representing 50% respondent that managerial practices in their
organization really affect their chances of advancement whereas forty eight (48) of the respondents which represent 40% disagree
that practices of management affects their chances of progressing their organization. Twelve (12) respondents representing 10%
were not sure that managerial practices really affect their advancement chances. Management should therefore formulate policies
and programs that will give employees the opportunity to develop their talent and abilities.
4.8 EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS

The second question in section C was to find out whether management involves employees in decision making processes. The
following were the responses gathered.
Table 5: A distribution of employee involvement in decision making process

Employee Frequency Percentage
involvement
Yes 60 50.0
No 60 50.0
Total 120 100.0
As indicated in the above table, exactly the total number of respondents who agreed that management involved them in the
decision making process equals those that disagree. Each representing sixty (60 respondents and 50% respectively. Employee
involvement in the decision making process is important because it makes employees feel part of the organization which boost
their loyalty and performance.
4.9 PRAISES RECEIVED FROM MANAGEMENT

This question sought to find out whether they receive praises from management and their supervisors from doing a good job. The
respondent's opinions are captured in the figure below.
Figure 4
As indicated in the figure above, eighty four (84) respondents representing 70% of all the respondents have positively agreed
that they do receive praises and acknowledgement from management for doing a good job. Twenty four (24) of the respondents
which represent 20% that they do not receive praises from management for doing a good job, whiles twelve (12) of the
respondents representing 10% were indecisive or not sure. The results indicate that employees are particularly about action and
inactions of management which in a way served as a motivator.
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4.10 BUDGETS FOR EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

The respondents were also asked whether the organization have budget for employee training and development. Their responses
are analysed in the figure below.
Figure 5
The figure above depicts that sixty (60) of the respondents representing (50%) of the total number of respondents believe that
their organization have budget for employee training and development. Thirty six (36) of the respondents representing 30% also
believe that there is budget for training and development whereas twenty four (24) of the respondents representing 20% were not
sure that their organization have budget or not. The budget for training and development shows how the organizations are
committed towards developing and upgrading for knowledge, skills and competences of their work force.
Figure 6
4.11 MOTIVATION TO WORK

The inquiry was made to find how employees in the manufacturing industry are being motivated with their work. The result
showed that 48% of the employees are motivated and about 52% of them are not motivated to work. Unfortunately about half of
the number of employees are not motivated which is a large percentage. This indicates that, there is a serious problem with
motivation among employees.
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Figure 7
4.12 FACTORS OF DE-MOTIVATION

The research inquired to find out factors that might affect employee's motivation and performance. The highest number agreed
that lack of appreciation is affecting their performance more. 31% agreed that lack of appreciation is the reason of being de-
motivated. 15% seen that, unreasonable workload as a factor of de-motivation. 13% feeling that their payment is unfair
comparing with other employees. 10% are suffering from shortage problem. 10% got a problem with night shift; while 18 of the
employees found long working hours as a problem for them. 5% only agree that workplace violence is a factor of de-motivation.
None of the employees are suffering from workplace hazard of injuries it could be because of the high technique used in the
organization to prevent such problems.
Figure 8
4.13 JOB SATISFACTION

The inquiry showed how satisfied the employees are with their work. The highest rate was given as fair satisfaction which is not
the rate needed to satisfy the employees to work and be creative at their work. 52% of the employees rate their satisfaction as fair
satisfaction. 35% are well satisfied with their work. 9% are well satisfied with their job. 4% are satisfied but this is a very low
rate to perform a good job.
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Figure 9
4.14 RECOGNITION OF THE EFFORTS BY THE BOSS

This inquiry showed the recognition of the efforts by the boss. The bosses need to recognize the work and the effort of the
employees because they have an effect on the performance and motivation of the workers. 57% feel their boss is fair by
recognizing their efforts. 17% agreed it is well organized. 13% are highly recognized, but 9% of them are not recognized which is
unfair for an employee to do effort with no appreciation. 4% feel that their boss is poor recognizing their effort.
Figure 10
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4.15 FAIRNESS OF PAYMENT SYSTEM

The inquired was made to find out the fairness of the payment system of employees comparing to other workers. 91% feel that
their payment is unfair, which is a very huge number. Only 9% are satisfied with their salary.
Figure 11
4.16 REWARD SYSTEM

The inquiry was made to find information about the reward system followed in the manufacturing industry. Monetary reward
considered one of the important rewards to the employees as seen in the figure. 57% agreed that monitory reward is important to
them. 43% seen non-monitory reward is much important to them like education, promotion or growth opportunities.
SECTION D: EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

The respondents were given different responses alternatives to choose from. Starting from strongly disagree, disagree, not sure,
agree and strongly agree, to examine the respondents motivational levels. The responses given are analyzed in the table and graph
below.
Figure 12
4.17 MANAGEMENT INTEREST IN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

(WELFARE)
From the figure above, seventy two (72) of the respondents, 70% of the total number of respondents has agreed that management
has a great interest in motivating employees in other to get the best out of them, whereas thirty six (36) respondents representing
30% have strongly agree. However, twelve percent (12%) respondents representing 10% strongly disagree.
From the result it is evident that motivating employees to put on their best performance is the key interest of managers in the
manufacturing industry in Ghana.
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4.18 RANK THE FOLLOWING FACTORS THAT MOTIVATE YOU THE MOST
Respondents were asked to rank seven motivation factors, beginning from the factors that motivate them the most from first (1st)
to seventh (7th). These factors include; salary increases, promotion, training and development, leadership opportunities,
recognition, work environment and job security. The responses are analysed in the table below.
Table 6: RANKING AND FREQUENCIES

Motivational 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th total
factors
Salary increase 72 12 24 12 - - - 120
Promotion 36 60 12 12 - - - 120
Training and 36 24 12 36 12 - - 120
development
Leadership - 12 - 36 12 36 12 120
opportunities
Recognition - 24 12 - 36 24 24 120
Work - 36 12 12 12 48 - 120
environment
Job security 36 36 48 12 10 12 - 120
From the table above, majority of the respondents that is seventy two (72) of them representing 60% of the total number of
respondents ranked salary increases as the highest motivating factor. Sixty (60) of the respondents representing 50% of the total
number of respondents ranked promotion as the second highest motivating factor. Forty eight (48) representing 40% ranked job
security as the third motivating factor. The table indicates that, equal number of the respondents that is thirty six (36) and
representing 30% of the total number of respondents ranked training and development and leadership opportunities as the forth
motivating factor. Thirty six (36) of the respondents representing 30% of the total number of respondents ranked recognition as
the fifth motivating factor. Forty eight (48) representing 40% ranked work environment as the sixth motivating factor whereas
twenty four (24) respondents representing 20% ranked recognition as the seventh motivating factor. The result indicate that the
salary increases, promotion and job security is valued by majority of the respondents in the manufacturing industry in Ghana.
Figure 13
4.19 DROPPING OUT RATE

The inquiry was made to find information about dropping out and turnover problem with employees, since it is a serious
universal problem. According to the result 70% of the employees agreed that there is a dropping out problem in the
manufacturing industry. 30% only do not feel dropping out as a problem in the industry.
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4.20 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The study is particularly important because rewards are an effective means of retaining employees and averting burnout on the
job. According to Schaufeli el al. (2002), the burnout commonly experienced by employees at work can be countered by reward.
Effective management of reward can help preclude feeling of luck of fulfilment, their negative, and their lack of dedication when
performing their task. Again, the findings from the study indicated that employees who have higher promotion opportunities
perform better than employees with low promotion opportunities. The reason is that promotion comes with certain benefits such
as increased in pay, privileges, responsibility, prestige status and authority. These factors act as a catalyst to the employees to
perform better than unprompted employees. The other reason is that it serves as a fulfilment of their objective, boosting their
confidence and moral to put in their best to get to the top of the organization. In addition, training and development as found to
have significant influence on employee performance. Training equipped the employees with skills, knowledge, experience and
techniques that he or she need for efficient job performance. It corrects deficiencies which impede their performance and prepare
the employees to assume new roles in the organization. They contribute to product and service quality, minimized wastage, and
reduces cost of production. Furthermore, results from the studies indicate that employees with high career development
opportunities perform better than employees with low career development opportunities. This is because the path of progression
in the organization exerts a motivational impact on such employees to put in a considerable effort to achieve their dreams. It also
eliminates absenteeism and enhances the loyalty of these employees thereby resulting in higher job performance of each
employee. Career development to programme enables a deeper focus on employee’s aim and aspirations- from identification on
the handicaps being faced by an employee in accomplishing his goals to the solutions in terms of re-skilling or reassignment.
This focus acts as the significant motivator for an employee to excel and exceed the target. Unmotivated Staffs have a bad effect
on the delivery of their product. If an employee cannot find anything that motivates him/her to do the work, leaving the work
place could be the better idea; instead of doing mistakes that could affect their products. From the study, the result indicates that
the majority of the respondents were youth with few something above 40 years. From the responses given, sixty (60) of the
respondents representing 50% have responded positively to managerial activities in their organizations which really affect their
chances of advancement in the organization. It is also evident from the studies that 60% of the respondents indicated that
management is interested in motivating employees to put on their best. Respondents however holds different view either there is
periodic increases in their salaries. Employees’ motivational factors change overtime, thus, what motivates one today may not
motivate him or her tomorrow.
4.21 SUMMARY TO THE CHAPTER

This chapter gives the analysis, interpretation and presentation of the data collected from the field survey; it shows the bio-
graphic analysis of the respondents and, interpretation, and presentation of the responses using statistical tools.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the summary and findings are presented. Conclusions and recommendation are also made.
The previous chapter sought to analyse information that was gathered from the research questionnaire.
The researcher went further to examine the key questions that were critical to the achievement of the objectives that were stated
in the introduction of the study. Relevant conclusions were drawn from the selected question. In the first and last chapter, the
researcher presents a summary of the whole research work. This section will move on further to make suggestions and
recommendations that will aid the management of the manufacturing industry in Ghana.
5.1 SUMMARY
The research investigated the impact of motivation on employee performance in the manufacturing industry in Ghana. The
purpose of the research is to: determine the effects of training and development in the manufacturing industry in Ghana, to assess
the effects of promotion on employee performance in the manufacturing industry in Ghana, to examine what employees perceive
as motivation and to determine the appropriate methods of motivating staff. Using a sample of 150, respondents were selected for
the study from five manufacturing companies' in Ghana. Out of 150 questionnaires distributed. 120 were received by the
researcher representing 80% response rate. To be able to achieve the above purposes, the following research questions were
investigated: what is the effect of training and development on employee's performance? What do employees perceive as
motivation factors and what are the appropriate tools for motivating staff in the manufacturing industry in Ghana? The study had
its own limitations which included lack of finance, difficulty in getting responses from the respondents, and time limitation.
The theoretical frame was based on Herzberg's two factor theory' which is subcategorized into 'hygiene factors' or motivators'.
The two factor theory is basically about the attitudes of employees towards their job, which can either lead to satisfaction or
dissatisfaction. The hygiene factors studied included the following: working conditions, the level and quality of supervision, job
security, salary and interpersonal relations. The motivators considered were: the nature of the work that they do, the sense of
achievement, the responsibility that is bestowed upon them, and their interpersonal growth. The findings form this study indicate
that, employees who have higher promotion opportunities perform better than employees with low promotion opportunities. The
reason is that, promotion comes with certain benefits such as increased in pay, privileges, responsibility prestige, status, and
authority. These factors act as a catalyst to the employees to perform better than unprompted employees. The other reason is that
it serves as a fulfilment of their objective, boosting their confidence and moral to put in their best to get to the top of the
organization.
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In addition, training and development were found to have significant influence on employee performance. Training equips the
employees with skills, knowledge, experience and techniques that he or she will need for efficient job performance. It corrects
deficiencies which impede their performance and prepare the employees to assume new roles in the organization.
They contribute to product and service quality, minimized wastage, and reduces cost of production.
Furthermore, results from the study indicate that employees with high career development opportunities perform better than
employees with low career development opportunities. This is because the path of progression in the organization exerts a
motivational impact on such employees to put in a considerable effort to achieve their dreams. It also eliminates absenteeism and
enhances the loyalty of these employees thereby resulting in higher job performance of each employee. Career development
programme enable a deeper focus on employee's aims and aspirations- from identification on the handicaps being faced by an
employee in accomplishing his goals to the solutions in term of re-skilling or reassignment. This focus acts as a significant
motivator for an employee to excel and exceed the targets.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the researcher investigated the impact of motivation on employee performance in the manufacturing industry in
Ghana. Using 120 respondents from 5 manufacturing industries in Ghana, qualitative and quantitative data are analysed using
tables and graph. The research revealed that training and development, promotion have a significant on employee performance.
The researcher has therefore made a significant contribution in the area of employee development in the manufacturing industry
in Ghana. From the study, the result indicates that the majority of the respondents were youth few above 40 years.
From the responses given, sixty of the respondents representing 50% have responded positively that managerial activities in their
organizations really affect their chances of advancement in the organization. It was also evident from the studies that 60% of the
respondents indicated that management is interest in motivating employees to put on their best.
Respondents however hold different view that there is a periodic increase in their salaries. Employees motivational factors
change overtime, thus, what motivates one today may not motivate him or her tomorrow.
Motivation is the internal process leading to behaviour to satisfy needs. Motivated employee's help organization survive as
motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, management need to understand what motivates employees within the
work they perform, and to recognize motivation and performance to find out motivation effects on employee performance. They
need also to recognize basic need theories that help with these issues.
In this research, we have also focused on the effects of the motivation on the employees. In doing so; we had focus on the quality
of performance. Managers in the manufacturing companies and other companies need to know how to motivate their employees
to keep them from burning out or being de-motivated. De-motivated employees can be very unproductive at the workplace.
Finally, motivation has a good effect and impact on the overall performance of employees in the manufacturing industry in
Ghana.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The finding of study suggests that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are equally important in ensuring that employees do their
best. Thus managers need to keep these in mind as they come up with ways to further motivate their employees into providing
excellent service. Managers should consider developing the human capital of their organizations by offering them advancement
opportunities. Thus both hygiene and motivation factors are important in promoting employee performance. Findings from the
research also indicate that most of the employees were under impression that incentive packages improved over time. However,
this did not portray the highest rated work performance by all employees. Most employees stated that managerial motivational
practices improved their career advancement prospects to a great extent (more than 70% of employees). It might be interesting to
explore impact of supervisory behaviour on the employees. Since supervisors evaluating the work performance; further study is
needed to explore the influence of supervisor's expectancies on the employees work evaluation. The supervisor may identify
goals to the employees in the beginning of the year and then to evaluate the employees according to these goals. Again, the
findings from this study indicate that, employees who have higher promotion opportunities perform better than employees with
low promotion opportunities. The reason is that promotion comes with certain benefits such as increased in pay, privileges,
responsibility, prestige, status, and authority. These factors act as a catalyst to the employees to perform better than unprompted
employees. The other reason is that it serves as a fulfilment of their objective, boosting their confidence and moral to put in their
best to get to the top of the organization. I therefore wish to suggest that promotion should be given to employees to encourage
them to work more effectively because progression through promotion can exert a motivational impact on any individual joining
an organization as well as on those who have put in considerable length of service. Promotion is therefore highly beneficial and
forms a selling point for the organization. Also, training and development was found to have significant influence on employee
performance. Training equipped the employees with skills, knowledge, experience and techniques that he or she will need for
efficient job performance. It corrects deficiencies which impede their performance and prepare the employees to assume new
roles in the organization. They contribute to product and service quality, minimized wastage, and reduces cost of production. The
researcher wishes to suggest that there must be regular review and evaluation of training and development programs to make
them more relevant to the needs of the organization. Furthermore, results from the studies indicate that employees with high
career development opportunities perform better than employees with low career development opportunities. This is because The
path of progression in the organization exerts a motivational impact on such employees to put in a considerable effort to achieve
their dreams. It also eliminates absenteeism and enhances the loyalty of these employees thereby resulting in higher job
performance of each employee. Career development programme enable a deeper focus on employee's aims and aspirations- from
309
identification on the handicaps being faced by an employee in accomplishing his goals to the solutions in term of re-skilling or
reassignment. The focus acts as the significant motivator for an employee to excel and exceed the targets.
From the study, the results indicate that the majority of the respondents were youth with few above 40 years. From the responses
given, sixty of the respondents representing 50% have responded positively that managerial activities in their organizations really
affect their chances of advancement in the organization. It was also evident from the studies that 60% of the respondents
indicated that management is interested in motivating employees to salaries. Employees motivational factors change overtime,
thus, what motivates one today may not motivate him or her tomorrow.
Consultation involves others in decisions which have a direct influence on their work role, especially when their opinions have
the potential to make a difference. Consultations facilitate good team working, support, respect for the roles and contributions
of others to provide a motivating work environment which is another way to increase the production of the employees.
Finally, it is recommended that employees are indispensable assets of the organization. They are instrumental in the achievement
of organizational goals and objectives. Therefore employees need to be motivated to work effectively.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

Due to time limitation, was a major hindrance since the time to carry out the study was too short for the researcher to find out
more about what employees perceived as motivation factors.
Whether they perceive monitory or non-monitory reward as a motivation factor. So in future those who want to research about
this topic must have enough time to investigate or examine more about this issues in different areas of industry sectors so that
managers will know how to motivate their employees to work effectively so that the organization can achieve its goals and
objectives.
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Global Journal of Management Studies and Researches, 1(5) 2014, Pages: 291-310

The Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance in the

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.9 ORGANISATION OF STUDY

2.1 IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.4 SAMPLE PROCEDURE

3.5 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS

4.1 SECTION A: BIODATA

Table 1: GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

Total 120 100.0

4.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

4.3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF RESPONDENTS

4.4 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

4.5 TENURE OF RESPONDENTS

4.6 SECTION B: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

4.7 SECTION C: MANAGERIAL PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION.

Table 4: A distribution of managerial practices

4.8 EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Table 5: A distribution of employee involvement in decision making process

4.9 PRAISES RECEIVED FROM MANAGEMENT

4.10 BUDGETS FOR EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

4.11 MOTIVATION TO WORK

4.12 FACTORS OF DE-MOTIVATION

4.13 JOB SATISFACTION

4.14 RECOGNITION OF THE EFFORTS BY THE BOSS

4.15 FAIRNESS OF PAYMENT SYSTEM

4.16 REWARD SYSTEM

SECTION D: EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

4.17 MANAGEMENT INTEREST IN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Table 6: RANKING AND FREQUENCIES

4.19 DROPPING OUT RATE

4.20 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.21 SUMMARY TO THE CHAPTER

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

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