ELG3311: EXPERIMENT 2

Simulation of a Transformer Performance

Objective

Using Matlab simulation toolbox (SIMULINK), design a model to simulate the

performance of a single-phase transformer under different loads.

Goals
• Train the student with the concept of simulation
• Train the student in using SIMULINK toolbox.

Background information and preparation:

Efficiency and Voltage regulation are some characteristics of a transformer that

vary with the load (its magnitude and its power factor). The characteristic Vs = fct(load)
is also important to know how far down may drop the transformer’s output voltage with a
given load. Note that in this experiment, only the effect of load magnitude is tested
Review the transformer equivalent circuit and try to derive the equations for Is,
Vs, Ip, η, %Reg with the assumption that you know – the primary input voltage Vp –
copper impedance Zw – iron impedance Zi – and a load ZL. Read the appendix to
understand the concepts and explore Matlab SIMULINK toolbox.

Simulation design scheme

We provide 2 inputs (Primary voltage and load) to a transformer and we plot the
underlined characteristics (see Figure 1).

Source:120V Transformer Model:

Compute efficiency 0 Scope:
and %Regulation 1- plot Vs = f(Is)
N=V1/V2=120/240=0.5 2- plot efficiency 0 = f(Is)
Zw=4+j5S 3- plot %Regulation = f(Is)
Load: Zi=1.5 //j0.5kS
Array of impedances

Figure 1: A Transformer simulation scheme

Procedure:

Goal: Reproduce 4 simulink models given in Appendix D.

1- Run matlab 6 and configure your workspace: example current directory to your
working directory.

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 2- Use the menu File->New->Model to get a simulink model blank window.
3- Use the menu View -> Library Browser to get a window for the library of
different blocks. Note: all the blocks that we need for this project will be found
under “Simulink” branch.
4- To use a block, click on it in the Library Window (LW) and drag it to you Model
Window (MW). Likely, get all the other blocks you need.
5- Right-click a block to configure its values our parameters.
Note on multiplex data bus: the data access syntax is u[*] where * is the order of
the data multiplexed on the bus. See figure 2. Use that syntax to define formulas in
Fcn blocks.

A Fcn block
Mux A* B
B
Syntax:
u[1]=A and u[2]=B

A Fcn block
Mux u[1]*u[2]
B

Figure 2: Syntax for data access on a data bus

6- Build the models and subsystems as shown in the figures 3 in appendix D

7- When finished constructing the models, configure the simulation parameters for
the main model as follow: Stop time = 100.0. Leave all others parameters as
default. Use the menu Simulation -> Simulation Parameters for this.
8- Run your simulation. Use the menu Simulation -> Simulation Start. If you get
some errors, read carefully the errors messages and then debug. Use matlab “help
button or popup menu” on blocks to get information about them.
9- If you model is successfully run (no error window popped up), use the script
Ploter.m in Appendix C to plot the results.
10- Show your results to an assistant (TA).

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 APPENDIX A: Derived Formulas for a Transformer
These formulas (Equ#1-4) are to be used in Fcn block to compute some values.
Don’t forget the syntax u[*] to refer to the appropriate variable.
Known parameters
Zw = 5 + 5iΩ ; Zi = 1500 + 500iΩ
ZL = var iable = 200 → 80Ω by steps of 10Ω
N = ratio = 0.5; Vp = 120V

Secondary current
Vs
Is = Equ#1
ZL
Secondary voltage
Is Vp
Vp = Zw * + N *Vs ⇒ Vs = Equ#2
N Zw
+ N
N * ZL
Efficiency
Vs 2
Is Vp Re{Vs * Is * } ZL
Ip = Ie + ; Ie = ⇒ η= * 100 ≈ * 100 Equ#3
Re{Vp * Ip }
2
N Zi *
Vp Vs *Vp
+
Zi N * ZL
Voltage regulation
 N *Vs 
% Re g =  1 −  * 100 Equ#4
 Vp 
Note:
1- The 2nd formula for the efficiency is an approximation because it does the ratio of
apparent powers rather than active powers. This is because, including the working
of complex values should increase the complexity of this experiment. You may
try it for fun for yourself.
2- The expression of the voltage regulation is different from the one in the textbook
because in this experiment, V-primary is constant while V-secondary varies with
the load. The scenario is opposite in the case of the textbook where V-primary is
supposed to increase to maintain V-secondary constant when the load increases.

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 APPENDIX B: used blocks legend
The following instructions are examples of links that lead to simulink blocks or
modules used to design the models in this experiment.

Block’s mnemonic Library links

Mux Simulink -> Signal routing
Constant, In1, Pulse Generator, Trigger Simulink -> Source
To Workspace Simulink -> Sinks
Sum, Abs Simulink -> Math Operations
Memory Simulink -> Discrete
Triggered Subsystem Simulink -> Ports & Subsystem
Fcn Simulink -> User-Defined Functions
Direct Look-up Table Simulink ->Look-up Tables

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 APPENDIX C: Ploter.m script
% Matlab M-file to plot the simulation outputs.

% It plots the %Regulation and Efficiency vs apparent load

%Plot Vs
subplot(3,1,1); plot(OutR(:,1), OutR(:,2));
xlabel('Load current [A]');
ylabel('[V]');
title('Output Voltage');

%Plot Efficiency
subplot(3,1,2); plot(OutR(:,1), OutR(:,3));
xlabel('Load current [A]');
ylabel('n[%]');
title('Efficiency');

%Plot %Regulation
subplot(3,1,3); plot(OutR(:,1), OutR(:,4));
xlabel('Load current [A]');
ylabel('%Reg[%]');
title('%Regulation');

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 APPENDIX D: Sample of the models to design

1-D T[k]
Is
index ZL
Vs
Mux OutR
n
Vp
Index Selector Load Bank ZL %Reg To Workspace
Subsystem
Direct Look-Up Transformer
Table (n-D) Subsystem

120
input Vp
Constant

TRANSFORMER SIMULATOR
This module can be seeing as 4 blocs:
1- A bank of Loads ZL arranged in a column vector;
2- A load ZL selector. It simply provides an index i to select a corresponding ZL(i)
3- A Tranformer model. It takes in a Load ZL (or ZL(i)) and a Primary source voltage Vp
and outputs:
Is: secondary current
Vs: secondary voltage
n: Efficiency
%Reg: Voltage Regulation
4- A result collector. It creates a matrix variable 'OutR' in matlab workspace whose columns are in order Is, Vs, n, %Reg. It's rows
contains the match results for each ZL (or ZL(i)). OutR can be plot from Matlab workspace using Ploter.m script.

Figure 3.1: Transformer simulator

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 Mux (1-u[3]*u[1]/u[2])*100 4
%Reg
Compute %Reg - Equ#4
2 Mux2 Fcn

Vp
0.5
N Mux f(u) 2
4+5i |u| Vs
Compute Vs Equ#2
Zw |Zw| Fcn

1 |u|
ZL |ZL| Mux1 Mux u[1]/u[2] 1
Is
Compute Is - Equ#1
Mux3
Fcn

Mux f(u) 3

1500+500i |u| n
Compute Efficiency - Equ#3
Zi |Zw|1 Mux4 Fcn

TRANSFORMER MODEL
Caracteristics: Zw = 4+5i; Zi = 1500+500i; N = 0.5; Vp = to be input
Derived formulas: see Appendix.
Outputs:
Is: secondary current
Vs: secondary voltage
n: Efficiency
%Reg: Voltage Regulation
Figure 3.2: Transformer Model Subsystem

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 1
1
IC
counter
Pulse Constant
sum Out1
Generator counter 1
index
Out1
Counter engine
Trigger
Triggered Subsystem Memory

SELECTOR
A counter System that outputs 1,2... on front edge of the triger.
This module generate at its output, an integer sequence 1, 2, 3, ...

Figure 3.3: Index Selector Subsystem Figure 3.4: Counter Triggered Subsystem

Note: Start with a triggered sub-system and then add the memory and
the sum box.

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