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    Biostatistics Lecture - 3 - Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency)

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    Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi
    Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency) Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

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    Biostatistics Lecture - 3 - Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency)

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi
    122 views14 pages
    Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency) Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

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    Biostatistics Lecture - 3 - Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency)

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    Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency) Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    122 views14 pages

    Biostatistics Lecture - 3 - Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency)

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi
    Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency) Lecture on Biostatistics for B.Sc. Students - Medical Lab. Techniques Department - Al-Hikma University College - Baghdad -Iraq

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 14

    Al-Hikma University College

    Department of Medical Laboratory


    Techniques

    Biostatistics
    Descriptive Statistics
    Measures of Central Tendency
    and
    Measures of Dispersion

    Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Al-Naimi


    Assistant Professor

    2020
    Measures of Central
    Tendency
    The Statistic and The Parameter

    A Statistic:
    It is a descriptive measure computed from the
    data of a sample.
    A Parameter:
    It is a a descriptive measure computed from
    the data of a population.
    Since it is difficult to measure a parameter from the
    population, a sample is drawn of size n, whose
    values are  1 ,  2 , …,  n. From this data, we
    measure the statistic.
    Measures of Central Tendency
    A measure of central tendency is a measure which
    indicates where the middle of the data is.
    The three most commonly used measures of central
    tendency are:
    The Mean, the Median, and the Mode.
    The Mean:
    It is the average of the data.
    The Population Mean:
    N

    X i
    = i 1
    N
    which is usually unknown, then we use the

    sample mean to estimate or approximate it.


    The Sample Mean:
    n

    x
    x =
    i 1
    n
    i

    Example:
    Here is a random sample of size 10 of ages, where
     1 = 42,  2 = 28,  3 = 28,  4 = 61,  5 = 31,
     6 = 23,  7 = 50,  8 = 34,  9 = 32,  10 = 37.

    x = (42 + 28 + … + 37) / 10 = 36.6


    Properties of the Mean:
     Uniqueness. For a given set of data there is
    one and only one mean.
     Simplicity. It is easy to understand and to
    compute.
     Affected by extreme values. Since all
    values enter into the computation.
    Example: Assume the values are 115, 110, 119, 117, 121
    and 126. The mean = 118.
    But assume that the values are 75, 75, 80, 80 and 280. The
    mean = 118, a value that is not representative of the set of
    data as a whole.
    Mean for grouped data
    Mean = Ʃ f X / n
    = ƩfX/Ʃf
    where (f) refers to the frequency and (X) refers
    to midpoint classes and (n) refers to the number
    of observations.
    Example
    Height (Cm) frequency
    160.5 6
    163.5 15
    166.5 31
    169.5 22
    172.5 20
    175.5 4
    178.5 2
    Solution
    Height (Cm) Frequency
    X f fX
    160.5 6 160.5 x 6 = 963
    163.5 15 163.5 x 15 = 2452.5
    166.5 31 166.5 x 31 = 5161.5
    169.5 22 169.5 x 22 = 3729
    172.5 20 172.5 x 20 = 3450
    175.5 4 175.5 x 4 = 702
    178.5 2 178.5 x 2 = 357
    Total Ʃ f = 100 Ʃ f X = 16815
    Mean = Ʃ f X / n
    = ƩfX/Ʃf
    = 16815 / 100
    = 168.15 Cm
    The Median:
    When ordering the data, it is the observation that divide the
    set of observations into two equal parts such that half of the
    data are before it and the other are after it.

    * If n is odd, the median will be the middle of observations. It


    will be the (n+1)/2 th ordered observation.
    When n = 11, then the median is the 6th observation.

    • If n is even, there are two middle observations. The


    median will be the mean of these two middle observations.
    It will be the (n+1)/2 th ordered observation.
    When n = 12, then the median is the 6.5th observation, which
    is an observation halfway between the 6th and 7th ordered
    observation.
    Example:
    For the same random sample, the ordered
    observations will be as:
    23, 28, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 42, 50, 61.
    Since n = 10, then the median is the 5.5th
    observation, i.e. = (32+34)/2 = 33.
    Properties of the Median:
     Uniqueness. For a given set of data there is
    one and only one median.
     Simplicity. It is easy to calculate.
     It is not affected by extreme values
    as is the mean.
    The Mode:
    It is the value which occurs most frequently.
    If all values are different there is no mode.
    Sometimes, there are more than one mode.
    Example:
    For the same random sample, the value 28 is
    repeated two times, so it is the mode.
    Properties of the Mode:
     Sometimes, it is not unique.
     It may be used for describing qualitative
    data.
    Dr. Mahmoud Al-Naimi

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