Complete Me

- Complete each table by using the specified domain ( set of x – values ).

- Draw the graph of each polynomial function. ( Use red ink or any other color in graphing , never use black .)
A. Linear Function C. Cubic Functions
1. y = 3x + 2 1. P( x ) = x3 – x2 − x + 1
X -2 -1 0 1 2 X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x)
y
y
y

4
O 1 2 3 4 x
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x

-2

-4

2. P ( x ) = − x3 + 2x2 + 5x – 6
2. y = − 3x + 2 X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X -2 -1 0 1 2 P(x)
y y

4 O 1 2 3 4 x
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x

-2

-4

B. Quadratic Functions D. Quartic Functions

1. f ( x ) = x4 – x 3 – 7x2 + x + 6
1. y = x2 + 4x + 5 X -3 -2 -1.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4
X -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 f(x)
y y
y
9
8
7 O 1 2 3 4 x
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 2 x

2. y = − x4 + x3 + 3x2 – x – 2
2. P(x) = − x2 + 4x – 5
X -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 1.5 2 3 4
P(x) y
y y
-2 -1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
-2
-3
O 1 2 3 4 x
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Some special symbols:
- is a function defined by the equation +∞ positive infinity
−∞ negative infinity
y = anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 + an – 2 x n – 2 + … + a1 x1 + a0
→ approaches to
or
an leading coefficient
P( x ) = anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 + an – 2 x n – 2 + …. + a1 x1 + a0
or Some important terms about the graphs of polynomial functions
f ( x ) = anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 + an – 2 x n – 2 + …. + a1 x1 + a0
x – intercepts – value/s of x where the graph
where , crossed/passed through the x – axis
y , P ( x ) , f ( x ) , g ( x ) , h ( x ) , etc are called These are the roots of the equation.
FUNCTIONAL NOTATIONS telling that y – intercept – is the value of y where the graph
P( x) - means ‘the value of the function P crossed the y – axis
at the given value of x ‘ End Behavior − is the behaviour of the graph of a function
f (x) – means ‘ the value of the function f to the far left or to the far right.
at the given value of x . ‘ Turning Point − is the point where the graph changes direction
y – means ‘ the value of the function y from decreasing to increasing values and
at the given value of x. vice – versa , or , it is where starts to go
downward and begins to go upward and
NOTE : P , f , y , g , h , etc . - represents / symbolizes the vice – versa
name of the function The maximum number of turning points is n – 1
Kinds ( Some ) of polynomial functions Polynomial Function in Standard Form
- Any polynomial function whose terms are arranged in
1. Linear Function – first degree function decreasing powers of x.
y = mx + b Lower bound - is the value of c by which in the synthetic
division , the first alternating in signs in the third row
2. Quadratic Function – second degree function is occurred.
y = ax2 + bx + c Upper Bound - is the value of c by which in the synthetic
division , the first all positive in signs in the third row
3. Cubic Function – third degree function is occurred.
P ( x ) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Variation of sign – is a pair of coefficients with opposite signs.
4. Quartic Function – fourth degree function
f ( x ) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e Strategy in graphing polynomial functions

5. Quintic Function – 5th degree function 1. Use the leading coefficient test to determine the graphs
G ( x ) = ax5 + bx4 + . . . + a01 of the end behaviours.
2. Find the x – intercepts ( roots ) by setting P(x) = 0.
6. Sixth degree function 3. Find the complete factorization of P(x).
4. Make a table of signs
7. Seventh degree function 5. Sketch the graph
6. Use the fact that the graph is continuous ( no cuts ) , smooth
and has rounded turns.

The Leading Coefficient Test

Degree of Sign of the Leading

Characteristics of the Graph Illustration
the Function Coefficient
As x→+∞, P(x) → + ∞ C#1
POSITIVE ( +an ) As x→−∞, P(x) → + ∞
The graph rises both to the left and to the right
D#1
EVEN
As x→+∞, P(x) → − ∞ C#2
NEGATIVE ( - an ) As x→−∞, P(x) → − ∞
The graph falls both to the left and to the right
D#2
As x→+∞, P(x) → + ∞ A#1
POSITIVE ( +an ) As x→−∞, P(x) → − ∞
The graph falls to the left and rises to the right
B#1
ODD
As x→+∞, P(x) → − ∞ A#2
NEGATIVE ( - an ) As x→−∞, P(x) → + ∞
The graph rises to the left and falls to the right
B#2

Descartes Rule of Signs

1. The number of POSITIVE real roots of P(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign of P ( x ) or
is less than this number by a positive even number
2. The number of NEGATIVE real roots of P(x) = 0 is either equal to the number of variations in sign of P(−x ) or
is less than this number by a positive even number.