MUSIC REVIEWER 2nd GRADING

Baroque Music
 It is the music of Europe between 1600 – 1750
 Baroque means – CONTRADICTORY or PARADOXICAL
 The term Baroque Period got its name from a term that was used to describe OVER – DECORATED
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE.

Divisions of the Baroque Period and its distinctive characteristics

Early Baroque  Use of HOMOPHONIC TEXTURE with CHORDAL
(1600 – 1640) ACCOMPANIMENT.
Middle Baroque  Use of MAJOR and MINOR SCALE
(1640 – 1680)  IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
 VIOLIN was the most important instrument.
Late Baroque  Use of POLYPHONIC TEXTURE
(1680 – 1750)  EQUAL IMPORTANCE to both vocal and instrumental music.

Musical Forms of the Baroque Period

A. Vocal (Single or Solo)

1. Aria – a MELODY sung by a SOLOIST in an OPERA, ORATORIO or CANTATA, it follows the recitatives.
2. Recitatives – a type of DRAMATIC WRITING FOR VOICE that lies between ORDINARY SPEECH AND PURE
SINGING. The rhythm is FREE FLOWING.
3. Chorale Prelude
- A hymn tune (SACRED SONG) for the organ sung to a GERMAN RELIGIOUS TEXT.
- They were used to introduced they hymn about to be sung in by the congregation in PROTESTANT
CHURCH.
- Uses a POLYPHONIC SETTING.

B. VOCAL (MULTI – MOVEMENT)

1. Opera – a large – scale MUSIC DRAMA that combines POETRY, ACTING, SCENERY and COSTUMES with
SINGING AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
Genres of the Opera
a. Opera Seria – an opera that focuses in a SERIOUS SUBJECT MATTER
b. Opera Buffa – an opera which has a LIGHTER, even comical tone, and sometimes used
duets, trios and larger ensembles.
c. Tragedie – lyrique – the FRENCH VERSION of the OPERA
2. Cantata – a SHORT LYRIC FORM SIMILAR TO THE ORATORIO and often limited to a soloist using a few
instruments of the orchestra.
3. Oratorio – a DRAMATIC but UNSTAGED TELLING OF A BIBLICAL OR RELIGIOUS story. It uses no scenery or
costumes or no dramatic action. It uses a narrator, soloist, chorus and orchestra instead. It is usually
performed in churches and concert halls.

C. INSTRUMENTAL (Single Movement)

1. Overture – an instrumental number heard at the BEGINNING of most operas.
2. Toccata – an instrumental piece that ALTERNATES between IMPROVISATION and CONTRAPUNTAL
passages.
3. Prelude – an instrumental music in the beginning a short “FREESTYLE” piece
4. Fugue – a CONTRAPUNTAL PIECE using IMITATIVE COUNTERPOINTS.
5. Sectional dance form – dances written in a ROUNDED BINARY FORM.

D. Instrumental (Multi – Movement forms)

1. Sonata – a work in several movements for ONE OR MORE INSTRUMENTS (FREQUENTLY VIOLINS)
a. Basso continuo – a sonata for TWO VIOLINS or TREBLE INSTRUMENTS
b. Trio Sonata – a sonata for two violins or other treble instruments PLUS BASS.
c. Sonata de chiesa (Church Sonatas) – usually comprised of FOUR MOVEMENTS alternating
between slow and fast tempos and performed in the church.
d. Sonata da camera (Chamber Sonatas) – consisted of SERIES OF DANCES similar to the suite.
2. Suite - based on the TRADITIONAL PAIRING OF DANCES in the Renaissance. It was essentially the SERIES
OF DANCES IN THE SAME KEY, most of them in TWO PART FORM.
3. Concerto – derived from the Italian word CONCENTARE which means TO CONTEND WITH or to VIE WITH.
a. Solo concerto – a concerto for solo instruments and an accompanying instrumental groups
b. Concerto grosso – the MOST IMPORTANT BAROQUE CONCERTO
Famous Composers of the Baroque Period
1. Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi
- An Italian composer and the most IMPORTANT FIGURE IN THE TRANSITION from Renaissance to
Baroque music.
- One of the great contributors of the opera.
- Pioneered the AGGITATED EFFECT called TREMOLO and PLUCKING TECHNIQUE called PIZZICATO

Works:
 Orfeo – considered as the FIRST MODERN OPERA.
 Arianna – established Monteverdi’s REPUTATION as an OPERA COMPOSER.
 The Return of Ulysses in His Homeland
 The Coronation of Poppea – the MASTERPIECE of Monteverdi.
2. Johan Sebastian Bach
 A German composer, organist, harpshichordist, violist and violinist of the Baroque period.
 Known as the REBEL COMPOSER - known for his quick temper
 Drew from different music styles from across Europe including French and Italian.
 The composer that used COUNTERPOINTING and FUGUE in his richly detailed compositions.

Works:
 Brandenburg Concerto - one of the famous secular composition of Bach; written in
HONOR OF THE MARGRAVE of BRANDENBURG
 Mass in B minor – a concerto piece originally an AUDITION PIECE to become the court
composer for a Catholic Monarch – a VERY COMPLICATED PIECE.
 Toccata
 Fugue in D minor The FINEST ORGAN COMPOSITIONS of BACH
 Passacaglia
 Fugue in C Minor

3. George Frideric Handel

 The music director of the Royal Academy of Music, a commercial opera company in London.
 His musical style exemplifies the VIGOR and GRANDEUR of the LATE GERMAN BAROQUE and at the same
time the ENGLISH and ITALIAN QUALITIES of directness, Quality and Charm.

Works:
 Almira – the FIRST OPERA of Handel
 Rodrigo
 Agrippina
 Rinaldo
 Mesiah The two FAMOUS ORATORIO OF HANDEL; the Mesiah is
 Joshua
Handel’s most famous work.
4. Antonio Vivaldi
 Believed to have invented the RITORNELLO FORM.
 Fondly called the RED PRIEST – because of the color of his hair.
 His instrumental sonatas are more conservative than his concertos.
 His religious music often reflects the OPERATIC STYLE.
 Famous for his work the FOUR SEASONS’ LA PRIMAVERA.

Music of the Classical Period

 The classical period in music is a period within the history of Western Art music about 1750 – 1820.
 The period saw the introduction of a form which has dominated instrumental composition to the present day.
 The classical period is characterized by a NEAR OBSESSION with structural clarity.
 Caked as the GOLDEN AGE OF MUSIC – because it was during this time that major forms of classical music –
SYMPHONY, SONATA, CONCERTO and STRING QUARTE – WERE FULLY DEVELOPED.
 Also called as the VIENNESE CLASSICAL PERIOD

Characteristics of the Period

a) Favored dance rhythms
b) Simpler melodies, tuneful, balanced phrases and cadences.
c) Diatonic
d) Homophonic and Chordal (use of chords)
e) Ternary form , use sonata allegro form
f) Continuous changes of crescendo and decrescendo.
g) Frequent changes of tone colors from one section to the other.
Movement of the Classical Music
a) Fast movement
b) Slow movement
c) Dance related movement
d) Fast movement

A. Multi – movement instrumental form

1) Sonata Form – an instrumental form usually consisting of THREE or FOUR complete movements in
CONTRASTING TEMPOS. Comes from the Italian word “sounare” which means to sound.
a) Sonata pian’e forte – sonata for PIANO
b) Sonata da chiesa – CHURCH sonata
c) Sonata da camare – CHAMBER sonata

2) String Quartet – a sonata for a SMALL GROUP OF PLAYERS (violin, viola and cello)
3) Symphony – a sonata for the ORCHESTRA
4) Concerto – three movement sonata for a SOLOIST WITH AN ORCHESTRA
5) Overture – an INSTRUMENTAL music PLAYED BEFORE AN ORCHESTRA.

B. Single Movement Instrumental Form

1) Binary form – a form of movement founded on TWO PRINCIAPL THEMES or DIVIDED INTO TWO DISTINCT
or CONTRASTED SECTIONS.
2) Ternary Form – A THREE – PART form
3) Rondo – Features a tuneful main theme.
4) Theme and Variation – a form in which the basic musical idea or the theme is repeated over and over and
is changed each time it is repeated.

MUSICAL ARTIST OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD:

A. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Known as the GREATES MUSICAL GENIUS OF ALL TIME.
 The most prolific and most influential classical composer.

Works:
1) A Little Night Music ( Eine Kleine Nachtmusik)
2) The Marriage of Figaro ( Le Nozze di Figaro)
3) Don Giovanni
4) The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflote)
5) The Requiem Mass – the LAST WORK of Mozart

B. Franz Joseph Haydn

 An Austrian composer and of the most prolific and prominent composers of the classical period.
 FATHER OF THE STRING QUARTER – he helped develop new musical forms, the string quartet and
symphony.

Works:
1) The Miracle (Symphony 96)
2) The Military (Symphony 100)
3) The Clock (Symphony 101)
4) The Drumroll (Symphony 103)
5) Farewell Symphony (Symphony 45)
6) Surprise Symphony (Symphony 94) – the MOST POPULAR of all Symphony.

C. Ludwig van Beethoven

 A German composer and a pianist
 Named as the BRIDGE TO ROMANTIC PERIOD – he was a crucial figure in the transition between the
CLASSICAL and ROMANTIC PERIOD.
 Known for his NINE SYMPHONIES

Works:
1) Fur Elise for the Piano
2) Ode to Joy
3) Appasionata
4) Moonlight
5) Pathetique
HEALTH

THE CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE and THE DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES

Drug
 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE that CHANGES a person who takes it in terms of PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL and BEHAVIORAL
CHARACTERSTICS.
 It is any substance other than food or water that should be taken or administered for the purpose of altering,
sustaining or controlling the recipient’s physical, mental or emotional state.

Drug Abuse
 The LICIT OR ILLICIT USE OF ANY CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES that may LEAD TO A PERSON’S PHYSICAL, MENTAL OR
SOCIAL IMPAIRMENT.
Drugs can be ABUSIVE WHEN:
a) Using WITHOUT BENEFIT or Medical Prescription of useful drugs which can affect
the mood or behavior.
b) Using drugs and substances for a PURPOSE DIFFERENT from the one from which
the drug has been prescribed.
c) Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application or purpose
other than research.

Drug Scenario in the Philippines

 During the past years, there has been a decline in the number of drug users in the Philippines reported by the
DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD (DDB). From around 6.7 MILLION IN 2004 to 1.7 MILLION IN 2015.
 This can be attributed to the intense and extensive efforts of the government in combating the threat, trafficking,
and use of illegal drugs through the operations conducted by the different law enforcing agencies.

Most Common types of abused substances in the Philippines:

1) Shabu or Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
2) Marijuana
3) Cocaine

A. Shabu or Methampetamine
 Used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride.
 It is used as a STIMULANT to the nervous system and as an APPETITE SUPPRESANT.

Content of Shabu
1) Ephedrine – the MAIN INGREDIENT which causes BRAIN DAMAGE.
2) Toluene – a chemical used for PAINTS, ADHESIVES and many others.
3) Acetone – a chemical used as NAIL CLEANER
4) Lithium – a commonly used chemical to TREAT people with BIPOLAR DISORDER
5) Battery Acid – corrosive chemical
6) Drain cleaner – liquid soap
7) Hydrochloric Acid – muriatic acid
8) Chloroform – CANCER – CAUSING solvent

Effects of Shabu (Immediate)

a) Anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of self – control
b) Loss of appetite and inability to sleep
c) Euphoria or elation
d) Acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior and recklessness that may result in
accidents.
e) Chest pain, irregularity of heartbeat, elevated or lowered blood pressure, evidence of weight loss,
convulsion and death from cardiac arrest.

Long term effects:

a) Delusions
b) Auditory and visual hallucinations
c) Disorganized speech
d) Paranoia
e) Violent and aggressive behavior
B. Marijuana
 Also known as CANNABIS SATIVA
 This is an illegal drug made from DRIED LEAVES OF THE HEMP PLANT, which is smoked like a cigarette.
 Other terms used to refer to this herbal drugs are POT, HEMP, REEFER, GANJA and WEED.

Immediate Effects of Marijuana

1) Hallucinations
2) Faster heartbeat and pulse rate
3) Bloodshot eyes or blurred vision or rapid eye movements.
4) Extreme thirst
5) Disorientation
6) Weak reflexes, coordination and concentration
7) Overeating and sleepiness

Long term effect:

1) Severe irritation of the nasal passage that leads to frequent nose bleeding
2) Renal damage, heart disease or stroke
3) Psychiatric consequences
4) May lead to poly – drug use

C. Cocaine
 This type of drug commonly comes in the FORM OF FINE, WHITE CRYSTAL POWDER
 Illegal use of cocaine is done for PLEASURE
 While it’s medical use involves preventing pain among the users.

Immediate Effect
 Increased in heart rate
 Muscular spasms
 Convulsions
 Paranoia and other extreme emotions like anger, hostility and anxiety.

Long – term effects

 Sleep deprivation
 Loss of appetite
 Hallucination
 Psychosis
 Depression
ARTS
Introduction to Perspective Drawing

Linear Perspective is a geometric method of representing on paper the way that objects appear to
get smaller and closer together, the further away they are. Imagine driving along a very straight
desert on a grassy plain - the road, the fences and power-poles all diminishing towards a single
spot far ahead of you. That's single-point perspective. Single- or one-point perspective is a
simplest method of making objects look three-dimensional. Objects must be placed to that the
front sides are parallel to the picture plane, with the side edges receding to a single point. Take a
look at Da Vinci's Study for Adoration of the Magi to see the effect. (notice how the building is
placed so that it faces the viewer, with the stairs and side walls diminishing towards a single point
in the center.)

Two-point perspective is slightly more complex, as both the front and back edges, and side edges,
of an object must be diminished towards vanishing points. Two-point perspective is often used
when drawing buildings in the landscape. The effect can be carried even further, with three-point
perspective used to create impressive visual effects, such as a view from a skyscraper.

Perspective

Linear Perspective describes the apparent diminishing of scale as the distance from object to
viewer increases. Atmospheric perspective attempts to duplicate the visual effect of near objects
being crisp and clear while distant objects may be less distinct and muted.
Perspective Drawing

Perspective drawing is a technique of drawing that allows the artist to show objects in three
dimensions. Artists invented linear perspective in the 1500's and helped begin the Renaissance
period of history. Before perspective was invented, many artists tried to represent depth and
space in their artworks using common techniques such as overlapping shaped to show that
objects can exist in front of each other. They also placed small objects in the distance and large
objects in the foreground. However, sometimes these techniques did not accurately represent
space as we are used to see it today in art.

We hope you will explore our site to see some historical examples of perspective development,
to learn how one and two point perspective drawing techniques are used, to see what we did
in class to explore perspective around our school, and check out additional links related to
perspective drawing.

How to Draw Perspective

Draw a Box Using One-Point Perspective

Let's draw a box using one-point perspective. First, draw a horizon line about one-third
down your page. Mark a spot roughly in the middle of the line. That's your vanishing
point.

Now, draw a rectangle about two-thirds down the page, roughly in the middle. Lightly
draw lines from the top two corners to the vanishing point.
Draw a horizontal line between these two orthogonals ('vanishing lines'). This is the back
of the box. Darken the lines between this horizontal and the box, and erase the rest of
the vanishing lines up to the horizon. There! A 3-D box.

If you draw a box to the side of the vanishing point, you will need to also draw a vanishing
line from the bottom corner, as show in the example. When you draw the horizontal to
make the back of the box, just drop a vertical line from where it meets the top orthogonal
down to the bottom one, to give you the rear edge of the box.

Experiment drawing boxes in different places in relation to the vanishing point and
horizon.
Horizon Line

Definition: The horizon line in perspective drawing is a horizontal line across the picture. It is
always at eye level - its placement determines where we seem to be looking from - a high place,
or from close to the ground. The actual horizon might not be visible, but you need to draw a
'virtual' horizon to construct a picture in perspective.

Vanishing Point

Definition: In Linear Perspective drawing, the point(s) on the horizon line to which the receding
parallel lines diminish.

Orthogonals: In Linear Perspective drawing, the diagonal lines that can be drawn along receding
parallel lines (or rows of objects) to the vanishing point.

Also Known As: Convergence lines, vanishing lines

Alternate Spellings: orthogonal

How to Draw Perspective Draw a Box Using Two-Point Perspective

Here's how to draw a box using simple two-point perspective. If you haven't tried it before it might
look complicated, so just draw one step at a time.
First, draw your horizon line across the top of the page. Mark two vanishing points, as far apart
as possible.

Draw a short vertical line for the front corner of your box (the black line in the picture) and then
draw a construction line ('orthogonal') from the top and bottom of the line, to each vanishing point
(the dark blue lines).

Next draw a vertical line to the left of your 'front corner', between the top and bottom construction
lines (the magenta line). From the top and bottom points of this line, draw construction lines back
to the RIGHT vanishing point (VP2). Next, draw a similar vertical line to the right of your 'front
corner', and from the top and bottom points of this line, draw construction lines back to the LEFT
vanishing point (VP1).

Where the top construction lines intersect, drop a vertical line to the intersection of the bottom
construction lines - this will give you the back corner of the box (the green line).

Erase the construction lines and any interior lines

Try this exercise using a horizon line at different heights, and placing the box in different places
in relation to the vanishing points. Note that 'realistic' perspective requires vanishing points that
are very far apart - try using a large piece of scrap paper under your drawing paper, and making
your vanishing points as far apart as the table (and your ruler) will allow.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Organizing a tournament

A. Single Elimination Tournament

 The simplest type of tournament is the single elimination tournament, in which the winner of each match
advances in the tournament and the loser is eliminated. As the name implies, one loss eliminates a player;
no provision is made for an ‘off-day’ or bad luck occurring to a player. This type of draw is most convenient
with a large number of contestants and only a short time available for play.
 If all players are of equal ability or their ability is unknown, all names are placed in a hat and drawn blindly
for positions on the draw sheet. The first name drawn is placed on the first line of the draw, the second
name drawn is placed on the second line and so on, assuming of course that proper provision has been
made for the number of byes required.

Formulas
1. where: G --number of games N --number of entries G= N-1
2. 5. Formula: Where: P --least power of 2 higher than N Fixed value—2, 4, 8, 16, 32…
(2x2=4x2=8x2=16x2=32…) N--number of entries Bye --entitles a team to advance to the next round without
playing -- able to play during second round

Advantages
 Simple, easily understood.
 Determine champion in the shortest possible time.
 Require less facilities.
 Accommodate large entries.
 Appropriate for one-day or short-term events.

Disadvantages
 Minimum participation.
 Maximum emphasis is on winning.
 Champion (or second) may not represent the best players/team.
 Does not allow players to have an off-day.
 Need to play sequentially (i.e. if one round is lost to weather, all other rounds have to wait until caught up.)

B. Double Elimination
 In a double elimination tournament a team or players must LOSE TWICE before they are eliminated. It’s
superior to the single elimination tournament when a small number of players are involved (less than
eight) for it makes allowances for players having an ‘off-day’. Byes are given for less than eight players. If
more than eight players are entered, two separate tournaments can be held and the winners can meet
for the championship.