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11/21/2016 34(6) Sixth Interim Revision Announcement: 62<62> MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: TESTS FOR SPECIFIE…
62 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: TESTS FOR SPECIFIED
MICROORGANISMS
INTRODUCTION
The tests described hereafter will allow determination of the absence of, or limited occurrence of,
specified microorganisms that may be detected under the conditions described.
The tests are designed primarily to determine whether a substance or preparation complies with an
established specification for microbiological quality. When used for such purposes, follow the
instructions given below, including the number of samples to be taken, and interpret the results as
stated below.
Alternative microbiological procedures, including automated methods, may be used, provided that
their equivalence to the Pharmacopeial method has been demonstrated.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
The preparation of samples is carried out as described in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile
Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 .
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this is insofar as possible removed or
neutralized as described in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration
Tests 61 .
If surfaceactive substances are used for sample preparation, their absence of toxicity for
microorganisms and their compatibility with any inactivators used must be demonstrated as described in
Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 .
Change to read:
GROWTHPROMOTING AND INHIBITORY PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA, 6 SUITABILITY OF THE
TEST AND NEGATIVE CONTROLS 6
The ability of the test to detect microorganisms in the presence of the product to be tested must be
established. Suitability must be confirmed if a change in testing performance or a change in the product
that may affect the outcome of the test is introduced.
Preparation of Test Strains
Use standardized stable suspensions of test strains as stated below. Seedlot culture maintenance
techniques (seedlot systems) are used so that the viable microorganisms used for inoculation are not
more than five passages removed from the original master seedlot.
AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS
Grow each of the bacterial test strains separately in containers containing Soybean–Casein Digest
Broth or on Soybean–Casein Digest Agar at 30 to 35 for 18 to 24 hours. Grow the test strain for
Candida albicans separately on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar or in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth at 20 to 25
for 2 to 3 days.
http://www.usppf.com/pf/pub/index.html 1/12
Staphylococcus aureus such as ATCC 6538, NCIMB 9518, CIP
4.83, or NBRC 13276
Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as ATCC 9027, NCIMB 8626, CIP
82.118, or NBRC 13275
Escherichia coli such as ATCC 8739, NCIMB 8545, CIP
53.126, or NBRC 3972
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar such as ATCC 14028
Typhimurium 6 or, as an alternative,
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abony 6 such as NBRC 100797, NCTC 6017, or
CIP 80.39
Candida albicans such as ATCC 10231, NCPF 3179, IP
48.72, or NBRC 1594
Use Buffered Sodium Chloride–Peptone Solution pH 7.0 or Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2 to make
test suspensions. Use the suspensions within 2 hours or within 24 hours if stored at 2 to 8 .
CLOSTRIDIA
Use Clostridium sporogenes such as ATCC 11437 (NBRC 14293, NCIMB 12343, CIP 100651) or ATCC
19404 (NCTC 532 or CIP 79.3). Grow the clostridial test strain under anaerobic conditions in Reinforced
Medium for Clostridia at 30 to 35 for 24 to 48 hours. As an alternative to preparing and then diluting
down a fresh suspension of vegetative cells of Cl. sporogenes, a stable spore suspension is used for test
inoculation. The stable spore suspension may be maintained at 2 to 8 for a validated period.
Negative Control
To verify testing conditions, a negative control is performed using the chosen diluent in place of the
test preparation. There must be no growth of microorganisms. A negative control is also performed
when testing the products as described under Testing of Products. A failed negative control requires an
investigation. 6
Growth Promotion and Inhibitory Properties of the Media
Test each batch of readyprepared medium and each batch of medium prepared either from
dehydrated medium or from ingredients. Verify suitable properties of relevant media as described in
Table 1.
Table 1. Growth Promoting, Inhibitory, and Indicative Properties of Media
Test/Medium Property Test Strains
Test for biletolerant Gramnegative bacteria
Enterobacteria Enrichment Broth Growth promoting E. coli
Mossel
P. aeruginosa
Inhibitory S. aureus
Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar Growth promoting E. coli
+ Indicative
P. aeruginosa
Test for Escherichia coli
MacConkey Broth Growth promoting E. coli
Test/Medium Property Test Strains

MacConkey Agar Growth promoting E. coli
+ Indicative
Test for Salmonella
Rappaport Vassiliadis Growth promoting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Salmonella Enrichment Broth serovar Typhimurium 6 or
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Abony 6
Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Growth promoting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Agar + Indicative serovar Typhimurium 6 or
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Abony 6
Test for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cetrimide Agar Growth promoting P. aeruginosa
Inhibitory E. coli
Test for Staphylococcus aureus
Mannitol Salt Agar Growth promoting S. aureus
+ Indicative
Inhibitory E. coli
Test for Clostridia
Reinforced Medium for Clostridia Growth promoting Cl. sporogenes
Columbia Agar Growth promoting Cl. sporogenes
Test for Candida albicans
Sabouraud Dextrose Broth Growth promoting C. albicans
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Growth promoting C. albicans
+ Indicative
Test for GrowthPromoting Properties, Liquid Media— Inoculate a portion of the appropriate medium
with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the appropriate microorganism. Incubate at the
specified temperature for not more than the shortest period of time specified in the test. Clearly visible
growth of the microorganism comparable to that previously obtained with a previously tested and
approved batch of medium occurs.
Test for GrowthPromoting Properties, Solid Media— Perform SurfaceSpread Method (see Plate
Count Methods under Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests
61 ), inoculating each plate with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the appropriate
microorganism. Incubate at the specified temperature for not more than the shortest period of time
specified in the test. Growth of the microorganism comparable to that previously obtained with a
previously tested and approved batch of medium occurs.
Test for Inhibitory Properties, Liquid or Solid Media— Inoculate the appropriate medium with at least
100 cfu of the appropriate microorganism. Incubate at the specified temperature for not less than the
longest period of time specified in the test. No growth of the test microorganism occurs.
Test for Indicative Properties— Perform SurfaceSpread Method (see PlateCount Methods under
Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 ), inoculating
each plate with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the appropriate microorganism. Incubate at
the specified temperature for a period of time within the range specified in the test. Colonies are
comparable in appearance and indication reactions to those previously obtained with a previously tested
and approved batch of medium.
Suitability of the Test Method
For each new product to be tested perform sample preparation as described in the relevant paragraph
under Testing of Products. At the time of mixing, add each test strain in the prescribed growth medium.
Inoculate the test strains individually. Use a number of microorganisms equivalent to not more than 100
cfu in the inoculated test preparation.
Perform the test as described in the relevant paragraph under Testing of Products using the shortest
incubation period prescribed.
The specified microorganisms must be detected with the indication reactions as described under
Testing of Products.
Any antimicrobial activity of the product necessitates a modification of the test procedure (see
Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity under Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile
Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 ).
For a given product, if the antimicrobial activity with respect to a microorganism for which testing is
prescribed cannot be neutralized, then it is to be assumed that the inhibited microorganism will not be
present in the product.
Change to read:
TESTING OF PRODUCTS
BileTolerant GramNegative Bacteria
Sample Preparation and PreIncubation— Prepare a sample using a 1 in 10 dilution of not less than 1
g of the product to be examined as described in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products:
Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , but using Soybean–Casein Digest Broth as the chosen diluent, mix,
and incubate at 20 to 25 for a time sufficient to resuscitate the bacteria but not sufficient to encourage
multiplication of the organisms (usually 2 hours but not more than 5 hours).
Test for Absence— Unless otherwise prescribed, use the volume corresponding to 1 g of the product,
as prepared in Sample Preparation and PreIncubation, to inoculate Enterobacteria Enrichment Broth
Mossel. Incubate at 30 to 35 for 24 to 48 hours. Subculture on plates of Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar.
Incubate at 30 to 35 for 18 to 24 hours.
The product complies with the test if there is no growth of colonies.
Quantitative Test—
Selection and Subculture— Inoculate suitable quantities of Enterobacteria Enrichment Broth Mossel with
the preparation as directed under Sample Preparation and PreIncubation and/or dilutions of it
containing respectively 0.1 g, 0.01 g, and 0.001 g (or 0.1 mL, 0.01 mL, and 0.001 mL) of the product to
be examined. Incubate at 30 to 35 for 24 to 48 hours. Subculture each of the cultures on a plate of
Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar. Incubate at 30 to 35 for 18 to 24 hours.
Interpretation— Growth of colonies constitutes a positive result. Note the smallest quantity of the
product that gives a positive result and the largest quantity that gives a negative result. Determine from
Table 2 the probable number of bacteria.
Table 2. Interpretation of Results
Results for Each Quantity
of Product Probable Number
0.1 g or 0.01 g or 0.001 g or of Bacteria
0.1 mL 0.01 mL 0.001 mL per g or mL of Product
+ + + more than 103
+ + – less than 103 and more than 102
+ – – less than 102 and more than 10
– – – less than 10
Escherichia coli
Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , and use 10 mL or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 mL, to
inoculate a suitable amount (determined as described under Suitability of the Test Method) of Soybean–
Casein Digest Broth, mix, and incubate at 30 to 35 for 18 to 24 hours.
Selection and Subculture— Shake the container, transfer 1 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth to 100
mL of MacConkey Broth, and incubate at 42 to 44 for 24 to 48 hours. Subculture on a plate of
MacConkey Agar at 30 to 35 for 18 to 72 hours.
Interpretation— Growth of colonies indicates the possible presence of E. coli. This is confirmed by
identification tests.
The product complies with the test if no colonies are present or if the identification tests are negative.
Salmonella
Sample Preparation and PreIncubation— Prepare the product to be examined as described in
Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , and use the
quantity corresponding to not less than 10 g or 10 mL to inoculate a suitable amount (determined as
described under Suitability of the Test Method) of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth, mix, and incubate at 30
to 35 for 18 to 24 hours.
Selection and Subculture— Transfer 0.1 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth to 10 mL of Rappaport
Vassiliadis Salmonella Enrichment Broth, and incubate at 30 to 35 for 18 to 24 hours. Subculture on
plates of Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar. Incubate at 30 to 35 for 18 to 48 hours.
Interpretation— The possible presence of Salmonella is indicated by the growth of welldeveloped, red
colonies, with or without black centers. This is confirmed by identification tests.
The product complies with the test if colonies of the types described are not present or if the
confirmatory identification tests are negative.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , and use 10 mL or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 mL to
Casein Digest Broth, and mix. When testing transdermal patches, filter the volume of sample
corresponding to one patch of the preparation (see Transdermal Patches under Preparation of the
Sample in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 )
through a sterile filter membrane, and place in 100 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth. Incubate at 30
Selection and Subculture— Subculture on a plate of Cetrimide Agar, and incubate at 30 to 35 for 18

to 72 hours.
Interpretation— Growth of colonies indicates the possible presence of P. aeruginosa. This is confirmed
by identification tests.
The product complies with the test if colonies are not present or if the confirmatory identification tests
are negative.
Staphylococcus aureus
Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , and use 10 mL or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 mL to
Casein Digest Broth, and homogenize. When testing transdermal patches, filter the volume of sample
corresponding to one patch of the preparation (see Transdermal Patches under Preparation of the
Sample in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 )
through a sterile filter membrane, and place in 100 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth. Incubate at 30
Selection and Subculture— Subculture on a plate of Mannitol Salt Agar, and incubate at 30 to 35 for

18 to 72 hours.
Interpretation— The possible presence of S. aureus is indicated by the growth of yellow or white
colonies surrounded by a yellow zone. This is confirmed by identification tests.
The product complies with the test if colonies of the types described are not present or if the
confirmatory identification tests are negative.
Clostridia
Sample Preparation and Heat Treatment— Prepare a sample using a 1 in 10 dilution (with a
minimum total volume of 20 mL) of not less than 2 g or 2 mL of the product to be examined as
described in 6 Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 .
Divide the sample into two portions of at least 10 mL 6 . Heat one portion at 80 for 10 minutes, and
cool rapidly. Do not heat the other portion.
Selection and Subculture— Use 10 mL or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 mL of the product to
be examined of both portions to inoculate suitable amounts (determined as described under Suitability
of the Test Method) 6 of Reinforced Medium for Clostridia. Incubate under anaerobic conditions at 30
to 35 for 48 hours. After incubation, make subcultures from each container 6 on Columbia Agar, and
incubate under anaerobic conditions at 30 to 35 for 48 to 72 6 hours.
Interpretation— The occurrence of anaerobic growth of rods (with or without endospores) giving a
negative catalase reaction indicates the presence of Clostridia.
This is confirmed by identification tests. The product complies with the test if colonies of the types
described are not present or if the confirmatory identification tests are negative. 6
Candida albicans
Sample Preparation and PreIncubation— Prepare the product to be examined as described in
Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests 61 , and use 10 mL
or the quantity corresponding to not less than 1 g or 1 mL, to inoculate 100 mL of Sabouraud Dextrose
Broth, and mix. Incubate at 30 to 35 for 3 to 5 days.
Selection and Subculture— Subculture on a plate of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and incubate at 30 to
35 for 24 to 48 hours.
Interpretation— Growth of white colonies may indicate the presence of C. albicans. This is confirmed
by identification tests.
The product complies with the test if such colonies are not present or if the confirmatory identification
tests are negative.
Change to read:
RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS ANDCULTURE MEDIA
NOTE—This section is given for information.
The following solutions and culture media have been found satisfactory for the purposes for which
they are prescribed in the test for microbial contamination in the Pharmacopeia. Other media may be
used provided that their suitability can be demonstrated. 6
Stock Buffer Solution— Transfer 34 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to a 1000mL volumetric
flask, dissolve in 500 mL of Purified Water, adjust with sodium hydroxide to a pH of 7.2 ± 0.2, add
Purified Water to volume, and mix. Dispense in containers, and sterilize. Store at a temperature of 2 to
8 .
Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2— Prepare a mixture of Purified Water and Stock Buffer Solution
(800:1 v/v), and sterilize.
Buffered Sodium Chloride–Peptone Solution pH 7.0
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate 3.6 g
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate 7.2 g (equivalent
to 0.067 M phosphate)
Sodium Chloride 4.3 g
Peptone (meat or casein) 1.0 g
Purified Water 1000 mL
Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
Pancreatic Digest of Casein 17.0 g
Papaic Digest of Soybean 3.0 g
Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
Dibasic Hydrogen Phosphate 2.5 g
Glucose Monohydrate 2.5 g
Adjust the pH so that after sterilization it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25 . Sterilize in an autoclave using a
validated cycle.
Soybean–Casein Digest Agar
Papaic Digest of Soybean 5.0 g
Agar 15.0 g
validated cycle.
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
Dextrose 40.0 g
Mixture of Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue and Pancreatic Digest of Casein (1:1) 10.0 g
Agar 15.0 g
validated cycle.
Potato Dextrose Agar
Infusion from potatoes 200 g
Dextrose 20.0 g
Agar 15.0 g
validated cycle.
Sabouraud Dextrose Broth
Dextrose 20.0 g
Mixture of Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue and Pancreatic Digest of Casein (1:1) 10.0 g
validated cycle.
Enterobacteria Enrichment Broth Mossel
Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin 10.0 g
Enterobacteria Enrichment Broth Mossel
Dehydrated Ox Bile 20.0 g
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate 8.0 g
Brilliant Green 15 mg
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25 . Heat at 100 for 30 minutes, and cool

immediately.
Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar
Yeast Extract 3.0 g
Bile Salts 1.5 g
Agar 15.0 g
Neutral Red 30 mg
Crystal Violet 2 mg
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 . Heat to boiling; do not heat in an autoclave.
MacConkey Broth
Lactose Monohydrate 10.0 g
Dehydrated Ox Bile 5.0 g
Bromocresol Purple 10 mg
validated cycle.
MacConkey Agar
Peptones (meat and casein) 3.0 g
Bile Salts 1.5 g
Agar 13.5 g
Neutral Red 30.0 mg
Crystal Violet 1 mg
Adjust the pH so that after sterilization it is 7.1 ± 0.2 at 25 . Boil for 1 minute with constant shaking,
then sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Rappaport Vassiliadis Salmonella Enrichment Broth
Soya Peptone 4.5 g
Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate 29.0 g
Dipotassium Phosphate 0.4 g
Malachite Green 0.036 g
Dissolve, warming slightly. Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle, at a temperature not
exceeding 115 . The pH is to be 5.2 ± 0.2 at 25 after heating and autoclaving.
Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar
Xylose 3.5 g
LLysine 5.0 g
Sucrose 7.5 g
Yeast Extract 3.0 g
Phenol Red 80 mg
Agar 13.5 g
Sodium Deoxycholate 2.5 g
Sodium Thiosulfate 6.8 g
Ferric Ammonium Citrate 0.8 g
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 . Heat to boiling, cool to 50 , and pour into

Petri dishes. Do not heat in an autoclave.
Cetrimide Agar
Magnesium Chloride 1.4 g
Dipotassium Sulfate 10.0 g
Cetrimide 0.3 g
Agar 13.6 g
Glycerol 10.0 mL
Heat to boiling for 1 minute with shaking. Adjust the pH so that after sterilization it is 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25
. Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Mannitol Salt Agar
Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue 5.0 g
Beef Extract 1.0 g
DMannitol 10.0 g
Mannitol Salt Agar
Agar 15.0 g
Phenol Red 0.025 g
Heat to boiling for 1 minute with shaking. Adjust the pH so that after sterilization it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25
. Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Reinforced Medium for Clostridia
Beef Extract 10.0 g
Peptone 10.0 g
Yeast Extract 3.0 g
Soluble Starch 1.0 g
Cysteine Hydrochloride 0.5 g
Sodium Acetate 3.0 g
Agar 0.5 g
Hydrate the agar, and dissolve by heating to boiling with continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the
pH so that after sterilization it is about 6.8 ± 0.2 at 25 . Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated
cycle.
Columbia Agar
Meat Peptic Digest 5.0 g
Heart Pancreatic Digest 3.0 g
Yeast Extract 5.0 g
Maize Starch 1.0 g
Agar, according to gelling power 10.0–15.0 g
Hydrate the agar, and dissolve by heating to boiling with continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the
pH so that after sterilization it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25 . Sterilize in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Allow to cool to 45 to 50 ; add, where necessary, gentamicin sulfate corresponding to 20 mg of
gentamicin base, and pour into Petri dishes.
(Entire Chapter and revisions marked for IRA—Official May 1, 2009)
Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.
Topic/Question Contact Expert Committee
General Chapter Radhakrishna S Tirumalai, (MSA05) Microbiology and Sterility
Ph.D. Assurance
Senior Scientist
13018168339
USP32–NF27 Page 75
Interim Revision Announcement: USP31–NF26 No. 6 Page 1413
Pharmacopeial Forum: Volume No. 29(5) Page 1722

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11/21/2016 34(6) Sixth Interim Revision Announcement: 62<62> MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: TESTS FOR SPECIFIE…

Test/Medium Property Test Strains

Selection and Subculture— Subculture on a plate of Cetrimide Agar, and incubate at 30 to 35 for 18

Selection and Subculture— Subculture on a plate of Mannitol Salt Agar, and incubate at 30 to 35 for

to 35 for 48 hours. After incubation, make subcultures from each container 6 on Columbia Agar, and

incubate under anaerobic conditions at 30 to 35 for 48 to 72 6 hours.

Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25 . Heat at 100 for 30 minutes, and cool

Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 . Heat to boiling, cool to 50 , and pour into

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